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Income taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Total Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes and Provision for Income Taxes

Following is the total income (loss) before income taxes and the provision for income taxes for the three years ended December 31, 2017.

Year ended December 31,		2017				2016				2015
Income (loss) before income taxes
United States		$	(152.7	)		$	(88.3	)		$	(130.6	)
Foreign		80.6				108.8				71.8
Total income (loss) before income taxes		$	(72.1	)		$	20.5			$	(58.8	)
Provision for income taxes
Current
United States		$	(42.8	)		$	6.7			$	1.0
Foreign		33.9				47.7				42.2
State and local		—				—				0.3
Total		(8.9		)		54.4				43.5
Deferred
Foreign		3.4				2.8				0.9
Total (benefit) provision for income taxes		$	(5.5	)		$	57.2			$	44.4

Reconciliation of the Provision for Income Taxes

Following is a reconciliation of the (benefit) provision for income taxes at the United States statutory tax rate to the provision for income taxes as reported:

Year ended December 31,		2017				2016				2015
United States statutory income tax provision (benefit)		$	(25.2	)		$	7.2			$	(20.6	)
Income and losses for which no provision or benefit has been recognized		70.3				65.5				69.1
Foreign rate differential and other foreign tax expense		(11.3		)		(21.1		)		(15.9		)
Income tax withholdings		16.8				22.8				12.5
Permanent items		(3.0		)		(4.7		)		(1.9		)
Enacted rate changes		(0.4		)		3.5				9.1
Change in uncertain tax positions		2.3				0.4				1.5
Change in valuation allowances due to changes in judgment		(4.6		)		(16.4		)		(5.4		)
Income tax credits, U.S.		(50.4		)		—				(4.0		)
(Benefit) provision for income taxes		$	(5.5	)		$	57.2			$	44.4

Significant Portions of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

As of December 31,		2017				2016
Deferred tax assets
Tax loss carryforwards		$	837.6			$	889.6
Postretirement benefits		437.7				728.9
Foreign tax credit carryforwards		127.0				317.6
Other tax credit carryforwards		29.1				91.4
Deferred revenue		40.9				81.0
Employee benefits and compensation		35.2				49.1
Purchased capitalized software		22.2				32.6
Depreciation		24.5				28.3
Warranty, bad debts and other reserves		5.3				16.1
Capitalized costs		3.1				10.9
Other		39.3				27.7
		1,601.9				2,273.2
Valuation allowance		(1,441.1		)		(2,084.6		)
Total deferred tax assets		$	160.8			$	188.6
Deferred tax liabilities
Capitalized research and development		$	24.3			$	20.3
Other		25.8				28.4
Total deferred tax liabilities		$	50.1			$	48.7
Net deferred tax assets		$	110.7			$	139.9

Reconciliation of Changes in Unrecognized Tax Benefits

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

Year ended December 31,		2017				2016				2015
Balance at January 1		$	35.8			$	27.7			$	35.0
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		4.2				2.7				3.4
Changes for tax positions of prior years		(11.2		)		12.0				(4.0		)
Reductions as a result of a lapse of applicable statute of limitations		(2.7		)		(2.8		)		(3.4		)
Settlements		(0.2		)		(0.1		)		(0.9		)
Changes due to foreign currency		2.0				(3.7		)		(2.4		)
Balance at December 31		$	27.9			$	35.8			$	27.7

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure for tax positions taken in the tax returns filed or to be filed for which it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities and other income tax contingencies. Includes, but is not limited to, interest and penalties, reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate, tax years that remain subject to examination by tax jurisdictions, and information about positions for which it is reasonably possible that amounts unrecognized will significantly change within 12 months.

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