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NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Operations The Company is a natural health and wellness company primarily engaged in the manufacturing and direct selling of nutritional and personal care products. The Company is a Utah corporation with its principal place of business in Lehi, Utah, and sells its products to a sales force of independent distributors that uses the products themselves or resells them to consumers The Company markets its products in Australia, Austria, Belarus, Canada, China, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Poland, Russia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Company also markets its products though a wholesale model to Australia, Brazil, Chile, Israel, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts and transactions of the Company and its subsidiaries. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, substantially all of the Company’s subsidiaries were wholly owned. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company consolidates the joint ventures in Hong Kong and China in its consolidated financial statements, with another party's interest presented as a noncontrolling interest. Additionally, the Company operates a limited number of markets in jurisdictions where local laws require the formation of a partnership with an entity domiciled in that market. These partners have no rights to participate in the sharing of revenues, profits, losses or distribution of assets upon liquidation of these partnerships. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, in these financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates and those differences could have a material effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. The significant accounting estimates inherent in the preparation of the Company’s financial statements include estimates associated with its evaluation of impairment of long-lived assets, the determination of liabilities related to Manager and Distributor incentives, the determination of income tax assets and liabilities, certain other non-income tax and value-added tax contingencies, legal contingencies, and the valuation of investments. In addition, significant estimates form the basis for allowances with respect to inventory valuations and self-insurance liabilities associated with product liability and medical claims. Various assumptions and other factors enter into the determination of these significant estimates. The process of determining significant estimates takes into account historical experience and current and expected economic conditions. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Substantially all of the Company’s cash deposits either exceed the United States federally insured limit or are located in countries that do not have government insured accounts or are subject to tax withholdings when repatriating earnings. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable consist principally of receivables from credit card companies, arising from the sale of products to the Company’s independent Distributors, and receivables from independent Distributors in foreign markets. Accounts receivable have been reduced by an allowance for amounts that may be uncollectible in the future. However, due to the geographic dispersion of credit card and Distributor receivables, the collection risk is not considered to be significant. Substantially all of the receivables from credit card companies were current as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. Although receivables from independent Distributors can be significant, the Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its independent Distributors and maintains an allowance for potential credit losses. This estimated allowance is based primarily on the aging category, historical trends and management’s evaluation of the financial condition of the customer. This reserve is adjusted periodically as information about specific accounts becomes available. Investment Securities The Company has certain investment securities classified as trading securities. The Company maintains its trading securities portfolio to generate returns that are offset by corresponding changes in certain liabilities related to the Company’s deferred compensation plans (see Note 13). The trading securities portfolio consists of marketable securities, which are recorded at fair value and are included in long-term investment securities on the consolidated balance sheets because they remain assets of the Company until they are actually paid out to the participants. These investment securities are not available to the Company to fund its operations as they are restricted for the payment of the deferred compensation payable. The Company has established a rabbi trust to finance obligations under the plan. Both realized and unrealized gains and losses on trading securities are included in interest and other income. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, investments, accounts payable approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. The carrying amount reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheet for the revolving credit facility approximates fair value due to it being variable-rate debt. During the years ended December 31, 2017, and 2016, the Company did not have any write-offs related to the remeasurement of non-financial assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis subsequent to their initial recognition. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower-of-cost-or-market, using the first-in, first-out method. The components of inventory cost include raw materials, labor and overhead. To estimate any necessary obsolescence or lower-of-cost-or-market adjustments, various assumptions are made in regard to excess or slow-moving inventories, non-conforming inventories, expiration dates, current and future product demand, production planning and market conditions. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Estimated useful lives for buildings range from 20 to 50 years; building improvements range from 7 to 10 years; machinery and equipment range from 2 to 10 years; computer software and hardware range from 3 to 10 years; and furniture and fixtures range from 2 to 5 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred and major improvements are capitalized. The Company has made a significant investment in its information systems of approximately $48.5 million as of December 31, 2017 and began to amortize the asset over 10 years beginning April 2, 2017. Intangible Assets Intangible assets consist of purchased product formulations and product registrations. Such intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated economic lives of the assets of 9 to 15 years. Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, totaled $0.7 million and $1.0 million, at December 31, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Other Assets Other assets include lease deposits, deposits with third party service providers, deposits to operate in certain markets and potential foreign tax credit benefits related to the liability for unrecognized tax benefits. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews its long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment and intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company uses an estimate of future undiscounted net cash flows of the related assets or groups of assets over their remaining lives in measuring whether the assets are recoverable. An impairment loss is calculated by determining the difference between the carrying values and the fair values of these assets. Incentive Trip Accrual The Company accrues for expenses associated with its direct sales program, which rewards independent Managers and Distributors with paid attendance for incentive trips, including Company conventions and meetings. Expenses associated with incentive trips are accrued over qualification periods as they are earned. The Company specifically analyzes incentive trip accruals based on historical and current sales trends as well as contractual obligations when evaluating the adequacy of the incentive trip accrual. Actual results could generate liabilities more or less than the amounts recorded. The Company has accrued convention and meeting costs of $5.0 million and $5.1 million at December 31, 2017, and 2016, respectively, which are included in accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Foreign Currency Translation The local currency of the foreign subsidiaries is used as the functional currency, except for the Company’s operations are served by a U.S. based subsidiary (for example, Russia and Ukraine). The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at year end for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each year for the results of operations. Adjustments resulting from translation of financial statements are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. The functional currency in highly inflationary economies is the U.S. dollar and transactions denominated in the local currency are re-measured as if the functional currency were the U.S. dollar. The remeasurement of local currencies into U.S. dollars creates translation adjustments, which are included in the consolidated statements of operations. A country is considered to have a highly inflationary economy if it has a cumulative inflation rate of approximately 100 percent or more over a three year period as well as other qualitative factors including historical inflation rate trends (increasing and decreasing), the capital intensiveness of the operation, and other pertinent economic factors. Revenue Recognition Net sales and related volume incentive expenses are recorded when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, collectability is reasonably assured, the amount is fixed and determinable, and title and risk of loss have passed. The amount of the volume incentive is determined based upon the amount of qualifying purchases in a given month. Amounts received for undelivered merchandise are recorded as deferred revenue. From time to time, the Company’s U.S. operations extend short-term credit associated with product promotions. In addition, for certain of the Company’s international operations, the Company offers credit terms consistent with industry standards within the country of operation. Payments to independent Managers and Distributors for sales incentives or rebates are recorded as a reduction of revenue. Payments for sales incentives and independent rebates are calculated monthly based upon qualifying sales. Membership fees are deferred and amortized as revenue over the life of the membership, primarily one year. Prepaid event registration fees are deferred and recognized as revenues when the related event is held. A reserve for product returns is recorded based upon historical experience. The Company allows independent Managers or Distributors to return the unused portion of products within ninety days of purchase if they are not satisfied with the product. In some of the Company’s markets, the requirements to return product are more restrictive. Sales returns for the years 2017, 2016 and 2015, were $1.6 million, $1.4 million, and $1.2 million, respectively. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are reported as a component of net sales. Shipping and handling revenues of approximately $8.2 million, $9.2 million, and $9.2 million were reported as net sales for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Taxes that have been assessed by governmental authorities and that are directly imposed on revenue-producing transactions between the Company and its customers, including sales, use, value-added, and some excise taxes, are presented on a net basis (excluded from net sales). Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and classified in selling, general and administrative expenses. Advertising expense incurred for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 totaled approximately $2.1 million, $1.9 million and $2.2 million, respectively. Research and Development All research and development costs are expensed as incurred and classified in selling, general and administrative expense. Total research and development expenses were approximately $3.4 million, $3.2 million, and $2.8 million in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Contingencies The Company is involved in certain legal proceedings. When a loss is considered probable in connection with litigation or non-income tax contingencies and when such loss can be reasonably estimated, the Company records its best estimate within a range related to the contingency. If there is no best estimate, the Company records the minimum of the range. As additional information becomes available, the Company assesses the liability related to the contingency and revises the estimates. Revision in estimates of the liabilities could materially affect the Company's results of operations in the period of adjustment. The Company’s contingencies are discussed in further detail in Note 14. Income Taxes The Company’s income tax expense includes amounts related to the United States and many foreign jurisdictions and is comprised of current year income taxes payable, changes in its deferred tax assets and liabilities and contingent reserves. Deferred tax assets are offset by a valuation allowance if it is believed to be more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be fully realized. On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Reform Act) which changes U.S. corporate income taxation in a number of significant ways including, but are not limited to, lowering the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, implementing a quasi-territorial tax regime by providing a 100% Dividends Received Deduction (“DRD”) of foreign dividends, imposing a one-time transition tax on deemed repatriated post-1986 undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries and revising or eliminating certain deductions. The effect of some of the provisions of the Tax Reform Act are required to be recognized in the year of enactment, 2017, such as determining the transition tax and re-measuring deferred tax assets and liabilities. In December 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (SAB 118), which provides guidance on accounting for the impact of the Tax Reform Act. See Note 11, Income Taxes, for more details regarding the Company’s income taxes and the impact of the Tax Reform Act. Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share Basic net income (loss) per common share (“Basic EPS”) is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per common share (“Diluted EPS”) reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. The computation of Diluted EPS does not assume exercise or conversion of securities that would have an anti-dilutive effect on net income (loss) per common share. Following is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of Basic EPS to the numerator and denominator of Diluted EPS for all years (dollar and share amounts in thousands, except for per share information):
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | (12,942 | ) |  | $ | 2,139 |  |  | $ | 12,571 |
Income from discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,116 |
Net income (loss) | $ | (12,942 | ) |  | $ | 2,139 |  |  | $ | 14,687 |
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding | 18,882 |  |  | 18,731 |  |  | 18,656 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | (0.69 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |
Income from discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.11 |
Net income (loss) | $ | (0.69 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |
Diluted Shares Outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding | 18,882 |  |  | 18,731 |  |  | 18,656 |
Stock-based awards | — |  |  | 325 |  |  | 521 |
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding | 18,882 |  |  | 19,056 |  |  | 19,177 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | (0.69 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |
Income from discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.11 |
Net income (loss) | $ | (0.69 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |
Potentially dilutive shares excluded from diluted-per-share amounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options | — |  | (1) | 288 |  |  | 345 |
Potentially anti-dilutive shares excluded from diluted-per-share amounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options | 2,118 |  | (1) | 1,347 |  |  | 688 |
(1) As a result of the net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017, no potentially dilutive securities are included in the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share because such effect would be anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities include 1,390 outstanding options to purchase shares of common stock and 728 restricted stock units. Potentially dilutive shares excluded from diluted-per-share amounts include performance-based options to purchase shares of common stock, for which certain earnings metrics have not been achieved. Potentially anti-dilutive shares excluded from diluted-per-share amounts include both non-qualified stock options and unearned performance-based options to purchase shares of common stock with exercise prices greater than the weighted-average share price during the period and shares that would be anti-dilutive to the computation of diluted net income per share for each of the years presented. Share-Based Compensation The Company’s outstanding stock options include time-based stock options, which vest over differing periods ranging from the date of issuance up to 48 months from the option grant date; performance-based stock options, which have already vested upon achieving operating income margins of six, eight and ten percent as reported in four of five consecutive quarters over the term of the options. The Company’s outstanding restricted stock units ("RSUs") include time-based RSUs, which vest over differing periods ranging from 12 months up to 48 months from the RSU grant date, as well as performance-based RSUs, which vest upon achieving cumulative annual net sales growth targets over a rolling one year period and performance-based RSUs, which vest upon achieving earnings-per-share targets over a rolling one-year period. RSUs granted to the Board of Directors contain a restriction period in which the shares are not issued until two years after vesting. The Company recognizes all share-based payments to Directors and employees, including grants of stock options and restricted stock units, in the statement of operations based on their grant-date fair values. The Company records compensation expense, over the vesting period of the stock options and restricted stock units based on the fair value of the stock options and restricted stock units on the date of grant. Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) includes all changes in shareholders’ equity except those resulting from investments by, and distributions to, shareholders. Accordingly, the Company’s comprehensive income (loss) includes net income (loss), net unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities, reclassifications of realized gains, and foreign currency adjustments that arise from the translation of the financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), and has subsequently issued ASUs 2015-14 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, 2016-08 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross Versus Net), 2016-10 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, 2016-12 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, and 2016-20 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606 (collectively, Topic 606). Topic 606 outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The guidance is based on the principle that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to fulfill a contract. This guidance is effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2018, and provides the Company with the option of using either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach for the adoption of the new standard. The Company adopted Topic 606 in January 2018 under a modified retrospective approach, under which the cumulative effect of initially applying Topic 606 is recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. As a result of adopting Topic 606, the Company will, recognize revenue upon shipments to distributors net of sales reserves. The cumulative effect of adopting Topic 606 on January 1, 2018 was an increase to retained earnings of $0.8 million (net of tax). In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. This guidance requires that entities with a classified statement of financial position present all deferred tax assets and liabilities as non-current. This update was adopted during the first quarter of 2017 and applied on the retrospective basis. Other than the netting of current deferred tax assets of $5.6 million, which increased long-term deferred tax assets from $16.0 million to $21.6 million as of December 31, 2016, the adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations and consolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. This update amends the guidance in U.S. GAAP on the classification and measurement of financial instruments. Although the ASU retains many current requirements, it significantly revises an entity’s accounting related to (1) the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and (2) the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. The ASU also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. This update is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, consolidated financial statements and footnote disclosures. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842): Accounting for Leases. This update specifies that lessees should recognize assets and liabilities arising from all leases, except for leases with a lease term of 12 months or less. The recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee will largely remain unchanged and shall continue to depend on its classification as a finance or operating lease. The ASU will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations; however, it is expected to gross-up the consolidated balance sheet as a result of recognizing a lease asset along with a similar lease liability. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting. This update amends the scope of modification accounting surrounding share-based payment arrangements as issued in ASU 2016-09 by providing guidance on the various types of changes which would trigger modification accounting for share-based payment awards. ASU 2017-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, for public business entities for reporting periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued. While the Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2017-09 to have a material effect on its business, the Company is still evaluating any potential impact that adoption of ASU 2017-09 may have on its results of operations, consolidated financial statements and footnote disclosures.

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