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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2025
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Transition Period from to
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 000-16509

CITIZENS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Colorado | 84-0755371
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

11815 Alterra Pkwy, Floor 15, Austin, TX 78758
(Current Address)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (512) 837-7100

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act
Class A Common Stock | CIA | NYSE
(Title of each class) | (Trading symbol(s)) | (Name of each exchange on which registered)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). x Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

| Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☒ |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes x No
As of October 31, 2025, the Registrant had 50,296,848 shares of Class A common stock outstanding.

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | Page Number
Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
| Item 1. | Financial Statements | 2
|  | Consolidated Balance Sheets, September 30, 2025 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2024 | 2
|  | Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss), Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 4
|  | Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 5
|  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 7
|  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 9
| Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 39
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 61
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 61
Part II. OTHER INFORMATION |
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 63
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 63
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 63
| Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 63
| Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 63
| Item 5. | Other Information | 63
| Item 6. | Exhibits | 64

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 1

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (Unaudited) |  |
Assets: |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $1,409,626 and $1,401,301 in 2025 and 2024, respectively) | $ | 1,270,045 |  |  | 1,220,961 |
Equity securities, at fair value | 1,371 |  |  | 5,447 |
Policy loans | 68,717 |  |  | 71,216 |
Other long-term investments (portion measured at fair value $85,455 and $93,337 in 2025 and 2024, respectively) | 85,738 |  |  | 93,604 |
Total investments | 1,425,871 |  |  | 1,391,228 |
Cash and cash equivalents (restricted portion: $1,554 in both 2025 and 2024) | 23,123 |  |  | 29,271 |
Accrued investment income | 17,285 |  |  | 17,546 |
Receivable for securities | 12,946 |  |  | — |
Reinsurance recoverable | 10,385 |  |  | 6,941 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs | 214,123 |  |  | 199,635 |
Cost of insurance acquired | 9,141 |  |  | 9,446 |
Current federal income tax receivable | 532 |  |  | 148 |
Property and equipment, net | 9,584 |  |  | 10,574 |
Due premiums | 9,937 |  |  | 11,721 |
Other assets (less allowance for losses of $725 and $516 in 2025 and 2024, respectively) | 9,438 |  |  | 8,815 |
Total assets | $ | 1,742,365 |  |  | 1,685,325 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 2

Table of Contents
CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets, Continued

(In thousands, except share amounts) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (Unaudited) |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Policy liabilities: |  |  |
Future policy benefit reserves: |  |  |
Life insurance | $ | 1,192,390 |  |  | 1,172,034 |
Accident and health insurance | 1,241 |  |  | 1,071 |
Total future policy benefit reserves | 1,193,631 |  |  | 1,173,105 |
Policyholders' funds: |  |  |
Annuities | 168,396 |  |  | 149,977 |
Dividend accumulations | 50,145 |  |  | 47,768 |
Premiums paid in advance | 30,628 |  |  | 31,182 |
Policy claims payable | 8,806 |  |  | 8,822 |
Other policyholders' funds | 7,943 |  |  | 7,271 |
Total policyholders' funds | 265,918 |  |  | 245,020 |
Total policy liabilities | 1,459,549 |  |  | 1,418,125 |
Commissions payable | 4,343 |  |  | 4,546 |
Deferred federal income tax liability | 5,224 |  |  | 3,442 |
Payable for securities | 454 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities | 47,191 |  |  | 48,857 |
Total liabilities | 1,516,761 |  |  | 1,474,970 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 7 and 8) |  |  |
Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |
Common stock: |  |  |
Class A, no par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 54,615,810 and 54,235,165 shares issued and outstanding in 2025 and 2024, respectively, including shares in treasury of 4,327,810 in 2025 and 2024 | 271,246 |  |  | 269,799 |
Class B, no par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized, 1,001,714 shares issued and outstanding in 2025 and 2024, including shares in treasury of 1,001,714 in 2025 and 2024 | 3,184 |  |  | 3,184 |
Retained earnings | 64,315 |  |  | 57,062 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (89,416) |  |  | (95,965) |
Treasury stock, at cost | (23,725) |  |  | (23,725) |
Total stockholders' equity | 225,604 |  |  | 210,355 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 1,742,365 |  |  | 1,685,325 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 3

Table of Contents
CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands, except per share amounts) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance | $ | 42,872 |  |  | 42,461 |  |  | 125,158 |  |  | 122,823 |
Accident and health insurance | 431 |  |  | 452 |  |  | 1,330 |  |  | 1,324 |
Property insurance | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | (18) |
Net investment income | 19,117 |  |  | 17,377 |  |  | 53,663 |  |  | 52,404 |
Investment related gains (losses), net | (1,255) |  |  | 827 |  |  | (1,741) |  |  | 1,537 |
Other income | 1,643 |  |  | 630 |  |  | 5,136 |  |  | 3,457 |
Total revenues | 62,808 |  |  | 61,731 |  |  | 183,546 |  |  | 181,527 |
Benefits and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits paid or provided: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Claims and surrenders | 44,276 |  |  | 36,478 |  |  | 124,594 |  |  | 104,121 |
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves | (6,760) |  |  | 471 |  |  | (14,960) |  |  | (130) |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss | (459) |  |  | 1,157 |  |  | 720 |  |  | 2,836 |
Policyholders' dividends | 1,377 |  |  | 1,320 |  |  | 3,987 |  |  | 3,748 |
Total insurance benefits paid or provided | 38,434 |  |  | 39,426 |  |  | 114,341 |  |  | 110,575 |
Commissions | 11,655 |  |  | 12,957 |  |  | 34,339 |  |  | 35,639 |
Other general expenses | 13,291 |  |  | 12,095 |  |  | 39,443 |  |  | 40,072 |
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | (9,974) |  |  | (10,430) |  |  | (28,543) |  |  | (29,304) |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 4,795 |  |  | 4,493 |  |  | 14,055 |  |  | 12,804 |
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired | 128 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 477 |
Total benefits and expenses | 58,329 |  |  | 58,694 |  |  | 173,940 |  |  | 170,263 |
Income (loss) before federal income tax | 4,479 |  |  | 3,037 |  |  | 9,606 |  |  | 11,264 |
Federal income tax expense (benefit) | 2,062 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 2,353 |  |  | (27) |
Net income (loss) | 2,417 |  |  | 2,790 |  |  | 7,253 |  |  | 11,291 |
Per Share Amounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock | 0.04 |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | 0.23 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock | 0.04 |  |  | 0.05 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | 0.22 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period | 22,623 |  |  | 59,101 |  |  | 41,200 |  |  | 31,427 |
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income (loss) | (691) |  |  | (100) |  |  | (440) |  |  | 547 |
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities, net | 21,932 |  |  | 59,001 |  |  | 40,760 |  |  | 31,974 |
Change in current discount rate for liability for future policy benefits | (29,058) |  |  | (45,404) |  |  | (33,644) |  |  | (5,887) |
Income tax expense (benefit) on other comprehensive income items | (1,365) |  |  | 356 |  |  | 567 |  |  | 2,615 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (5,761) |  |  | 13,241 |  |  | 6,549 |  |  | 23,472 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (3,344) |  |  | 16,031 |  |  | 13,802 |  |  | 34,763 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 4

Table of Contents
CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Treasury Stock | Total Stockholders' Equity
(In thousands) | Class A | Class B

Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | 269,799 |  |  | 3,184 |  |  | 57,062 |  |  | (95,965) |  |  | (23,725) |  |  | 210,355 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,623) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,623) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,891 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,891 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,623) |  |  | 8,891 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,268 |
Stock-based compensation | 516 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 516 |
Balance at March 31, 2025 | 270,315 |  |  | 3,184 |  |  | 55,439 |  |  | (87,074) |  |  | (23,725) |  |  | 218,139 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,459 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,459 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,419 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,419 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,459 |  |  | 3,419 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,878 |
Stock-based compensation | 1,009 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,009 |
Balance at June 30, 2025 | 271,324 |  |  | 3,184 |  |  | 61,898 |  |  | (83,655) |  |  | (23,725) |  |  | 229,026 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,417 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,417 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,761) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,761) |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,417 |  |  | (5,761) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,344) |
Stock-based compensation | (78) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (78) |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | $ | 271,246 |  |  | 3,184 |  |  | 64,315 |  |  | (89,416) |  |  | (23,725) |  |  | 225,604 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 5

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CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Treasury Stock | Total Stockholders' Equity
(In thousands) | Class A | Class B

Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 268,675 |  |  | 3,184 |  |  | 42,150 |  |  | (118,155) |  |  | (23,725) |  |  | 172,129 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,542 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,542 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,385 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,385 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,542 |  |  | 18,385 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,927 |
Stock-based compensation | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 127 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | 268,802 |  |  | 3,184 |  |  | 46,692 |  |  | (99,770) |  |  | (23,725) |  |  | 195,183 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,959 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,959 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,154) |  |  | — |  |  | (8,154) |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,959 |  |  | (8,154) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,195) |
Stock-based compensation | 481 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 481 |
Balance at June 30, 2024 | 269,283 |  |  | 3,184 |  |  | 50,651 |  |  | (107,924) |  |  | (23,725) |  |  | 191,469 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,790 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,790 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,241 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,241 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,790 |  |  | 13,241 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,031 |
Stock-based compensation | 73 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | $ | 269,356 |  |  | 3,184 |  |  | 53,441 |  |  | (94,683) |  |  | (23,725) |  |  | 207,573 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 6

Table of Contents
CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30, (In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 7,253 |  |  | 11,291 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Investment related (gains) losses on sale of investments and other assets, net | 1,741 |  |  | (1,537) |
Net deferred policy acquisition costs | (14,488) |  |  | (16,500) |
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired | 305 |  |  | 477 |
Depreciation | 535 |  |  | 443 |
Amortization of premiums and discounts on investments | 3,459 |  |  | 3,738 |
Stock-based compensation | 1,727 |  |  | 1,052 |
Deferred federal income tax expense (benefit) | 1,215 |  |  | (1,350) |
Change in: |  |  |
Accrued investment income | 261 |  |  | 278 |
Reinsurance recoverable | (3,444) |  |  | (3,287) |
Due premiums | 1,784 |  |  | 1,174 |
Future policy benefit reserves | (13,118) |  |  | 1,842 |
Other policyholders' liabilities | 24,494 |  |  | 19,002 |
Federal income tax receivable | (384) |  |  | 1,041 |
Commissions payable and other liabilities | (1,093) |  |  | 6,397 |
Other, net | (1,356) |  |  | (2,969) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 8,891 |  |  | 21,092 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Purchases of fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale | (101,344) |  |  | (49,345) |
Sales of fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale | 60,143 |  |  | 4,659 |
Maturities and calls of fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale | 30,354 |  |  | 37,907 |
Purchases of equity securities | (120) |  |  | — |
Sales of equity securities | 4,482 |  |  | — |
Principal payments on mortgage loans | 6 |  |  | 7 |
Change in policy loans | 2,499 |  |  | 2,896 |
Sales of other long-term investments | 1,603 |  |  | 2,226 |
Purchases of other long-term investments | (8,443) |  |  | (11,123) |
Purchases of property and equipment | (343) |  |  | (561) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (11,163) |  |  | (13,334) |
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 7

Table of Contents

CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Continued
(Unaudited)
Nine Months Ended September 30, (In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Annuity deposits | $ | 6,939 |  |  | 5,181 |
Annuity withdrawals | (10,535) |  |  | (7,183) |
Other share repurchases | (280) |  |  | (371) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (3,876) |  |  | (2,373) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (6,148) |  |  | 5,385 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 29,271 |  |  | 26,997 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 23,123 |  |  | 32,382 |

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, various fixed maturity issuers exchanged securities with book values of $7.9 million for securities of equal value and $3.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
The Company had $12.5 million net unsettled security trades at September 30, 2025 and none at September 30, 2024.
The Company recognized right-of-use assets of $0.2 million in exchange for new operating lease liabilities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and none during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 8

Table of Contents

CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

(1) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND CONSOLIDATION
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of Citizens, Inc. ("Citizens" or the "Company"), a Colorado corporation, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, CICA Life Insurance Company of America ("CICA Domestic"), CICA Life Ltd., Security Plan Life Insurance Company ("SPLIC"), Magnolia Guaranty Life Insurance Company ("MGLIC"), Computing Technology, Inc. ("CTI"), Nexo Global Services LLC, a Puerto Rico holding company ("Nexo") and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, CICA Life A.I., a Puerto Rico company ("CICA International") and Nexo Enrollment Services LLC, a Puerto Rico service company ("NES"). All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Citizens and its wholly-owned subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the "Company," "it," "we," "us" or "our".
The consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025, the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) and stockholders' equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 have been prepared by the Company without audit and are not subject to audit. In the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, and changes in cash flows at September 30, 2025 and for comparative periods have been made. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements do not include all the information and footnotes required for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 ("Form 10-K"). Operating results for the interim periods disclosed herein are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for a full year or any future period.
Our Life Insurance segment operates through our subsidiaries CICA Domestic and CICA International.
CICA Domestic. CICA Domestic issues primarily ordinary whole life, final expense and life products with living benefits throughout the U.S.
CICA International. CICA International offers U.S. dollar-denominated products to non-U.S. residents/citizens internationally, including endowment products, which are principally accumulation contracts that incorporate an element of life insurance protection and whole life insurance. These contracts are designed to provide a fixed amount of insurance coverage over the life of the insured and may utilize rider benefits to provide additional increasing or decreasing coverage and annuity benefits to enhance accumulations.
Our Home Service Insurance segment operates through our subsidiaries SPLIC and MGLIC and focuses on the life insurance needs of the middle- and lower-income markets in Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas. Our products in this segment consist primarily of small face amount whole life, industrial life and pre-need policies, which are designed to fund final expenses for the insured, primarily consisting of funeral and burial costs. SPLIC also issues critical illness policies.
CTI provides data processing systems and services to the Company. NES provides services to policyholders of CICA International.
USE OF ESTIMATES
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 9

Table of Contents

CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.
Significant estimates include those used in the evaluation of credit losses on fixed maturity securities, valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, actuarially determined assets and liabilities, and assumptions and contingencies related to litigation and regulatory matters. Certain of these estimates are particularly sensitive to market conditions, and deterioration and/or volatility in the worldwide debt or equity markets could have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
For a description of all significant accounting policies, see Part IV, Item 15, Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K, which should be read in conjunction with these accompanying consolidated financial statements.
(2) ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS NOT YET ADOPTED
In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses", which is intended to enhance expense disclosures by requiring additional disaggregation of certain costs and expenses, on an interim and annual basis, within the footnotes to the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted, and the amendments may be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. While this ASU will impact only our disclosures and not our financial condition and results of operations, we are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this pronouncement on the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
No other new accounting pronouncements issued or effective during the year had, or is expected to have, a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
(3) INVESTMENTS
The Company invests primarily in fixed maturity securities as shown below.

Carrying Value (In thousands, except for %) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | %
Cash and invested assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 1,270,045 |  |  | 87.7 | % |  | 1,220,961 |  |  | 86.0 | %
Equity securities | 1,371 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 5,447 |  |  | 0.4 |
Policy loans | 68,717 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 71,216 |  |  | 5.0 |
Other long-term investments | 85,738 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 93,604 |  |  | 6.6 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 23,123 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 29,271 |  |  | 2.0 |
Total cash and invested assets | $ | 1,448,994 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1,420,499 |  |  | 100.0 | %

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 10

Table of Contents

CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

The following tables represent the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of fixed maturity securities as of the dates indicated.

| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
September 30, 2025 |  |  |
(In thousands) |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 5,704 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 5,689 |
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | 1,272 |  |  | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,365 |
States and political subdivisions | 293,634 |  |  | 1,904 |  |  | 27,754 |  |  | 267,784 |
Corporate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial | 296,501 |  |  | 4,126 |  |  | 25,975 |  |  | 274,652 |
Consumer | 247,721 |  |  | 1,132 |  |  | 38,409 |  |  | 210,444 |
Utilities | 131,878 |  |  | 822 |  |  | 19,377 |  |  | 113,323 |
Energy | 83,805 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 7,430 |  |  | 76,678 |
Communications | 63,311 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 7,460 |  |  | 56,147 |
All other | 130,248 |  |  | 1,369 |  |  | 15,214 |  |  | 116,403 |
Commercial mortgage-backed | 308 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 310 |
Residential mortgage-backed | 105,767 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 8,373 |  |  | 97,407 |
Asset-backed | 49,477 |  |  | 899 |  |  | 533 |  |  | 49,843 |
Total fixed maturity securities | $ | 1,409,626 |  |  | 11,038 |  |  | 150,619 |  |  | 1,270,045 |

| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2024 |  |  |
(In thousands) |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 5,939 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 5,909 |
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | 3,152 |  |  | 152 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,304 |
States and political subdivisions | 300,757 |  |  | 1,087 |  |  | 33,542 |  |  | 268,302 |
Corporate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial | 272,925 |  |  | 1,593 |  |  | 33,285 |  |  | 241,233 |
Consumer | 263,242 |  |  | 899 |  |  | 45,955 |  |  | 218,186 |
Utilities | 126,361 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 22,770 |  |  | 103,811 |
Energy | 79,247 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 9,959 |  |  | 69,328 |
Communications | 70,896 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 9,910 |  |  | 61,097 |
All other | 117,387 |  |  | 315 |  |  | 16,368 |  |  | 101,334 |
Commercial mortgage-backed | 315 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 311 |
Residential mortgage-backed | 106,661 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 13,026 |  |  | 93,642 |
Asset-backed | 54,419 |  |  | 891 |  |  | 806 |  |  | 54,504 |
Total fixed maturity securities | $ | 1,401,301 |  |  | 5,401 |  |  | 185,741 |  |  | 1,220,961 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 11

Table of Contents

CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

The Company's investments in equity securities are shown below.

Fair Value (In thousands) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Equity securities: |  |  |
Bond mutual funds | $ | 222 |  |  | 739 |
Common stocks | 1,142 |  |  | 810 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock fund | — |  |  | 3,891 |
Total equity securities | $ | 1,371 |  |  | 5,447 |

VALUATION OF INVESTMENTS
Available-for-sale ("AFS") fixed maturity securities are reported in the consolidated financial statements at fair value. Equity securities are measured at fair value with the change in fair value recorded through net income (loss). The Company recognized net investment related gains of $0.3 million for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to gains of $0.4 million for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, on equity securities held.
The Company considers several factors in its review and evaluation of individual investments, using the process described in Part IV, Item 15, Note 2. Investments in the notes to the consolidated financial statements of our Form 10-K to determine whether a credit valuation loss exists. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded no credit valuation losses on fixed maturity securities.
For fixed maturity security investments that have unrealized losses as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the gross unrealized losses and related fair values that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position by timeframe are as follows.

September 30, 2025 | Less than 12 months |  | Greater than 12 months |  | Total
(In thousands, except for # of securities) | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities |  | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities |  | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 470 |  | 2 |  | 2 |  |  | 828 |  | 90 |  | 6 |  |  | 1,298 |  | 92 |  | 8 |
States and political subdivisions | 21,630 |  | 382 |  | 25 |  |  | 149,134 |  | 27,372 |  | 181 |  |  | 170,764 |  | 27,754 |  | 206 |
Corporate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial | 17,197 |  | 231 |  | 33 |  |  | 147,423 |  | 25,744 |  | 178 |  |  | 164,620 |  | 25,975 |  | 211 |
Consumer | 25,206 |  | 709 |  | 31 |  |  | 159,917 |  | 37,700 |  | 218 |  |  | 185,123 |  | 38,409 |  | 249 |
Utilities | 12,308 |  | 178 |  | 34 |  |  | 79,033 |  | 19,199 |  | 140 |  |  | 91,341 |  | 19,377 |  | 174 |
Energy | 13,304 |  | 160 |  | 29 |  |  | 45,449 |  | 7,270 |  | 53 |  |  | 58,753 |  | 7,430 |  | 82 |
Communications | 6,269 |  | 49 |  | 10 |  |  | 41,961 |  | 7,411 |  | 50 |  |  | 48,230 |  | 7,460 |  | 60 |
All Other | 7,481 |  | 207 |  | 17 |  |  | 73,067 |  | 15,007 |  | 95 |  |  | 80,548 |  | 15,214 |  | 112 |
Commercial mortgage-backed | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 85 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 85 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
Residential mortgage-backed | 1,574 |  | 2 |  | 7 |  |  | 94,084 |  | 8,371 |  | 79 |  |  | 95,658 |  | 8,373 |  | 86 |
Asset-backed | 4,728 |  | 175 |  | 7 |  |  | 9,768 |  | 358 |  | 11 |  |  | 14,496 |  | 533 |  | 18 |
Total fixed maturity securities | $ | 110,167 |  | 2,095 |  | 195 |  |  | 800,749 |  | 148,524 |  | 1,012 |  |  | 910,916 |  | 150,619 |  | 1,207 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 12

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CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

December 31, 2024 | Less than 12 months |  | Greater than 12 months |  | Total
(In thousands, except for # of securities) | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities |  | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities |  | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 835 |  | 51 |  | 3 |  |  | 435 |  | 64 |  | 5 |  |  | 1,270 |  | 115 |  | 8 |
States and political subdivisions | 42,583 |  | 1,484 |  | 63 |  |  | 147,534 |  | 32,058 |  | 177 |  |  | 190,117 |  | 33,542 |  | 240 |
Corporate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial | 29,258 |  | 756 |  | 53 |  |  | 154,448 |  | 32,529 |  | 192 |  |  | 183,706 |  | 33,285 |  | 245 |
Consumer | 37,231 |  | 2,053 |  | 57 |  |  | 161,795 |  | 43,902 |  | 216 |  |  | 199,026 |  | 45,955 |  | 273 |
Utilities | 16,750 |  | 687 |  | 47 |  |  | 79,488 |  | 22,083 |  | 142 |  |  | 96,238 |  | 22,770 |  | 189 |
Energy | 11,654 |  | 438 |  | 29 |  |  | 52,537 |  | 9,521 |  | 65 |  |  | 64,191 |  | 9,959 |  | 94 |
Communications | 9,973 |  | 250 |  | 11 |  |  | 48,462 |  | 9,660 |  | 60 |  |  | 58,435 |  | 9,910 |  | 71 |
All Other | 25,208 |  | 1,237 |  | 38 |  |  | 68,756 |  | 15,131 |  | 87 |  |  | 93,964 |  | 16,368 |  | 125 |
Commercial mortgage-backed | 100 |  | — |  | 1 |  |  | 89 |  | 5 |  | 1 |  |  | 189 |  | 5 |  | 2 |
Residential mortgage-backed | 160 |  | 2 |  | 11 |  |  | 93,231 |  | 13,024 |  | 84 |  |  | 93,391 |  | 13,026 |  | 95 |
Asset-backed | 10,330 |  | 243 |  | 14 |  |  | 14,741 |  | 563 |  | 16 |  |  | 25,071 |  | 806 |  | 30 |
Total fixed maturity securities | $ | 184,082 |  | 7,201 |  | 327 |  |  | 821,516 |  | 178,540 |  | 1,045 |  |  | 1,005,598 |  | 185,741 |  | 1,372 |

In each category of our fixed maturity securities described above, we do not intend to sell our investments, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 99.0% and 99.2% of the fair value of our fixed maturity securities portfolio, respectively, were rated investment grade. While the losses are currently unrealized, we continue to monitor all fixed maturity securities on an on-going basis as future information may become available which could result in an allowance being recorded.
These unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities are due to noncredit-related factors, including changes in credit spreads and rising interest rates since purchase, which have little bearing on the recoverability of our investments, hence they are not recognized as credit losses. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach maturity or if market yields for such investments decline.
The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2025 by contractual maturity are shown in the table below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date have been reflected based upon final stated maturity.

September 30, 2025 | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
(In thousands) |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 31,925 |  |  | 31,911 |
Due after one year through five years | 117,290 |  |  | 117,944 |
Due after five years through ten years | 281,140 |  |  | 281,669 |
Due after ten years | 979,271 |  |  | 838,521 |
Total fixed maturity securities | $ | 1,409,626 |  |  | 1,270,045 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 13

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CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

The Company uses the specific identification method of the individual security to determine the cost basis used in the calculation of realized gains and losses related to security sales.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 30, |  | September 30, |  |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds | $ | 45,574 |  | — |  |  | 60,143 |  | 4,659 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains | $ | 868 |  | — |  |  | 960 |  | 91 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized losses | $ | 75 |  | — |  |  | 517 |  | 196 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

During the second quarter of 2025, the Company accepted a tender offer by Discovery Communications, Inc. after considering the outlook of the issuer. As a result, the Company recognized a realized loss of $0.4 million, which is recorded a net realized investment loss for the period.
(4) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We hold AFS fixed maturity securities, which are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reported through other comprehensive income (loss). We also report our equity securities and certain other long-term investments at fair value with changes in fair value reported through the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Fair value measurements are generally based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. All assets and liabilities carried at fair value are required to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories.
•Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
•Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs or whose significant value drivers are observable.
•Level 3 - Instruments whose significant value drivers are unobservable.
Level 1 primarily consists of financial instruments whose value is based on quoted market prices such as U.S. Treasury securities and actively traded mutual fund and stock investments.
Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued by independent pricing services or broker quotes. These pricing models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various inputs, such as interest rates, credit spreads and foreign exchange rates for the underlying financial instruments. All significant inputs are observable or derived from observable information in the marketplace or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Financial instruments in this category primarily include corporate securities, U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise securities, securities issued by states and political subdivisions and certain mortgage and asset-backed securities.
Level 3 is comprised of financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on non-binding broker prices utilizing significant inputs not based on or corroborated by readily available market information. There were no securities in this category as of or during the periods ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 14

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CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

The following tables set forth our assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated.

September 30, 2025 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Fair Value
(In thousands) |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | $ | 5,689 |  |  | 1,365 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,054 |
States and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 267,784 |  |  | — |  |  | 267,784 |
Corporate | 43 |  |  | 847,604 |  |  | — |  |  | 847,647 |
Commercial mortgage-backed | — |  |  | 310 |  |  | — |  |  | 310 |
Residential mortgage-backed | — |  |  | 97,407 |  |  | — |  |  | 97,407 |
Asset-backed | — |  |  | 49,843 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,843 |
Total fixed maturity securities | 5,732 |  |  | 1,264,313 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,270,045 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bond mutual funds | 222 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 222 |
Common stocks | 1,142 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,142 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Total equity securities | 1,371 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,371 |
Other long-term investments (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85,455 |
Total financial assets | $ | 7,103 |  |  | 1,264,313 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,356,871 |

(1) In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets.
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 15

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|  | (Unaudited)

December 31, 2024 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Fair Value
(In thousands) |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | $ | 5,909 |  |  | 3,304 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,213 |
States and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 268,302 |  |  | — |  |  | 268,302 |
Corporate | 42 |  |  | 794,947 |  |  | — |  |  | 794,989 |
Commercial mortgage-backed | — |  |  | 311 |  |  | — |  |  | 311 |
Residential mortgage-backed | — |  |  | 93,642 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,642 |
Asset-backed | — |  |  | 54,504 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,504 |
Total fixed maturity securities | 5,951 |  |  | 1,215,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,220,961 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bond mutual funds | 739 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 739 |
Common stocks | 810 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 810 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock fund | 3,891 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,891 |
Total equity securities | 5,447 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,447 |
Other long-term investments (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,337 |
Total financial assets | $ | 11,398 |  |  | 1,215,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,319,745 |
(1) In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets.

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS VALUATION
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS CARRIED AT FAIR VALUE
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale. At September 30, 2025, fixed maturity securities, valued using a third-party pricing source, totaled $1.3 billion for Level 2 assets and comprised 93.2% of total reported fair value of our financial assets. The Level 1 and Level 2 valuations are reviewed and updated quarterly through testing by comparisons to separate pricing models, other third-party pricing services, and back tested to recent trades. In addition, we obtain information annually relative to the third-party pricing models and review model parameters for reasonableness. There were no Level 3 assets at September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, there were no material changes to the valuation methods or assumptions used to determine fair values, and no broker or third-party prices were changed from the values received.
Equity securities. Our equity securities are classified as Level 1 assets as their fair values are based upon quoted market prices.
Structured note. At September 30, 2025, the Company held an investment in a structured note, which includes components classified as fixed maturity securities and other long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The partner interest is included in other long-term investments and is valued at net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient, which approximates fair value. As of September 30, 2025, we are committed to fund this investment up to $14.6 million over the next 10 years.
Limited partnerships. The Company considers the NAV to represent the value of the investment fund and is measured by the total value of assets minus the total value of liabilities. The following table includes information
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 16

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|  | (Unaudited)

related to our investments in limited partnerships that calculate NAV per share. For these investments, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, we use the NAV per share to measure fair value. The Company recognized net investment related losses of $3.7 million and $2.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and gains of $0.5 million and $1.8 million on limited partnership investments held for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. These investments are included in other long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(In thousands, except for years) |  | Fair Value Using NAV Per Share | Unfunded Commit- ments | Range (In years) |  | Fair Value Using NAV Per Share | Unfunded Commit- ments | Range (In years)
Description |
Limited partnerships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Middle market | Investments in privately-originated, performing senior secured debt primarily in North America-based companies | $ | 34,813 |  | — |  | 0 |  | $ | 35,369 |  | 1,660 |  | 3
Global equity fund | Investments in common stocks of U.S., international developed and emerging markets with a focus on long-term capital growth | — |  | — |  | 0 |  | 11,568 |  | — |  | 0
Late-stage growth | Investments in private late-stage, established companies seeking capital to accelerate growth prior to an IPO or sale | 35,787 |  | 2,154 |  | 3 to 5 |  | 27,825 |  | 8,134 |  | 3 to 5
Infrastructure | Investments in environmental infrastructure and related technology, focusing on renewable power generation and distribution | 13,817 |  | 3,925 |  | 8 to 10 |  | 18,575 |  | 5,637 |  | 9 to 10
Total limited partnerships | $ | 84,417 |  | 6,079 |  |  |  | $ | 93,337 |  | 15,431 |  |

The majority of our limited partnership investments are not redeemable because distributions from the funds will be received when the underlying investments of the funds are liquidated. The life spans indicated above may be shortened or extended at the fund manager's discretion, typically in one or two-year increments.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS NOT CARRIED AT FAIR VALUE
Estimates of fair values are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market prices and information about the financial instruments. The estimated fair values of financial instruments presented below are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company might realize in actual market transactions.
The carrying amount and fair value for the financial assets and liabilities on the consolidated financial statements not otherwise disclosed for the periods indicated were as follows:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(In thousands) | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy loans | $ | 68,717 |  |  | 68,717 |  |  | 71,216 |  |  | 71,216 |
Residential mortgage loan | 27 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 34 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 23,123 |  |  | 23,123 |  |  | 29,271 |  |  | 29,271 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Annuity - investment contracts | 67,714 |  |  | 64,420 |  |  | 68,888 |  |  | 63,629 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 17

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CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

Policy loans. Policy loans had a weighted average annual interest rate of 7.7% at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and no specified maturity dates. The aggregate fair value of policy loans approximates the carrying value reflected on the consolidated balance sheets. Policy loans are an integral part of the life insurance policies we have in force, cannot be valued separately and are not marketable. Therefore, the fair value of policy loans approximates the carrying value and policy loans are considered Level 3 assets in the fair value hierarchy.
Residential mortgage loan. This mortgage loan is secured by a residential property. The interest rate for this loan was 7.0% at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025, the remaining loan matures in three years. Management estimated the fair value using an annual interest rate of 6.25% at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Our mortgage loan is considered a Level 3 asset in the fair value hierarchy and is included in other long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets.
Cash and cash equivalents. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents approximates carrying value and these assets are characterized as Level 1 assets in the fair value hierarchy.
Annuity liabilities. The fair value of the Company's liabilities under annuity contracts, which are considered Level 3 liabilities, was estimated at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 using discounted cash flows based upon spot rates adjusted for various risk adjustments ranging from 3.42% to 4.86% and 3.96% to 4.96%, respectively. The fair value of liabilities under all insurance contracts are taken into consideration in the overall management of interest rate risk, which seeks to minimize exposure to changing interest rates through the matching of investment maturities with amounts due under insurance contracts.
Other long-term investments. Financial instruments included in other long-term investments are classified in various levels of the fair value hierarchy. The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of these investments.

Carrying Value (In thousands) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Other long-term investments: |  |  |
Limited partnerships | $ | 84,417 |  |  | 93,337 |
Structured note | 1,038 |  |  | — |
FHLB common stock | 219 |  |  | 212 |
All other investments | 64 |  |  | 55 |
Total other long-term investments | $ | 85,738 |  |  | 93,604 |

We are a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") of Dallas and such membership requires members to own stock in the FHLB. Our FHLB stock is carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.
(5) DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS AND COST OF INSURANCE ACQUIRED
DAC
The following tables roll forward the DAC and COIA balances for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 by reporting cohort. Our reporting cohorts are Permanent, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable over the lifetime of the policy, and Permanent Limited Pay, which summarizes insurance policies
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 18

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CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

with premiums payable for a limited time after which the policy is fully paid up. Both reporting cohorts include whole life and endowment policies.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 (In thousands) | Permanent | Permanent Limited Pay |  | Other Business | Total
Life Insurance: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 124,725 |  | 16,388 |  |  | 547 |  | 141,660 |
Capitalizations | 22,135 |  | 2,207 |  |  | 202 |  | 24,544 |
Amortization expense | (10,804) |  | (852) |  |  | (206) |  | (11,862) |
Balance, end of period | 136,056 |  | 17,743 |  |  | 543 |  | 154,342 |
Home Service Insurance: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | 45,656 |  | 11,151 |  |  | 1,168 |  | 57,975 |
Capitalizations | 3,189 |  | 650 |  |  | 160 |  | 3,999 |
Amortization expense | (1,725) |  | (320) |  |  | (148) |  | (2,193) |
Balance, end of period | 47,120 |  | 11,481 |  |  | 1,180 |  | 59,781 |
Consolidated: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | 170,381 |  | 27,539 |  |  | 1,715 |  | 199,635 |
Capitalizations | 25,324 |  | 2,857 |  |  | 362 |  | 28,543 |
Amortization expense | (12,529) |  | (1,172) |  |  | (354) |  | (14,055) |
Balance, end of period | $ | 183,176 |  | 29,224 |  |  | 1,723 |  | 214,123 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 (In thousands) | Permanent | Permanent Limited Pay |  | Other Business | Total
Life Insurance: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 105,552 |  | 14,075 |  |  | 1,213 |  | 120,840 |
Capitalizations | 21,792 |  | 2,220 |  |  | 250 |  | 24,262 |
Amortization expense | (9,763) |  | (740) |  |  | (278) |  | (10,781) |
Balance, end of period | 117,581 |  | 15,555 |  |  | 1,185 |  | 134,321 |
Home Service Insurance: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | 43,280 |  | 10,564 |  |  | 1,084 |  | 54,928 |
Capitalizations | 3,973 |  | 892 |  |  | 177 |  | 5,042 |
Amortization expense | (1,698) |  | (323) |  |  | (2) |  | (2,023) |
Balance, end of period | 45,555 |  | 11,133 |  |  | 1,259 |  | 57,947 |
Consolidated: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | 148,832 |  | 24,639 |  |  | 2,297 |  | 175,768 |
Capitalizations | 25,765 |  | 3,112 |  |  | 427 |  | 29,304 |
Amortization expense | (11,461) |  | (1,063) |  |  | (280) |  | (12,804) |
Balance, end of period | $ | 163,136 |  | 26,688 |  |  | 2,444 |  | 192,268 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 19

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|  | (Unaudited)

DAC capitalization decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same prior year period mainly from increased ceding commissions and expenses due to a full nine months of reinsurance with RGA in 2025 offset by higher first year sales.
COIA

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 (In thousands) | Permanent | Permanent Limited Pay |  | Other Business | Total
Life Insurance: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 599 |  | 648 |  |  | — |  | 1,247 |
Amortization expense | (30) |  | (30) |  |  | — |  | (60) |
Balance, end of period | 569 |  | 618 |  |  | — |  | 1,187 |
Home Service Insurance: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | 6,825 |  | 161 |  |  | 1,213 |  | 8,199 |
Amortization expense | (264) |  | (5) |  |  | 24 |  | (245) |
Balance, end of period | 6,561 |  | 156 |  |  | 1,237 |  | 7,954 |
Consolidated: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | 7,424 |  | 809 |  |  | 1,213 |  | 9,446 |
Amortization expense | (294) |  | (35) |  |  | 24 |  | (305) |
Balance, end of period | $ | 7,130 |  | 774 |  |  | 1,237 |  | 9,141 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 (In thousands) | Permanent | Permanent Limited Pay |  | Other Business | Total
Life Insurance: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 249 |  | 695 |  |  | 406 |  | 1,350 |
Amortization expense | (12) |  | (36) |  |  | (33) |  | (81) |
Balance, end of period | 237 |  | 659 |  |  | 373 |  | 1,269 |
Home Service Insurance: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | 7,194 |  | 168 |  |  | 1,331 |  | 8,693 |
Amortization expense | (279) |  | (5) |  |  | (112) |  | (396) |
Balance, end of period | 6,915 |  | 163 |  |  | 1,219 |  | 8,297 |
Consolidated: |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | 7,443 |  | 863 |  |  | 1,737 |  | 10,043 |
Amortization expense | (291) |  | (41) |  |  | (145) |  | (477) |
Balance, end of period | $ | 7,152 |  | 822 |  |  | 1,592 |  | 9,566 |

(6) POLICYHOLDERS’ LIABILITIES
LIABILITY FOR FUTURE POLICY BENEFITS
The following tables summarize balances of and changes in the liability for future policy benefits for our reporting cohorts: Permanent, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable over the lifetime of the policy,
September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 20

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and Permanent Limited Pay, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable for a limited time after which the policy is fully paid up. Both reporting cohorts include whole life and endowment policies.

September 30, 2025 (In thousands) | Life Insurance |  | Home Service Insurance
Permanent | Permanent Limited Pay |  | Total |  | Permanent | Permanent Limited Pay |  | Total
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 299,918 |  | 14,962 |  |  | 314,880 |  |  | 94,458 |  | 13,878 |  |  | 108,336 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 310,919 |  | 15,180 |  |  | 326,099 |  |  | 101,026 |  | 14,732 |  |  | 115,758 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | (5,915) |  | 4,119 |  |  | (1,796) |  |  | 831 |  | (82) |  |  | 749 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (25,621) |  | 867 |  |  | (24,754) |  |  | (4,508) |  | (2,568) |  |  | (7,076) |
Adjusted beginning of year balance | 279,383 |  | 20,166 |  |  | 299,549 |  |  | 97,349 |  | 12,082 |  |  | 109,431 |
Issuances | 85,513 |  | 2,971 |  |  | 88,484 |  |  | 10,668 |  | 1,626 |  |  | 12,294 |
Interest accrual | 9,912 |  | 491 |  |  | 10,403 |  |  | 3,176 |  | 394 |  |  | 3,570 |
Net premiums collected | (41,992) |  | (4,144) |  |  | (46,136) |  |  | (9,054) |  | 444 |  |  | (8,610) |
Derecognition and other | (6,592) |  | 250 |  |  | (6,342) |  |  | 191 |  | 32 |  |  | 223 |
Ending balance at original discount rate | 326,224 |  | 19,734 |  |  | 345,958 |  |  | 102,330 |  | 14,578 |  |  | 116,908 |
Effect of changes in discount rates | (413) |  | 90 |  |  | (323) |  |  | (3,354) |  | (336) |  |  | (3,690) |
Balance, end of period | $ | 325,811 |  | 19,824 |  |  | 345,635 |  |  | 98,976 |  | 14,242 |  |  | 113,218 |
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 996,556 |  | 187,066 |  |  | 1,183,622 |  |  | 198,809 |  | 111,639 |  |  | 310,448 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 1,051,493 |  | 201,797 |  |  | 1,253,290 |  |  | 218,555 |  | 123,016 |  |  | 341,571 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | (7,051) |  | 5,992 |  |  | (1,059) |  |  | (624) |  | (306) |  |  | (930) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (24,376) |  | 2,340 |  |  | (22,036) |  |  | (4,499) |  | (889) |  |  | (5,388) |
Adjusted beginning of year balance | 1,020,066 |  | 210,129 |  |  | 1,230,195 |  |  | 213,432 |  | 121,821 |  |  | 335,253 |
Issuances | 85,929 |  | 3,215 |  |  | 89,144 |  |  | 10,664 |  | 1,619 |  |  | 12,283 |
Interest accrual | 34,698 |  | 6,182 |  |  | 40,880 |  |  | 7,284 |  | 4,317 |  |  | 11,601 |
Benefit payments | (86,637) |  | (16,113) |  |  | (102,750) |  |  | (11,706) |  | (4,382) |  |  | (16,088) |
Derecognition and other | (7,141) |  | 11 |  |  | (7,130) |  |  | 172 |  | 27 |  |  | 199 |
Ending balance at original discount rate | 1,046,915 |  | 203,424 |  |  | 1,250,339 |  |  | 219,846 |  | 123,402 |  |  | 343,248 |
Effect of changes in discount rates | (19,237) |  | (10,085) |  |  | (29,322) |  |  | (13,648) |  | (8,858) |  |  | (22,506) |
Balance, end of period | $ | 1,027,678 |  | 193,339 |  |  | 1,221,017 |  |  | 206,198 |  | 114,544 |  |  | 320,742 |
Net liability for future policy benefits | $ | 701,867 |  | 173,515 |  |  | 875,382 |  |  | 107,222 |  | 100,302 |  |  | 207,524 |
Plus: Flooring impact | (2) |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable | 5,786 |  | — |  |  | 5,786 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | 696,079 |  | 173,515 |  |  | 869,594 |  |  | 107,222 |  | 100,302 |  |  | 207,524 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 21

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CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

September 30, 2024 (In thousands) | Life Insurance |  | Home Service Insurance
Permanent | Permanent Limited Pay |  | Total |  | Permanent | Permanent Limited Pay |  | Total
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 244,917 |  | 13,260 |  |  | 258,177 |  |  | 98,831 |  | 14,926 |  |  | 113,757 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 252,426 |  | 13,533 |  |  | 265,959 |  |  | 102,045 |  | 15,512 |  |  | 117,557 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | 17,731 |  | 274 |  |  | 18,005 |  |  | (462) |  | 21 |  |  | (441) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (12,203) |  | 973 |  |  | (11,230) |  |  | (5,784) |  | (3,526) |  |  | (9,310) |
Adjusted beginning of year balance | 257,954 |  | 14,780 |  |  | 272,734 |  |  | 95,799 |  | 12,007 |  |  | 107,806 |
Issuances | 74,426 |  | 2,249 |  |  | 76,675 |  |  | 11,412 |  | 1,853 |  |  | 13,265 |
Interest accrual | 8,342 |  | 380 |  |  | 8,722 |  |  | 3,193 |  | 394 |  |  | 3,587 |
Net premiums collected | (36,066) |  | (2,420) |  |  | (38,486) |  |  | (9,116) |  | 892 |  |  | (8,224) |
Derecognition and other | (5,530) |  | 92 |  |  | (5,438) |  |  | 317 |  | 57 |  |  | 374 |
Ending balance at original discount rate | 299,126 |  | 15,081 |  |  | 314,207 |  |  | 101,605 |  | 15,203 |  |  | 116,808 |
Effect of changes in discount rates | (1,303) |  | (43) |  |  | (1,346) |  |  | (2,042) |  | (325) |  |  | (2,367) |
Balance, end of period | $ | 297,823 |  | 15,038 |  |  | 312,861 |  |  | 99,563 |  | 14,878 |  |  | 114,441 |
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 973,350 |  | 195,122 |  |  | 1,168,472 |  |  | 211,946 |  | 122,784 |  |  | 334,730 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 995,962 |  | 202,755 |  |  | 1,198,717 |  |  | 217,524 |  | 123,941 |  |  | 341,465 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | 18,320 |  | 734 |  |  | 19,054 |  |  | (502) |  | (1,078) |  |  | (1,580) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (9,656) |  | 2,916 |  |  | (6,740) |  |  | (5,880) |  | (1,692) |  |  | (7,572) |
Adjusted beginning of year balance | 1,004,626 |  | 206,405 |  |  | 1,211,031 |  |  | 211,142 |  | 121,171 |  |  | 332,313 |
Issuances | 75,132 |  | 2,352 |  |  | 77,484 |  |  | 11,407 |  | 1,858 |  |  | 13,265 |
Interest accrual | 33,624 |  | 6,185 |  |  | 39,809 |  |  | 7,233 |  | 4,305 |  |  | 11,538 |
Benefit payments | (67,441) |  | (13,281) |  |  | (80,722) |  |  | (11,399) |  | (4,286) |  |  | (15,685) |
Derecognition and other | (6,642) |  | 16 |  |  | (6,626) |  |  | 301 |  | 51 |  |  | 352 |
Ending balance at original discount rate | 1,039,299 |  | 201,677 |  |  | 1,240,976 |  |  | 218,684 |  | 123,099 |  |  | 341,783 |
Effect of changes in discount rates | (8,395) |  | (6,067) |  |  | (14,462) |  |  | (5,797) |  | (2,493) |  |  | (8,290) |
Balance, end of period | $ | 1,030,904 |  | 195,610 |  |  | 1,226,514 |  |  | 212,887 |  | 120,606 |  |  | 333,493 |
Net liability for future policy benefits | $ | 733,081 |  | 180,572 |  |  | 913,653 |  |  | 113,324 |  | 105,728 |  |  | 219,052 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable | 1,308 |  | — |  |  | 1,308 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | 731,773 |  | 180,572 |  |  | 912,345 |  |  | 113,324 |  | 105,728 |  |  | 219,052 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 22

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CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

The following table reconciles the net liability for future policy benefits shown above to the liability for future policy benefits reported in the consolidated balance sheets.

| September 30, 2025 |  | September 30, 2024
(In thousands) | Life Insurance | Home Service Insurance | Consolidated |  | Life Insurance | Home Service Insurance | Consolidated
Life Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Permanent | $ | 696,079 |  | 107,222 |  | 803,301 |  |  | 731,773 |  | 113,324 |  | 845,097 |
Permanent limited pay | 173,515 |  | 100,302 |  | 273,817 |  |  | 180,572 |  | 105,728 |  | 286,300 |
Deferred profit liability | 33,226 |  | 30,849 |  | 64,075 |  |  | 29,572 |  | 29,158 |  | 58,730 |
Other | 36,780 |  | 14,417 |  | 51,197 |  |  | 32,426 |  | 14,320 |  | 46,746 |
Total life insurance | 939,600 |  | 252,790 |  | 1,192,390 |  |  | 974,343 |  | 262,530 |  | 1,236,873 |
Accident & Health Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 712 |  | 529 |  | 1,241 |  |  | 586 |  | 412 |  | 998 |
Total future policy benefit reserves | $ | 940,312 |  | 253,319 |  | 1,193,631 |  |  | 974,929 |  | 262,942 |  | 1,237,871 |

The following table provides the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments for long-term duration contracts.

| September 30, 2025 |  | September 30, 2024
(In thousands) | Life Insurance |  | Home Service Insurance |  | Life Insurance |  | Home Service Insurance
Undiscounted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Permanent: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums | $ | 841,337 |  |  | 440,922 |  |  | 731,580 |  |  | 448,837 |
Expected future benefit payments | 1,650,874 |  |  | 495,085 |  |  | 1,586,017 |  |  | 487,851 |
Permanent Limited Pay: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums | 50,368 |  |  | 75,656 |  |  | 46,270 |  |  | 76,032 |
Expected future benefit payments | 337,949 |  |  | 323,121 |  |  | 322,188 |  |  | 320,318 |
Discounted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Permanent: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums | $ | 630,663 |  |  | 262,157 |  |  | 564,242 |  |  | 272,938 |
Expected future benefit payments | 1,027,678 |  |  | 206,198 |  |  | 1,030,904 |  |  | 212,887 |
Permanent Limited Pay: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums | 45,453 |  |  | 49,168 |  |  | 41,999 |  |  | 51,752 |
Expected future benefit payments | 193,339 |  |  | 114,544 |  |  | 195,610 |  |  | 120,606 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 23

Table of Contents

CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

The following tables summarize the amount of revenue and interest related to long-term duration contracts recognized in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(In thousands) | Gross Premiums | Interest Expense |  | Gross Premiums | Interest Expense |  | Gross Premiums | Interest Expense |  | Gross Premiums | Interest Expense
Life Insurance Segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Permanent | $ | 29,882 |  | 8,149 |  |  | 27,930 |  | 8,391 |  |  | 84,864 |  | 24,786 |  |  | 76,047 |  | 25,282 |
Permanent Limited Pay | 4,184 |  | 2,244 |  |  | 3,395 |  | 2,269 |  |  | 12,806 |  | 6,673 |  |  | 11,067 |  | 6,739 |
Other | 1,826 |  | — |  |  | 2,508 |  | — |  |  | 5,124 |  | — |  |  | 7,550 |  | — |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reinsurance | 3,280 |  | — |  |  | 1,828 |  | — |  |  | 8,764 |  | — |  |  | 3,559 |  | — |
Total, net of reinsurance | 32,612 |  | 10,393 |  |  | 32,005 |  | 10,660 |  |  | 94,030 |  | 31,459 |  |  | 91,105 |  | 32,021 |
Accident & Health Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 174 |  | — |  |  | 197 |  | — |  |  | 554 |  | — |  |  | 565 |  | — |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reinsurance | 1 |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | — |
Total, net of reinsurance | 173 |  | — |  |  | 196 |  | — |  |  | 552 |  | — |  |  | 562 |  | — |
Total | $ | 32,785 |  | 10,393 |  |  | 32,201 |  | 10,660 |  |  | 94,582 |  | 31,459 |  |  | 91,667 |  | 32,021 |
Home Service Insurance Segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Permanent | $ | 8,035 |  | 1,371 |  |  | 8,257 |  | 1,349 |  |  | 24,184 |  | 4,108 |  |  | 24,723 |  | 4,040 |
Permanent Limited Pay | 1,881 |  | 1,672 |  |  | 1,837 |  | 1,636 |  |  | 5,774 |  | 4,994 |  |  | 5,905 |  | 4,894 |
Other | 351 |  | — |  |  | 367 |  | — |  |  | 1,258 |  | — |  |  | 1,114 |  | — |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reinsurance | 7 |  | — |  |  | 5 |  | — |  |  | 88 |  | — |  |  | 24 |  | — |
Total, net of reinsurance | 10,260 |  | 3,043 |  |  | 10,456 |  | 2,985 |  |  | 31,128 |  | 9,102 |  |  | 31,718 |  | 8,934 |
Accident & Health Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 258 |  | — |  |  | 256 |  | — |  |  | 778 |  | — |  |  | 762 |  | — |
Total | $ | 10,518 |  | 3,043 |  |  | 10,712 |  | 2,985 |  |  | 31,906 |  | 9,102 |  |  | 32,480 |  | 8,934 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 24

Table of Contents

CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

The following table provides the weighted-average durations of the liability for future policy benefits.

| September 30, 2025 |  | September 30, 2024
(In years) | Life Insurance | Home Service Insurance |  | Life Insurance | Home Service Insurance
Permanent: |  |  |  |  |
Duration at original discount rate | 8.8 | 15.3 |  | 8.6 | 16.0
Duration at current discount rate | 8.8 | 14.3 |  | 8.6 | 15.6
Permanent Limited Pay: |  |  |  |  |
Duration at original discount rate | 8.6 | 13.8 |  | 8.1 | 14.7
Duration at current discount rate | 8.0 | 13.1 |  | 7.8 | 14.7

The following table provides the weighted-average interest rates for the liability for future policy benefits.

| September 30, 2025 |  | September 30, 2024
| Life Insurance | Home Service Insurance |  | Life Insurance | Home Service Insurance
Permanent: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate at original discount rate | 4.85 | % | 4.83 | % |  | 4.87 | % | 4.96 | %
Interest rate at current discount rate | 4.81 | % | 5.35 | % |  | 4.61 | % | 5.03 | %
Permanent Limited Pay: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate at original discount rate | 4.28 | % | 4.88 | % |  | 4.28 | % | 5.03 | %
Interest rate at current discount rate | 4.88 | % | 5.32 | % |  | 4.63 | % | 5.02 | %

LIABILITY FOR POLICYHOLDERS’ ACCOUNT BALANCES
The following table presents the policyholders' account balances by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of the difference, in basis points, between rates being credited and the respective guaranteed minimums.

| At Guaranteed Minimum | 1 Basis Point-50 Basis Points Above | 51 Basis Points-150 Basis Points Above | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above | Total
September 30, 2025 (In thousands)
Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates: |  |  |  |
0.00% - 1.49% | $ | 870 |  | — |  | — |  | 33,360 |  | 34,230 |
1.50% - 2.99% | 3,916 |  | 179 |  | 6 |  | 35,308 |  | 39,409 |
3.00% - 4.49% | 113,376 |  | 385 |  | 26,965 |  | — |  | 140,726 |
Greater or equal to 4.50% | 31,254 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 31,254 |
Total | $ | 149,416 |  | 564 |  | 26,971 |  | 68,668 |  | 245,619 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 25

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CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

| At Guaranteed Minimum | 1 Basis Point-50 Basis Points Above | 51 Basis Points-150 Basis Points Above | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above | Total
September 30, 2024 (In thousands)
Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates: |  |  |  |
0.00% - 1.49% | $ | 816 |  | — |  | 726 |  | 34,772 |  | 36,314 |
1.50% - 2.99% | 8,840 |  | 176 |  | 37 |  | 27,092 |  | 36,145 |
3.00% - 4.49% | 101,646 |  | 346 |  | 16,039 |  | — |  | 118,031 |
Greater or equal to 4.50% | 31,519 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 31,519 |
Total | $ | 142,821 |  | 522 |  | 16,802 |  | 61,864 |  | 222,009 |

The following tables summarize balances of and changes in policyholders' account balances.

September 30, 2025 (In thousands, except for %) | Supplemental Contracts Without Life Contingencies | Fixed Annuity | Dividend Accumulations | Premiums Paid in Advance
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 60,414 |  | 88,080 |  | 47,768 |  | 29,897 |
Issuances | 26,548 |  | 3,312 |  | 590 |  | 3,581 |
Premiums received | 186 |  | 3,475 |  | 4,300 |  | 580 |
Interest credited | 2,060 |  | 2,251 |  | 1,473 |  | 625 |
Other | 3 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Less: |  |  |  |
Surrenders and withdrawals | — |  | 10,149 |  | 3,986 |  | 6,125 |
Benefit payments | 9,264 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Balance, end of period | $ | 79,947 |  | 86,969 |  | 50,145 |  | 28,558 |
Weighted-average crediting rates | 4.09 | % | 3.97 | % | 3.87 | % | 3.23 | %
Cash surrender value | $ | 79,947 |  | 86,969 |  | 50,145 |  | 28,558 |

September 30, 2024 (In thousands, except for %) | Supplemental Contracts Without Life Contingencies | Fixed Annuity | Dividend Accumulations | Premiums Paid in Advance
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 44,569 |  | 87,134 |  | 44,960 |  | 31,039 |
Issuances | 17,642 |  | 2,132 |  | 598 |  | 4,211 |
Premiums received | 126 |  | 3,015 |  | 4,173 |  | 500 |
Interest credited | 1,496 |  | 2,043 |  | 1,377 |  | 1,348 |
Less: |  |  |  |
Surrenders and withdrawals | — |  | 6,997 |  | 4,056 |  | 6,498 |
Benefit payments | 6,803 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Balance, end of period | $ | 57,030 |  | 87,327 |  | 47,052 |  | 30,600 |
Weighted-average crediting rates | 4.00 | % | 3.67 | % | 3.53 | % | 2.99 | %
Cash surrender value | $ | 57,030 |  | 87,327 |  | 47,052 |  | 30,600 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 26

Table of Contents

CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

The following table reconciles policyholders' account balances shown above to the policyholders' account balance liability in the consolidated balance sheets.

As of September 30, (In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024
Annuities: |  |  |
Supplemental contracts without life contingencies | $ | 79,947 |  |  | 57,030 |
Fixed annuity | 86,969 |  |  | 87,327 |
Unearned revenue reserve | 1,480 |  |  | 1,481 |
Total annuities | $ | 168,396 |  |  | 145,838 |
Premiums paid in advance: |  |  |
Premiums paid in advance | $ | 28,558 |  |  | 30,600 |
Other | 2,070 |  |  | 1,820 |
Total premiums paid in advance | $ | 30,628 |  |  | 32,420 |

(7) REINSURANCE
In the normal course of business, the Company reinsures portions of certain policies that we underwrite to mitigate exposure to potential losses and/or to provide additional capacity for growth. In CICA International, prior to April 1, 2025, we retained up to $100,000 on any one individual life insurance policy and reinsured the death benefit amount. For new policies beginning on such date, we increased our retention amount to $250,000 and reinsure amounts above that. We also reinsure 100% of our accidental death benefit rider coverage. In the second quarter of 2024, CICA Domestic entered into a coinsurance agreement with RGA Reinsurance Company ("RGA"). Under this agreement, CICA Domestic has elected for RGA to reinsure 50% of its newly written final expense business. The Company remains contingently liable in the event that any of the reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations under any reinsurance agreement.
Our amounts recoverable from reinsurers represent receivables from and reserves ceded to reinsurers. We obtain reinsurance from multiple reinsurers and monitor our reinsurance concentration as well as the financial strength ratings of our reinsurers. Their ratings by A.M. Best Company range from A- (Excellent) to A+ (Superior).
A summary of life insurance in force, along with assumed and ceded reinsurance activity, is summarized below as of the periods indicated.

(In thousands) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Life insurance in force: |  |  |
Direct life insurance in force | $ | 5,379,220 |  |  | 5,227,506 |
Aggregate assumed life insurance in force | 3,427 |  |  | 3,427 |
Aggregate ceded life insurance in force | (814,607) |  |  | (821,215) |
Net life insurance in force | $ | 4,568,040 |  |  | 4,409,718 |

September 30, 2025 | 10-Q 27

Table of Contents

CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

The Company's reinsurance recoverable on ceded reinsurance was $10.4 million and $6.9 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Premiums, claims and surrenders assumed and ceded, and expenses ceded for all lines of business are summarized for the periods indicated below.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Premiums from short duration contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct | $ | 432 |  |  | 449 |  |  | 1,332 |  |  | 1,376 |
Ceded | (1) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (16) |
Net premiums earned | 431 |  |  | 435 |  |  | 1,330 |  |  | 1,360 |
Premiums from long duration contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct | 46,162 |  |  | 44,295 |  |  | 134,013 |  |  | 126,351 |
Assumed | 13 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 48 |
Ceded | (3,303) |  |  | (1,848) |  |  | (8,893) |  |  | (3,630) |
Net premiums earned | 42,872 |  |  | 42,462 |  |  | 125,158 |  |  | 122,769 |
Total premiums earned | $ | 43,303 |  |  | 42,897 |  |  | 126,488 |  |  | 124,129 |
Claims and surrenders assumed | $ | 22 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 97 |
Claims and surrenders ceded | $ | (571) |  |  | (1,395) |  |  | (1,523) |  |  | (2,876) |
Commissions assumed and ceded | $ | (2,887) |  |  | (2,016) |  |  | (9,293) |  |  | (2,957) |
Other general expenses ceded | $ | (699) |  |  | (341) |  |  | (1,982) |  |  | (497) |

(8) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
LITIGATION AND REGULATORY ACTIONS
From time to time, we are subject to legal and regulatory actions relating to our business. We may incur defense costs, including attorneys' fees, and other direct litigation costs associated with defending claims. If we suffer an adverse judgment as a result of litigation claims, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Part I. Item 3. Legal Proceedings and Part IV. Item 1. Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies of our 2024 consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Form 10-K includes a discussion of our legal proceedings. There have been no material developments in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from the legal proceedings described in our 2024 consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Form 10-K.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
As of September 30, 2025, CICA International is committed to fund investments up to $20.7 million related to limited partnership and structured note investments previously described.
CREDIT FACILITY
On May 3, 2024, the Company renewed its $20 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) with Regions Bank ("Regions"). The Credit Facility has a three-year term, maturing on May 5, 2027, and allows the Company to borrow up to $20 million for working capital purposes, capital expenditures and other corporate purposes.
Revolving loans may be requested by the Company in aggregate minimum principal amounts of $0.5 million per loan. At the Company's election, the revolving loans may either bear a rate (a fluctuating rate per annum) equal to
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the greatest of (a) Regions' prime rate, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (c) the index rate plus 1.00% or (d) 0.75%. The Company is required to pay Regions an annual commitment fee of 0.375% of the unused portion of the Credit Facility in quarterly installments, which the Company expenses as it is incurred.
Obligations under the Credit Facility are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company other than the equity interests in its subsidiaries, real estate owned by the Company, and other limited exceptions. The Credit Facility contains customary events of default and financial, affirmative and negative covenants including, but not limited to, restrictions on indebtedness, liens, investments, asset dispositions and restricted payments. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had not borrowed any funds against the Credit Facility and was not in violation of any covenants.
(9) STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY AND RESTRICTIONS
STOCK
Our Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of 127,000,000 shares, of which 100,000,000 shares shall be Class A common stock, 2,000,000 shares shall be Class B common stock, and 25,000,000 shall be preferred stock. Both authorized classes of common stock are equal in all respects, except (a) each share of Class A common stock is entitled to receive twice the cash dividends paid on a per share basis to the Class B common stock, if any; and (b) the holders of the Class B common stock have the exclusive right to elect a simple majority of the Board of Directors of Citizens. Citizens currently has no outstanding preferred stock or Class B common stock other than that held in treasury.
A summary of the change in the number of shares of Class A common stock and treasury stock issued is as follows:

| 2025 |  | 2024
Nine Months Ended September 30, (In thousands) | Common Stock Class A |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  | Common Stock Class A |  |  |  | Treasury Stock
Balance at beginning of year | 54,235 |  |  |  |  | 5,330 |  |  | 53,883 |  |  |  |  | 5,330 |
Stock issued for compensation | 381 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 340 |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | 54,616 |  |  |  |  | 5,330 |  |  | 54,223 |  |  |  |  | 5,330 |

EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share.

Three Months Ended September 30, | 2025 |  | 2024
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |
Basic and diluted earnings per share: |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 2,417 |  |  | 2,790 |
Weighted average shares of Class A outstanding - basic | 50,265 |  |  | 49,837 |
Weighted average shares of Class A outstanding - diluted | 51,570 |  |  | 50,669 |
Basic earnings per share of Class A common stock | $ | 0.04 |  |  | 0.06 |
Diluted earnings per share of Class A common stock | 0.04 |  |  | 0.05 |

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Nine Months Ended September 30, | 2025 |  | 2024
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |
Basic and diluted earnings per share: |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 7,253 |  |  | 11,291 |
Weighted average shares of Class A outstanding - basic | 50,099 |  |  | 49,687 |
Weighted average shares of Class A outstanding - diluted | 51,401 |  |  | 50,519 |
Basic earnings per share of Class A common stock | $ | 0.14 |  |  | 0.23 |
Diluted earnings per share of Class A common stock | 0.14 |  |  | 0.22 |

STATUTORY CAPITAL AND SURPLUS
Each of our domestic regulated insurance subsidiaries is required to meet stipulated regulatory capital requirements imposed by the U.S. National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). All domestic insurance subsidiaries exceeded the minimum capital requirements at September 30, 2025. On March 27, 2024, Citizens and the Colorado Division of Insurance entered into a capital maintenance agreement that specifies that Citizens will infuse capital as needed to ensure that CICA Domestic's RBC remains above 350%. As CICA Domestic's RBC exceeded 350% at September 30, 2025, no capital contribution was necessary.
CICA International is a Puerto Rico domiciled company. The Insurance Code of Puerto Rico does not specifically set forth minimum capital and surplus standards, but rather requires that an insurer submit a business plan for approval to the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance ("OIC") that includes proposed minimum capital and surplus. CICA International is required to maintain a minimum of $750,000 in capital and maintain a premium to surplus ratio of 7 to 1. At September 30, 2025, CICA International's capital exceeds both of the required minimum capital and related ratio.
(10) SEGMENT AND OTHER OPERATING INFORMATION
The Company's segments are defined by management's reporting structure and operating activities. The chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), our President and Chief Executive Officer, reviews and analyzes income statement information by segment to make decisions, assess financial performance and allocate resources across the Company in order to meet the overall strategic objectives of the Company. The Company has two reportable segments: Life Insurance and Home Service Insurance.
Our Life Insurance segment issues endowment contracts, which are principally accumulation contracts that incorporate an element of life insurance protection, and whole life insurance to non-U.S. residents through CICA International. These contracts are designed to provide a fixed amount of insurance coverage over the life of the insured and may utilize rider benefits to provide additional coverage and annuity benefits to enhance accumulations. CICA Domestic issues whole life, final expense and life products with living benefits throughout the U.S.
Our Home Service Insurance segment operates through our subsidiaries SPLIC and MGLIC and focuses on the life insurance needs of the lower-income markets, primarily in Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas. SPLIC also issues critical illness policies. Our policies are sold and serviced through funeral homes and independent agents who sell policies, collect premiums and service policyholders.
The Life Insurance and Home Service Insurance portions of the Company constitute separate businesses. In addition to the Life Insurance and Home Service Insurance business, the Company also operates other non-insurance portions of the Company ("Other Non-Insurance Enterprises"), which primarily include the Company’s IT and corporate-support functions.
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The accounting policies of the reportable segments and Other Non-Insurance Enterprises are presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP and are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in our Form 10-K. The CODM evaluates profit and loss performance based on U.S. GAAP net income (loss) before federal income taxes for its two reportable segments. The Company's Other Non-Insurance Enterprises represents the only reportable difference between segments and consolidated operations.

| Life Insurance |  | Home Service Insurance |  | Other Non-Insurance Enterprises |  | Consolidated
Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |
(In thousands) |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance | $ | 32,612 |  |  | 10,260 |  |  | — |  |  | 42,872 |
Accident and health insurance | 173 |  |  | 258 |  |  | — |  |  | 431 |
Net investment income | 15,342 |  |  | 3,581 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 19,117 |
Investment related gains (losses), net | (2,063) |  |  | 799 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (1,255) |
Other income | 1,518 |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | 1,643 |
Total revenues | 47,582 |  |  | 14,898 |  |  | 328 |  |  | 62,808 |
Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits paid or provided: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Claims and surrenders | 38,603 |  |  | 5,673 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,276 |
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves | (8,360) |  |  | 1,600 |  |  | — |  |  | (6,760) |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss | 1,405 |  |  | (1,864) |  |  | — |  |  | (459) |
Policyholders' dividends | 1,372 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,377 |
Total insurance benefits paid or provided | 33,020 |  |  | 5,414 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,434 |
Commissions | 8,566 |  |  | 3,089 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,655 |
Other general expenses | 7,050 |  |  | 3,879 |  |  | 2,362 |  |  | 13,291 |
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | (8,670) |  |  | (1,304) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,974) |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 4,063 |  |  | 732 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,795 |
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired | 18 |  |  | 110 |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |
Total benefits and expenses | 44,047 |  |  | 11,920 |  |  | 2,362 |  |  | 58,329 |
Income (loss) before federal income tax | $ | 3,535 |  |  | 2,978 |  |  | (2,034) |  |  | 4,479 |

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| Life Insurance |  | Home Service Insurance |  | Other Non-Insurance Enterprises |  | Consolidated
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |
(In thousands) |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance | $ | 94,030 |  |  | 31,128 |  |  | — |  |  | 125,158 |
Accident and health insurance | 552 |  |  | 778 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,330 |
Net investment income | 42,254 |  |  | 10,854 |  |  | 555 |  |  | 53,663 |
Investment related gains (losses), net | (2,185) |  |  | 433 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (1,741) |
Other income | 5,011 |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | 5,136 |
Total revenues | 139,662 |  |  | 43,193 |  |  | 691 |  |  | 183,546 |
Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits paid or provided: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Claims and surrenders | 107,968 |  |  | 16,626 |  |  | — |  |  | 124,594 |
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves | (19,257) |  |  | 4,297 |  |  | — |  |  | (14,960) |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss | 2,499 |  |  | (1,779) |  |  | — |  |  | 720 |
Policyholders' dividends | 3,969 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,987 |
Total insurance benefits paid or provided | 95,179 |  |  | 19,162 |  |  | — |  |  | 114,341 |
Commissions | 24,913 |  |  | 9,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,339 |
Other general expenses | 20,266 |  |  | 11,461 |  |  | 7,716 |  |  | 39,443 |
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | (24,544) |  |  | (3,999) |  |  | — |  |  | (28,543) |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 11,862 |  |  | 2,193 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,055 |
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired | 60 |  |  | 245 |  |  | — |  |  | 305 |
Total benefits and expenses | 127,736 |  |  | 38,488 |  |  | 7,716 |  |  | 173,940 |
Income (loss) before federal income tax | $ | 11,926 |  |  | 4,705 |  |  | (7,025) |  |  | 9,606 |

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| Life Insurance |  | Home Service Insurance |  | Other Non-Insurance Enterprises |  | Consolidated
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |
(In thousands) |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance | $ | 32,005 |  |  | 10,456 |  |  | — |  |  | 42,461 |
Accident and health insurance | 196 |  |  | 256 |  |  | — |  |  | 452 |
Property insurance | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |
Net investment income | 13,578 |  |  | 3,552 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 17,377 |
Investment related gains (losses), net | 936 |  |  | (111) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 827 |
Other income | 630 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 630 |
Total revenues | 47,345 |  |  | 14,137 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 61,731 |
Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits paid or provided: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Claims and surrenders | 30,083 |  |  | 6,395 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,478 |
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves | (1,497) |  |  | 1,968 |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss | 1,681 |  |  | (524) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,157 |
Policyholders' dividends | 1,314 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,320 |
Total insurance benefits paid or provided | 31,581 |  |  | 7,845 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,426 |
Commissions | 9,549 |  |  | 3,408 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,957 |
Other general expenses | 6,791 |  |  | 3,756 |  |  | 1,548 |  |  | 12,095 |
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | (8,855) |  |  | (1,575) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,430) |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 3,837 |  |  | 656 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,493 |
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired | 26 |  |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |
Total benefits and expenses | 42,929 |  |  | 14,217 |  |  | 1,548 |  |  | 58,694 |
Income (loss) before federal income tax | $ | 4,416 |  |  | (80) |  |  | (1,299) |  |  | 3,037 |

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| Life Insurance |  | Home Service Insurance |  | Other Non-Insurance Enterprises |  | Consolidated
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |
(In thousands) |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance | $ | 91,105 |  |  | 31,718 |  |  | — |  |  | 122,823 |
Accident and health insurance | 562 |  |  | 762 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,324 |
Property insurance | — |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | (18) |
Net investment income | 41,076 |  |  | 10,618 |  |  | 710 |  |  | 52,404 |
Investment related gains (losses), net | 1,743 |  |  | (179) |  |  | (27) |  |  | 1,537 |
Other income | 3,354 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 3,457 |
Total revenues | 137,840 |  |  | 42,921 |  |  | 766 |  |  | 181,527 |
Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits paid or provided: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Claims and surrenders | 86,616 |  |  | 17,505 |  |  | — |  |  | 104,121 |
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves | (4,959) |  |  | 4,829 |  |  | — |  |  | (130) |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss | 3,360 |  |  | (524) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,836 |
Policyholders' dividends | 3,731 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,748 |
Total insurance benefits paid or provided | 88,748 |  |  | 21,827 |  |  | — |  |  | 110,575 |
Commissions | 25,052 |  |  | 10,587 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,639 |
Other general expenses | 19,752 |  |  | 11,176 |  |  | 9,144 |  |  | 40,072 |
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | (24,262) |  |  | (5,042) |  |  | — |  |  | (29,304) |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 10,781 |  |  | 2,023 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,804 |
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired | 81 |  |  | 396 |  |  | — |  |  | 477 |
Total benefits and expenses | 120,152 |  |  | 40,967 |  |  | 9,144 |  |  | 170,263 |
Income (loss) before federal income tax | $ | 17,688 |  |  | 1,954 |  |  | (8,378) |  |  | 11,264 |

The Company categorizes premiums in two categories - first year premiums are premiums received within the first 12 months of a policy's issuance and any premiums received thereafter are renewal premiums. A summary of the premiums for the Life Insurance segment is detailed below.

(In thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Life Insurance Segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First year | $ | 8,294 |  | 7,541 |  | 24,005 |  | 18,621 |  |
Renewal | 27,773 |  | 26,490 |  | 79,344 |  | 76,608 |  |
Total direct premiums | 36,067 |  | 34,031 |  | 103,349 |  | 95,229 |  |
Reinsurance | (3,282) |  | (1,830) |  | (8,767) |  | (3,562) |  |
Total premiums | $ | 32,785 |  | 32,201 |  | 94,582 |  | 91,667 |  |

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A summary of the Home Service Insurance segment life and A&H premium breakout is detailed below.

(In thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Home Service Insurance Segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct life and A&H premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First year | $ | 1,226 |  |  | 1,249 |  |  | 3,767 |  |  | 3,993 |
Renewal | 9,299 |  |  | 9,468 |  |  | 28,227 |  |  | 28,511 |
Total direct life and A&H premiums | 10,525 |  |  | 10,717 |  |  | 31,994 |  |  | 32,504 |
Reinsurance | (7) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (88) |  |  | (24) |
Total life and A&H premiums | $ | 10,518 |  |  | 10,712 |  |  | 31,906 |  |  | 32,480 |

The table below summarizes assets by segment.

As of September 30, (In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024
Assets: |  |  |
Segments: |  |  |
Life Insurance | $ | 1,333,849 |  |  | 1,325,855 |
Home Service Insurance | 372,916 |  |  | 372,362 |
Total Segments | 1,706,765 |  |  | 1,698,217 |
Other Non-Insurance Enterprises | 35,600 |  |  | 37,592 |
Total assets | $ | 1,742,365 |  |  | 1,735,809 |

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
The following table sets forth the Company's annual total of earned premiums by country of policyholder residence for the periods indicated.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Area: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 17,473 |  |  | 15,203 |  |  | 50,956 |  |  | 42,602 |
Colombia | 7,088 |  |  | 6,512 |  |  | 20,103 |  |  | 18,538 |
Ecuador | 3,527 |  |  | 3,421 |  |  | 10,093 |  |  | 9,610 |
Taiwan | 3,031 |  |  | 3,520 |  |  | 10,084 |  |  | 11,679 |
Venezuela | 3,258 |  |  | 3,828 |  |  | 9,930 |  |  | 10,806 |
Argentina | 3,180 |  |  | 2,790 |  |  | 8,199 |  |  | 7,561 |
Other foreign countries | 9,717 |  |  | 9,935 |  |  | 28,414 |  |  | 28,283 |
Reinsurance and change in premium accruals | (3,971) |  |  | (2,312) |  |  | (11,291) |  |  | (4,950) |
Total premiums | $ | 43,303 |  |  | 42,897 |  |  | 126,488 |  |  | 124,129 |

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(11) INCOME TAXES
The effective tax rate is the ratio of tax expense or tax benefit over pre-tax income. The tax benefit effective rates were 46.0% and 24.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to effective tax rate of 8.1% and (0.2)% for the same periods in 2024. CICA International is considered a controlled foreign corporation for federal income tax purposes. As a result, the insurance activity of CICA International is subject to Subpart F of the Internal Revenue Code and is included in Citizens’ taxable income. The Government of Puerto Rico approved a tax exemption decree for CICA International which freezes the income tax rate at 0% on taxable earnings up to $1.2 million and 4% on taxable earnings in excess of $1.2 million for a minimum of 15 years. The effective tax rate varies from the prevailing corporate federal income tax rate of 21% mainly due to the impact of Subpart F and the reduced Puerto Rico income tax rate.
At September 30, 2025 and 2024, we determined it was more likely than not that a portion of our capital deferred tax assets would not be realized in their entirety. The Company recorded valuation allowances of $4.2 million and $3.8 million at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted in the U.S. The OBBBA includes significant provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The Company had an immaterial impact to our income tax expense or effective tax rate for the enactment of OBBBA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
(12) OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The changes in the components of other comprehensive income (loss) are reported net of the effects of income taxes of 21% for domestic entities and 4% for Puerto Rican entities for the three and nine months ended
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September 30, 2025 and 2024. The following table provides a rollforward of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the periods indicated below.

(In thousands) | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities |  | Discount Rate for Liability for Future Policy Benefits |  | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Balance at December 31, 2024, net of tax | $ | (169,599) |  |  | 73,634 |  |  | (95,965) |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification, before tax | 18,334 |  |  | (8,589) |  |  | 9,745 |  |
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss), before tax | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | 83 |  |
Income tax benefit (expense) | (1,379) |  |  | 442 |  |  | (937) |  |
Balance at March 31, 2025, net of tax | (152,561) |  |  | 65,487 |  |  | (87,074) |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification, before tax | 243 |  |  | 4,003 |  |  | 4,246 |  |
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss), before tax | 168 |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |  |
Income tax benefit (expense) | (213) |  |  | (782) |  |  | (995) |  |
Balance at June 30, 2025, net of tax | (152,363) |  |  | 68,708 |  |  | (83,655) |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification, before tax | 22,623 |  |  | (29,058) |  |  | (6,435) |  |
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss), before tax | (691) |  |  | — |  |  | (691) |  |
Income tax benefit (expense) | (1,357) |  |  | 2,722 |  |  | 1,365 |  |
Balance at September 30, 2025, net of tax | $ | (131,788) |  |  | 42,372 |  |  | (89,416) |  |

Balance at December 31, 2023, net of tax | $ | (141,741) |  |  | 23,586 |  |  | (118,155) |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification, before tax | (13,416) |  |  | 33,995 |  |  | 20,579 |  |
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss), before tax | 448 |  |  | — |  |  | 448 |  |
Income tax benefit (expense) | 1,104 |  |  | (3,746) |  |  | (2,642) |  |
Balance at March 31, 2024, net of tax | (153,605) |  |  | 53,835 |  |  | (99,770) |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification, before tax | (14,258) |  |  | 5,522 |  |  | (8,736) |  |
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss), before tax | 199 |  |  | — |  |  | 199 |  |
Income tax benefit (expense) | 951 |  |  | (568) |  |  | 383 |  |
Balance at June 30, 2024, net of tax | (166,713) |  |  | 58,789 |  |  | (107,924) |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification, before tax | 59,101 |  |  | (45,404) |  |  | 13,697 |  |
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss), before tax | (100) |  |  | — |  |  | (100) |  |
Income tax benefit (expense) | (4,339) |  |  | 3,983 |  |  | (356) |  |
Balance at September 30, 2024, net of tax | $ | (112,051) |  |  | 17,368 |  |  | (94,683) |  |

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CITIZENS, INC. | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|  | (Unaudited)

(13) RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The Company has various routine related party transactions in conjunction with our holding company structure, such as management service agreements related to costs incurred, a tax sharing agreement between entities, and inter-company dividends and capital contributions. There were no changes related to these relationships during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. See our Form 10-K for a comprehensive discussion of related party transactions.
(14) SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
The Company has evaluated the impact of subsequent events as defined by the accounting guidance through the date this report was issued and determined that no other significant subsequent events need to be recognized or disclosed at this time.
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CITIZENS, INC. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS

Item 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This section and other parts of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q ("Form 10-Q") contain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements can also be identified by words such as “future,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “can,” “may,” and similar terms. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and the Company’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions including those factors discussed in the "Risk Factors" contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, as well as in conjunction with MD&A and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto that are included in our Form 10-K. The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including the Company, that file electronically with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that the Company files with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. We also make available, free of charge, through our website (http://www.citizensinc.com), our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Section 16 Reports filed by officers and directors, news releases, and, if applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the SEC. We are not including any of the information contained on our website as part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this Form 10-Q.
OBJECTIVE OF OUR MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
We refer to our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as our “MD&A”. The objective of our MD&A is to provide investors with information in order to assess the material changes in our financial condition from December 31, 2024 to September 30, 2025 and the material changes in our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the same periods in 2024. We also discuss in the MD&A any trends that we believe may materially affect our future operations or financial condition.
OVERVIEW
For over 55 years, Citizens has been fulfilling the needs of our policyholders and their families by providing insurance products that offer both living and death benefits. We conduct insurance related operations through our insurance subsidiaries, which provide benefits to policyholders and their beneficiaries globally. We specialize in offering primarily individual whole life insurance, endowment products and final expense insurance in niche markets where we believe we can optimize our competitive position.
As an insurance provider, we collect premiums on an ongoing basis from our policyholders and invest the majority of the premiums to pay future benefits, including claims, surrenders and policyholder dividends. Accordingly, the Company derives its revenues principally from: (1) life insurance premiums earned for insurance coverages provided to insureds in our two operating segments – Life Insurance and Home Service Insurance; and (2) net investment income. In addition to paying and reserving for insurance benefits that we pay to our policyholders, our expenses consist primarily of the costs of selling our insurance products (e.g., commissions, underwriting, marketing expenses), operating expenses and income taxes.
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CITIZENS, INC. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS

We operate in two segments - Life Insurance and Home Services Insurance. Our Life Insurance segment operates through our subsidiaries CICA Life Insurance Company of America, referred to as "CICA Domestic" and CICA Life, A.I., a Puerto Rican insurer, referred to as "CICA International". Our Home Services Insurance operates primarily through Security Plan Life Insurance Company in Louisiana.
EVENTS THAT IMPACTED OUR BUSINESS
From time-to-time, certain events may affect our business in ways that cause current or future results to differ from past results. See (1) the factors described in Part 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2024 ("2024 Form 10-K"); and (2) the events described in Part 1. Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Events that Impacted Our Business" in the 2024 Form 10-K; and (3) the discussion of the BlackRock write-down in Part 1. Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Events that Impacted Our Business" in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Summary
Q3: Net income before federal income tax in the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased to $4.5 million from $3.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 due to a $1.1 million increase in total revenues and a $0.4 million decrease in total benefits and expenses. The primary factors that drove these changes were:
•$1.7 million increase in net investment income; and
•$1.0 million increase in other income related to issuance of supplemental contracts;
partially offset by:
•$2.1 million decline in investment related gains and losses primarily related to the BlackRock write-down.
YTD: Net income before federal income tax in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 decreased to $9.6 million from $11.3 million in the same period in 2024. The factors that drove this decrease were:
•$3.3 million decrease in investment related gains and losses primarily related to the BlackRock write-down; and
•$3.8 million increase in insurance benefits paid or provided due to increased matured endowments in our international business;
partially offset by:
•$2.4 million increase in total premium revenue; and
•$1.7 million increase in other income.
At September 30, 2025
•Total assets of $1.7 billion
•Total direct insurance in force of $5.4 billion
•Total investments of $1.4 billion; fixed maturity securities comprised 89% of total investments
•No debt
•Book value per share of Class A common stock of $4.49
•Adjusted book value per share of Class A common stock of $6.26 1
•Diluted earnings per share of Class A common stock for the nine months ended of $0.14
1 Adjusted book value per of Class A common share is a non-GAAP measure that is calculated by dividing actual Class A common stockholders’ equity, excluding AOCI, by the number of Class A common shares outstanding at the end of the period.
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CITIZENS, INC. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS

The Factors that Drive our Operating Results
We see the following as the primary factors that drive our operating results.
•Sales of our products and the premiums we receive from these sales
•Investments and the income that they generate
•Claims and surrenders
•Operating expenses
•Actuarial assumptions
Sales of Our Products. We believe sales statistics are meaningful to gain an understanding of, among other things, the attractiveness of our products, how expansion of our distribution channels affects our revenue, customer retention and the performance of our business from period-to-period. Throughout the MD&A, we describe the actions and initiatives we are taking to increase sales and improve retention, sales performance in each period and as compared to prior year periods, and how we view trends with respect to sales and retention.
One sales factor that is key to our profitability is product mix. We offer a competitive product mix designed to meet the needs of our specific customer segments and actively manage new product margins and in-force profitability. Product mix can have an impact on profitability - selling a higher volume of lower-margin products, we may receive more premiums but may not be as profitable as in periods when we sell a greater percentage of higher-margin products. Our product mix has been trending towards sales of our newer whole life products, both internationally and domestically, which have a smaller margin than sales of endowment products. We expect this trend to continue due to the anticipated volumes of endowment maturities being replaced by higher volumes of whole life products.
Premium Revenues. Premium revenues consist of all money deposited by customers into new and existing insurance policies. We view these premiums in two categories - first year premiums are premiums received within the first 12 months of a policy's issuance and thereafter any premiums received are renewal premiums.
Throughout the MD&A, we refer to "direct" premiums as all premiums received and "net" or "total" premiums as all premiums received less premiums ceded to RGA Reinsurance Company ("RGA") and our other reinsurers. Direct premium revenue increased 4% in the three months ended September 30, 2025, to $46.6 million from $44.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased 6% in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, to $135.3 million from $127.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was driven by sales of CICA Domestic products.
First Year Premiums. Direct first year premiums increased 8% in the three months ended September 30, 2025, to $9.5 million from $8.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased 23%, to $27.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $22.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, including 29% growth in our Life Insurance segment, driven by sales of our newer products and an increased number of producing agents. First year premium growth was primarily in our new CICA Domestic final expense business.
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Renewal Premiums. Our direct renewal premium revenues in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased primarily due to strong sales in 2024 leading to higher number of policies paying renewal premiums in the current periods.
Investment Income. Our net investment income increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same prior year periods. In the three-month period, we received a one-time dividend of $1.7 million from one of our limited partnership investments due to the sale of one of its assets. Additionally, we have begun investing in investment grade private placement fixed income securities and structured notes where we expect higher returns; this investment strategy led to slightly higher net investment income in the three and nine month periods.
Claims and Surrenders. Payment of policyholder benefits for claims and surrenders is our largest expense and thus key to our profitability. The three largest components of this expense are reflected in the graphs below. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year periods,
•death claim benefits decreased in our Life Insurance segment due to a combination of lower volume of claims and our coinsurance agreement with RGA alleviating some of our liability to pay these claims than in the prior year periods,
•surrenders were relatively flat, and
•matured endowments increased as expected as many of our endowment policies reach their contractual maturity dates.
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Operating Expenses. Operating expenses are our second largest expense and thus also drive our operating results. Operating expenses are meaningful to gain an understanding of how we manage our business, including among other things, salaries, benefits and spending on growth initiatives. Our operating expenses increased in the three months ended September 30, 2025, but decreased in the nine month period as compared to the prior year periods. Despite continued investment in the growth of our business and higher costs associated with our equity compensation program as a result of increased stock price and additional participants, this expense was lower in the nine month period due to the accrual of $3.5 million in legal fees in the prior year. These were fees awarded to certain defendants in the trade secret lawsuit. We have not paid any of these fees and have appealed the judgment against us. Additionally, we receive expense allowances in CICA Domestic from RGA under our coinsurance agreement that was not in effect during the first part of 2024.
Actuarial Assumptions. The actuarial assumptions that underlie our reserves are based upon our best estimates of certain factors such as mortality, lapses, morbidity and discount rates. Our results will be affected to the extent there is a variance between our actuarial assumptions and actual experience.
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We expect to see a rebalancing in our mix of business arising due to the anticipated volume of maturities in our international endowment business, as well as continued domestic growth in the Life Insurance segment, which has been discussed previously. Our current profitability is affected by how closely actual experience matches our actuarial assumptions for these shifts, and by the amount of reserves we must hold.
Actuarial assumptions are continually monitored and updated at least annually to reflect overall experience as well as emerging trends. Additionally, the best estimate assumptions are updated every year in our third quarter and are reflected on our income statement as a policyholder liability remeasurement gain or loss. In the third quarter of 2025, this review results in favorable changes to mortality, lapse, and accrual assumptions in our Home Service segment and in CICA Domestic, consistent with emerging trends in Company experience. Conversely, this review resulted in additional reserves in our international business from better than expected retention of our endowment products. Excluding the impact of assumption changes, the Company's results for actual variances from expected experience for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $1.5 million net remeasurement loss and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was a $2.6 million net measurement loss.
OUR OPERATING SEGMENTS
Our insurance operations are the primary focus of the Company, as these operations generate most of our income. See the discussion under Segment Operations below for a detailed analysis. The amount of direct insurance, number of policies, and average face amounts for life policies issued during the periods indicated are shown below.

Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2025 |  |  |  | 2024
| Amount of Insurance Issued |  | Number of Policies Issued |  | Average Policy Face Amount Issued |  | Amount of Insurance Issued |  | Number of Policies Issued |  | Average Policy Face Amount Issued
Life Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International | $ | 344,990,215 |  |  | 3,084 |  |  | $ | 111,865 |  |  | $ | 336,467,011 |  |  | 3,172 |  |  | $ | 106,074 |
Domestic | 253,395,682 |  |  | 33,613 |  |  | 7,539 |  |  | 364,803,806 |  |  | 32,303 |  |  | 11,293 |
Total Life Insurance | 598,385,897 |  |  | 36,697 |  |  | 16,306 |  |  | 701,270,817 |  |  | 35,475 |  |  | 19,768 |
Home Service Insurance | 179,216,117 |  |  | 13,591 |  |  | 13,186 |  |  | 175,988,517 |  |  | 13,800 |  |  | 12,753 |
Total | $ | 777,602,014 |  |  | 50,288 |  |  |  |  | $ | 877,259,334 |  |  | 49,275 |  |  |

In the first nine months of 2025, we issued $777.6 million in new insurance as we continued to grow our inforce business with our newer products tailored to our specific markets.
In our Life Insurance segment, implementation of new initiatives in CICA Domestic, including use of information to enhance underwriting decisions with additional medical and lab data from third parties, resulted in sales of products with lower policy f ace amounts, which led to a lower amount of insurance issued despite a higher number of policies issued. CICA International benefited from increased sales of our whole life product, which accounted for 66% of total insurance issued in CICA International for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This product tends to have higher policy face amounts than our older endowment products, leading to an increase in insurance issued internationally.
Insurance issued in our Home Service Insurance segment increased 2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year period. We continue our strategic actions intended to improve sales quality and persistency, which resulted in higher insurance issued. We believe growth in this segment is being impacted by inflation on the cost of living, which has affected new sales since the customer demographic is primarily lower-income individuals.
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The amount of direct insurance inforce for the periods indicated is shown below.
Overall insurance inforce growth has been and will be impacted by persistency rates, policy maturities and surrenders.
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
REVENUES
Our revenues are generated primarily by life insurance premiums and investment income from invested assets.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance | $ | 42,872 |  |  | 42,461 |  |  | 125,158 |  |  | 122,823 |
Accident and health insurance | 431 |  |  | 452 |  |  | 1,330 |  |  | 1,324 |
Property insurance | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | (18) |
Net investment income | 19,117 |  |  | 17,377 |  |  | 53,663 |  |  | 52,404 |
Investment related gains (losses), net | (1,255) |  |  | 827 |  |  | (1,741) |  |  | 1,537 |
Other income | 1,643 |  |  | 630 |  |  | 5,136 |  |  | 3,457 |
Total revenues | $ | 62,808 |  |  | 61,731 |  |  | 183,546 |  |  | 181,527 |

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Life and A&H premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First year | $ | 9,520 |  |  | 8,790 |  |  | 27,772 |  |  | 22,614 |
Renewal | 37,072 |  |  | 35,958 |  |  | 107,571 |  |  | 105,119 |
Total direct life and A&H premiums | 46,592 |  |  | 44,748 |  |  | 135,343 |  |  | 127,733 |
Reinsurance | (3,289) |  |  | (1,835) |  |  | (8,855) |  |  | (3,586) |
Total life and A&H premiums | $ | 43,303 |  |  | 42,913 |  |  | 126,488 |  |  | 124,147 |

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Our first year direct premiums increased 8% and 23% in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024, due to sales of our newer products in our Life Insurance segment and expanded domestic distribution. Renewal premiums increased from strong first year sales in 2024 in our Life Insurance segment leading to higher number of policies paying renewal premiums in 2025, which more than offset the impact from the high level of surrenders during the last few years and increasing matured endowment benefits paid in the international portion of our Life Insurance segment.
Reinsurance premiums ceded increased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024 due to the coinsurance agreement we entered into with RGA in the second quarter of 2024.
Net Investment Income. A summary of our net investment income and annualized net investment income performance is as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands, except for %) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Gross investment income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 15,795 |  |  | 15,263 |  |  | 46,761 |  |  | 45,743 |
Equity securities | 54 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 224 |
Policy loans | 1,295 |  |  | 1,369 |  |  | 3,961 |  |  | 4,207 |
Long-term investments | 2,620 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | 4,517 |  |  | 3,643 |
Other investment income | 138 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 651 |
Total investment income | 19,902 |  |  | 18,089 |  |  | 55,886 |  |  | 54,468 |
Investment expenses | (785) |  |  | (712) |  |  | (2,223) |  |  | (2,064) |
Net investment income | $ | 19,117 |  |  | 17,377 |  |  | 53,663 |  |  | 52,404 |
Net investment income, annualized |  |  |  |  | $ | 70,992 |  |  | 69,872 |
Average invested assets, at amortized cost |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,535,070 |  |  | 1,522,602 |
Annualized yield on average invested assets |  |  |  |  | 4.62 | % |  | 4.59 | %

Fixed maturity securities constitute the vast majority, or 89% of our investment portfolio based on fair value and thus provide the majority of our net investment income. Our net fixed maturity investment portfolio, primarily invested in callable securities, has faced challenges as many securities were called between 2019 and 2021, necessitating reinvestment in low interest rate fixed maturity assets, which impact net investment income and yields. In order to enhance yields, we are investing in new opportunities, including investment grade private placement fixed income securities and structured notes, while maintaining a prudent risk profile. Gross investment income from long-term investments increased as we received a $1.7 million dividend from one limited partnership investment due to a sale of one of its assets.
Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net. We recorded investment related losses of $1.3 million and $1.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to investment related gains of $0.8 million and $1.5 million during the same prior year periods. The losses are primarily related to the non-cash write-down of our BlackRock ESG investment during 2025. We did not sell this investment; however, the changes in fair values of our equity securities are reflected as investment related gains or losses in our income statement, in addition to executed transactions that result in a gain or loss.
Other Income. Other income consists primarily of supplemental contracts issued to international policyholders in our Life Insurance segment upon the surrender or maturity of their original policies. Supplemental contracts offer our
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CITIZENS, INC. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS

policyholders the opportunity to leave their cash with us and be paid interest at a guaranteed rate or receive an annuity, at their option.
BENEFITS AND EXPENSES

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits paid or provided: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Claims and surrenders | $ | 44,276 |  |  | 36,478 |  |  | 124,594 |  |  | 104,121 |
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves | (6,760) |  |  | 471 |  |  | (14,960) |  |  | (130) |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss | (459) |  |  | 1,157 |  |  | 720 |  |  | 2,836 |
Policyholders' dividends | 1,377 |  |  | 1,320 |  |  | 3,987 |  |  | 3,748 |
Total insurance benefits paid or provided | 38,434 |  |  | 39,426 |  |  | 114,341 |  |  | 110,575 |
Commissions | 11,655 |  |  | 12,957 |  |  | 34,339 |  |  | 35,639 |
Other general expenses | 13,291 |  |  | 12,095 |  |  | 39,443 |  |  | 40,072 |
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | (9,974) |  |  | (10,430) |  |  | (28,543) |  |  | (29,304) |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 4,795 |  |  | 4,493 |  |  | 14,055 |  |  | 12,804 |
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired | 128 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 477 |
Total benefits and expenses | $ | 58,329 |  |  | 58,694 |  |  | 173,940 |  |  | 170,263 |

Payments of claims and surrenders benefits constitute the vast majority of our expenses.
Claims and Surrenders.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Claims and surrenders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Death claim benefits | $ | 5,373 |  |  | 6,768 |  |  | 16,301 |  |  | 18,924 |
Surrender benefits | 13,697 |  |  | 13,621 |  |  | 39,674 |  |  | 40,082 |
Endowment benefits | 1,495 |  |  | 1,865 |  |  | 4,716 |  |  | 5,564 |
Matured endowment benefits | 21,672 |  |  | 12,644 |  |  | 57,551 |  |  | 34,452 |
A&H and other policy benefits | 2,039 |  |  | 1,580 |  |  | 6,352 |  |  | 5,099 |
Total claims and surrenders | $ | 44,276 |  |  | 36,478 |  |  | 124,594 |  |  | 104,121 |

Death claim benefits decreased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024 due to both lower volume and our coinsurance agreement with RGA, which alleviates some of our liability to pay death claims. We did not have this agreement during the first quarter of 2024.
Many of our endowment policies are reaching their contractual maturity dates and thus matured endowment benefits increased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year periods. We anticipated these increases in 2025 based upon the scheduled maturity of the contracts. We expect continued year-over-year increases in matured endowment benefits throughout the remainder of 2025, then expect the
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matured endowment benefits to remain at elevated, but slightly lower levels over the next few years, as more of these contracts expire.
Increase (Decrease) in Future Policy Benefit Reserves. Future policy benefit reserves reflect the liability established to provide for the payment of policy benefits that we expect to pay in the future and thus generally increase when we have a larger in force block of business due to higher sales and better persistency (i.e., more policies on which we expect to pay future benefits) and decrease when we have lower sales and persistency. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the change in future policy benefit reserves decreased significantly as compared to the prior year periods despite the increase in our inforce business, due to the amount of reserves released in connection with matured endowments.
Policyholder Liability Remeasurement (Gain) Loss. Most of our products are long-duration contracts that provide a specified, fixed amount of insurance benefit in exchange for a fixed premium. When a policy is initially issued, we establish a "net premium ratio" ("NPR") using assumptions regarding expected premiums and policyholder benefit liabilities. On a quarterly basis, we review actual versus expected experience in such quarter, which is reported as a policyholder liability remeasurement gain (if better performance than assumptions) or loss (if lower performance than assumptions). Additionally, the best estimate assumptions are updated every year in our third quarter and are reflected on our income statement as a policyholder liability remeasurement gain or loss.
Commissions. Commission expenses are a cost of acquiring business, as commissions are the primary compensation paid to our independent consultants and independent agents for selling our products. First year commission rates are higher than renewal commission rates and thus commissions fluctuate directly in relation to first year sales. Although first year sales increased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the same periods in 2024, commissions decreased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 due to our coinsurance agreement with RGA where they share in commission expenses.
Other General Expenses. Total general expenses increased $1.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2025 and decreased $0.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. Although we continue to incur costs related to our strategic growth initiatives and costs incurred associated with our equity compensation program due to higher stock price and additional participants, we incurred a $3.5 million legal fee in the second quarter of 2024 due to the trade secret lawsuit. We continue to work on managing controllable operating expenses while investing in growth initiatives.
Capitalization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs ("DAC"). We capitalize costs related to successful sales of our insurance products, which include certain commissions, policy issuance costs, and underwriting and agency expenses. These costs vary based upon amounts of premiums received and ceded related to new and renewal business.
Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs. Amortization of DAC increased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024. DAC is amortized on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contracts to approximate straight-line amortization.
Federal Income Tax. Tax expense increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 resulting in effective tax rates of 46.0% and 24.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 8.1% and (0.2)% for the same periods in 2024. The increase in the current quarter primarily reflects higher taxable U.S. income and discrete tax adjustments recorded during the period. Excluding the discrete tax adjustments for the period, the effective tax rate for the period would be 24.6%. In the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized a $0.8 million return-to-provision true-up related to 2024 Subpart F income adjustments from partnership investments, which increased tax expense for the quarter.
The Company's tax rate was impacted by differences between our effective tax rate and the statutory tax rate resulting from income and expense items that are treated differently for financial reporting and tax purposes. In addition, CICA International is considered a controlled foreign corporation for federal tax purposes and CICA International's activity gives rise to taxable income in the U.S. as Subpart F Income, which is treated as a
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permanent tax difference and therefore included in the Company's effective tax rate calculation. See Part I, Item 1, Note 11. Income Taxes in the notes to our consolidated financial statements herein.
SEGMENT OPERATIONS
We operate in two business segments: Life Insurance and Home Service Insurance.
These segments are reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company evaluates profit and loss performance based on U.S. GAAP net income (loss) before federal income taxes for these segments. The Company's Other Non-Insurance Enterprises include non-insurance operations such as IT and corporate-support functions, which are included in the table presented below to properly reconcile the segment information with the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
The following table sets forth income (loss) before federal income tax by segment during the periods indicated.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Income (loss) before federal income tax: |  |  |  |  |  |
Segments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life Insurance | $ | 3,535 |  |  | 4,416 |  |  | 11,926 |  |  | 17,688 |
Home Service Insurance | 2,978 |  |  | (80) |  |  | 4,705 |  |  | 1,954 |
Total segments | 6,513 |  |  | 4,336 |  |  | 16,631 |  |  | 19,642 |
Other Non-Insurance Enterprises | (2,034) |  |  | (1,299) |  |  | (7,025) |  |  | (8,378) |
Total income (loss) before federal income tax | $ | 4,479 |  |  | 3,037 |  |  | 9,606 |  |  | 11,264 |

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LIFE INSURANCE
Detailed results of operations in the Life Insurance segment for the periods indicated are as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance | $ | 32,612 |  |  | 32,005 |  |  | 94,030 |  |  | 91,105 |
Accident and health insurance | 173 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 552 |  |  | 562 |
Net investment income | 15,342 |  |  | 13,578 |  |  | 42,254 |  |  | 41,076 |
Investment related gains (losses), net | (2,063) |  |  | 936 |  |  | (2,185) |  |  | 1,743 |
Other income | 1,518 |  |  | 630 |  |  | 5,011 |  |  | 3,354 |
Total revenues | 47,582 |  |  | 47,345 |  |  | 139,662 |  |  | 137,840 |
Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits paid or provided: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Claims and surrenders | 38,603 |  |  | 30,083 |  |  | 107,968 |  |  | 86,616 |
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves | (8,360) |  |  | (1,497) |  |  | (19,257) |  |  | (4,959) |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss | 1,405 |  |  | 1,681 |  |  | 2,499 |  |  | 3,360 |
Policyholders' dividends | 1,372 |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | 3,969 |  |  | 3,731 |
Total insurance benefits paid or provided | 33,020 |  |  | 31,581 |  |  | 95,179 |  |  | 88,748 |
Commissions | 8,566 |  |  | 9,549 |  |  | 24,913 |  |  | 25,052 |
Other general expenses | 7,050 |  |  | 6,791 |  |  | 20,266 |  |  | 19,752 |
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | (8,670) |  |  | (8,855) |  |  | (24,544) |  |  | (24,262) |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 4,063 |  |  | 3,837 |  |  | 11,862 |  |  | 10,781 |
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired | 18 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 81 |
Total benefits and expenses | 44,047 |  |  | 42,929 |  |  | 127,736 |  |  | 120,152 |
Income before federal income tax | $ | 3,535 |  |  | 4,416 |  |  | 11,926 |  |  | 17,688 |

In the three months ended September 30, 2025, income before federal income tax in the Life Insurance segment decreased by $0.9 million despite higher first year and renewal direct premiums, higher other income due to supplemental contracts and higher net investment income. This decrease was driven by a $3.0 million decrease in investment related gains and losses and a $1.4 million increase in insurance benefits paid or provided due to increased matured endowments in CICA International. Commissions were lower despite higher first year sales due to our CICA Domestic coinsurance agreement with RGA.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2025, income before federal income tax decreased despite a $2.9 million increase in premiums, higher other income and higher net investment income. The decrease was driven by a $3.9 million decrease in investment related gains and losses primarily related to the BlackRock write-down; and a $6.4 million increase in insurance benefits paid or provided due to increased matured endowments in CICA International.
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Life Insurance segment premium breakout is detailed below.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First year | $ | 8,294 |  | 7,541 |  |  | 24,005 |  | 18,621 |
Renewal | 27,773 |  | 26,490 |  |  | 79,344 |  | 76,608 |
Total direct premiums | 36,067 |  | 34,031 |  |  | 103,349 |  | 95,229 |
Reinsurance | (3,282) |  | (1,830) |  |  | (8,767) |  | (3,562) |
Total premiums | $ | 32,785 |  | 32,201 |  |  | 94,582 |  | 91,667 |

Premiums. Direct premiums increased by $2.0 million and $8.1 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2024. The increase was driven by sales of our newer products, including our newly launched single premium product designed specifically for the international market, which aims to attract business that is reaching maturity, and an increased number of producing agents selling our final expense products in CICA Domestic. Ceded reinsurance premiums increased due to the CICA Domestic coinsurance agreement with RGA entered into in the second quarter of 2024.
While CICA Domestic drove the significant increase in first year premiums, life insurance premiums are generated largely from our international policyholders living in almost 80 different countries across the globe. The following table sets forth our premiums by location for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Colombia | $ | 7,088 |  |  | 6,512 |  |  | 20,103 |  |  | 18,538 |
Ecuador | 3,527 |  |  | 3,421 |  |  | 10,093 |  |  | 9,610 |
Taiwan | 3,031 |  |  | 3,520 |  |  | 10,084 |  |  | 11,679 |
Venezuela | 3,258 |  |  | 3,828 |  |  | 9,930 |  |  | 10,806 |
Argentina | 3,180 |  |  | 2,790 |  |  | 8,199 |  |  | 7,561 |
Other non-United States | 9,717 |  |  | 9,935 |  |  | 28,414 |  |  | 28,282 |
Total international premiums | 29,801 |  |  | 30,006 |  |  | 86,823 |  |  | 86,476 |
United States premiums | 6,952 |  |  | 4,507 |  |  | 19,084 |  |  | 10,211 |
Reinsurance and change in premium accruals | (3,968) |  |  | (2,312) |  |  | (11,325) |  |  | (5,020) |
Total premiums | $ | 32,785 |  |  | 32,201 |  |  | 94,582 |  |  | 91,667 |

Sales in Taiwan have been declining recently due to succession related difficulties within our primary distribution agency in Taiwan, regulatory challenges and geopolitical shift. We are facing some headwinds in Venezuela that may affect premiums revenues, due to the strength of the US dollar compared to the local currency and their difficulties to obtain dollars.
Net Investment Income. Our net investment income increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same prior year periods. In the three-month period, we received a one-time dividend of $1.7
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million from one of our limited partnership investments due to the sale of one of its assets. Additionally, we have begun investing in investment grade private placement fixed income securities and structured notes; this investment strategy led to slightly higher net investment income in the three and nine month periods.
Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net. We recorded investment related losses of $2.1 million and $2.2 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to investment related gains of $0.9 million and $1.7 million during the same prior year periods. These fluctuations in investment-related gains and losses were primarily influenced by changes in the estimated fair market value of our limited partnership investments. Notably, the loss for the both three and nine months ending September 30, 2025, was largely attributed to a write-down in the estimated fair market value of our ESG BlackRock investment. This decline was significant enough to outweigh the gains from other investments.
Other Income. Other income consists primarily of supplemental contracts issued to international policyholders upon the surrender or maturity of their original policies. Supplemental contracts offer our policyholders the opportunity to leave their cash with us and be paid interest at a guaranteed rate or receive an annuity, at their option.
Claims and Surrenders. The following table sets forth our primary claims and surrender benefits paid within our Life Insurance segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Claims and surrenders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Death claim benefits | $ | 1,100 |  |  | 1,614 |  |  | 3,277 |  |  | 4,798 |
Surrender benefits | 12,479 |  |  | 12,502 |  |  | 36,752 |  |  | 37,312 |
Endowment benefits | 1,493 |  |  | 1,862 |  |  | 4,712 |  |  | 5,558 |
Matured endowment benefits | 21,504 |  |  | 12,481 |  |  | 57,035 |  |  | 33,957 |
A&H and other policy benefits | 2,027 |  |  | 1,624 |  |  | 6,192 |  |  | 4,991 |
Total claims and surrenders | $ | 38,603 |  |  | 30,083 |  |  | 107,968 |  |  | 86,616 |

The majority of our claims and surrender benefits in our Life Insurance segment were related to payment of surrender benefits and matured endowment benefits in CICA International. Many of our endowment policies are reaching their contractual maturity dates and thus matured endowment benefits are expected to be higher in each quarter of 2025 as compared to 2024. We expect elevated trends to continue over the next few years but at a reduced level when compared to 2025. Death claim benefits decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the prior year periods due to a combination of lower volume and our coinsurance agreement with RGA alleviating some of our liability to pay these claims.
Increase (Decrease) in Future Policy Benefit Reserves. The change in future policy benefit reserves for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was the result of reserves released due to surrenders and higher matured endowment benefits. These releases were partially offset by increases in reserves due to new insurance issued and the reserves that increase on our in force block of business.
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HOME SERVICE INSURANCE
Detailed results of operations for the Home Service Insurance segment for the periods indicated are as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance | $ | 10,260 |  |  | 10,456 |  |  | 31,128 |  |  | 31,718 |
Accident and health insurance | 258 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 778 |  |  | 762 |
Property insurance | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | (18) |
Net investment income | 3,581 |  |  | 3,552 |  |  | 10,854 |  |  | 10,618 |
Investment related gains (losses), net | 799 |  |  | (111) |  |  | 433 |  |  | (179) |
Other income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
Total revenues | 14,898 |  |  | 14,137 |  |  | 43,193 |  |  | 42,921 |
Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits paid or provided: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Claims and surrenders | 5,673 |  |  | 6,395 |  |  | 16,626 |  |  | 17,505 |
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves | 1,600 |  |  | 1,968 |  |  | 4,297 |  |  | 4,829 |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss | (1,864) |  |  | (524) |  |  | (1,779) |  |  | (524) |
Policyholders' dividends | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 17 |
Total insurance benefits paid or provided | 5,414 |  |  | 7,845 |  |  | 19,162 |  |  | 21,827 |
Commissions | 3,089 |  |  | 3,408 |  |  | 9,426 |  |  | 10,587 |
Other general expenses | 3,879 |  |  | 3,756 |  |  | 11,461 |  |  | 11,176 |
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | (1,304) |  |  | (1,575) |  |  | (3,999) |  |  | (5,042) |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 732 |  |  | 656 |  |  | 2,193 |  |  | 2,023 |
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired | 110 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 245 |  |  | 396 |
Total benefits and expenses | 11,920 |  |  | 14,217 |  |  | 38,488 |  |  | 40,967 |
Income before federal income tax | $ | 2,978 |  |  | (80) |  |  | 4,705 |  |  | 1,954 |

Income before federal income tax in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased to $3.0 million and $4.7 million from a loss before federal income tax of $0.1 million and income of $2.0 million in the same prior year periods. The factors that drove these increases were mainly investment related gains as well as lower claims and surrenders. These drivers coupled with a favorable policyholder liability remeasurement stemming primarily from revised mortality and accrual assumptions.
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Premiums. Home Service Insurance segment life and A&H premium breakout is detailed below.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct life and A&H premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First year | $ | 1,226 |  |  | 1,249 |  |  | 3,767 |  |  | 3,993 |
Renewal | 9,299 |  |  | 9,468 |  |  | 28,227 |  |  | 28,511 |
Total direct life and A&H premiums | 10,525 |  |  | 10,717 |  |  | 31,994 |  |  | 32,504 |
Reinsurance | (7) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (88) |  |  | (24) |
Total life and A&H premiums | $ | 10,518 |  |  | 10,712 |  |  | 31,906 |  |  | 32,480 |

Our life and A&H premiums in the Home Service segment slightly declined in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same prior year periods. We believe external economic pressures, such as inflation, have impacted revenue in this segment disproportionately.
Claims and Surrenders. Payments of claims and surrender benefits, which are the largest portion of our expenses, are summarized as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Claims and surrenders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Death claim benefits | $ | 4,273 |  |  | 5,154 |  |  | 13,024 |  |  | 14,126 |
Surrender benefits | 1,218 |  |  | 1,119 |  |  | 2,922 |  |  | 2,770 |
Endowment benefits | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |
Matured endowment benefits | 168 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 516 |  |  | 495 |
A&H and other policy benefits | 12 |  |  | (44) |  |  | 160 |  |  | 108 |
Total claims and surrenders | $ | 5,673 |  |  | 6,395 |  |  | 16,626 |  |  | 17,505 |

The majority of claims and surrender benefits in our Home Service Insurance segment are death claim benefits. Death claim benefits decreased slightly in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same prior year periods due primarily to lower volume of reported claims.
OTHER NON-INSURANCE ENTERPRISES

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Loss before federal income tax | $ | (2,034) |  |  | (1,299) |  |  | (7,025) |  |  | (8,378) |

This operating unit represents the administrative support functions for the insurance operations. Its revenues are primarily intercompany and have been eliminated in consolidation under U.S. GAAP, which typically results in a loss. Revenue in this operating unit consists primarily of net investment income and investment related gains or losses, while expenses consist of other general expenses related to corporate functions. For the three months ending September 30, 2025, the elevated loss before federal income tax compared to the equivalent period in 2024
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is mainly due to higher general expenses. These expenses rose as a result of additional participants in our equity incentive compensation program and a higher share price, which led to greater costs recognized as these awards vest. Conversely, the reduction in loss before federal income tax for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, versus the same period in 2024, is primarily the result of lower general expenses. The decrease is mostly due to a significant $3.5 million legal fee incurred during the second quarter of 2024, which did not recur in 2025, though this was somewhat counterbalanced by increased expenses related to the equity incentive compensation program, as previously described.
INVESTMENTS
Our investments are an integral part of our business success, as we invest the majority of premiums collected to pay for future benefits and rely on net investment income of our ongoing operations. Our cash and invested assets at September 30, 2025 were $1.4 billion, of which 88% was invested in fixed maturity securities, all of which are classified as available-for-sale. We closely monitor the duration of our fixed maturity investments, and investment purchases and sales are executed with the objective of having adequate funds available to satisfy our insurance obligations.
The following table sets forth the carrying value of our investments by investment category and cash, cash equivalents and the percentage of each to total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets.

Carrying Value | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(In thousands, except for %) | Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | %
Cash, cash equivalents and invested assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | $ | 7,054 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | $ | 9,213 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Corporate | 847,647 |  |  | 58.6 |  |  | 794,989 |  |  | 56.0 |
States and political subdivisions (1) | 267,784 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 268,302 |  |  | 18.9 |
Mortgage-backed (2) | 97,717 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 93,953 |  |  | 6.6 |
Asset-backed | 49,843 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 54,504 |  |  | 3.9 |
Total fixed maturity securities | 1,270,045 |  |  | 87.7 |  |  | 1,220,961 |  |  | 86.0 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 23,123 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 29,271 |  |  | 2.0 |
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy loans | 68,717 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 71,216 |  |  | 5.0 |
Equity securities | 1,371 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 5,447 |  |  | 0.4 |
Other long-term investments | 85,738 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 93,604 |  |  | 6.6 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets | $ | 1,448,994 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,420,499 |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) Includes $109.0 million and $113.4 million of securities guaranteed by third parties at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(2) Includes $94.6 million and $92.8 million of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
The carrying value of the Company’s fixed maturity securities investment portfolio at September 30, 2025 was $1.27 billion compared to $1.22 billion at December 31, 2024. This increase primarily reflects the impact of interest rate sensitivity on the fair value of our fixed maturity securities. The distribution of the credit ratings of our portfolio of fixed maturity securities by carrying value as of September 30, 2025 did not materially change from December 31, 2024 – the weighted average was “A” at both dates.
Cash and cash equivalents decreased as of September 30, 2025 from December 31, 2024 and fluctuates from period-to-period primarily due to the timing of operating and investing activities.
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As of September 30, 2025, other long-term investments declined by $7.9 million compared to December 31, 2024, primarily because one investment was exited. This reduction was partially counterbalanced by further capital contributions to other investments and the impact of changes in the fair market value of our limited partnership holdings.
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions
The Company’s fixed maturity securities investment portfolio at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 included $267.8 million and $268.3 million, respectively, of securities that are obligations of states and political subdivisions, including municipalities (collectively referred to as the municipal fixed maturity security portfolio).
The Company's municipal fixed maturity security portfolio includes third-party guarantees. Detailed below is a presentation by the Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization ("NRSRO") rating of these holdings by funding type as of September 30, 2025.

| General Obligation |  | Special Revenue |  | Other |  | Total |  | % Based on Amortized Cost
(In thousands, except for %) | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |
State and political subdivision fixed maturity securities including third-party guarantees: |  |
AAA | $ | 12,027 |  |  | 11,900 |  |  | 12,933 |  |  | 12,997 |  |  | 3,349 |  |  | 3,235 |  |  | 28,309 |  |  | 28,132 |  |  | 9.6 | %
AA | 42,660 |  |  | 42,696 |  |  | 110,160 |  |  | 126,044 |  |  | 6,386 |  |  | 6,545 |  |  | 159,206 |  |  | 175,285 |  |  | 59.6 |
A | 2,876 |  |  | 3,148 |  |  | 65,054 |  |  | 73,958 |  |  | 2,149 |  |  | 2,121 |  |  | 70,079 |  |  | 79,227 |  |  | 27.0 |
BBB | 122 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 7,039 |  |  | 7,686 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,161 |  |  | 7,811 |  |  | 2.7 |
BB and other | 2,979 |  |  | 3,129 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,029 |  |  | 3,179 |  |  | 1.1 |
Total | $ | 60,664 |  |  | 60,998 |  |  | 195,236 |  |  | 220,735 |  |  | 11,884 |  |  | 11,901 |  |  | 267,784 |  |  | 293,634 |  |  | 100.0 | %
State and political subdivision fixed maturity securities excluding third-party guarantees: |  |
AAA | $ | 5,350 |  |  | 5,302 |  |  | 2,890 |  |  | 3,020 |  |  | 3,349 |  |  | 3,235 |  |  | 11,589 |  |  | 11,557 |  |  | 3.9 | %
AA | 15,584 |  |  | 15,525 |  |  | 25,072 |  |  | 29,177 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40,656 |  |  | 44,702 |  |  | 15.2 |
A | 11,039 |  |  | 11,278 |  |  | 70,502 |  |  | 82,028 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 1,120 |  |  | 82,688 |  |  | 94,426 |  |  | 32.2 |
BBB | 2,449 |  |  | 2,448 |  |  | 13,976 |  |  | 16,450 |  |  | 1,002 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 17,427 |  |  | 19,898 |  |  | 6.8 |
BB and other | 26,242 |  |  | 26,445 |  |  | 82,796 |  |  | 90,060 |  |  | 6,386 |  |  | 6,546 |  |  | 115,424 |  |  | 123,051 |  |  | 41.9 |
Total | $ | 60,664 |  |  | 60,998 |  |  | 195,236 |  |  | 220,735 |  |  | 11,884 |  |  | 11,901 |  |  | 267,784 |  |  | 293,634 |  |  | 100.0 | %

The table below shows the categories in which the Company held investments in special revenue fixed maturity securities that were greater than 10% of fair value based upon the Company's total municipal fixed maturity security portfolio at September 30, 2025.

(In thousands, except for %) | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | % of Total Fair Value
Education | $ | 40,240 |  |  | 46,085 |  |  | 15.0 | %
Utilities | 41,635 |  |  | 45,152 |  |  | 15.6 |
Transportation | 32,469 |  |  | 39,570 |  |  | 12.1 |

The Company's municipal fixed maturity security portfolio is spread across many states, however, municipal fixed maturity securities from Texas and California comprise the most significant concentration of the total municipal fixed
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maturity security portfolio as of September 30, 2025. The Company holds 21% and 17% of its municipal fixed maturity security portfolio in Texas and California issuers, respectively, as of September 30, 2025. There were no other states or individual issuer holdings that represented or exceeded 10% of the total municipal fixed maturity security portfolio as of September 30, 2025.
The table below represents the Company's detailed exposure to municipal fixed maturity securities by credit rating in Texas at September 30, 2025.

| General Obligation |  | Special Revenue |  | Other |  | Total
(In thousands) | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost
Texas state and political subdivision fixed maturity securities including third-party guarantees:
AAA | $ | 11,520 |  |  | 11,397 |  |  | 2,483 |  |  | 2,496 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,003 |  |  | 13,893 |
AA | 14,390 |  |  | 14,375 |  |  | 15,072 |  |  | 17,563 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,462 |  |  | 31,938 |
A | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,804 |  |  | 14,730 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,804 |  |  | 14,730 |
BBB | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,949 |  |  | 2,920 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,949 |  |  | 2,920 |
Total | $ | 25,910 |  |  | 25,772 |  |  | 31,308 |  |  | 37,709 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57,218 |  |  | 63,481 |
Texas state and political subdivision fixed maturity securities excluding third-party guarantees:
AAA | $ | 5,350 |  |  | 5,302 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,350 |  |  | 5,302 |
AA | 7,062 |  |  | 6,985 |  |  | 3,296 |  |  | 3,317 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,358 |  |  | 10,302 |
A | 4,418 |  |  | 4,415 |  |  | 11,605 |  |  | 16,292 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,023 |  |  | 20,707 |
BBB | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,731 |  |  | 4,065 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,731 |  |  | 4,065 |
BB and other | 9,080 |  |  | 9,070 |  |  | 12,676 |  |  | 14,035 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,756 |  |  | 23,105 |
Total | $ | 25,910 |  |  | 25,772 |  |  | 31,308 |  |  | 37,709 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57,218 |  |  | 63,481 |

The table below represents the Company's detailed exposure to municipal fixed maturity securities by credit rating in California at September 30, 2025.

| General Obligation |  | Special Revenue |  | Other |  | Total
(In thousands) | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost
California state and political subdivision fixed maturity securities including third-party guarantees:
AA | $ | 2,146 |  |  | 2,101 |  |  | 32,625 |  |  | 39,154 |  |  | 2,552 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | 37,323 |  |  | 43,990 |
A | 1,323 |  |  | 1,650 |  |  | 5,764 |  |  | 6,583 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,087 |  |  | 8,233 |
Total | $ | 3,469 |  |  | 3,751 |  |  | 38,389 |  |  | 45,737 |  |  | 2,552 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | 44,410 |  |  | 52,223 |
California state and political subdivision fixed maturity securities excluding third-party guarantees:
AA | $ | 454 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 6,371 |  |  | 8,204 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,825 |  |  | 8,650 |
A | 1,324 |  |  | 1,650 |  |  | 10,414 |  |  | 12,079 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,738 |  |  | 13,729 |
BBB | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | 1,535 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | 1,535 |
BB and other | 1,691 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 20,405 |  |  | 23,919 |  |  | 2,552 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | 24,648 |  |  | 28,309 |
Total | $ | 3,469 |  |  | 3,751 |  |  | 38,389 |  |  | 45,737 |  |  | 2,552 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | 44,410 |  |  | 52,223 |

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IMPAIRMENT CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO INVESTMENTS IN FIXED MATURITY AND EQUITY SECURITIES
The Company assesses available-for-sale ("AFS") fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position for expected credit losses. The Company did not record any credit valuation allowances on fixed maturity securities in either of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.
Gross unrealized losses on AFS fixed maturity securities amounted to $150.6 million as of September 30, 2025 and $185.7 million as of December 31, 2024. This decrease in gross unrealized losses during 2025 was a result of the decrease in average market interest rates in 2025 as compared to 2024.
Information on both unrealized and realized gains and losses by category is set forth in Part I, Item 1, Note 3. Investments of the notes to our consolidated financial statements herein.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Below are our primary capital resources (based on carrying value of each) as of the periods indicated.

(In thousands) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 1,270,045 |  |  | 1,220,961 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 23,123 |  |  | 29,271 |

Liquidity refers to a company's ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet the needs of its operations. We manage our insurance operations in order to ensure that we have stable and reliable sources of cash flows to meet our obligations. We currently anticipate meeting our short-term and long-term cash needs with cash generated by our insurance operations and from our invested assets. From time to time, we may raise capital by selling shares in our SIP (as defined below) and we may also access our Credit Facility if needed (also as described below). Citizens had no debt as of September 30, 2025.
Cash from Operating Activities. Cash provided by or used in operating activities is an important liquidity metric because it reflects, during a given period, the amount of cash generated that is available to pay our operating expenses, invest in our business or make strategic acquisitions. Cash provided by operating activities was $8.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Cash used in Investing Activities. These cash flows, for the most part, are reinvested in new investments. The investing activities fluctuate from period to period due to timing of securities activities such as calls, maturities and reinvestment of those funds. Net cash outflows from investing activities totaled $11.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025. 89% of total investments consist of marketable fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale that could be readily converted to cash for liquidity needs.
PARENT COMPANY LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Citizens is a holding company and has minimal operations of its own. Our assets consist of the capital stock of our subsidiaries, cash and investments. Our liquidity requirements are met primarily from two sources: cash generated from our operating subsidiaries and our invested assets. Our ability to obtain cash from our insurance subsidiaries depends primarily upon the availability of statutorily permissible payments, including payments we receive from service agreements with our insurance subsidiaries and dividends from the subsidiaries. The ability to make payments to the holding company is limited by applicable laws of the U.S. states of domicile and by the Puerto Rico Office of Commissioner of Insurance, which subject insurance operations to significant regulatory restrictions. These laws and regulations require, among other things, that our insurance subsidiaries maintain minimum solvency or premium to surplus ratio requirements, which limit the amount of dividends that can be paid to the holding company.
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The regulations also require approval of our service agreements with the applicable regulatory authority in order to prevent insurance subsidiaries from moving large amounts of cash to the less regulated holding company.
In addition to the above-mentioned sources of cash, we offer a Stock Investment Plan ("SIP"), which allows investors, policyholders, independent contractors and agents, employees and directors to directly purchase our stock. At our option, purchases of stock under the SIP can be made from newly issued or treasury stock, rather than in the open market, in which case, we can raise capital by selling our shares.
We renewed our Credit Facility with Regions Bank on May 3, 2024 for an additional three years. See Part I, Item 1, Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, herein, for a description of the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility provides additional liquidity to the Company for short-term or longer-term needs. We have not borrowed any money under the Credit Facility.
INSURANCE COMPANY SUBSIDIARY LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
The liquidity requirements of our insurance operations are primarily met by premium revenues, investment income and proceeds from investment maturities, calls or sales. Primary cash needs are for payments of policyholder benefits, investment purchases, and operating expenses. We manage our insurance operations in order to ensure that we have stable and reliable sources of cash flow to meet our obligations. As we have discussed, we have been growing our domestic business by developing new products and expanding our distribution channels, which has led to an increase in first year direct premiums (i.e., new sales) of 71% from the year ended December 31, 2023 to the year ended December 31, 2024, and 23% from the nine months ended September 30, 2024 to the nine months ended September 30, 2025. When selling new policies, we incur upfront policy acquisition costs, such as agent commission payments. While historically, cash flows from our operations have been sufficient to meet our cash needs, in the second quarter of 2024 we entered into a coinsurance reinsurance agreement with RGA to help with some of the costs, and the insurance subsidiaries also have the available-for-sale fixed maturity investment portfolio available to create additional cash flows if needed. Two of our insurance subsidiaries are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") of Dallas. FHLB membership provides the insurance subsidiaries with access to various low-cost collateralized borrowings and funding agreements. While not the only source of additional liquidity, the FHLB could provide the insurance subsidiaries with an additional source of liquidity, if needed.
We believe that we have adequate capital resources and ability to obtain additional capital, if needed, to support the short-term and longer-term liquidity requirements of our insurance operations. See Contractual Obligations and Off-balance Sheet Arrangements in our 2024 Form 10-K and below for a discussion of known and estimated cash needs. Cash flow projections and cash flow tests under various market interest rate scenarios are performed annually to assist in evaluating liquidity needs and adequacy.
Trends, Demands and Restrictions on our Uses of Cash
Payments of benefits for claims and surrenders are our largest use of cash. There are three primary components of these payments: death claims, surrenders and matured endowments.
Matured Endowments. Our endowment products have contractual maturity dates and provide the policyholder with alternatives once the policy matures - they can choose to take a lump sum payout, leave the money on deposit at interest with the Company or purchase another insurance policy. Approximately 15% of the endowments in force will mature in the next five years, totaling approximately 5% of our in force business as of September 30, 2025. The highest level of maturities will occur this year. Policyholder election behavior is unknown, but if too many policyholders elect lump sum distributions, the Company could be exposed to liquidity risk in years of high maturities. Meeting these distributions could require the Company to sell its investments at inopportune times to pay policyholder withdrawals. Alternatively, if the policyholders were to leave the money on deposit with the Company at interest, our profitability could be impacted if the product guaranteed rate is higher than the market rate we are earning on our investments. We currently anticipate that our available operating cash flow and capital resources will be adequate to meet our needs for funds, but we are closely monitoring our policyholder behavior patterns, and in
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2024, introduced a new product designed to allow policyholders with maturing endowments to purchase a new life insurance policy.
Surrenders. In order to mitigate the risk of early policyholder surrenders, we include provisions in our insurance policies, such as surrender charges, that help limit and discourage early withdrawals, but as many of our older policies have reached the age where surrender charges have expired or significantly decreased, we have experienced high levels of surrenders in the past several years. We believe that surrenders have been high due to other reasons, including the loss of one of our biggest distributors in Venezuela in 2018, increasing interest rates, which may encourage policyholders to seek higher rates of return in different investment products, post-pandemic beliefs that life insurance may not be as important as it was during the pandemic, and inflationary and tariff pressures, which may cause policyholders to want the cash values of their policies due to decreased purchasing power elsewhere. To the extent that early surrenders are higher than expected, our use of cash could be higher than expected. We continue to monitor surrenders and early withdrawals and focus on our retention initiatives and efforts to retain cash when policyholders surrender their policies.
Our cash flow from operations is also negatively impacted with high matured endowments and surrenders, as they lead to lower renewal premiums.
Death Claims. Our product pricing assumes a certain mortality rate and thus a primary liquidity concern is the risk of higher than expected mortality experience. Our death benefit payments decreased in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Another significant use of cash is payment of commissions. In our CICA Domestic business, we pay advance commissions on some of our insurance products, meaning we pay an agent a portion of their first year commission immediately upon sale of a policy, rather than "as earned", or when premiums are received by us. Because of this, another liquidity concern is that rapid growth in first year sales of these products creates a significant increase in commission payments. CICA Domestic sales have increased significantly since the third quarter of 2023. To offset some of this strain on our capital, we entered into the coinsurance agreement with RGA in the second quarter of 2024 and elected to cede 50% of our final expense business to RGA, which alleviates some of the expense strain. We may also seek other options, such as loans at the holding company level (from the Credit Facility or otherwise) that would allow us to reduce the liquidity risk should CICA Domestic's required commission payments exceed current resources.
See Part I, Item 1, Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies, as well as Legal Proceedings - Trade Secret Lawsuit in our 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the trade secret lawsuit, which could negatively impact our cash if we do not succeed in our appeal.
Regulatory Restrictions on our Use of Cash
As discussed above, we are subject to regulatory capital requirements that could affect the Company’s ability to access capital from our insurance operations or cause the Company to have to put additional cash in our wholly-owned subsidiaries.
Our domestic companies are subject to minimum capital requirements set by the NAIC in the form of risk-based capital ("RBC"). RBC considers the type of business written by an insurance company, the quality of its assets, and various other aspects of an insurance company's business to develop a minimum level of capital called the "Authorized Control Level Risk-Based Capital". This level of capital is then compared to an adjusted statutory capital that includes capital and surplus as reported under statutory accounting principles, plus certain investment reserves. Should the ratio of adjusted statutory capital to control level RBC fall below 200% for our domestic companies, a series of remedial actions by the affected company would be required. Additionally, we have a Capital Maintenance Agreement between Citizens and CICA Domestic, Citizens' wholly-owned subsidiary domiciled in Colorado, which would require Citizens to contribute capital to CICA Domestic in order to maintain a RBC level above 350%. At September 30, 2025, our domestic insurance subsidiaries were above the required minimum RBC levels and CICA Domestic was above 350%.
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For CICA Domestic, commission advances are non-admitted assets, which means we need capital to "replace" these assets in order to maintain required regulatory capital levels. As discussed above, management is investigating various options in order to reduce both regulatory capital and liquidity risk should the capital required to support this pace of growth exceed current resources. Citizens may have to contribute capital to CICA Domestic to maintain the required RBC ratio.
CICA International is a Puerto Rico domiciled company. The Insurance Code of Puerto Rico does not specifically set forth minimum capital and surplus standards, but rather requires that an insurer submit a business plan for approval to the OIC that includes proposed minimum capital and surplus. CICA International is required to maintain a minimum of $750,000 in capital and maintain a premium to surplus ratio of 7 to 1. At September 30, 2025, CICA International exceeded the required minimum capital and related ratio.
Any capital that Citizens is required to contribute to its insurance subsidiaries would negatively impact the holding Company's capital resources and liquidity.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
As of September 30, 2025, we have no additional contractual obligations or off-balance sheet arrangements other than those described in Part I, Item 1, Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements herein and in Part II, Item 7, Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements in our 2024 Form 10-K. We do not utilize special purpose entities as investment vehicles, nor are there any such entities in which we have an investment that engage in speculative activities of any nature, and we do not use such investments to hedge our investment positions.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
We believe that the accounting policies set forth in Part I, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - "Critical Accounting Policies" and Part IV, Item 15, Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our consolidated financial statements in our 2024 Form 10-K continue to describe the significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.
Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of September 30, 2025. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2025 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and
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forms of the SEC and such information is accumulated and reported to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, there were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Part I, Item 3. Legal Proceedings of our 2024 Form 10-K includes a discussion of our legal proceedings. There have been no material developments in the three months ended September 30, 2025 from the legal proceedings described in our 2024 Form 10-K.
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2024 Form 10-K includes a discussion of our risk factors. There have been no material changes in the three months ended September 30, 2025 from the risk factors included in our 2024 Form 10-K.
Item 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.
Item 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not applicable.
Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
Item 5. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 5(a)
None.
Item 5(b)
None.
Item 5(c)
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Citizens, Inc. securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.” Additionally, Citizens did not adopt or terminate any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the three months ended September 30, 2025.
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Item 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number |  | The following exhibits are filed herewith:
3.1 |  | Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation dated March 4, 2004 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 15, 2004)
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws dated June 2, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 7, 2021)
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act*
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act*
32.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act*
32.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act*
101* |  | Inline XBRL Document Set for the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q*
104* |  | Inline XBRL for the cover page of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, included in the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL Document Set*

* Filed herewith.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | CITIZENS, INC.
|  | By: | /s/ Jon Stenberg
|  |  | Jon Stenberg
|  |  | President & Chief Executive Officer
|  | By: | /s/ Jeffery P. Conklin
|  |  | Jeffery P. Conklin
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer & Treasurer
Date: | November 6, 2025 |  |

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