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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
May 30, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The (benefit) provision for income taxes from continuing operations consisted of the following:

(in thousands)Year Ended
 May 30, 2021May 31, 2020May 26, 2019
Current:   
Federal$(38)$(7,836)$(67)
State74 38 63 
Foreign56 56 83 
 Total92 (7,742)79 
Deferred:
Federal(7,433)(5,212)1,581 
State(460)(162)(142)
 Total(7,893)(5,374)1,439 
Income tax (benefit) expense$(7,801)$(13,116)$1,518 

The actual (benefit) provision for income taxes from continuing operations differs from the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate as follows:
(in thousands)
Year Ended
 May 30, 2021May 31, 2020May 26, 2019
Tax at U.S. statutory rate (1)$(8,498)$(10,774)$764 
State income taxes, net of federal benefit(1,136)(1,782)46 
Tax reform/CARES Act— (2,770)— 
Change in valuation allowance3,690 2,654 929 
Tax credit carryforwards(606)(613)(771)
Other compensation-related activity249 334 618 
Impairment of goodwill — 647 — 
Foreign rate differential(1,414)(863)— 
Other(86)51 (68)
Income tax (benefit) expense$(7,801)$(13,116)$1,518 
(1) Statutory rate was 21.0% for fiscal year 2021, 2020 and 2019.

The effective tax rate for fiscal year 2021 changed from a tax provision benefit of 25.56% to a tax provision benefit of 19.29% in comparison to fiscal year 2020. The decrease in the income tax benefit for fiscal year 2021 was primarily due to significant decrease in the Company's loss before tax, and the increase in change in valuation allowance which offsets federal and state research and development credits, and $2.8 million of NOL carryback benefit applied only for fiscal year 2020.
The effective tax rate for fiscal year 2020 changed from a tax provision expense of 70.66% to tax provision benefit of 25.56% in comparison to fiscal year 2019. The decrease in the income tax expense for fiscal year 2020 was primarily due to a decrease in the Company’s profit before tax, carryback of net operating losses, and the benefit of federal and state research and development credits which is offset by the change in valuation allowance, and impairment of goodwill.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was signed into law. The CARES Act includes, among other items, provisions relating to refundable payroll tax credits, deferment of the employer portion of certain payroll taxes, net operating loss carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property.
The CARES Act allows losses incurred in tax years 2018, 2019, and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding tax years and to offset 100% of regular taxable income. Additionally, the CARES Act accelerates the Company’s ability to receive refunds of alternative minimum tax credits generated in prior tax years. In fiscal year 2020, the Company was able to benefit net operating losses generated in fiscal year 2019 and fiscal year 2020 at the 21% federal statutory rate in effect for those years and carried back to tax years with a 35% federal statutory rate thus recognizing a tax provision benefit of $2.8 million during the year ended May 31, 2020.
Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities reported in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of the following:

(in thousands)
Year Ended
 May 30, 2021May 31, 2020
Deferred tax assets:
Accruals and reserves$3,366 $4,651 
Net operating loss carryforwards21,916 14,947 
Stock-based compensation1,123 904 
Research and AMT credit carryforwards5,150 4,491 
Lease liability5,902 6,731 
Limitations on business interest expense2,411 2,081 
Other 927 426 
Gross deferred tax assets40,795 34,231 
Valuation allowance(10,460)(6,770)
Net deferred tax assets30,335 27,461 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization(16,600)(19,049)
Goodwill and other indefinite life intangibles(13,406)(12,204)
Basis difference in investment in non-public company(1,382)(3,439)
Right of use asset(5,087)(6,357)
Deferred tax liabilities(36,475)(41,049)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(6,140)$(13,588)

The effective tax rates for fiscal year 2021 differ from the blended statutory federal income tax rate of 21% as a result of several factors, including a significant decrease in the Company's loss before tax, the change in valuation allowance related to federal, state and foreign deferred balances, foreign rate differential, change in ending state deferred blended rate, fixed assets, and the benefit of federal and state research and development credits.

The effective tax rates for fiscal year 2020 differ from the blended statutory federal income tax rate of 21% as a result of several factors, including a decrease in the Company's profit before tax, carryback of net operating losses, the change in valuation allowance related with state and foreign deferred balances, foreign rate differential, change in ending state deferred blended rate, impairment of goodwill and fixed assets, and the benefit of federal and state research and development credits. The effective tax rates for fiscal year 2019 differ from the statutory federal blended income tax rate of 21% as a result of several factors, including Yucatan acquisition, the change in valuation allowance related with foreign deferred balances, foreign rate differential, change in ending state deferred blended rate, limitation of deductibility of executive compensation, and the benefit of federal and state research and development credits.
As of May 30, 2021, the Company had federal, foreign, California, Indiana, and other state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $68.1 million, $14.8 million, $24.2 million, $10.4 million, and $16.7 million respectively. These losses expire in different periods through 2042, if not utilized. The Company acquired additional net operating losses through the acquisition of Greenline. Utilization of these acquired net operating losses in a specific year is limited due to the “change in ownership” provision of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and similar state provisions. The net operating losses presented above for federal and state purposes is net of any such limitation.
The Company has federal, California, and Minnesota research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $2.6 million, $2.0 million, and $1.2 million, respectively. The research and development tax credit carryforwards have an unlimited carryforward period for California purposes, 20 year carryforward for federal purposes, and 15 year carryforward for Minnesota purposes.
Valuation allowances are reviewed each period on a tax jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis to analyze whether there is sufficient positive or negative evidence to support a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax assets. Based on this analysis and considering all positive and negative evidence, we determined that a valuation allowance of $1.4 million, $4.2 million, and $4.9 million should be recorded as a result of uncertainty around the utilization of federal, state, and foreign net operating losses, and federal capital loss carryforward.
The accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return, and the derecognition of tax benefits, classification on the balance sheet, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
(in thousands)
Year Ended
 May 30, 2021May 31, 2020May 26, 2019
Unrecognized tax benefits – beginning of the period$827 $616 $479 
Gross increases – tax positions in prior period— 101 29 
Gross decreases – tax positions in prior period— (11)— 
Gross increases – current-period tax positions115 121 133 
Lapse of statute of limitations— — (25)
Unrecognized tax benefits – end of the period$942 $827 $616 

As of May 30, 2021 the total amount of net unrecognized tax benefits is $0.9 million, of which, $0.8 million, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The Company accrues interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in its provision for income taxes. The total amount of penalties and interest is not material as of May 30, 2021. The Company does not expect its unrecognized tax benefits to decrease within the next twelve months.
Due to tax attribute carryforwards, the Company is subject to examination for tax years 2013 forward for U.S. tax purposes. The Company was also subject to examination in various state jurisdictions for tax years 2012 forward, none of which were individually material.