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Cost-reduction actions
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Cost-reduction actions Cost-reduction actions
During 2021, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $23.2 million. The net charges related to work-force reductions were $0.4 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $12.3 million and (b) a credit of $11.9 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded charges of $22.8 million comprised of $4.0 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries, $12.6 million for asset impairments and $6.2 million for other expenses related to cost-reduction efforts.
During 2020, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $95.5 million. The net charges related to work-force reductions were $25.5 million principally, related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $39.0 million and (b) a credit of $13.5 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded charges of $70.0 million
comprised of $32.3 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries, $24.0 million for asset impairments and $13.7 million for other expenses related to cost-reduction efforts.
During 2019, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $28.7 million. The net charges related to work-force reductions were $22.1 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $25.7 million and (b) a credit of $3.6 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded charges of $6.6 million comprised of $4.6 million for lease abandonment costs, $1.1 million for asset write-offs and $0.9 million for other expenses related to cost-reduction efforts.
The charges (credits) were recorded in the following statement of income (loss) classifications:
Year ended December 31,202120202019
Cost of revenue
Services$(2.5)$22.2 $10.8 
Technology7.6 — 0.2 
Selling, general and administrative11.1 38.5 15.5 
Research and development3.0 2.5 2.2 
Other (expenses), net4.0 32.3 — 
Total$23.2 $95.5 $28.7 
Liabilities and expected future payments related to the company’s work-force reduction actions are as follows:
TotalU.S.International
Balance at December 31, 2018$86.2 $6.1 $80.1 
Additional provisions25.7 4.6 21.1 
Payments(57.7)(4.0)(53.7)
Changes in estimates(3.6)(1.5)(2.1)
Translation adjustments(0.8)— (0.8)
Balance at December 31, 201949.8 5.2 44.6 
Additional provisions39.0 13.8 25.2 
Payments(21.5)(3.2)(18.3)
Changes in estimates(13.5)(2.7)(10.8)
Translation adjustments2.1 — 2.1 
Balance at December 31, 202055.9 13.1 42.8 
Additional provisions12.3 7.9 4.4 
Payments(38.5)(13.2)(25.3)
Changes in estimates(11.9)(2.1)(9.8)
Translation adjustments(1.5) (1.5)
Balance at December 31, 2021$16.3 $5.7 $10.6 
Expected future payments on balance at December 31, 2021:
In 2022
$14.9 $5.7 $9.2 
Beyond 2022
1.4  1.4