Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services, which may include various combinations of goods and services which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of sales taxes collected from customers which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Some of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the individual performance obligations are separately accounted for if they are distinct. In an arrangement with multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated among the separate performance obligations on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. The determination of stand-alone selling price considers market conditions, the size and scope of the contract, customer and geographic information, and other factors. When observable prices are not available, stand-alone selling price for separate performance obligations is generally based on the cost-plus-margin approach, considering overall pricing objectives.

When variable consideration is in the form of a sales-based or usage-based royalty in exchange for a license of technology or when a license of technology is the predominant item to which the variable consideration relates, revenue is recognized at the later of when the subsequent sale or usage occurs or the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied.

The Company derives the majority of its revenue from licensing its technologies and solutions to customers within the Pay-TV, Consumer Electronics, Connected Car and Media Platform product categories. Refer to Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K for detailed information regarding these product categories.

Customers within the Pay-TV category are primarily multi-channel video service providers, consumer electronics (“CE”) manufacturers, and end consumers. Revenue in this category is primarily derived from licensing the Company’s Pay-TV solutions, including Electronic Program Guides, TiVo video-over-broadband (“IPTV”) Solutions, Personalized Content Discovery and enriched Metadata.

For these solutions, the Company provides on-going media or data delivery, either via on-premise licensed software, hosting or access to its platform. The Company generally receives fees on a per-subscriber per-month basis or as a monthly fee, and revenue is recognized during the month in which the solutions are provided to the customer. For most of the on-premise licensed software arrangements, substantially all functionality is obtained through the Company’s frequent updating of the technology, data and content. In these instances, the Company typically has a single performance obligation related to these ongoing activities in the underlying arrangement, and revenue is generally recognized over the period the solution is provided. Hosted solutions and access to our platform is considered a single performance obligation recognized over the period the solution is provided.

The Company licenses its audio technologies to CE manufacturers or their supply chain partners.

The Company generally recognizes royalty revenue from licenses based on units shipped or manufactured. Revenue is recognized in the period in which the customer’s sales or production are estimated to have occurred. This may result in an adjustment to revenue when actual sales or production are subsequently reported by the customer, generally in the month or quarter following sales or production. Estimating customers’ quarterly royalties prior to receiving the royalty reports requires the Company to make significant assumptions and judgments related to forecasted trends and growth rates used to estimate quantities shipped or manufactured by customers, which could have a material impact on the amount of revenue it reports on a quarterly basis.

Certain customers enter into fixed fee or minimum guarantee agreements, whereby customers pay a fixed fee for the right to incorporate the Company’s technology in the customer’s products over the license term. In arrangements with a minimum guarantee, the fixed fee component corresponds to a minimum number of units or dollars that the customer must produce or pay, with additional per-unit fees for any units or dollars exceeding the minimum. The Company generally recognizes the full fixed fee as revenue at the beginning of the license term when the customer has the right to use the technology and begins to benefit from the license, net of the effect of any significant financing components calculated using customer-specific, risk-adjusted lending rates, with the related interest income being recognized over time on an effective rate basis. For minimum guarantee agreements where the customer exceeds the minimum, the Company recognizes revenue relating to any additional per-unit fees in the periods it estimates the customer will exceed the minimum and adjusts the revenue based on actual usage once that is reported by the customer.

The Company licenses its digital radio solutions, automotive infotainment and related offerings, and driver and occupant monitoring systems to automotive manufacturers or their supply chain partners.

The Company generally recognizes royalty revenue from these licenses based on units shipped or manufactured, similar to the revenue recognition described above in “Consumer Electronics”. Certain customers may enter into fixed fee or minimum guarantee agreements, also similar to the revenue recognition described above in “Consumer Electronics”. Automotive infotainment and related revenue is generally recognized over time as the customer obtains access to the solutions and underlying data.

The Company generates revenue from advertising, TV viewership data, and licensing of the Vewd app framework and core middleware solutions.

Advertising revenue is generally recognized when the related advertisement is provided. TV viewership data revenue is generally recognized over time as the customer obtains the underlying data. License revenue for the Vewd solutions is generally recognized either on a per-unit royalty or a minimum guarantee or fixed fee basis, similar to as described in the “Consumer Electronics” section above.

The Company sells hardware products, primarily to end consumers, within the Pay-TV, Media Platform and Consumer Electronics product categories. Hardware product revenue is generally recognized when the promised product is delivered.

The Company also generates non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) revenue within all of its product categories. The Company recognizes NRE revenue as progress toward completion is made, generally using an input method based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to total estimated costs of the project.

Revenue from each of advertising, NRE services, and hardware products was less than 10% of total revenue for all periods presented.

The Company actively monitors and enforces its technology licenses, including seeking appropriate compensation from customers that have under-reported royalties owed under a license agreement and from third parties that utilize the Company’s technologies without a license. As a result of these activities, the Company may, from time to time, recognize revenue from periodic compliance audits of licensees for underreporting royalties incurred in prior periods, or from legal judgments in a license dispute. These settlements and recoveries may cause revenue to be higher than expected during a particular reporting period and such settlements and recoveries may not occur in subsequent periods. The Company recognizes revenue from settlements and recoveries when a binding agreement has been executed or a revised royalty report has been received and the Company concludes collection is probable.

The Company applies a practical expedient to not perform an evaluation of whether a contract includes a significant financing component when the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of cash collection by one year or less.

The Company applies a practical expedient to expense costs to obtain a contract with a customer as incurred as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses when the amortization period would have been one year or less. Contract costs capitalized and amortized have not been material to the consolidated financial statements.

The Company applies a practical expedient when disclosing revenue expected to be recognized from unsatisfied performance obligations to exclude contracts with customers with an original duration of one year or less; amounts attributable to variable consideration arising from (i) a sales-based or usage-based royalty of a technology license or (ii) when variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation; or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation.

The Company’s revenue that is recognized over time consists primarily of per unit royalties, per-subscriber per-month or monthly license fees, single performance obligations satisfied over time, and NRE services. Revenue that is recognized at a point in time consists primarily of fixed fee or minimum guarantee contracts, hardware products, advertising and settlements/recoveries.

The following table summarizes revenue by timing of recognition (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Recognized over time	$	410,865	$	401,668	$	412,334
Recognized at a point in time		110,469		100,592		74,149
Total revenue	$	521,334	$	502,260	$	486,483

The following table summarizes revenue by product category (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Pay-TV	$	244,708	$	249,457	$	262,929
Consumer Electronics		132,355		128,395		99,529
Connected Car		94,864		84,201		88,306
Media Platform		49,407		40,207		35,719
Total revenue	$	521,334	$	502,260	$	486,483

A significant portion of the Company’s revenue is derived from licensees headquartered outside of the United States, principally in Asia, Europe and the Middle East, and it is expected that this revenue will continue to account for a significant

portion of total revenue in future periods. The following table presents the Company’s revenue disaggregated by geographic area (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023				2022				2021
U.S.	$	267,998	51	%	$	278,920	56	%	$	249,537	51	%
Japan		83,138	16			65,551	13			70,956	15
Europe and Middle East		41,113	8			42,846	9			56,317	12
China		35,809	7			30,932	6			18,027	4
Latin America		31,863	6			27,212	5			22,894	4
Other		61,413	12			56,799	11			68,752	14
Total revenue	$	521,334	100	%	$	502,260	100	%	$	486,483	100	%

Contract assets primarily consist of unbilled contracts receivable that are expected to be received from customers in future periods, where the revenue recognized to date exceeds the amount billed. The amount of unbilled contracts receivable may not exceed their net realizable value and are classified as noncurrent if the payments are expected to be received more than one year from the reporting date.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total of current and noncurrent balances of unbilled contracts receivable, net were $82.3 million and $69.5 million, respectively.

Contract liabilities are mainly comprised of deferred revenue, which arises when cash payments are received, including amounts which are refundable, in advance of performance obligations being completed. Deferred revenue generally consists of prepaid licenses or other fees, amounts received related to NRE services to be performed in the future, and other offerings for which the Company is paid in advance while the promised good or service is transferred to the customer at a future date or over time. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total of current and noncurrent balances of deferred revenue were $47.5 million and $44.5 million, respectively.

The following table presents additional revenue disclosures (in thousands):


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Revenue recognized in the period from:
Amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period (1)	$	20,620	$	24,307	$	23,863
Performance obligations satisfied in previous periods (true ups, recoveries, and settlements) (2)(3)	$	11,863	$	30,561	$	8,772

(1)

The Company has identified an error in the disclosure of the amount of revenue recognized from the beginning balance of deferred revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 in this Form 10-K filing. The amount for the year ended December 31, 2022 was revised to correct an immaterial error, which resulted in the disclosure of the amount recognized increasing by $4.6 million from the amount previously disclosed. There was no impact on any amounts recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for any period presented.

(2)

True ups represent the differences between the Company’s quarterly estimates of per-unit royalty revenue and actual production/sales-based royalties reported by licensees in the following period. Recoveries represent corrections or revisions to previously reported per-unit royalties by licensees, generally resulting from the Company’s inquiries or compliance audits. Settlements represent resolutions of litigation or disputes during the period for past royalties owed.

(3)

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded revenue from both the settlement of a contract dispute with a large mobile imaging customer, and the execution of a long-term license agreement with the same large mobile imaging customer. The long-term license agreement was effective as of the expiration of the prior agreement, and the Company expected to record revenue from the license agreement in future periods.

Remaining revenue under contracts with performance obligations represents the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, under certain of the Company’s fixed fee arrangements and engineering services contracts. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s estimated remaining revenue under contracts with performance obligations was as follows (in thousands):


Year Ending December 31:	Amounts
2024	$	46,763
2025		19,127
2026		6,375
2027		2,292
2028		1,031
Thereafter		1,203
Total	$	76,791

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023						2022						2021
	Accounts Receivable			Unbilled Contracts Receivable			Accounts Receivable			Unbilled Contracts Receivable			Accounts Receivable			Unbilled Contracts Receivable
Beginning balance	$	1,950		$	369		$	2,255		$	468		$	6,454		$	1,414
Provision for credit losses		497			52			799			(99	)		714			38
Recoveries/charge-off		(541	)		(231	)		(1,104	)		—			(4,913	)		(984	)
Balance at end of period	$	1,906		$	190		$	1,950		$	369		$	2,255		$	468