Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services, which may include various combinations of goods and services which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of sales taxes collected from customers which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Some of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the individual performance obligations are separately accounted for if they are distinct. In an arrangement with multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated among the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price (“SSP”) basis. The determination of SSP considers market conditions, the size and scope of the contract, customer and geographic information, and other factors. When observable prices are not available, SSP for separate performance obligations is generally based on the cost-plus-margin approach, considering overall pricing objectives.

When variable consideration is in the form of a sales-based or usage-based royalty in exchange for a license of technology or when a license of technology is the predominant item to which the variable consideration relates, revenue is recognized at the later of when the subsequent sale or usage occurs or the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied.

The Company derives the majority of its revenue from licensing its technologies and solutions to customers within the Pay-TV, Consumer Electronics, Connected Car and Media Platform product categories. Refer to Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K for detailed information regarding these product categories.

Customers within the Pay-TV category are primarily multi-channel video service providers, consumer electronics (“CE”) manufacturers, and end consumers. Revenue in this category is primarily derived from licensing the Company’s Pay-TV solutions, including Electronic Program Guides, TiVo video-over-broadband (“IPTV”) Solutions, Personalized Content Discovery and enriched Metadata.

For these solutions, the Company provides on-going media or data delivery, either via on-premise licensed software, hosting or access to its platform. The Company generally receives fees on a per-subscriber per-month basis or as a monthly fee, and revenue is recognized during the month in which the solutions are provided to the customer. For most of the on-premise licensed software arrangements, substantially all functionality is obtained through the Company’s frequent updating of the technology, data and content. In these instances, the Company typically has a single performance obligation related to these ongoing activities in the underlying arrangement, and revenue is generally recognized over the period the solution is provided. There are certain fixed fee on-premise licensed software arrangements where revenue is recognized immediately upon the delivery of the licensed technology. Hosted solutions and access to our platform is considered a single performance obligation with revenue being recognized over the period the solution is provided.

The Company licenses its audio technologies to CE manufacturers or their supply chain partners.

The Company generally recognizes royalty revenue from licenses based on units shipped or manufactured. Revenue is recognized in the period in which the customer’s sales or production are estimated to have occurred. This may result in an adjustment to revenue when actual sales or production are subsequently reported by the customer, generally in the month or quarter following sales or production. Estimating customers’ quarterly royalties prior to receiving the royalty reports requires the Company to make significant assumptions and judgments related to forecasted trends and growth rates used to estimate quantities shipped or manufactured by customers, which could have a material impact on the amount of revenue it reports on a quarterly basis.

Certain customers enter into fixed fee or minimum guarantee agreements, whereby customers pay a fixed fee for the right to incorporate the Company’s technology in the customer’s products over the license term. In arrangements with a minimum guarantee, the fixed fee component corresponds to a minimum number of units or dollars that the customer must produce or pay, with additional per-unit fees for any units or dollars exceeding the minimum. The Company generally recognizes the full fixed fee as revenue at the beginning of the license term when the customer has the right to use the technology and begins to benefit from the license. If applicable, revenue is recognized net of the effect of any significant financing components calculated using customer-specific, risk-adjusted lending rates, with the related interest income being recognized over time on an effective rate basis. For minimum guarantee agreements where the customer exceeds the minimum, the Company recognizes revenue relating to any additional per-unit fees in the periods it estimates the customer will exceed the minimum and adjusts the revenue based on actual usage once that is reported by the customer.

The Company licenses its digital radio solutions, automotive infotainment and related offerings to automotive manufacturers or their supply chain partners.

The Company generally recognizes royalty revenue from these licenses based on units shipped or manufactured, similar to the revenue recognition described above in “Consumer Electronics”. Certain customers may enter into fixed fee or minimum guarantee agreements, also similar to the revenue recognition described above in “Consumer Electronics”. Automotive infotainment and related revenue is generally recognized over time as the customer obtains access to the solutions and underlying data.

The Company generates revenue from advertising, TV viewership data, and licensing of the core middleware solutions.

Advertising revenue is generally recognized when the related advertisement is provided. TV viewership data revenue is generally recognized over time as the customer obtains the underlying data. License revenue for the Vewd solutions is generally recognized either on a per-unit royalty or a minimum guarantee or fixed fee basis, similar to as described in the “Consumer Electronics” section above.

The Company sells hardware products, primarily to end consumers, within the Pay-TV, Media Platform and Consumer Electronics product categories. Hardware product revenue is generally recognized when the promised product is delivered.

The Company also generates non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) revenue within all of its product categories. The Company recognizes NRE revenue as progress is made toward completion, generally using an input method based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to total estimated costs of the project.

Revenue from each of advertising, NRE services, and hardware products was less than 10% of total revenue for all periods presented.

The Company actively monitors and enforces its technology licenses, including seeking appropriate compensation from customers that have under-reported royalties owed under a license agreement and from third parties that utilize the Company’s technologies without a license. As a result of these activities, the Company may, from time to time, recognize revenue from periodic compliance audits of licensees for underreporting royalties incurred in prior periods, or from license disputes. These settlements and recoveries may cause revenue to be higher than expected during a particular reporting period and such settlements and recoveries may not occur in subsequent periods. The Company recognizes revenue from settlements and recoveries when a binding agreement has been executed or a revised royalty report has been received and the Company concludes collection is probable.

The Company’s revenue that is recognized over time consists primarily of per unit royalties, per-subscriber per-month or monthly license fees, single performance obligations satisfied over time, and NRE services. Revenue that is recognized at a point in time consists primarily of fixed fee or minimum guarantee licensing contracts, hardware products, advertising and settlements/recoveries.

The following table summarizes revenue by timing of recognition (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Recognized over time	$	362,713	$	410,865	$	401,668
Recognized at a point in time		130,975		110,469		100,592
Total revenue	$	493,688	$	521,334	$	502,260

The following table summarizes revenue by product category (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Pay-TV	$	259,712	$	244,708	$	249,457
Consumer Electronics		81,993		132,355		128,395
Connected Car		111,144		94,864		84,201
Media Platform		40,839		49,407		40,207
Total revenue	$	493,688	$	521,334	$	502,260

The following table summarizes revenue by geographic location (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024				2023				2022
U.S.	$	237,829	48	%	$	267,998	51	%	$	278,920	56	%
Japan		80,773	16			83,138	16			65,551	13
Europe and Middle East		46,442	9			41,113	8			42,846	9
Latin America		38,772	8			31,863	6			27,212	5
South Korea		36,926	8			27,099	5			27,870	5
China		24,824	5			35,809	7			30,932	6
Other		28,122	6			34,314	7			28,929	6
Total revenue	$	493,688	100	%	$	521,334	100	%	$	502,260	100	%

A significant portion of the Company’s revenue is derived from licensees headquartered outside of the U.S., principally in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and Latin America, and it is expected that this revenue will continue to account for a significant portion of total revenue in future periods.

A contract asset represents a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Contract assets primarily consist of unbilled contracts receivable that are expected to be received from customers in future periods, where revenue is recognized upon the completion of performance obligations, but in advance of billings. The amount of unbilled contracts receivable may not exceed their net realizable value and is classified as noncurrent if the amounts are expected to be invoiced more than one year from the reporting date.

Contract liabilities are mainly comprised of deferred revenue, which arises when cash payments are received in advance of performance obligations being satisfied. Deferred revenue generally consists of prepaid licenses or other fees for which the Company is paid in advance while the promised good or service is transferred to the customer at a future date or over time.

The following table presents additional revenue disclosures (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Revenue recognized in the period from:
Amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period	$	25,202	$	20,620	$	24,307
Performance obligations satisfied in previous periods (true ups, recoveries, and settlements) (1)(2)	$	9,999	$	11,863	$	30,561

(1)

True ups represent the differences between the Company’s quarterly estimates of per-unit royalty revenue and actual production/sales-based royalties reported by licensees that are generally received in the following period, and may include other changes in estimates. Recoveries represent corrections or revisions to previously reported per-unit royalties by licensees, generally resulting from the Company’s inquiries or compliance audits. Settlements represent resolutions of disputes or litigation during the period for past royalties owed.

(2)

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded revenue from both the settlement of a contract dispute with a large mobile imaging customer, and the execution of a long-term license agreement with the same large mobile imaging customer. The long-term license agreement was effective as of the expiration of the prior agreement, and the Company expected to record revenue from the license agreement in future periods.

Remaining performance obligations represent contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s remaining performance obligations and the period over which they are expected to be recognized were as follows (in thousands):

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024					2023						2022
	Accounts Receivable			Unbilled Contracts Receivable		Accounts Receivable			Unbilled Contracts Receivable			Accounts Receivable			Unbilled Contracts Receivable
Beginning balance	$	1,906		$	190	$	1,950		$	369		$	2,255		$	468
Provision for credit losses		(172	)		308		497			52			799			(99	)
Recoveries/charge-off		(788	)		1		(541	)		(231	)		(1,104	)		—
Balance at end of period	$	946		$	499	$	1,906		$	190		$	1,950		$	369