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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM | 10-K
☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the Fiscal Year Ended | September 30, 2023 | OR
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
Commission File Number: | 0-23333
TIMBERLAND BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Washington |  | 91-1863696
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
624 Simpson Avenue, | Hoquiam, | Washington |  | 98550
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: |  | (360) | 533-4747

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $.01 par value | TSBK | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: |  | None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files) Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☒
| Smaller reporting company | ☒ | Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1.b. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of December 4, 2023, the registrant had 8,110,608 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. The aggregate market value of the common stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant, based on the closing sales price of the registrant’s common stock as quoted on the NASDAQ Global Market on March 31, 2023, was $221.65 million (8,203,174 shares at $27.02). For purposes of this calculation, common stock held by officers and directors of the registrant was included.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
1. Portions of Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (Part III).
1

TIMBERLAND BANCORP, INC.
2023 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. | Page
| Item 1. | Business |
|  |  | General | 4
|  |  | Market Area | 4
|  |  | Lending Activities | 6
|  |  | Investment Activities | 22
|  |  | Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds | 22
|  |  | Bank Owned Life Insurance | 25
|  |  | How We Are Regulated | 25
|  |  | Taxation | 32
|  |  | Competition | 33
|  |  | Subsidiary Activities | 33
|  |  | Employees and Human Capital Resources | 34
|  |  | Executive Officers of the Registrant | 35
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 35
| Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 47
| Item 2. | Properties | 47
| Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 47
| Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 47
PART II. |
| Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 48
| Item 6. | Reserved | 49
| Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 49
|  |  | General | 50
|  |  | Overview | 50
|  |  | Operating Strategy | 51
|  |  | Selected Financial Data | 52
|  |  | Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates | 54
|  |  | Market Risk and Asset and Liability Management | 57
|  |  | Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 | 58
|  |  | Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 | 61
|  |  | Average Balances, Interest and Average Yields/Cost | 63
|  |  | Rate/Volume Analysis | 65
|  |  | Liquidity and Capital Resources | 65
|  |  | New Accounting Pronouncements | 67
| Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 67
| Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 67
| Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 124
| Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 125
| Item 9B. | Other Information | 125
| Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 125
PART III. |
| Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 125
| Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 126
| Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 126
| Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 127
| Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 127
PART IV. |
| Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 128
| Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 128

As used throughout this report, the terms "we," "our," or "us," refer to Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, unless the context otherwise requires.
2

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Certain matters discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements relate to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance or business. Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical fact, are based on certain assumptions and often include the words "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "estimates," "forecasts," "intends," "plans," "targets," "potentially," "probably," "projects," "outlook" or similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as "may," "will," "should," "would" and "could." Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, assumptions and statements about future economic performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated or implied by our forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to: potential adverse impacts to economic conditions in our local market areas, other markets where the Company has lending relationships, or other aspects of the Company's business operations or financial markets, including, without limitation, as a result of employment levels, labor shortages and the effects of inflation, a potential recession or slowed economic growth caused by increasing political instability from acts of war, as well as supply chain disruptions, higher inflation the impact of current and future monetary policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ("Federal Reserve") in response thereto; credit risks of lending activities, including changes in the level and trend of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in our allowance for loan losses and provision for loan losses that may be impacted by deterioration in the housing and commercial real estate markets which may lead to increased losses and non-performing loans in our loan portfolio may result in our allowance for loan losses not being adequate to cover actual losses, and require us to materially increase our loan loss reserves; changes in general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas; changes in the levels of general interest rates, and the relative differences between short and long-term interest rates, deposit interest rates, our net interest margin and funding sources; the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), toward new interest rate benchmarks; fluctuations in the demand for loans, the number of unsold homes, land and other properties and fluctuations in real estate values in our market areas; secondary market conditions for loans and our ability to sell loans in the secondary market; results of examinations of us by the Federal Reserve and of our bank subsidiary by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"), the Washington State Department of Financial Institutions, Division of Banks ("Division" or "DFI") or other regulatory authorities, including the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, institute a formal or informal enforcement action against us or our bank subsidiary which could require us to increase our allowance for loan losses, write-down assets, change our regulatory capital position or affect our ability to borrow funds or maintain or increase deposits or impose additional requirements or restrictions on us, any of which could adversely affect our liquidity and earnings; the impact of bank failures or adverse developments at other banks and related negative press about the banking industry in general on investor and depositor sentiment; legislative or regulatory changes that adversely affect our business including changes in banking, securities and tax law, in regulatory policies and principles, or the interpretation of regulatory capital or other rules; our ability to attract and retain deposits; our ability to control operating costs and expenses; the use of estimates in determining fair value of certain of our assets, which estimates may prove to be incorrect and result in significant declines in valuation; difficulties in reducing risks associated with the loans in our consolidated balance sheet; staffing fluctuations in response to product demand or the implementation of corporate strategies that affect our work force and potential associated charges; disruptions, security breaches, or other adverse events, failures or interruptions in, or attacks on, our information technology systems or on the third-party vendors who perform several of our critical processing functions; our ability to retain key members of our senior management team; costs and effects of litigation, including settlements and judgments; our ability to implement our business strategies; our ability to manage loan delinquency rates; increased competitive pressures among financial services companies; changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits; the availability of resources to address changes in laws, rules, or regulations or to respond to regulatory actions; our ability to pay dividends on our common stock; the quality and composition of our securities portfolio and the impact if any adverse changes in the securities markets, including on market liquidity; inability of key third-party providers to perform their obligations to us; changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the financial institution regulatory agencies or the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), including additional guidance and interpretation on accounting issues and details of the implementation of new accounting methods; the economic impact of climate change, severe weather events, natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics and other public health crises, acts of war or terrorism. and other external events on our business; other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, and technological factors affecting our operations, pricing, products and services and other risks described elsewhere in this Form 10-K and in the Company's other reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Any of the forward-looking statements that we make in this Form 10-K and in the other public statements we make are based upon management's beliefs and assumptions at the time they are made. We do not undertake and specifically disclaim any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements included in this annual report to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those contained in such statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or
3

otherwise. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking statements discussed in this document might not occur and we caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These risks could cause our actual results for fiscal 2024 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements by, or on behalf of, us, and could negatively affect the Company's consolidated financial condition and results of operations as well as its stock price performance.
PART I
Item 1. Business
General
Timberland Bancorp, Inc. (“Timberland Bancorp" or the "Company”), a Washington corporation, was organized on September 8, 1997 for the purpose of becoming the holding company for Timberland Bank (the "Bank"). At September 30, 2023, on a consolidated basis, the Company had total assets of $1.84 billion, net loans receivable of $1.30 billion, total deposits of $1.56 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $233.07 million. The Company’s business activities generally are limited to passive investment activities and oversight of its investment in the Bank. Accordingly, the information set forth in this report, including consolidated financial statements and related data, relates primarily to the Bank and its subsidiary, Timberland Service Corp.
The Bank opened for business in 1915 and serves consumers and businesses across Grays Harbor, Pierce, Thurston, King, Kitsap and Lewis counties, Washington with a full range of lending and deposit services through its 23 branches (including its main office in Hoquiam). The Bank’s deposits are insured up to applicable legal limits by the FDIC. The Bank has been a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank System since 1937. The Bank is regulated by the DFI and the FDIC. The Company is regulated by the Federal Reserve.
Timberland Bank is a community-oriented bank which has traditionally offered a variety of savings products to its retail customers while concentrating its lending activities on real estate mortgage loans. Lending activities have been focused primarily on the origination of loans secured by real estate, including residential and commercial / multi-family construction loans, one- to four-family residential loans, multi-family loans, commercial real estate loans and land loans. The Bank originates adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans that do not qualify for sale in the secondary market. The Bank also originates commercial business loans and other consumer loans.
The Company maintains a website at www.timberlandbank.com. The information contained on that website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other than an investor’s own internet access charges, the Company makes available free of charge through that website the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after these materials have been electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
Market Area
The Bank considers Grays Harbor, Pierce, Thurston, King, Kitsap and Lewis counties, Washington as its primary market areas. The Bank conducts operations from:
•its main office in Hoquiam (Grays Harbor County);
•five branch offices in Grays Harbor County (Ocean Shores, Montesano, Elma and two branches in Aberdeen);
•five branch offices in Pierce County (Edgewood, Puyallup, Spanaway, Tacoma and Gig Harbor);
•six branch offices in Thurston County (Tumwater, Yelm, two branches in Lacey and two branches in Olympia);
•two branch offices in Kitsap County (Poulsbo and Silverdale);
•a branch office in King County (Auburn); and
•three branch offices in Lewis County (Winlock, Toledo and Chehalis).
For additional information, see “Item 2. Properties.”
4

Hoquiam, with a population of approximately 8,800, is located in Grays Harbor County which is situated along Washington State’s central Pacific coast. Hoquiam is located approximately 110 miles southwest of Seattle, Washington and 145 miles northwest of Portland, Oregon.
The Bank considers its primary market area to include six sub-markets: primarily rural Grays Harbor County with its historical dependence on the timber and fishing industries; Thurston and Kitsap counties with their dependence on state and federal government; Pierce and King counties with their broadly diversified economic bases; and Lewis County with its dependence on retail trade, manufacturing, industrial services and local government. Each of these markets presents operating risks to the Bank. The Bank’s expansion into Pierce, Thurston, Kitsap, King and Lewis counties represents the Bank’s strategy to expand and diversify its primary market area to become less reliant on the economy of Grays Harbor County.
Grays Harbor County has a population of 77,000 according to the United States ("U.S.") Census Bureau 2022 estimates and a median family income of $86,000 according to 2023 estimates from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”). The economic base in Grays Harbor County has been historically dependent on the timber and fishing industries. Other industries that support the economic base are tourism, agriculture, shipping, transportation and technology. According to the Washington State Employment Security Department, the unemployment rate in Grays Harbor County decreased to 4.8% at September 30, 2023 from 5.8% at September 30, 2022. The median price of a resale home in Grays Harbor County for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 decreased 1.7% to $351,300 from $357,200 for the comparable prior year period. The number of home sales decreased 4.2% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same quarter one year earlier. The Bank has six branches (including its home office) located in the county.
Pierce County is the second most populous county in the state and has a population of 927,000 according to the U.S. Census Bureau 2022 estimates. The county’s median family income is $112,600 according to 2023 HUD estimates. The economy in Pierce County is diversified with the presence of military related government employment (Joint Base Lewis-McChord), transportation and shipping employment (Port of Tacoma), and aerospace related employment. According to the Washington State Employment Security Department, the unemployment rate for the Pierce County area decreased to 3.9% at September 30, 2023 from 4.3% at September 30, 2022. The median price of a resale home in Pierce County for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 decreased 1.7% to $545,200 from $554,900 for the comparable prior year period. The number of home sales decreased 10.7% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same quarter one year earlier. The Bank has five branches located in Pierce County, and these branches have historically been responsible for a substantial portion of the Bank’s construction lending activities.
Thurston County has a population of 299,000 according to the U.S. Census Bureau 2022 estimates and a median family income of $102,500 according to 2023 HUD estimates. Thurston County is home of Washington State’s capital (Olympia), and its economic base is largely driven by state government related employment. According to the Washington State Employment Security Department, the unemployment rate for the Thurston County area decreased to 3.4% at September 30, 2023 from 3.8% at September 30, 2022. The median price of a resale home in Thurston County for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 increased 4.7% to $516,300 from $493,000 for the same quarter one year earlier. The number of home sales decreased 7.0% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same quarter one year earlier. The Bank has six branches located in Thurston County. This county has historically had a stable economic base primarily attributable to the state government presence.
Kitsap County has a population of 278,000 according to the U.S. Census Bureau 2022 estimates and a median family income of $113,500 according to 2023 HUD estimates. The Bank has two branches located in Kitsap County. The economic base of Kitsap County is largely supported by military related government employment through the U.S. Navy. According to the Washington State Employment Security Department, the unemployment rate for the Kitsap County area decreased to 3.5% at September 30, 2023 from 3.6% at September 30, 2022. The median price of a resale home in Kitsap County for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 increased 2.0% to $552,700 from $541,600 for the same quarter one year earlier. The number of home sales decreased 7.8% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same quarter one year earlier.
King County is the most populous county in the state and has a population of 2.3 million according to the U.S. Census Bureau 2022 estimates. The Bank has one branch located in King County. The county’s median family income is $146,500 according to 2023 HUD estimates. King County’s economic base is diversified with many industries including shipping, transportation, aerospace, computer technology and biotech. According to the Washington State Employment Security Department, the unemployment rate for the King County area increased to 3.6% at September 30, 2023 from 2.9% at September 30, 2022. The median price of a resale home in King County for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 increased 1.6% to $908,100 from $893,800 for the same quarter one year earlier. The number of home sales decreased 10.0% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same quarter one year earlier.
5

Lewis County has a population of 85,000 according to the U.S. Census Bureau 2022 estimates and a median family income of $86,000 according to 2023 HUD estimates. The economic base in Lewis County is supported by manufacturing, retail trade, local government and industrial services. According to the Washington State Employment Security Department, the unemployment rate in Lewis County decreased to 4.3% at September 30, 2023 from 4.7% at September 30, 2022. The median price of a resale home in Lewis County for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 increased 3.6% to $410,900 from $396,500 for the same quarter one year earlier. The number of home sales decreased 9.8% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same quarter one year earlier. The Bank has three branches located in Lewis County.
Lending Activities
General. Historically, the principal lending activity of the Bank has consisted of the origination of loans secured by first mortgages on owner-occupied, one- to four-family residences, multi-family properties, commercial real estate, and on raw or developed land, and the origination of construction loans, primarily for the construction of one- to four-family residences. The Bank’s net loans receivable totaled $1.30 billion at September 30, 2023, representing 70.8% of consolidated total assets, and at that date, commercial real estate, construction (including undisbursed loans in process), multi-family and land loans were $996.01 million, or 69.8% of total loans. Commercial real estate, construction, multi-family, and land loans typically have higher rates of return than one- to four-family loans; however, they also present a higher degree of risk.
The Bank’s internal loan policy limits the maximum amount of loans to one borrower to 90% of its legal lending limit (which is 20% of its capital plus surplus). According to the Washington Administrative Code, capital and surplus are defined as a bank's Tier 1 capital, Tier 2 capital and the balance of a bank's allowance for loan losses not included in the bank's Tier 2 capital as reported in the bank's call report. At September 30, 2023, the maximum amount which the Bank could have lent to any one borrower and the borrower’s related entities was approximately $42.31 million under this policy. At September 30, 2023, the largest amount outstanding to any one borrower and the borrower’s related entities was $38.12 million (including $5.28 million in available lines of credit), which was secured by various commercial real estate and residential properties and other business assets located primarily in King and Pierce counties, and these loans were performing according to their repayment terms at September 30, 2023. The next largest amount outstanding to any one borrower and the borrower’s related entities was $33.98 million (including $1.56 million of undisbursed construction loan proceeds). These loans were secured by multi-family, one- to four-family and commercial real estate properties located primarily in Thurston County and were performing according to their repayment terms at September 30, 2023.
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Loan Portfolio Analysis. The following table sets forth the composition of the Bank’s loan portfolio by type of loan at the dates indicated.

| At September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
| Amount |  | Percent |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Amount |  | Percent |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Dollars in thousands)
Mortgage Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family (1) | $ | 253,227 |  |  | 17.75 | % |  | $ | 176,116 |  |  | 14.05 | % |  | $ | 119,935 |  |  | 11.08 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family | 127,176 |  |  | 8.91 |  |  | 95,025 |  |  | 7.58 |  |  | 87,563 |  |  | 8.09 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | 568,265 |  |  | 39.84 |  |  | 536,650 |  |  | 42.81 |  |  | 470,650 |  |  | 43.49 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction - custom and owner/builder | 129,699 |  |  | 9.09 |  |  | 119,240 |  |  | 9.51 |  |  | 109,152 |  |  | 10.08 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction - speculative one- to four-family | 17,099 |  |  | 1.20 |  |  | 12,254 |  |  | 0.98 |  |  | 17,813 |  |  | 1.65 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction - commercial | 51,064 |  |  | 3.58 |  |  | 40,364 |  |  | 3.22 |  |  | 43,365 |  |  | 4.01 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction - multi-family | 57,140 |  |  | 4.01 |  |  | 64,480 |  |  | 5.14 |  |  | 52,071 |  |  | 4.81 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction - land development | 18,841 |  |  | 1.32 |  |  | 19,280 |  |  | 1.54 |  |  | 10,804 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land | 26,726 |  |  | 1.87 |  |  | 26,854 |  |  | 2.14 |  |  | 19,936 |  |  | 1.84 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total mortgage loans | 1,249,237 |  |  | 87.57 |  |  | 1,090,263 |  |  | 86.97 |  |  | 931,289 |  |  | 86.05 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 38,281 |  |  | 2.68 |  |  | 35,187 |  |  | 2.81 |  |  | 32,988 |  |  | 3.05 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 2,772 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  | 2,128 |  |  | 0.17 |  |  | 2,512 |  |  | 0.23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total consumer loans | 41,053 |  |  | 2.88 |  |  | 37,315 |  |  | 2.98 |  |  | 35,500 |  |  | 3.28 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business | 135,802 |  |  | 9.52 |  |  | 125,039 |  |  | 9.97 |  |  | 74,579 |  |  | 6.89 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Small Business Administration ("SBA") Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") | 466 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 1,001 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 40,922 |  |  | 3.78 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total commercial business and SBA PPP loans | 136,268 |  |  | 9.55 |  |  | 126,040 |  |  | 10.05 |  |  | 115,501 |  |  | 10.67 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans receivable | 1,426,558 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 1,253,618 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 1,082,290 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Undisbursed portion of construction loans in process | (103,194) |  |  |  |  | (103,168) |  |  |  |  | (95,224) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred loan origination fees, net | (5,242) |  |  |  |  | (4,321) |  |  |  |  | (5,143) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | (15,817) |  |  |  |  | (13,703) |  |  |  |  | (13,469) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans receivable, net | $ | 1,302,305 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,132,426 |  |  |  |  | $ | 968,454 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

___________
(1)Does not include loans held for sale of $400, $748, and $3,217 at September 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
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Residential One- to Four-Family Lending. At September 30, 2023, $253.23 million, or 17.8%, of the Bank’s loan portfolio consisted of loans secured by one- to four-family residences. The Bank originates both fixed-rate loans and adjustable-rate loans.
Generally, one- to four-family fixed-rate loans are originated to meet the requirements for sale in the secondary market to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac") or the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines ("FHLB"). From time to time, however, a portion of these fixed-rate loans may be retained in the loan portfolio to meet the Bank’s asset/liability management objectives. The Bank uses an automated underwriting program, which preliminarily qualifies a loan as conforming to Freddie Mac underwriting standards when the loan is originated. At September 30, 2023, $110.15 million, or 43.5%, of the Bank’s one- to four-family loan portfolio consisted of fixed-rate mortgage loans.
The Bank also offers adjustable-rate mortgage (“ARM”) loans. All the Bank’s ARM loans are retained in its loan portfolio. The Bank offers several ARM products which adjust annually or every three to five years after an initial period ranging from one to five years and are typically subject to a limitation on the annual interest rate increase of 2% and an overall limitation of 6%. These ARM products generally are re-priced utilizing the weekly average yield on one-year U.S. Treasury securities adjusted to a constant maturity of one year plus a margin o f 2.75% to 4.00%. The Bank also offers ARM loans tied to the Wall Street Journal prime lending rate ("Prime Rate") index which typically do not have periodic or lifetime adjustment limits. Loans tied to the Prime Rate normally have margins ranging up to 3.0%. ARM loans held in the Bank’s portfolio do not permit negative amortization of principal. Borrower demand for ARM loans versus fixed-rate mortgage loans is a function of the level of interest rates, the expectations of changes in the level of interest rates and the difference between the initial interest rates and fees charged for each type of loan. The relative amount of fixed-rate mortgage loans and ARM loans that can be originated at any time is largely determined by the demand for each in a competitive environment. At September 30, 2023, $143.07 million, or 56.5%, of the Bank’s one- to four- family loan portfolio consisted of ARM loans.
A portion of the Bank’s ARM loans are “non-conforming,” because they do not satisfy acreage limits or various other requirements imposed by Freddie Mac. Some of these loans are also originated to meet the needs of borrowers who cannot otherwise satisfy Freddie Mac credit requirements because of personal and financial reasons (i.e., divorce, bankruptcy, length of time employed, etc.), and other aspects, which do not conform to Freddie Mac’s guidelines. Such borrowers may have higher debt-to-income ratios, or the loans are secured by unique properties in rural markets for which there are no sales of comparable properties to support the value according to secondary market requirements. These loans are known as non-conforming loans, and the Bank may require additional collateral or lower loan-to-value ratios to reduce the risk of these loans. The Bank believes that these loans satisfy a need in its local market area. As a result, subject to market conditions, the Bank intends to continue to originate these types of loans.
The retention of ARM loans in the Bank’s loan portfolio helps reduce the Bank’s exposure to changes in interest rates. There are, however, unquantifiable credit risks resulting from the potential of increased interest to be paid by the customer as a result of increases in interest rates. It is possible that during periods of rising interest rates, the risk of default on ARM loans may increase as a result of repricing and the increased costs to the borrower. The Bank attempts to reduce the potential for delinquencies and defaults on ARM loans by qualifying the borrower based on the borrower’s ability to repay the ARM loan assuming a 2.0% increase in the initial interest rate. Another consideration is that although ARM loans allow the Bank to increase the sensitivity of its asset base due to changes in the interest rates, the extent of this interest sensitivity is limited by the periodic and lifetime interest rate adjustment limits. Because of these considerations, the Bank has no assurance that yield increases on ARM loans will be sufficient to offset increases in the Bank’s cost of funds.
While fixed-rate, single-family residential mortgage loans are normally originated with 15 to 30 year terms to maturity, these loans typically remain outstanding for substantially shorter periods because borrowers often prepay their loans in full upon sale of the property pledged as security or upon refinancing the original loan. In addition, substantially all mortgage loans in the Bank’s loan portfolio contain due-on-sale clauses providing that the Bank may declare the unpaid amount due and payable upon the sale of the property securing the loan. Typically, the Bank enforces these due-on-sale clauses to the extent permitted by law and as business judgment dictates. Thus, average loan maturity is a function of, among other factors, the level of purchase and sale activity in the real estate market, prevailing interest rates and the interest rates received on outstanding loans.
The Bank requires that fire and extended coverage casualty insurance, and flood insurance if appropriate, be maintained on the collateral for all of its real estate secured loans.
The Bank’s lending policies generally limit the maximum loan-to-value ratio on mortgage loans secured by owner-occupied properties to 85% of the lesser of the appraised value or the purchase price. However, the Bank usually obtains private mortgage insurance (“PMI”) on the portion of the principal amount that exceeds 80% of the appraised value of the security property. The maximum loan-to-value ratio on mortgage loans secured by non-owner-occupied properties is generally 80%
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(90% for loans originated for sale in the secondary market to Freddie Mac or the FHLB). At September 30, 2023, two one- to four-family loans totaling $368,000 were on non-accrual status. See “Lending Activities - Non-performing Loans and Delinquencies.”
Multi-Family Lending. At September 30, 2023, $127.18 million, or 8.9%, of the Bank’s total loan portfolio was secured by multi-family dwelling units (more than four units) located primarily in the Bank’s primary market area. Multi-family loans are generally originated with variable rates of interest ranging from 1.00% to 3.50% over the one-year constant maturity U.S. Treasury Bill Index, the Prime Rate or a matched term FHLB borrowing, with principal and interest payments fully amortizing over terms of up to 30 years. At September 30, 2023, the Bank’s largest multi-family loan had an outstanding principal balance of $10.00 million and was secured by an apartment building located in Thurston County. At September 30, 2023, this loan was performing according to its repayment terms.
The maximum loan-to-value ratio for multi-family loans is generally limited to not more than 80%. The Bank generally requests its multi-family loan borrowers with loan balances in excess of $750,000 to submit financial statements and rent rolls annually on the properties securing such loans. The Bank also inspects such properties annually. The Bank generally imposes a minimum debt coverage ratio of 1.20 for loans secured by multi-family properties.
Multi-family mortgage lending affords the Bank an opportunity to receive interest at rates higher than those generally available from one- to four- family residential lending. However, loans secured by multi-family properties usually are greater in amount, more difficult to evaluate and monitor and, therefore, may involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by multi-family properties are often dependent on the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of such loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. The Bank seeks to minimize these risks by scrutinizing the financial condition of the borrower, the quality of the collateral and the management of the property securing the loan. If the borrower is other than an individual, the Bank also generally obtains personal guarantees from the principals (with ownership interests of 20% or more) based on a review of personal financial statements. At September 30, 2023, all multi-family loans were performing according to their repayment terms. See "Lending Activities - Non-performing Loans and Delinquencies."
Commercial Real Estate Lending. Commercial real estate loans totaled $568.27 million, or 39.8%, of the total loan portfolio at September 30, 2023. The Bank originates commercial real estate loans generally at variable interest rates with principal and interest payments fully amortizing over terms of up to 30 years. These loans are secured by properties, such as industrial warehouses, medical/dental offices, office buildings, retail/wholesale facilities, mini-storage facilities, hotel/motels, nursing homes, restaurants, convenience stores, shopping centers and mobile home parks, generally located in the Bank’s primary market area. At September 30, 2023, the largest commercial real estate loan was secured by a medical office building in Thurston County, had a balance of $7.75 million and was perf or ming according to its repayment terms. At September 30, 2023, two commercial real estate loans totaling $683,000 were on non-accrual status. See “Lending Activities - Non-performing Loans and Delinquencies.”
The Bank typically requires appraisals of properties securing commercial real estate loans. For loans that are less than $250,000, the Bank may use an evaluation provided by a third-party vendor in lieu of an appraisal. Appraisals are performed by independent appraisers designated by the Bank. The Bank considers the quality and location of the real estate, the credit history of the borrower, the cash flow of the project and the quality of management involved with the property when making these loans. The Bank generally imposes a minimum debt coverage ratio of approximately 1.20 for loans secured by income producing commercial properties. Loan-to-value ratios on commercial real estate loans are generally limited to not more than 80%. If the borrower is other than an individual, the Bank also generally obtains personal guarantees from the principals (with ownership interests of 20% or more) based on a review of personal financial statements.
Commercial real estate lending affords the Bank an opportunity to receive interest at rates higher than those generally available from one- to four-family residential lending. However, loans secured by such properties usually are greater in amount, more difficult to evaluate and monitor and, therefore, involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by commercial properties often depend upon the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of these loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. The Bank seeks to minimize these risks by generally limiting the maximum loan-to-value ratio to 80% and scrutinizing the financial condition of the borrower, the quality of the collateral and the management of the property securing the loan. The Bank also generally requests annual financial information and rent rolls on the subject property from the borrowers on loans over $750,000.
Construction Lending. The Bank currently originates two types of residential construction loans: (i) custom construction and owner/builder construction loans and (ii) speculative construction loans. The Bank believes that its lengthy experience in providing residential construction loans has enabled it to establish processing and disbursement procedures to
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meet the needs of its borrowers while reducing many of the risks inherent with construction lending. The Bank also originates construction loans for commercial properties, multi-family properties, and land development projects. The Bank's construction loans generally provide for the payment of interest only during the construction phase, which is billed monthly, although during the term of some construction loans, no payment from the borrower is required since the accumulated interest is added to the principal of the loan through an interest reserve. At September 30, 2023, the Bank's construction loans totaled $273.84 million, or 19.2% of the Bank's total loan portfolio, including undisbursed loans in process of $103.19 million. All construction loans were performing according to their repayment terms at September 30, 2023. See "Lending Activities - Non-performing Loans and Delinquencies."
At September 30, 2023 and 2022, the composition of the Bank’s construction loan portfolio was as follows:

| At September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| Balance |  | Percent of Total |  | Balance |  | Percent of Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Custom and owner/builder | $ | 129,699 |  |  | 47.36 | % |  | $ | 119,240 |  |  | 46.65 | %
Speculative one- to four-family | 17,099 |  |  | 6.24 |  |  | 12,254 |  |  | 4.79 |
Commercial real estate | 51,064 |  |  | 18.65 |  |  | 40,364 |  |  | 15.79 |
Multi-family | 57,140 |  |  | 20.87 |  |  | 64,480 |  |  | 25.23 |
Land development | 18,841 |  |  | 6.88 |  |  | 19,280 |  |  | 7.54 |
Total | $ | 273,843 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 255,618 |  |  | 100.00 | %

Custom and owner/builder construction loans are originated to home owners and are typically converted to or refinanced into permanent loans at the completion of construction. The construction phase of these loans generally lasts up to 12 months with fixed interest rates typically ranging from 4.88% to 10.50% and with loan-to-value ratios of 80% (or up to 95% with PMI) of the appraised estimated value of the completed property. At the completion of construction, the loan is converted to or refinanced into either a fixed-rate mortgage loan, which conforms to secondary market standards, or an ARM loan for retention in the Bank’s portfolio. At September 30, 2023, the largest outstanding custom and owner/builder construction loan had an outstanding balance of $1.18 million (including $502,000 of undisbursed loans in process) and was performing according to its repayment terms.
Speculative one- to four-family construction loans are made to home builders and are termed “speculative” because the home builder does not have, at the time of loan origination, a signed contract with a home buyer who has a commitment for permanent financing with either the Bank or another lender for the finished home. The home buyer may be identified either during or after the construction period, with the risk that the builder will have to debt service the speculative construction loan and pay real estate taxes and other carrying costs of the completed home for a significant time after the completion of construction until the home buyer is identified and a sale is consummated. Rather than originating lines of credit to home builders to construct several homes at once, the Bank generally originates and underwrites a separate loan for each home. Speculative construction loans are generally originated for a term of 12 months, with current rates generally ranging fr om 6.50% to 9.50%, an d with a loan-to-value ratio of no more than 80% of the appraised value of the completed property. At September 30, 2023, the largest aggregate outstanding balance to one borrower for speculative one- to four-family construction loans to taled $3.12 million (including $796,000 of undisbursed loans in process) and was comprised of five loans that were performing according to their repayment terms.
The Bank also provides construction financing for multi-family and commercial properties. At September 30, 2023, these loans amounted to $108.20 million, or 39.5%, of construction loan balances. These loans are typically secured by apartment buildings, condominiums, mini-storage facilities, office buildings, hotels and retail rental space predominantly loc ated in the Bank’s primary market area. At September 30, 2023, the largest outstanding multi-family construction loan was for $8.00 million (including $233,000 of undisbursed loans in process) secured by an apartment building project in Pierce County. At September 30, 2023, the largest outstanding commercial real estat e construction loan was secured by a mini-storage facility in Grays Harbor, Washington and had a balance of $7.10 million (including $108,000 of undisbursed loans in process). These loans were performing according to their repayment terms at September 30, 2023.
All construction loans must be approved by a member of one of the Bank’s Loan Committees or the Bank’s Board of Directors, or in the case of one- to four-family construction loans that meet Freddie Mac guidelines, by the Regional Manager of Community Lending, the Loan Department Supervisor or a Bank underwriter. See “Lending Activities - Loan Solicitation and Processing.” Prior to approval of any construction loan application, an independent fee appraiser inspects the site and prepares an appraisal on an "as completed" basis, and the Bank reviews the existing or proposed improvements, identifies the market for the proposed project and analyzes the pro-forma data and assumptions on the project. In the case of a speculative or
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custom construction loan, the Bank reviews the experience and expertise of the builder. After this preliminary review, the application is processed, which includes obtaining credit reports, financial statements and tax returns or verification of income on the borrowers and guarantors, an independent appraisal of the project, and any other expert reports necessary to evaluate the proposed project. In the event of cost overruns, the Bank generally requires that the borrower increase the funds available for construction by paying the cost of such overruns directly or by depositing its own funds into a secured savings account, the proceeds of which are used to pay construction costs or to, the extent available, authorizes disbursements from a loan contingency line in the construction budget.
Loan disbursements during the construction period are made to the builder, materials supplier or subcontractor, based on a line item budget. Periodic on-site inspections are made by qualified independent inspectors to document the reasonableness of draw requests. For most builders, the Bank disburses loan funds by providing vouchers to borrowers, which when used by the borrower to purchase supplies are submitted by the supplier to the Bank for payment.
The Bank originates construction loan applications primarily through customer referrals, contacts in the business community and, occasionally, real estate brokers seeking financing for their clients.
Construction lending affords the Bank the opportunity to achieve higher interest rates and fees with shorter terms to maturity than does its single-family permanent mortgage lending. Construction lending, however, is generally considered to involve a higher degree of risk than single-family permanent mortgage lending, because funds are advanced upon the collateral for the project based on an estimate of the costs that will produce a future value at completion. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, as well as the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation on real property, it is relatively difficult to evaluate accurately the total funds required to complete a project and the completed project loan-to-value ratio. With regard to loans originated to builders for speculative projects, changes in the demand, such as for new housing and higher than anticipated building costs, may cause actual results to vary significantly from those estimated. A downturn in the housing or the real estate market could increase loan delinquencies, defaults, and foreclosures, and significantly impair the value of our collateral and our ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure. Some builders who have borrowed from us to fund construction projects on a speculative basis have more than one loan outstanding with us. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss.
In addition, during the term of many of our construction loans granted to builders who are building residential units for sale, no payment from the borrower is required since the accumulated interest is added to the principal of the loan through an interest reserve. As a result, these loans often involve the disbursement of funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project and the ability of the borrower to sell or lease the property or obtain permanent take-out financing, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to repay principal and interest. If our appraisal of the value of a completed project proves to be overstated, we may have inadequate security for the repayment of the loan upon completion of construction of the project and may incur a loss. Because construction loans require active monitoring of the building process, including cost comparisons and on-site inspections, these loans are more difficult and costly to monitor. Increases in market rates of interest may have a more pronounced effect on construction loans by rapidly increasing the end-purchasers' borrowing costs, thereby reducing the overall demand for the project. Properties under construction are often difficult to sell and typically must be completed in order to be successfully sold which also complicates the process of working out problem construction loans. This may require us to advance additional funds and/or contract with another builder to complete construction. Furthermore, in the case of speculative construction loans, there is an added risk associated with identifying an end-purchaser for the finished project.
The Bank historically originated loans to real estate developers with whom it had established relationships for the purpose of developing residential subdivisions (i.e., installing roads, sewers, water and other utilities) generally with ten to 50 lots. Currently, the Bank is originating land development loans on a limited basis. Land development loans are secured by a lien on the property and typically are made for a period of two to five years with fixed or variable interest rates, with loan-to-value ratios generally not exceeding 75%. Land development loans are generally structured so that the Bank is repaid in full upon the sale by the borrower of approximately 80% of the subdivision lots. In addition, in the case of a corporate borrower, the Bank also generally obtains personal guarantees from corporate principals (with ownership interests in the borrowing entity of 20% or more) and reviews their personal financial statements. Land development loans secured by land under development involve greater risks than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans, because these loan funds are advanced upon the predicted future value of the developed property upon completion. If the estimate of the future value proves to be inaccurate, in the event of default and foreclosure, the Bank may be confronted with a property the value of which is insufficient to assure full repayment. The Bank has historically attempted to minimize this risk by generally limiting the maximum loan-to-value ratio on land and land development loans to 75% of the estimated developed value of the secured property.
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Land Lending. The Bank originates loans for the acquisition of land upon which the purchaser can then build or make improvements necessary to build or to use for recreational purposes. Land loans originated by the Bank generally have maturities of one to ten years. The largest land loan is secured by land in Grays Harbor County, had an outstanding balance of $1.40 million and was performing according to its repayment terms at September 30, 2023. At September 30, 2023, all land loans were performing according to their repayment terms. See “Lending Activities - Non-performing Loans and Delinquencies.”
Loans secured by undeveloped land or improved lots involve greater risks than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans because these loans are more difficult to evaluate. If the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, in the event of default and foreclosure, the Bank may be confronted with a property the value of which is insufficient to assure full repayment. Land loans also pose additional risk because of the lack of income being produced by the property and potential illiquid nature of the collateral. These risks can be significantly impacted by supply and demand conditions. The Bank attempts to minimize these risks by generally limiting the maximum loan-to-value ratio on land loans to 65%.
Consumer Lending. Consumer loans generally have shorter terms to maturity and may have higher interest rates than mortgage loans. Consumer loans include home equity lines of credit, second mortgage loans, savings account loans, automobile loans, boat loans, motorcycle loans, recreational vehicle loans and unsecured loans. Consumer loans are made with both fixed and variable interest rates and with varying terms.
Home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans are made for purposes such as the improvement of residential properties, debt consolidation and education expenses, among others.The majority of these loans are made to existing customers and are secured by a first or second mortgage on residential property. The loan-to-value ratio is typically 90% or less, when considering both the first and second mortgage loans. Second mortgage loans typically carry fixed interest rates with a fixed payment over a term between five and 15 years. Home equity lines of credit are generally made at interest rates tied to the Prime Rate. Second mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit have greater credit risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans in which the Bank is in the first lien position, because they are generally secured by mortgages subordinated to the existing first mortgage on the property. For those second mortgage loans and home equity lines credit on which the Bank does not hold the existing first mortgage on the property, it is unlikely that the Bank will be successful in recovering all or a portion of the loan balance in the event of default unless the Bank is prepared to repay the first mortgage loan and such repayment and the costs associated with a foreclosure are justified by the value of the property.
Consumer loans entail greater risk than do residential mortgage loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans that are unsecured or secured by rapidly depreciating assets such as automobiles. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance as a result of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation. The remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower beyond obtaining a deficiency judgment. In addition, consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability and are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans. The Bank believes that these risks are not as prevalent in the case of the Bank’s consumer loan portfolio, because a large percentage of the portfolio consists of second mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit that are underwritten in a manner such that they result in credit risk that is substantially similar to one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. At September 30, 2023, one consumer loan totaling $177,000 was on non-accrual status. See “Lending Activities - Non-performing Loans and Delinquencies.”
Commercial Business Lending. Commercial business loans (including SBA PPP loans) totaled $136.27 million, or 9.55%, of the loan portfolio at September 30, 2023. Commercial business loans are generally secured by business equipment, accounts receivable, inventory and/or other property and are made at variable rates of interest equal to a negotiated margin above the Prime Rate. The Bank also generally obtains personal guarantees from the principals based on a review of personal financial statements. The largest commercial business loan had an outstanding balance of $3.85 million at September 30, 2023 and was performing according to its repayment terms. At September 30, 2023, five commercial business loans totaling $286,000 were on non-accrual status. See “Lending Activities - Non-performing Loans and Delinquencies.”
The Bank has increased commercial business loan originations made under the U.S. Small Business Administration ("SBA") 7(a) program. Loans made by the Bank under the SBA 7(a) program generally are made to small businesses to provide working capital or to provide funding for the purchase of businesses, real estate, or equipment. These loans generally are secured by a combination of assets that may include equipment, receivables, inventory, business real property, and sometimes a lien on the personal residence of the borrower. The terms of these loans vary by purpose and type of underlying collateral. The loans are primarily underwritten on the basis of the borrower's ability to service the loan from income. Under the SBA 7(a) program, the loans carry an SBA guaranty for up to 75% of the loan. Typical maturities for this type of loan vary but can be up to ten years. SBA 7(a) loans are all adjustable rate loans based on the Prime Rate. Under the SBA 7(a) program, the Bank can
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sell in the secondary market the guaranteed portion of its SBA 7(a) loans and retain the related unguaranteed portion of these loans, as well as the servicing on such loans, for which it is paid a fee. The loan servicing spread is generally a minimum of 1.00% on all SBA 7(a) loans. The Bank generally offers SBA 7(a) loans within a range of $50,000 to $1.50 million.
Commercial business lending generally involves greater risk than residential mortgage lending and involves risks that are different from those associated with residential and commercial real estate lending. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral based lending with loan amounts based on predetermined loan to collateral values, and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral is viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial business loans are often collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable and/or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default is often an insufficient source of repayment because accounts receivable may be uncollectible and inventories and equipment may be obsolete or of limited use, among other things. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial business loan depends primarily on the creditworthiness of the borrower (and any guarantors), while liquidation of collateral is a secondary and often insufficient source of repayment.
Loan Maturity. The following table sets forth certain information at September 30, 2023 regarding the dollar amount of loans maturing in the Bank’s portfolio based on their contractual terms to maturity but does not include potential prepayments. Loans having no stated maturity and overdrafts are reported as due in one year or less.

| Within 1 Year |  | After 1 Year Through 5 Years |  | After 5 Years Through 15 Years |  | After 15 Years |  | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 4,039 |  |  | $ | 15,205 |  |  | $ | 87,678 |  |  | $ | 146,305 |  |  | $ | 253,227 |
Multi-family | 2,856 |  |  | 21,738 |  |  | 102,481 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 127,176 |
Commercial | 16,295 |  |  | 103,348 |  |  | 443,371 |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | 568,265 |
Construction (1) | 273,843 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 273,843 |
Land | 7,407 |  |  | 18,256 |  |  | 917 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 26,726 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 2,343 |  |  | 10,341 |  |  | 24,795 |  |  | 802 |  |  | 38,281 |
Other | 987 |  |  | 419 |  |  | 717 |  |  | 649 |  |  | 2,772 |
Commercial business | 11,755 |  |  | 52,618 |  |  | 56,827 |  |  | 14,602 |  |  | 135,802 |
SBA PPP | — |  |  | 466 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 466 |
Total | $ | 319,525 |  |  | $ | 222,391 |  |  | $ | 716,786 |  |  | $ | 167,856 |  |  | 1,426,558 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Undisbursed portion of construction loans in process |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (103,194) |
Deferred loan origination fees, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,242) |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (15,817) |
Total loans receivable, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,302,305 |

_____________
(1) Includes $129.70 million of custom and owner/building construction/permanent loans, a portion of which may convert to permanent mortgage loans once construction is completed.
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The following table sets forth the dollar amount of all loans due after one year from September 30, 2023, which have fixed interest rates and have floating or adjustable interest rates:

| Fixed Rates |  | Floating or Adjustable Rates |  | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 106,594 |  |  | $ | 142,594 |  |  | $ | 249,188 |
Multi-family | 51,976 |  |  | 72,344 |  |  | 124,320 |
Commercial | 216,324 |  |  | 335,646 |  |  | 551,970 |
Land | 17,703 |  |  | 1,616 |  |  | 19,319 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 10,038 |  |  | 25,900 |  |  | 35,938 |
Other | 1,498 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 1,785 |
Commercial business | 90,678 |  |  | 33,369 |  |  | 124,047 |
SBA PPP | 466 |  |  | — |  |  | 466 |
Total | $ | 495,277 |  |  | $ | 611,756 |  |  | $ | 1,107,033 |

Scheduled contractual principal repayments of loans do not reflect the actual life of these assets. The average life of loans is substantially less than their contractual terms because of prepayments. In addition, due-on-sale clauses on loans generally give the Bank the right to declare loans immediately due and payable in the event, among other things, that the borrower sells the real property subject to the mortgage and the loan is not repaid. The average life of mortgage loans tends to increase when current mortgage loan interest rates are substantially higher than interest rates on existing mortgage loans and, conversely, decrease when interest rates on existing mortgage loans are substantially higher than current mortgage loan interest rates.
Loan Solicitation and Processing. Loan originations are obtained from a variety of sources, including walk-in customers and referrals from builders and realtors. Upon receipt of a loan application from a prospective borrower, a credit report and other data are obtained to verify specific information relating to the loan applicant’s employment, income and credit standing. An appraisal of the real estate offered as collateral generally is undertaken by a certified appraiser retained by the Bank.
Loan applications are initiated by loan officers and are required to be approved by an authorized loan officer or Bank underwriter, one of the Bank’s Loan Committees or the Bank’s Board of Directors. The Bank’s Consumer Loan Committee consists of several underwriters, each of whom can approve one- to four-family mortgage loans and other consumer loans up to and including the current Freddie Mac single-family limit. Loan officers may also be granted individual approval authority for certain loans up to a maximum of $250,000. The approval authority for individual loan officers is granted on a case by case basis by the Bank's Chief Credit Administrator or Chief Executive Officer. All construction loans must be approved by a member of one of the Bank's Loan Committees or the Bank's Board of Directors, or in the case of one- to four- family construction loans that meet Freddie Mac guidelines, by the Regional Manager of Community Lending, the Loan Department Supervisor or a Bank underwriter, subject to their individual or Loan Committee loan limit. The Bank’s Commercial Loan Committee, which consists of the Bank’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Credit Administrator, Executive Vice President of Lending, a commercial underwriter, and the Senior Vice President of Credit Administration, may approve commercial real estate loans and commercial business loans up to and including $3.00 million. The Bank’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Credit Administrator and Executive Vice President of Lending also have individual lending authority for loans up to and including $750,000. The Bank’s Board Loan Committee, which consists of one permanent non-employee Director, one rotating non-employee Director and the Bank’s Chief Executive Officer may approve loans up to and including $5.00 million. Loans in excess of $5.00 million, as well as loans of any amount granted to a single borrower whose aggregate loans exceed $5.00 million, must be approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors.
Loan Originations, Purchases and Sales. During the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Bank’s total gross loan originations were $361.79 million, $572.46 million and $602.34 million, respectively. Periodically, the Bank purchases loan participation interests in construction, commercial real estate and multi-family loans, secured by properties generally located in Washington State, from other banks. These participation loans are underwritten in accordance with the Bank’s underwriting guidelines and are without recourse to the seller other than for fraud. During the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Bank did not purchase any loan participation interests. During the year ended September 30, 2021, the Bank purchased $9.04 million in loan participation interests.
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Consistent with its asset/liability management strategy, the Bank’s policy generally is to retain in its portfolio all ARM loans originated and to sell fixed-rate one- to four-family mortgage loans in the secondary market to Freddie Mac; however, from time to time, a portion of fixed-rate loans may be retained in the Bank’s portfolio to meet its asset-liability objectives. The Bank also sells the guaranteed portion of some of its SBA 7(a) loans in the secondary market. Loans sold in the secondary market are generally sold on a servicing retained basis. At September 30, 2023, the Bank’s loan servicing portfolio, which is not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements, totaled $384.62 million.
The Bank also periodically sells participation interests in construction loans, commercial real estate loans, multi-family and commercial business loans to other lenders. These sales are usually made to avoid concentrations in a particular loan type or concentrations to a particular borrower and to generate fee income. The Bank did not sell loan participations during the year ended September 30, 2023. During the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Bank sold loan participation interests of $14.4 million and $10.0 million , respectively.
The following table shows total loans originated, purchased, sold and repaid during the years indicated.

| Year Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Loans originated: | (Dollars in thousands)
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 45,825 |  |  | $ | 123,149 |  |  | $ | 174,379 |
Multi-family | 11,158 |  |  | 8,647 |  |  | 10,727 |
Commercial | 70,117 |  |  | 127,951 |  |  | 110,063 |
Construction | 174,914 |  |  | 204,911 |  |  | 169,284 |
Land | 7,144 |  |  | 19,281 |  |  | 10,654 |
Consumer | 24,160 |  |  | 27,350 |  |  | 25,674 |
Commercial business loans | 28,470 |  |  | 61,174 |  |  | 36,672 |
SBA PPP loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64,891 |
Total loans originated | 361,788 |  |  | 572,463 |  |  | 602,344 |
Loans and loan participations purchased: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,999 |
Commercial business | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,042 |
Total loans purchased | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,041 |
Total loans originated, acquired and purchased | 361,788 |  |  | 572,463 |  |  | 611,385 |
Loans sold: |  |  |  |  |
Loan participation interests sold | — |  |  | (14,389) |  |  | (10,000) |
Whole loans sold | (11,538) |  |  | (59,115) |  |  | (140,202) |
Total loans sold | (11,538) |  |  | (73,504) |  |  | (150,202) |
Loan principal repayments | (177,310) |  |  | (324,233) |  |  | (500,032) |
Other items, net | (3,061) |  |  | (10,754) |  |  | (6,572) |
Net increase (decrease) in loans receivable | $ | 169,879 |  |  | $ | 163,972 |  |  | $ | (45,421) |

Loan Origination Fees. The Bank receives loan origination fees on many of its mortgage loans and commercial business loans. Loan fees are a percentage of the loan which are charged to the borrower for funding the loan. The amount of fees charged by the Bank (excluding SBA PPP loans) is generally up to 2.0% of the loan amount. In addition to the 1.0% interest earned on SBA PPP loans, the Bank earned a fee from the SBA to cover processing costs, which is amortized over the life of the loan and recognized fully at payoff or forgiveness.
Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") require fees received and certain loan origination costs for originating loans to be deferred and amortized into interest income over the contractual life of the loan. Net deferred fees or costs associated with loans that are prepaid are recognized as income/expense at the time of prepayment. Unamortized net deferred loan origination fees totaled $5.24 million at September 30, 2023.
Non-performing Loans and Delinquencies. The Bank assesses late fees or penalty charges on delinquent loans of approximately 5% of the monthly loan payment amount. A majority of loan payments are due on the first day of the month; however, the borrower is given a 15-day grace period to make the loan payment. When a mortgage loan borrower fails to make a required payment when due, the Bank institutes collection procedures. A notice is mailed to the borrower 16 days after the date the payment was due. Attempts to contact the borrower by telephone generally begin on or before the 30 th day of
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delinquency. If a satisfactory response is not obtained, continuous follow-up contacts are attempted until the loan has been brought current. Before the 90th day of delinquency, attempts are made to establish (i) the cause of the delinquency, (ii) whether the cause is temporary, (iii) the attitude of the borrower toward repaying the debt, and (iv) a mutually satisfactory arrangement for curing the default.
If the borrower is chronically delinquent and all reasonable means of obtaining payment on time have been exhausted, foreclosure is initiated according to the terms of the security instrument and applicable law. Interest income on loans in foreclosure is reduced by the full amount of accrued and uncollected interest.
When a consumer loan borrower or commercial business borrower fails to make a required payment on a loan by the payment due date, the Bank institutes similar collection procedures as for its mortgage loan borrowers. All loans becoming 90 days or more past due are placed on non-accrual status, with any accrued interest reversed against interest income, unless they are well secured and in the process of collection.
The Bank’s Board of Directors is updated monthly as to the status of loans that are delinquent by more than 30 days and the status of all foreclosed and repossessed property owned by the Bank.
The following table sets forth information with respect to the Company's non-performing assets at the dates indicated:

| At September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Loans accounted for on a non-accrual basis: | (Dollars in thousands)
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family (1) | $ | 368 |  | $ | 388 |  | $ | 407 |  |  |  |
Commercial | 683 |  | 657 |  | 773 |  |  |  |
Land | — |  | 450 |  | 683 |  |  |  |
Consumer loans | 177 |  | 255 |  | 533 |  |  |  |
Commercial business loans | 286 |  | 309 |  | 458 |  |  |  |
Total | 1,514 |  | 2,059 |  | 2,854 |  |  |  |
Accruing loans which are contractually past due 90 days or more | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |
Total of non-accrual and 90 days or more past due loans | 1,514 |  | 2,059 |  | 2,854 |  |  |  |
Non-accrual investment securities | 82 |  | 106 |  | 159 |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned and other repossessed assets | — |  | — |  | 157 |  |  |  |
Total non-performing assets (2) | $ | 1,596 |  | $ | 2,165 |  | $ | 3,170 |  |  |  |
Troubled debt restructured loans on accrual status (3) | $ | 2,495 |  | $ | 2,472 |  | $ | 2,371 |  |  |  |
Non-accrual and 90 days or more past due loans as a percentage of loans receivable, net (4) | 0.11 | % |  | 0.18 | % |  | 0.29 | % |  |  |  |
Non-accrual and 90 days or more past due loans as a percentage of total assets | 0.08 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  | 0.16 | % |  |  |  |
Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets | 0.09 | % |  | 0.12 | % |  | 0.18 | % |  |  |  |
Loans receivable, net (4) | $ | 1,318,122 |  | $ | 1,146,129 |  | $ | 981,923 |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 1,839,905 |  | $ | 1,860,508 |  | $ | 1,792,180 |  |  |  |

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_______________
(1)Includes non-accrual one- to four-family properties in the process of foreclosure totaling $0, $0,
and $150 as of September 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
(2) Does not include troubled debt restructured loans on accrual status.
(3)Does not include troubled debt restructured loans totaling $0, $142, and $182
recorded as non-accrual loans as of September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(4) Loans receivable, net for purposes of this table includes the deductions for the undisbursed portion of construction loans in process and deferred loan origination fees and does not include the deduction for the allowance for loan losses.
The Bank’s non-accrual loans de creased b y $545,000 to $1.51 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.06 million at September 30, 2022, as a result of decreases in non-accrual loans of $450,000 in land loans, $78,000 in consumer loans, $23,000 in commercial business loans, and $20,000 in one- to four-family mortgage loans, partially offset by a $26,000 increase in commercial real estate loans on non-accrual status. A discussion of the Bank's largest non-performing loans is set forth below under “Asset Classification.”
Other Real Estate Owned and Other Repossessed Assets. Real estate acquired by the Bank as a result of foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is classified as other real estate owned (“OREO”) until sold. When property is acquired, it is recorded at the estimated fair market value less es timat ed costs to sell.
Restructured Loans. Under GAAP, the Bank is required to account for certain loan modifications or restructurings as “troubled debt restructurings” or "troubled debt restructured loans." A troubled debt restructured loan ("TDR") is a loan for which the Company, for reasons related to a borrower's financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. Examples of such concessions include but are not limited to: a reduction in the stated interest rate; an extension of the maturity at an interest rate below current market rates; a reduction in the face amount of the debt; a reduction in the accrued interest; or re-amortizations, extensions, deferrals and renewals. TDRs are considered impaired and are individually evaluated for impairment. TDRs are classified as either accrual or non-accrual. TDRs are classified as non-performing loans unless they have been performing in accordance with their modified terms for a period of at least six months. The Bank had TDRs at September 30, 2023 and 2022 totaling $2.49 million and $2.61 million, of which $0 and $143,000, respectively, were on non-accrual status. None of the allowance for loan losses was allocated to TDRs at September 30, 2023 or 2022.
Impaired Loans. In accordance with GAAP, a loan is considered impaired when based on current information and events it is probable that a creditor will be unable to collect all amounts (principal and interest) when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as residential mortgage loans and consumer loans, may be collectively evaluated for impairment. When a loan has been identified as being impaired, the amount of the impairment is measured by using discounted cash flows, except when, as an alternative, the current estimated fair value of the collateral, reduced by estimated costs to sell (if applicable), or observable market price is used. The valuation of real estate collateral is subjective in nature and may be adjusted in future periods because of changes in economic conditions. Management considers third-party appraisals, as well as independent fair market value assessments from realtors or persons involved in selling real estate, in determining the estimated fair value of properties. In addition, as certain of these third-party appraisals and independent fair market value assessments are only updated periodically, changes in the values of specific properties may have occurred subsequent to the most recent appraisals. Accordingly, the amounts of any such potential changes and any related adjustments are generally recorded at the time such information is received. When the measurement of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (including accrued interest and net deferred loan origination fees or costs), impairment is recognized by creating or adjusting an allocation of the allowance for loan losses, and uncollected accrued interest is reversed against interest income. If ultimate collection of principal is in doubt, all cash receipts on impaired loans are applied to reduce the principal balance.
The categories of non-accrual loans and impaired loans overlap, although they are not identical. The Bank considers all circumstances regarding the loan and borrower on an individual basis when determining whether an impaired loan should be placed on non-accrual status, such as the financial strength of the borrower, the collateral value, reasons for delay, payment record, the amount past due and the number of days past due. At September 30, 2023, the Bank had $4.00 million in impaired loans. For additional information on impaired loans, see "Note 4-Loans Receivable and Allowance for Loan Losses of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report".
Asset Classification. Applicable regulations require that each insured institution review and classify its assets on a regular basis. In addition, in connection with examinations of insured institutions, regulatory examiners have authority to identify problem assets and, if appropriate, require them to be classified. There are three classifications for problem assets: substandard, doubtful and loss. Substandard loans are classified as those loans that are inadequately protected by the
17

current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor, or of the collateral pledged. Assets classified as substandard have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment of the debt. If the weakness or weaknesses are not corrected, there is the distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained. Doubtful assets have the weaknesses of substandard assets with the additional characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values questionable, and there is a high possibility of loss. An asset classified as loss is considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as an asset of the Bank is not warranted. When the Bank classifies problem assets as either substandard or doubtful, it is required to establish allowances for loan losses in an amount deemed prudent by management. These allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to recognize the inherent risk associated with lending activities and the risks associated with problem assets. When the Bank classifies problem assets as loss, it charges off the balance of the asset against the allowance for loan losses. Assets which do not currently expose the Bank to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are designated by the Bank as special mention. Special mention loans are defined as those credits deemed by management to have some potential weakness that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in the deterioration of the payment prospects of the loan. Assets in this category are not adversely classified and currently do not expose the Bank to sufficient risk to warrant a substandard classification. The Bank’s determination of the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by the FDIC and the Division which can require a different classification and the establishment of additional loss allowances.
The aggregate amounts of the Bank’s classified and special mention loans (as determined by the Bank), and the allowance for loan losses at the dates indicated, were as follows:

| At September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (Dollars in thousands)
Loss | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Doubtful | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Substandard (1) | 6,386 |  |  | 7,387 |  |  | 3,604 |
Special mention | — |  |  | 237 |  |  | 5,012 |
Total classified and special mention loans | $ | 6,386 |  |  | $ | 7,624 |  |  | $ | 8,616 |
Allowance for loan losses | $ | 15,817 |  |  | $ | 13,703 |  |  | $ | 13,469 |

_____________
(1)Includes non-performing loans.
Loans classified as substandard decreased by $1.00 million to $6.39 million at September 30, 2023 from $7.39 million at September 30, 2022. At September 30, 2023, 17 loans were classified as substandard. Of the $6.39 million in loans classified as substandard at September 30, 2023, $1.51 million were on non-accrual status. The largest loan classified as substandard at September 30, 2023 had a balance of $4.73 million and was secured by a commercial real estate property in King County. This loan was not on non-accrual status at September 30, 2023, as the loan was making payments in accordance with its repayment terms and was adequately collateralized. The next largest loan classified as substandard at September 30, 2023 had a balance of $488,000 and was secured by a commercial real estate property in Grays Harbor County. This loan was on non-accrual status at September 30, 2023.
Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses ("ALL") is maintained to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The Bank has established a comprehensive methodology for the determination of provisions for loan losses that takes into consideration the need for an overall general valuation allowance. The Bank’s methodology for assessing the adequacy of its ALL is based on its historic loss experience for various loan segments; adjusted for changes in economic conditions, delinquency rates and other factors. Using these loss estimates, management develops a range of probable loss for each loan category. Certain individual loans for which full collectibility may not be assured are evaluated individually with loss exposure based on estimated discounted cash flows or net realizable collateral values. The total estimated range of loss based on these two components of the analysis is compared to the loan loss allowance balance. When determining the appropriate loss factors in fiscal 2023, management also took into consideration inflation, a potential recession and slowing economic growth, on such factors as the national and state unemployment rates and related trends, consumer spending levels and trends.
In originating loans, the Bank recognizes that losses will be experienced and that the risk of loss will vary with, among other things, the type of loan being made, the creditworthiness of the borrower over the term of the loan, general economic conditions and, in the case of a secured loan, the quality of the security for the loan. The Bank increases its ALL by charging provisions for loan losses against the Bank's operating income.
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The Board of Directors reviews the adequacy of the ALL at least quarterly based on management's assessment of current economic conditions, past loss and collection experience, and risk characteristics of the loan portfolio.
The Bank’s ALL as a percentage of total loans receivable and as a percentage of non-performing loans was 1.20% and 1,044.72%, at September 30, 2023 and 1.20% and 665.52%, at September 30, 2022, respectively. The $466,000 and $1.0 million of SBA PPP loans were omitted from the foregoing percentages at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, as these loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA.
Based on its comprehensive analysis, management believes that the amount maintained in the ALL is adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the portfolio. Although management believes that it uses the best information available to make its determinations, future adjustments to the ALL may be necessary, and results of operations could be significantly and adversely affected if circumstances differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the determinations.
While the Bank believes that it has established its existing ALL in accordance with GAAP, there can be no assurance that regulators, in reviewing the Bank's loan portfolio, will not request the Bank to increase significantly its ALL. In addition, because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, there can be no assurance that the existing ALL is adequate or that substantial increases will not be necessary should the quality of any loans deteriorate. A further decline in national and local economic conditions, as a result of the effects of inflation, a potential recession or slowing economic growth, among other factors could result in a material increase in the ALL which may adversely affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations.
An accounting change requiring that we calculate the ALL on the basis of the current expected credit losses over the lifetime of our loans, referred to as the CECL model, became applicable to us, as a smaller reporting company, on October 1, 2023. This will change the current method of providing allowance for credit losses only when they have been incurred and are probable. The adjustment recorded at adoption was not significant to the overall allowance for credit losses ("ACL") or shareholders' equity as compared to the respective balances at September 30, 2023 and consisted of adjustments to the ACL on loans as well as an adjustment to the Company's reserve for unfunded commitments. Subsequent to adoption, the Company will record adjustments to its ACL and reserves for unfunded commitments through the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statement of income.
Credit Ratios
The following table sets forth the ratios between the ALL, non-accrual loans and total loans at the dates indicated:

| At September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (Dollars in thousands)
ALL | $ | 15,817 |  |  | $ | 13,703 |  |  | $ | 13,469 |
Non-accrual loans | $ | 1,514 |  |  | $ | 2,059 |  |  | $ | 2,854 |
Loans receivable, net (1) | $ | 1,318,122 |  |  | $ | 1,146,129 |  |  | $ | 981,923 |
ALL to loans receivable, net | 1.20 | % |  | 1.20 | % |  | 1.37 | %
Non-accrual loans to loans receivable, net | 0.11 | % |  | 0.18 | % |  | 0.29 | %
ALL to non-accrual loans | 1044.72 | % |  | 665.52 | % |  | 471.93 | %

________________________________
(1)Loans receivable, net for this table includes the deductions for the undisbursed portion of construction loans in process and net deferred loan origination fees and does not include the deduction for the ALL.
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The following table sets forth the ALL by loan category at the dates indicated:

| At September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
| Amount |  | Percent of Loans in Category to Total Loans |  | Amount |  | Percent of Loans in Category to Total Loans |  | Amount |  | Percent of Loans in Category to Total Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Dollars in thousands)
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 2,417 |  |  | 17.75 | % |  | $ | 1,658 |  |  | 14.05 | % |  | $ | 1,154 |  |  | 11.08 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family | 1,156 |  |  | 8.91 |  |  | 855 |  |  | 7.58 |  |  | 765 |  |  | 8.09 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | 7,209 |  |  | 39.84 |  |  | 6,682 |  |  | 42.81 |  |  | 6,813 |  |  | 43.49 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction - custom and owner/builder | 750 |  |  | 9.09 |  |  | 675 |  |  | 9.51 |  |  | 644 |  |  | 10.08 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction - speculative one- to four-family | 148 |  |  | 1.20 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 0.98 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 1.65 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction - commercial | 316 |  |  | 3.58 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 3.22 |  |  | 784 |  |  | 4.01 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction - multi-family | 602 |  |  | 4.01 |  |  | 447 |  |  | 5.14 |  |  | 436 |  |  | 4.81 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction - land development | 274 |  |  | 1.32 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 1.54 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land | 406 |  |  | 1.87 |  |  | 397 |  |  | 2.14 |  |  | 470 |  |  | 1.84 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer loans | 572 |  |  | 2.88 |  |  | 482 |  |  | 2.98 |  |  | 578 |  |  | 3.28 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business loans | 1,967 |  |  | 9.55 |  |  | 1,801 |  |  | 10.05 |  |  | 1,513 |  |  | 10.67 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total allowance for loan losses | $ | 15,817 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 13,703 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 13,469 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Analysis of ALL
The table below sets forth the ratio of net charge-offs during the period to average loans outstanding during the period:

| September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (Net Charge-offs) Recoveries |  | Average Loans |  | (Net Charge-Offs) Recoveries to Average Loans |  | (Net Charge-offs) Recoveries |  | Average Loans |  | (Net Charge-Offs) Recoveries to Average Loans |  | (Net Charge-offs) Recoveries |  | Average Loans |  | (Net Charge-Offs) Recoveries to Average Loans
| (Dollars in thousands)
Mortgage Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | — |  |  | $ | 215,854 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140,516 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 122,291 |  |  | — | %
Multi-family | — |  |  | 104,926 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88,469 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90,569 |  |  | — |
Commercial | — |  |  | 547,924 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 513,152 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 458,631 |  |  | — |
Construction | — |  |  | 151,149 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 131,960 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,441 |  |  | — |
Land | — |  |  | 39,147 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,034 |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | 23,617 |  |  | 0.19 |
Total mortgage loans | — |  |  | 1,059,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 905,131 |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | 816,549 |  |  | 0.19 |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity | — |  |  | 37,550 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,418 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,988 |  |  | — |
Other | (3) |  |  | 2,434 |  |  | (0.12) |  |  | (9) |  |  | 2,369 |  |  | (0.38) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2,848 |  |  | 0.11 |
Total consumer loans | (3) |  | (3) |  | 39,984 |  |  | (0.12) |  |  | (9) |  | (9,000) |  | 35,787 |  |  | (0.38) |  | -0.0038 | 3 |  |  | 35,836 |  |  | 0.11 |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business | (15) |  |  | 131,117 |  |  | (0.01) |  |  | (27) |  |  | 114,717 |  |  | (0.02) |  |  | 7 |  |  | 174,357 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | 1,230,101 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | (36) |  |  | $ | 1,055,635 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 1,026,742 |  |  | 0.01 | %

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Investment Activities
The investment policies of the Bank are established and monitored by the Board of Directors. The policies are designed primarily to provide and maintain liquidity, to generate a favorable return on investments without incurring undue interest rate and credit risk, and to compliment the Bank’s lending activities. These policies dictate the criteria for classifying investments in debt securities as either available for sale or held to maturity. The policies permit investment in various types of liquid assets permissible under applicable regulations, which include U.S. Treasury obligations, securities of various federal agencies, certificates of deposit of insured banks, federal funds, mortgage-backed securities, municipal bonds and mutual funds. The Company's investment policy also permits investment in equity securities in certain financial service companies.
At September 30, 2023, the Bank’s investment portfolio was comprised of investments in debt securities that totaled $311.99 million, consisting of $171.63 million of U.S. government agency securities held to maturity, $96.31 million of mortgage-backed securities held to maturity, $1.79 million of taxable municipal securities held to maturity, $500,000 of bank issued trust preferred securities held to maturity and $41.77 million of mortgage-backed securities available for sale. The Bank does not maintain a trading account for any investments. This compares with a total investment portfolio of $308.02 million at September 30, 2022, consisting of $170.68 million of U.S. government agency securities held to maturity, $93.33 million of mortgage-backed securities held to maturity, $2.10 million of taxable municipal securities held to maturity, $500,000 of bank issued trust preferred securities held to maturity and $41.42 million of mortgage-backed securities available for sale.
The following table sets forth the maturities and weighted average yields of the debt securities in the Bank's portfolio at September 30, 2023.

| One Year or Less |  | After One to Five Years |  | After Five to Ten Years |  | After Ten Years
| Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield
| (Dollars in thousands)
Held to Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities | $ | 79,622 |  |  | 1.27 | % |  | $ | 86,942 |  |  | 1.55 | % |  | $ | 5,062 |  |  | 1.41 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Mortgage-backed securities | 3,992 |  |  | 6.66 |  |  | 16,579 |  |  | 4.58 |  |  | 4,948 |  |  | 2.96 |  |  | 70,786 |  |  | 3.93 |
Taxable municipal securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,787 |  |  | 3.44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Bank issued trust preferred securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 500 |  |  | 4.75 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Available for Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | 385 |  |  | 5.75 |  |  | 2,590 |  |  | 5.84 |  |  | 6,642 |  |  | 5.96 |  |  | 32,154 |  |  | 5.36 |
Total portfolio | $ | 83,999 |  |  | 1.44 | % |  | $ | 107,898 |  |  | 2.14 | % |  | $ | 17,152 |  |  | 3.72 | % |  | $ | 102,940 |  |  | 4.39 | %

For additional information regarding investment securities, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Our investment securities portfolio may be negatively impacted by fluctuations in market value and interest rates and result in losses” and "Note 3-Investment Securities of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report".
Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds
General. Deposits and loan repayments are the major sources of the Bank's funds for lending and other investment purposes. Scheduled loan repayments are a relatively stable source of funds, while deposit inflows and outflows and loan prepayments are influenced significantly by general interest rates and money market conditions. Borrowings through the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco ("FRB") may be used to compensate for reductions in the availability of funds from other sources.
Deposit Accounts. Substantially all the Bank's depositors are residents of Washington. Deposits are attracted from within the Bank's market area through the offering of a broad selection of deposit instruments, including money market deposit accounts, checking accounts, regular savings accounts and certificates of deposit. Deposit account terms vary, according to the
minimum balance required, the time periods the funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate, among other factors. In determining the terms of its deposit accounts, the Bank considers current market interest rates, profitability to the Bank,
22

matching deposit and loan products and its customer preferences and concerns. The Bank actively seeks consumer and commercial checking accounts through checking account acquisition marketing programs. The Bank also has checking accounts owned by businesses associated with the marijuana (or Initiative-502) industry in Washington State. It is generally permissible in Washington State to handle accounts associated with this industry in compliance with federal regulatory guidelines. At September 30, 2023, the Bank had $19.51 million, or 1.3% of total deposits, from businesses associated with the marijuana industry. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors - We operate in a highly regulated environment and may be adversely affected by changes in federal and state laws and regulations that could increase our costs of operations."
At September 30, 2023, the Bank had $91.71 million of jumbo certificates of deposit of $250,000 or more. The Bank had $59.48 million in reciprocal NOW checking deposits and $11.29 million in reciprocal money market deposits at September 30, 2023. At September 30, 2023, the Bank had $38.16 million in brokered certificates of deposit. The Bank believes that its jumbo certificates of deposit, which represented 5.9% of total deposits at September 30, 2023, present similar interest rate risks as compared to its other deposits.
The following table sets forth information concerning the Bank's deposits at September 30, 2023:

Category |  | Amount |  | Percentage of Total Deposits
| (Dollars in thousands)
Non-interest bearing demand |  | $ | 455,864 |  |  | 29.21 | %
Negotiable order of withdrawal (“NOW”) checking |  | 386,730 |  |  | 24.78 |
Savings |  | 228,366 |  |  | 14.63 |
Money market |  | 189,875 |  |  | 12.16 |
Subtotal |  | 1,260,835 |  |  | 80.78 |
Certificates of Deposit (1) |  |  |  |
Maturing within 1 year |  | 251,737 |  |  | 16.13 |
Maturing after 1 year but within 2 years |  | 18,320 |  |  | 1.17 |
Maturing after 2 years but within 5 years |  | 30,029 |  |  | 1.92 |
Maturing after 5 years |  | 14 |  |  | — |
Total certificates of deposit |  | 300,100 |  |  | 19.22 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 1,560,935 |  |  | 100.00 | %

______________________
(1)Based on remaining maturity of certificates.
The following table indicates the amount of the Bank's jumbo certificates of deposit by time remaining until maturity as of September 30, 2023. Jumbo certificates of deposit have principal balances of $250,000 or more, and the rates paid on these accounts are generally negotiable.

Maturity Period |  | Amount
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Three months or less |  | $ | 27,414 |
Over three through six months |  | 33,559 |
Over six through twelve months |  | 24,039 |
Over twelve months |  | 6,702 |
Total |  | $ | 91,714 |

As of September 30, 2023, approximately $407.61 million of our deposit portfolio was uninsured. The uninsured amounts are estimates based on the methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank’s regulatory reporting requirements. The Bank is an approved depositor for public funds in Washington. Per the applicable laws, public funds must be secured by qualified investment securities. As of September 30, 2023, $112.10 million of the Bank's uninsured deposits were public funds, all of which were fully secured by qualified investment securities.
23

The following table sets forth the portion of our time deposits that are in excess of the FDIC insurance limit, by remaining time until maturity, as of September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands).

Maturity Period |  | Amount
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Three months or less |  | $ | 10,164 |
Over three through six months |  | 25,309 |
Over six through twelve months |  | 10,539 |
Over twelve months |  | 3,702 |
Total |  | $ | 49,714 |

Deposit Flow. The following table sets forth the balances of deposits in the various types of accounts offered by the Bank at the dates indicated:

| At September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Amount |  | Percent of Total |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Amount |  | Percent of Total |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Amount |  | Percent of Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Non-interest-bearing demand | $ | 455,864 |  |  | 29.21 | % |  | $ | (74,194) |  |  | $ | 530,058 |  |  | 32.48 | % |  | $ | (5,154) |  |  | $ | 535,212 |  |  | 34.08 | %
NOW checking | 386,730 |  |  | 24.78 |  |  | (61,049) |  |  | 447,779 |  |  | 27.43 |  |  | 17,682 |  |  | 430,097 |  |  | 27.39 |
Savings | 228,366 |  |  | 14.63 |  |  | (54,853) |  |  | 283,219 |  |  | 17.35 |  |  | 22,530 |  |  | 260,689 |  |  | 16.60 |
Money market | 189,875 |  |  | 12.16 |  |  | (58,661) |  |  | 248,536 |  |  | 15.23 |  |  | 38,108 |  |  | 210,428 |  |  | 13.40 |
Certificates of deposit which mature: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within 1 year | 251,737 |  |  | 16.13 |  |  | 175,426 |  |  | 76,311 |  |  | 4.68 |  |  | (5,111) |  |  | 81,422 |  |  | 5.18 |
After 1 year, but within 2 years | 18,320 |  |  | 1.17 |  |  | (4,394) |  |  | 22,714 |  |  | 1.39 |  |  | (3,727) |  |  | 26,441 |  |  | 1.68 |
After 2 years, but within 5 years | 30,029 |  |  | 1.92 |  |  | 6,540 |  |  | 23,489 |  |  | 1.44 |  |  | (2,777) |  |  | 26,266 |  |  | 1.67 |
Certificates maturing thereafter | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | (56) |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,560,935 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | (71,241) |  |  | $ | 1,632,176 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 61,621 |  |  | $ | 1,570,555 |  |  | 100.00 | %

Certificates of Deposit by Rates. The following table sets forth the certificates of deposit in the Bank classified by rates as of the dates indicated:

| At September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (Dollars in thousands)
0.00 - 1.99% | $ | 16,677 |  |  | $ | 101,070 |  |  | $ | 108,191 |
2.00 - 3.99% | 92,698 |  |  | 21,254 |  |  | 25,678 |
4.00 - 5.99% | 190,725 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 260 |
Total | $ | 300,100 |  |  | $ | 122,584 |  |  | $ | 134,129 |

Certificates of Deposit by Maturities. The following table sets forth the amount and maturities of certificates of deposit by rate at September 30, 2023:

| Amount Due
| Less Than One Year |  | One to Two Years |  | After Two to Five Years |  | After Five Years |  | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
0.00 - 1.99% | $ | 8,180 |  |  | $ | 3,162 |  |  | $ | 5,335 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,677 |
2.00 - 3.99% | 73,273 |  |  | 13,605 |  |  | 5,806 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 92,698 |
4.00 - 5.99% | 170,284 |  |  | 1,553 |  |  | 18,888 |  |  | — |  |  | 190,725 |
Total | $ | 251,737 |  |  | $ | 18,320 |  |  | $ | 30,029 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 300,100 |

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Deposit Activities. The following table sets forth the deposit activities of the Bank for the years indicated:

| Year Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (Dollars in thousands)
Beginning balance | $ | 1,632,176 |  |  | $ | 1,570,555 |  |  | $ | 1,358,406 |
Net (withdrawals) deposits before interest credited | (82,543) |  |  | 58,965 |  |  | 209,136 |
Interest credited | 11,302 |  |  | 2,656 |  |  | 3,013 |
Net (decrease) increase in deposits | (71,241) |  |  | 61,621 |  |  | 212,149 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,560,935 |  |  | $ | 1,632,176 |  |  | $ | 1,570,555 |

For additional information regarding our deposits, see "Note 10—Deposits of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report".
Borrowings. Deposits and loan repayments are generally the primary source of funds for the Bank's lending and investment activities and for general business purposes. The Bank may use borrowings from the FHLB to supplement its supply of lendable funds and to meet deposit withdrawal requirements. The FHLB functions as a central reserve bank providing credit for member financial institutions. As a member of the FHLB, the Bank is required to own capital stock in the FHLB and is authorized to apply for borrowings on the security of such stock and certain mortgage loans and other assets (principally securities which are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the U.S. government) provided certain creditworthiness standards have been met. Borrowings are made pursuant to several different credit programs. Each credit program has its own interest rate and range of maturities. Depending on the program, limitations on the amount of borrowings are based on the financial condition of the member institution and the adequacy of collateral pledged to secure the credit. At September 30, 2023, the Bank maintained a credit facility with the FHLB that provided for immediately available borrowings up to an aggregate amount to 45% of the Bank’s total assets, limited by available collateral, under which long-term borrowings totaling $15.00 million and short-term borrowings totaling $20.00 million were outstanding at September 30, 2023. The Bank maintains two short-term borrowing lines with the FRB with total credit based on eligible collateral: Borrower-in-Custody ("BIC") and Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP"). At September 30, 2023, the Bank had no outstanding balance on the BIC line, under which $146.26 million was available for future borrowings. At September 30, 2023, the Bank had no outstanding balance on the BTFP line, under which $57.00 million was available for future borrowings. A short-term borrowing line of credit of $50.00 million is also maintained at Pacific Coast Bankers' Bank ("PCBB"). The Bank had no outstanding balance on this borrowing line of credit at September 30, 2023.
For additional information regarding our borrowings, see "Note 11-FHLB Borrowings and Other Borrowings of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report".
Bank Owned Life Insurance
The Bank has purchased life insurance policies covering certain officers. These policies are recorded at their cash surrender value, net of any cash surrender charges. Increases in cash surrender value, net of policy premiums, and proceeds from death benefits are recorded in non-interest income. At September 30, 2023, the cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) was $22.97 million.
How We Are Regulated
General. As a bank holding company, Timberland Bancorp is subject to examination and supervision by, and is required to file certain reports with, the Federal Reserve. Timberland Bancorp is also subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC under the federal securities laws. As a state-chartered savings bank, the Bank is subject to regulation and oversight by the Division and the applicable provisions of Washington law and regulations of the Division adopted thereunder. The Bank also is subject to regulation and examination by the FDIC, which insures the deposits of the Bank to the maximum extent permitted by law, and requirements established by the Federal Reserve. State law and regulations govern the Bank's ability to take deposits and pay interest thereon, to make loans on or invest in residential and other real estate, to make consumer loans, to invest in securities, to offer various banking services to its customers and to establish branch offices. Under state law, savings banks in Washington also generally have all the powers that federal savings banks have under federal laws and regulations. The Bank is subject to periodic examination and reporting requirements by and of the Division and the FDIC.
The following is a brief description of certain laws and regulations applicable to Timberland Bancorp and the Bank. Descriptions of laws and regulations here and elsewhere in this report do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the actual laws and regulations. Legislation is introduced from time to time in the U.S. Congress or the
25

Washington State Legislature that may affect the operations of Timberland Bancorp and the Bank. In addition, the regulations governing the Company and the Bank may be amended from time to time by the FDIC, DFI, Federal Reserve and the CFPB. Any such legislation or regulatory changes in the future could adversely affect the Company's and the Bank's operations and financial condition. We cannot predict whether any such changes may occur.
The DFI and FDIC have extensive enforcement authority over all Washington state-chartered savings banks, including the Bank. The Federal Reserve has the same type of authority over Timberland Bancorp. This enforcement authority includes, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, issue cease-and-desist orders and removal orders and initiate injunctive actions. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices. Other actions or inactions may provide the basis for enforcement action, including misleading or untimely reports filed with the regulators.
Regulation of the Bank
The Bank, as a state-chartered savings bank, is subject to regulation and oversight by the FDIC and the Division extending to all aspects of its operations.
Insurance of Accounts and Regulation by the FDIC. The Bank’s deposits are insured up to $250,000 per separately insured deposit ownership right or category by the Deposit Insurance Fund (‘DIF”) of the FDIC. As insurer, the FDIC imposes deposit insurance premiums and is authorized to conduct examinations of, and to require reporting by, FDIC-insured institutions. The FDIC assesses deposit insurance premiums quarterly on each FDIC-insured institution applied to its deposit base, which is their average consolidated total assets minus its Tier 1 capital. No institution may pay a dividend if it is in default on its federal deposit insurance assessment. Total base assessment rates currently range from 3 to 30 basis points subject to certain adjustments.
In October 2022, the FDIC finalized a rule that increased the initial base deposit insurance assessment rates by 2 basis points, beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023 (January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023). The FDIC, as required under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, established a plan in September 2020 to restore the DIF reserve ratio to meet or exceed the statutory minimum of 1.35% within eight years. This plan did not include an increase in the deposit insurance assessment rate. Based on the FDIC’s recent projections, however, the FDIC determined that the DIF reserve ratio is at risk of not reaching the statutory minimum by the statutory deadline of September 30, 2028 without increasing the deposit insurance assessment rates. The increased assessment would improve the likelihood that the DIF reserve ratio would reach the required minimum by the statutory deadline, consistent with the FDIC’s Amended Restoration Plan.The FDIC also concurrently maintained the Designated Reserve Ratio (“DRR”) for the DIF at 2% for 2023. The new assessment rate schedules will remain in effect unless and until the reserve ratio meets or exceeds 2% to support growth in the DIF in progressing toward the FDIC’s long-term goal of a 2% DRR. Progressively lower assessment rate schedules will take effect when the reserve ratio reaches 2%, and again when it reaches 2.5%. The revised assessment rate schedule will remain in effect unless and until the reserve ratio meets or exceeds 2%, absent further action by the FDIC.
In a banking industry emergency, the FDIC may also impose a special assessment. As insurer, the FDIC is authorized to conduct examinations of and to require reporting by FDIC-insured institutions. The FDIC also may prohibit any insured institution from engaging in any activity the FDIC determines by regulation or order to pose a serious risk to the DIF. The FDIC also has the authority to take enforcement actions against banks and savings associations. Management is not aware of any existing circumstances which would result in termination of the Bank's deposit insurance.
Capital Requirements. Federally insured financial institutions, such as the Bank, and their holding companies, are required to maintain a minimum level of regulatory capital. The Bank is subject to capital regulations adopted by the FDIC, which establish minimum required ratios for a common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital to risk-based assets ratio, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio, a total capital to risk-based assets ratio and a Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio. The capital standards require the maintenance of the following minimum capital ratios: (i) a CET1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6%; (iii) a total capital ratio of 8%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%. Consolidated regulatory capital requirements identical to those applicable to subsidiary banks generally apply to bank holding companies. However, the Federal Reserve has provided a “Small Bank Holding Company” exception to its consolidated capital requirements, and bank holding companies with less than $3.0 billion of consolidated assets are not subject to the consolidated holding company capital requirements unless otherwise directed by the Federal Reserve.
The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (“EGRRCPA”), enacted in May 2018, required the federal banking agencies, including the FDIC, to establish for institutions with assets of less than $10 billion a “community bank leverage ratio” or “CBLR” of between 8 to 10%. Institutions with capital meeting or exceeding the ratio and otherwise complying with the specified requirements (including off-balance sheet exposures of 25% or less of total assets and
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trading assets and liabilities of 5% or less of total assets) and electing the alternative framework are considered to comply with the applicable regulatory capital requirements, including the risk-based requirements. The CBLR was established at 9% Tier 1 capital to total average assets, effective January 1, 2020. A qualifying institution may opt in and out of the community bank leverage ratio framework on its quarterly call report. An institution that temporarily ceases to meet any qualifying criteria is provided with a two-quarter grace period to again achieve compliance. Failure to meet the qualifying criteria within the grace period or maintain a leverage ratio of 8% or greater requires the institution to comply with the generally applicable capital requirements. The Bank has not elected to use the CBLR framework as of September 30, 2023.
To be considered well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action regulations, the Bank must maintain a CET1 risk-based ratio of 6.5%, a Tier 1 risk-based ratio of 8%, a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% and a leverage ratio of 5%, and the Bank must not be subject to an individualized order, directive or agreement under which its primary federal banking regulator requires it to maintain a specific capital level.
In addition to the minimum capital requirements, the Bank must maintain a capital conservation buffer that consists of additional CET1 capital greater than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets above the required minimum risk-based capital ratios to avoid limitations on paying dividends, repurchasing shares and paying certain discretionary bonuses. At September 30, 2023, the Bank met the requirements to be "well capitalized," and the Bank's CET1 capital exceeded the required conservation buffer.
For additional information regarding the Bank's regulatory capital requirements, see "Note 17-Regulatory Matters" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
The FASB adopted a new accounting standard for GAAP that is effective as of October 1, 2023. This standard, referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss, or CECL, requires FDIC-insured institutions and their holding companies (banking organizations) to recognize credit losses expected over the life of certain financial assets. CECL covers a broader range of assets than the current method of recognizing credit losses and generally results in earlier recognition of credit losses. Upon adoption of CECL, a banking organization must record a one-time adjustment to its credit loss allowances as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption equal to the difference, if any, between the amount of credit loss allowances under the current methodology and the amount required under CECL. For a banking organization, implementation of CECL is generally likely to reduce retained earnings, and to affect other items, in a manner that reduces its regulatory capital.
The federal banking regulators (the Federal Reserve, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the FDIC) have adopted a rule that gives a banking organization the option to phase in over a three-year period the day-one adverse effects of CECL on its regulatory capital.
Prompt Corrective Action. Federal statutes establish a supervisory framework based on five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. An institution’s category depends upon where its capital levels are in relation to relevant capital measures, which include a risk-based capital measure, a leverage ratio capital measure and certain other factors. An institution that is not well capitalized is subject to certain restrictions on brokered deposits, including restrictions on the rates it can offer on its deposits generally. Any institution which is neither well capitalized nor adequately capitalized is considered undercapitalized. The final rule establishing an elective "community bank leverage ratio" regulatory capital framework provides that a qualifying institution whose capital exceeds the CBLR and opts to use the framework will be considered "well capitalized" for purposes of prompt corrective action.
Undercapitalized institutions are subject to certain prompt corrective action requirements, regulatory controls and restrictions which become more extensive as an institution becomes more severely undercapitalized. Failure by an institution to comply with applicable capital requirements would, if unremedied, result in progressively more severe restrictions on its activities and lead to enforcement actions, including, but not limited to, the issuance of a capital directive to ensure the maintenance of required capital levels and, ultimately, the appointment of the FDIC as receiver or conservator. Banking regulators will take prompt corrective action with respect to depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. Additionally, approval of any regulatory application filed for their review may be dependent on compliance with capital requirements.
At September 30, 2023, the Bank was categorized as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action regulations of the FDIC. For additional information regarding the Bank's minimum regulatory capital requirements, see "Capital Requirements" above and "Note 17-Regulatory Matters" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Bank is a member of the FHLB, one of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks that administer the home financing credit function of savings institutions, each serving as a reserve or central bank for its
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members within its assigned region. The FHLB is funded primarily from proceeds derived from the sale of consolidated obligations of the FHLB System. It makes loans to members in accordance with policies and procedures, established by the Board of Directors of the FHLB, which are subject to the oversight of the Federal Housing Finance Board. All borrowings from the FHLB are required to be fully secured by sufficient collateral as determined by the FHLB. In addition, all long-term borrowings are required to provide funds for residential home financing. See “Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds – Borrowings" above.
As a member, the Bank is required to purchase and maintain stock in the FHLB based on the Bank's asset size and level of borrowings from the FHLB. At September 30, 2023, the Bank had $3.60 million in FHLB stock, which was in compliance with this requirement. The FHLB pays dividends quarterly, and the Bank received $95,000 in dividends during the year ended September 30, 2023.
The Federal Home Loan Banks continue to contribute to low- and moderately-priced housing programs through direct loans or interest subsidies on borrowings targeted for community investment and low- and moderate-income housing projects. These contributions have adversely affected the level of FHLB dividends paid and could continue to do so in the future. These contributions could also have an adverse effect on the value of FHLB stock in the future. A reduction in value of the Bank's FHLB stock may result in a decrease in net income and possibly capital.
Standards for Safety and Soundness. Each federal banking agency, including the FDIC, has adopted guidelines establishing general standards relating to internal controls, information and internal audit systems; loan documentation; credit underwriting; interest rate risk exposure; asset growth; asset quality; earnings; and compensation, fees and benefits. In general, the guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risks and exposures specified in the guidelines. The guidelines prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and describe compensation as excessive when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director, or principal shareholder. If the FDIC determines that an institution fails to meet any of these guidelines, it may require an institution to submit to the FDIC an acceptable plan to achieve compliance. Management of the Bank is not aware of any conditions relating to these safety and soundness standards which would require submission of a plan of compliance.
Commercial Real Estate Lending Concentrations. The federal banking agencies have issued guidance on sound risk management practices for concentrations in commercial real estate lending. The particular focus is on exposure to commercial real estate loans that are dependent on the cash flow from the real estate held as collateral and that are likely to be sensitive to conditions in the commercial real estate market (as opposed to real estate collateral held as a secondary source of repayment or as an abundance of caution). The purpose of the guidance is not to limit a bank’s commercial real estate lending but to guide banks in developing risk management practices and capital levels commensurate with the level and nature of real estate concentrations. The guidance directs the FDIC and other federal bank regulatory agencies to focus their supervisory resources on institutions that may have significant commercial real estate loan concentration risk. A bank that has experienced rapid growth in commercial real estate lending, has notable exposure to a specific type of commercial real estate loan, or is approaching or exceeding the following supervisory criteria may be identified for further supervisory analysis with respect to real estate concentration risk:
• Total reported loans for construction, land development and other land represent 100% or more of the bank’s total regulatory capital; or
• Total commercial real estate loans (as defined in the guidance) represent 300% or more of the bank’s total regulatory capital and the outstanding balance of the bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months.
The guidance provides that the strength of an institution’s lending and risk management practices with respect to such concentrations will be taken into account in supervisory guidance on evaluation of capital adequacy. As of September 30, 2023, the Bank’s aggregate recorded loan balances for construction, land development and land loans were 84.08% of regulatory capital. In addition, at September 30, 2023 the Bank’s loans on commercial real estate, as defined by the FDIC, were 289.24% of regulatory capital.
Activities and Investments of Insured State-Chartered Financial Institutions. Federal law generally limits the activities and equity investments of FDIC-insured state-chartered banks to those that are permissible for national banks. An insured state bank is not prohibited from, among other things, (i) acquiring or retaining a majority interest in a subsidiary, (ii) investing as a limited partner in a partnership, the sole purpose of which is direct or indirect investment in the acquisition, rehabilitation or new construction of a qualified housing project, provided that such limited partnership investments may not
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exceed 2% of the bank's total assets, (iii) acquiring up to 10% of the voting stock of a company that solely provides or reinsures directors' and officers' liability insurance coverage or bankers' blanket bond group insurance coverage for insured depository institutions, and (iv) acquiring or retaining the voting shares of a depository institution owned by another FDIC-insured institution if certain requirements are met.
Under the laws of Washington State, Washington-chartered savings banks may exercise any of the powers of Washington-chartered commercial banks, national banks and federally-chartered savings banks, subject to the approval of the DFI in certain situations. In addition, Washington-chartered savings banks may charge the maximum interest rate allowable for loans and other extensions of credit by federally-chartered financial institutions to Washington residents.
Environmental Issues Associated With Real Estate Lending. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) is a federal statute that generally imposes strict liability on all prior and present "owners and operators" of sites containing hazardous waste. However, Congress acted to protect secured creditors by providing that the term “owner and operator” excludes a person whose ownership is limited to protecting its security interest in the site. Since the enactment of the CERCLA, this “secured creditor exemption” has been the subject of judicial interpretations which have left open the possibility that lenders could be liable for cleanup costs on contaminated property that they hold as collateral for a loan.
To the extent that legal uncertainty exists in this area, all creditors, including the Bank, that have made loans secured by properties with potentially hazardous waste contamination (such as petroleum contamination) could be subject to liability for cleanup costs, which costs often substantially exceed the value of the collateral property.
Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve requires all depository institutions to maintain reserves at specified levels against their transaction accounts, primarily checking accounts. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve reduced reserve requirement ratios to zero percent effective on March 26, 2020, to support lending to households and businesses. At September 30, 2023, the Bank was in compliance with the reserve requirements in place at that time.
Transactions with Affiliates. Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and the Bank are separate and distinct legal entities. The Bank is an affiliate of Timberland Bancorp, Inc. Federal laws strictly limit the ability of banks to engage in certain transactions with their affiliates. Transactions deemed to be a “covered transaction” under Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act between a bank and an affiliate are limited to 10% of the bank's capital and surplus and, with respect to all affiliates, to an aggregate of 20% of the bank's capital and surplus. Further, covered transactions that are loans and extensions of credit generally are required to be secured by eligible collateral in specified amounts. Federal law also requires that covered transactions and certain other transactions listed in Section 23B of the Federal Reserve Act between a bank and its affiliates be on terms as favorable to the bank as transactions with non-affiliates.
Community Reinvestment Act. Banks are also subject to the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (“CRA”), which requires the appropriate federal bank regulatory agency to assess a bank’s performance under the CRA in meeting the credit needs of the community serviced by the bank, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The regulatory agency’s assessment of the bank’s record is made available to the public. Further, a bank’s performance must be considered in connection with a bank’s application to, among other things, establish a new branch office that will accept deposits, relocate an existing office or merge or consolidate with, or acquire the assets or assume the liabilities of, a federally regulated financial institution. The Bank received a “satisfactory” rating during its most recent examination.
On October 24, 2023, the federal banking agencies, including the FDIC, issued a final rule designed to strengthen and modernize regulations implementing the CRA. The changes are designed to encourage banks to expand access to credit, investment and banking services in low and moderate income communities, adapt to changes in the banking industry including mobile and internet banking, provide greater clarity and consistency in the application of the CRA regulations and tailor CRA evaluations and data collection to bank size and type. The Bank cannot predict the impact the changes to the CRA will have on its operations at this time.
Dividends. Dividends from the Bank constitute the major source of funds available for dividends which may be paid to Company shareholders. The amount of dividends payable by the Bank to the Company depends upon the Bank's earnings and capital position, and is limited by federal and state laws, regulations and policies. According to Washington law, the Bank may not declare or pay a cash dividend on its capital stock if it would cause its net worth to be reduced below (i) the amount required for liquidation accounts or (ii) the net worth requirements, if any, imposed by the Director of the Division. In addition, dividends on the Bank's capital stock may not be paid in an aggregate amount greater than the aggregate retained earnings of the Bank, without the approval of the Director of the Division. Dividends payable by the Bank can be limited or prohibited if the Bank does not meet the capital conservation buffer requirement.
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The amount of dividends actually paid during any one period will be strongly affected by the Bank's management policy of maintaining a strong capital position. Federal law further provides that no insured depository institution may pay a cash dividend if it would cause the institution to be “undercapitalized,” as defined in the prompt corrective action regulations. Moreover, the federal bank regulatory agencies also have the general authority to limit the dividends paid by insured banks if such payments should be deemed to constitute an unsafe and unsound practice.
Anti-Money Laundering and Customer Identification. The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (USA Patriot Act) was signed into law on October 26, 2001. The USA PATRIOT Act and the Bank Secrecy Act requires financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts, and, effective in 2018, the beneficial owners of accounts. Bank regulators are directed to consider a holding company’s effectiveness in combating money laundering when ruling on Bank Holding Company Act and Bank Merger Act applications.
Privacy Standards and Cybersecurity. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 modernized the financial services industry by establishing a comprehensive framework to permit affiliations among commercial banks, insurance companies, securities firms and other financial service providers. Federal banking agencies, including the FDIC, have adopted guidelines for establishing information security standards and cybersecurity programs for implementing safeguards under the supervision of the board of directors. These guidelines, along with related regulatory materials, increasingly focus on risk management and processes related to information technology and the use of third parties in the provision of financial services. These regulations require the Bank to disclose its privacy policy, including informing consumers of its information sharing practices and informing consumers of their rights to opt out of certain practices. In addition, Washington and other federal and state cybersecurity and data privacy laws and regulations may expose the Bank to risk and result in certain risk management costs. In addition, on November 18, 2021, the federal banking agencies announced the adoption of a final rule providing for new notification requirements for banking organizations and their service providers for significant cybersecurity incidents. Specifically, the new rule requires a banking organization to notify its primary federal regulator as soon as possible, and no later than 36 hours after, the banking organization determines that a “computer-security incident” rising to the level of a “notification incident” has occurred. Notification is required for incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the viability of a banking organization’s operations, its ability to deliver banking products and services, or the stability of the financial sector. Service providers are required under the rule to notify affected banking organization customers as soon as possible when the provider determines that it has experienced a computer-security incident that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect the banking organization’s customers for four or more hours. Compliance with the new rule was required by May 1, 2022. Non-compliance with federal or similar state privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations could lead to substantial regulatory imposed fines and penalties, damages from private causes of action and/or reputational harm.
Further, on July 26, 2023, the SEC adopted final rules that require public companies to promptly disclose material cybersecurity incidents in a Current Report on Form 8-K (“Form 8-K”) and detailed information regarding their cybersecurity risk management and governance on an annual basis in an Annual Report on Form 10-K (Form 10-K”). Companies will be required to report on Form 8-K any cybersecurity incident they determine to be material within four business days of making that determination. Smaller reporting companies, such as the Company, must begin complying with incident reporting on Form 8-K no later than June 15, 2024. Companies must provide the annual disclosures about cybersecurity risk management and governance beginning with their Form 10-K for fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2023.
Other Consumer Protection Laws and Regulations. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the "Dodd-Frank Act") established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") as an independent bureau of the Federal Reserve with responsibility for the implementation of federal financial consumer protection and fair lending laws and regulations. The Bank is subject to consumer protection regulations issued by the CFPB, but as a smaller financial institution, is generally subject to supervision and enforcement by the FDIC and DFI with respect to its compliance with federal and state consumer financial protection laws and regulations.
The Bank is subject to a broad array of federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations that govern almost every aspect of its business relationships with consumers. While the list set forth below is not exhaustive, these include the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act, the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act, the Consumer Leasing Act, the Fair Credit Billing Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act, laws governing flood insurance, laws governing consumer protections in connection with the sale of insurance, federal and state laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive business practices, and various
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regulations that implement some or all of the foregoing. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits, making loans, collecting loans, and providing other services. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations can subject the Bank to various penalties, including but not limited to, enforcement actions, injunctions, fines, civil liability, criminal penalties, punitive damages, and the loss of certain contractual rights.
Regulation of the Company
General. The Company, as the sole shareholder of the Bank, is a bank holding company registered with the Federal Reserve. Bank holding companies are subject to comprehensive regulation by the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (“BHCA”), and the regulations promulgated thereunder. This regulation and oversight are generally intended to ensure that the Company limits its activities to those allowed by law and that it operates in a safe and sound manner without endangering the financial health of the Bank.
As a bank holding company, the Company is required to file semi-annual reports with the Federal Reserve and any additional information required by the Federal Reserve and is subject to regular examinations by the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve also has extensive enforcement authority over bank holding companies, including the ability to assess civil money penalties, to issue cease and desist or removal orders and to require that a holding company divest subsidiaries (including its bank subsidiaries). In general, enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices.
BHCA. The Company is supervised by the Federal Reserve under the BHCA. The Federal Reserve has a policy that a bank holding company is required to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank and may not conduct its operations in an unsafe or unsound manner. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act and earlier Federal Reserve policy provide that a bank holding company should serve as a source of strength to its subsidiary bank by having the ability to provide financial assistance to its subsidiary bank during periods of financial distress to the bank. A bank holding company’s failure to meet its obligation to serve as a source of strength to its subsidiary bank will generally be considered by the Federal Reserve to be an unsafe and unsound banking practice or a violation of the Federal Reserve’s regulations or both. No regulations have yet been proposed by the Federal Reserve to implement the source of strength provisions required by the Dodd-Frank Act. Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and any subsidiaries that it may control are considered “affiliates” within the meaning of the Federal Reserve Act, and transactions between the Bank and affiliates are subject to numerous restrictions. With some exceptions, Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries are prohibited from tying the provision of various services, such as extensions of credit, to other services offered by Timberland Bancorp, Inc. or by its affiliates.
Acquisitions. The BHCA prohibits a bank holding company, with certain exceptions, from acquiring ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company that is not a bank or bank holding company and from engaging in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks, or providing services for its subsidiaries. Under the BHCA, the Federal Reserve may approve the ownership of shares by a bank holding company in any company, the activities of which the Federal Reserve has determined to be so closely related to the business of banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. These activities include: operating a savings institution, mortgage company, finance company, credit card company or factoring company; performing certain data processing operations; providing certain investment and financial advice; underwriting and acting as an insurance agent for certain types of credit-related insurance; leasing property on a full-payout, non-operating basis; selling money orders, travelers’ checks and U.S. Savings Bonds; real estate and personal property appraising; providing tax planning and preparation services; and, subject to certain limitations, providing securities brokerage services for customers. The Federal Reserve must approve the acquisition (or acquisition of control) of a bank or other FDIC-insured depository institution by a bank holding company, and the appropriate federal banking regulator must approve a bank’s acquisition (or acquisition of control) of another bank or other FDIC-insured institution.
Acquisition of Control of a Bank Holding Company. Under federal law, a notice or application must be submitted to the appropriate federal banking regulator if any person (including a company), or group acting in concert, seeks to acquire “control” of a bank holding company. An acquisition of control can occur upon the acquisition of 10% or more of the voting stock of a bank holding company or as otherwise defined by federal regulations. In considering such a notice or application, the Federal Reserve takes into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and the anti-trust effects of the acquisition. Any company that acquires control becomes subject to regulation as a bank holding company. Depending on circumstances, a notice or application may be required to be filed with appropriate state banking regulators and may be subject to their approval or non-objection.
Dividends. Federal Reserve policy limits the payment of cash dividends by bank holding companies, which expresses the Federal Reserve's view that a bank holding company should pay cash dividends only to the extent that the company's net income for the past year is sufficient to cover both the cash dividends and a rate of earnings retention that is consistent with the
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company's capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition, and that it is inappropriate for a company experiencing serious financial problems to borrow funds to pay dividends. Under Washington corporate law, the Company generally may not pay dividends if after that payment it would not be able to pay its liabilities as they become due in the usual course of business, or its total assets would be less than its total liabilities. The capital conservation buffer requirement can also limit dividends.
Stock Repurchases. Bank holding companies, except for certain “well-capitalized” and highly rated bank holding companies, are required to give the Federal Reserve prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of its outstanding equity securities if the consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, is equal to 10% or more of their consolidated net worth. The Federal Reserve may disapprove a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice or would violate any law, regulation, Federal Reserve order, or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the Federal Reserve.
Capital Requirements. As discussed above, pursuant to the “Small Bank Holding Company” exception, effective August 30, 2018, bank holding companies with less than $3.00 billion in consolidated assets were generally no longer subject to the Federal Reserve’s capital regulations, which are generally the same as the capital regulations applicable to the Bank. At the time of this change, Timberland Bancorp, Inc. was considered “well capitalized” as defined for a bank holding company with a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or more and a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or more, and was not subject to an individualized order, directive or agreement under which the Federal Reserve requires it to maintain a specific capital level. If the Company were subject to regulatory guidelines for bank holding companies with $3.00 billion or more in assets, at September 30, 2023, the Company would have exceeded all regulatory requirements.
For additional information, see "Note 17-Regulatory Matters" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Federal Securities Laws. Timberland Bancorp, Inc.’s common stock is registered with the SEC under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). The Company is subject to information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Exchange Act.
Taxation
Federal Taxation
General. The Company and the Bank report their operations on a fiscal year basis using the accrual method of accounting and are subject to federal income taxation in the same manner as other corporations. The following discussion of tax matters is intended only as a summary and does not purport to be a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Bank or the Company.
Dividends-Received Deduction. The Company may exclude from its income 100.0% of dividends received from the Bank as a member of the same affiliated group of corporations. The corporate dividends-received deduction is generally 50.0% in the case of dividends received from unaffiliated corporations with which the Company and the Bank will not file a consolidated tax return, except that if the Company or the Bank owns more than 20.0% and less than 80% of the stock of a corporation distributing a dividend, then 65.0% of any dividends received may be deducted.
Audits. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examination by tax authorities for years ended on or before September 30, 2019.
For additional information regarding our federal income taxes, see "Note 13-Income Taxes" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Washington Taxation
The Company and the Bank are subject to a business and occupation tax imposed under Washington law at the rate of 1.8% of gross receipts at September 30, 2023. In addition, various municipalities also assess business and occupation taxes at differing rates. Interest received on loans secured by mortgages or deeds of trust on residential properties, certain residential mortgage-backed securities, and certain U.S. government and agency securities is not subject to this tax.
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Competition
The Bank operates in an intensely competitive market for the attraction of deposits and in the origination of loans. The Bank competes for loans and deposits with other commercial banks, thrift institutions, credit unions, mortgage bankers and other providers of financial services, including finance companies, online-only banks, mutual funds, insurance companies, and more recently with financial technology companies that rely on technology to provide financial services. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources than we do. Particularly in times of high or rising interest rates, the Bank also faces significant competition for investor's funds from short-term money market securities and other corporate and government securities. The Bank competes for loans principally through the range and quality of services we provide, interest rates and loan fees, and robust delivery channels for our products and services. The Bank actively solicits deposit-related clients and competes for deposits by offering depositors a variety of savings accounts, checking accounts, cash management and other services.
Subsidiary Activities
The Company has one wholly-owned subsidiary, the Bank. The Bank has one wholly-owned direct subsidiary, Timberland Service Corp. (“Timberland Service”), whose primary function is to provide escrow services.
Employees and Human Capital Resources
As part of our commitment to transparency and excellence, we are pleased to share an overview of the Company’s human capital strategies and achievements. Our emphasis on nurturing a dynamic, engaged, and resilient workforce remains pivotal to our success. Our efforts encapsulate our commitment to fostering a robust and engaged workforce, highlighting our focus on talent, well-being, development, and strategic alignment. We are proud of the progress made in enhancing our human capital, recognizing it as a fundamental driver of the Company’s sustained growth. These initiatives collectively underscore our commitment to fostering a workforce deeply connected to the needs and values of our community. We're dedicated to continued growth, guided by the principles of service, integrity, and community stewardship.
Workforce Representation. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had 285 full-time employees and 13 part-time and on-call employees. The employees are not represented by a collective bargaining unit, and the Company believes that its relationship with its employees is positive. We believe that our ability to attract and retain employees is a key to our success. Accordingly, we strive to offer competitive salaries and employee benefits to all employees and monitor salaries in our market areas. The average tenure of our employees was 7.9 years as of September 30, 2023. Our workforce was 80% female and 20% male, and women held 81% of the Company’s management roles (including department supervisors and managers, as well as executive leadership). The average tenure of management was 14.8 years. The ethnicity of our workforce was 80% White, 8% Hispanic or Latinx, 4% Asian, 3% two or more races, 2% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 2% African American or Black and 1% American Indian or Alaska Native. The Company's board of directors is comprised of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and seven non-employee directors, including four directors who identified as female and one who identified as a member of a minority community.
Talent Acquisition and Attrition. Strategic talent acquisition efforts have expanded our workforce with diverse skill sets aligned with our strategic goals. We continue to manage attrition rates and showcase a retention-centric approach in working with our leaders, ensuring stability within our talented teams. Our recruitment strategy emphasizes local talent acquisition and continues to result in bolstering our teams with individuals deeply rooted in the communities the Company serves. The Company continues to evolve its strategy of promoting diversity through the posting of open positions to diverse job sites. The Company observes a fair and equitable application process for positions that are advertised both internally and externally.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (“DEI”). The Company recognizes the importance of acknowledging our employees’ unique identities, perspectives and contributions. In 2023, Timberland chose to adopt a formal program that fosters an environment that provides all employees with equitable access to opportunities for growth and development and a workforce that reflects the communities we serve. Our Human Resources Director and our DEI Officer oversee the program scope of education/training, recruitment, and hiring practices. Training programs such as unconscious bias training for hiring managers, DEI online training for all employees of the Company and a newly implemented Employee Resource Group (“ERG”) focuses efforts on equity, fairness, and inclusivity of employee engagement throughout the organization’s workforce.
Benefits. The Company provides competitive comprehensive benefits to our employees. Our commitment to ensuring a safe, healthy workplace has been unwavering, with proactive measures to safeguard our employees' well-being. Benefit
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programs available to eligible employees may include 401(k) savings plan, employee stock ownership plan, health and life insurance, health savings accounts and flexible spending accounts, employee assistance program, paid holidays, paid time off, paid volunteer time, paid time off for the employee’s birthday and other leave as applicable. The Company promotes wellness initiatives through DEI and benefits administration to all employees that focuses on self-care, nutrition, work life balance, and financial education. Sustained focus on employee health and safety underscores our commitment to a secure workplace.
Total Rewards (Compensation and Benefits). Our commitment to providing competitive and equitable total rewards packages reinforces our employees' dedication and contributions. We're proud to provide competitive and meaningful total rewards, acknowledging the contributions of our employees through our transparency of wage and benefit information of posted positions, 401(k), employee stock ownership plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, profit sharing for eligible employees, annual performance based merit increases, semi-annual performance reviews, organizational celebrations, employee wellness campaigns, recognition events, and career development opportunities within the organization.
Employee Engagement and Training. Our community-focused approach has significantly boosted employee engagement, fostering a sense of belonging and purpose. The Company’s strategy is to create long term, productive relationships through developmental growth with its employees. The Company offers ongoing training to employees throughout their career with the Company. A combination of delivery methods for both regulatory and professional development training is used. Modalities include third-party training, in-house training, and computer system based training for employees to engage in education. Managers and supervisors are offered monthly training on a variety of management areas, including performance coaching and development of employees. This training is created and facilitated in-house and offered virtually. The Company also recognizes the value of allowing employees to shadow and observe other areas of the Company to promote career development. Currently, all Company employees receive two performance reviews each year. In 2023, the Company participated in an Employee Climate Survey. Results from the survey have been reviewed and additional engagement strategies will continue to be developed based on the survey findings. The Company’s culture is one that values integrity, honesty, hard work, and community. Employees are free to voice their ideas and supported in their attempts to better themselves professionally and improve the organization. The Company offers an employee referral incentive to attract new talent to the organization. New employees receive a formal 90 day assessment at the completion of their probationary period. Employees are eligible for increased vacation leave accruals based on time in service at the Company. Employees receive recognition through several metrics based on performance, time in service, process improvements and efficiencies.
Talent Development and Succession Planning. The Company recognizes that the skills and knowledge of its employees are critical to the success of the organization, and promotes training and continuing education as an ongoing function for employees. The Company’s compliance training program provides annual training courses to help ensure that all employees and officers know the rules applicable to their jobs. Additional training and testing programs are offered to employees of certain job positions within the Company to promote and recognize advancement of skill and mastery within the position. Employees are encouraged to attend external education opportunities in the form of training, conferences, and networking events. Internal, robust talent development programs cater to the unique needs of our employees, ensuring their growth aligns with our organizational values. Succession planning initiatives and specific training programs ensure a pipeline of skilled individuals prepared to lead the Company into the future.
Volunteerism. The Company embraces social responsibility, our workforce actively participates in volunteer initiatives, positively impacting our communities. Volunteerism remains a cornerstone of our culture, reflecting our commitment to giving back. The Company offers 20 hours of paid time each year for eligible employees to volunteer at non-profit organizations within the Company’s geographic footprint, benefiting the communities Timberland serves.
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Executive Officers of the Registrant
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the executive officers of the Company and the Bank:
Executive Officers of the Company and Bank

|  | Age at September 30, 2023 |  | Position
Name |  |  | Company |  | Bank
Dean J. Brydon |  | 56 |  | Chief Executive Officer |  | Chief Executive Officer
Jonathan A. Fischer |  | 49 |  | President, Chief Operating Officer and Secretary |  | President, Chief Operating Officer and Secretary
Marci A. Basich |  | 54 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Matthew J. DeBord |  | 43 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Lending Officer |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Lending Officer
Edward C. Foster |  | 66 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Credit Administrator |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Credit Administrator
Breanne D. Antich |  | 40 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer

Biographical Information.
Dean J. Brydon has been affiliated with the Bank since 1994 and has served as Chief Executive Officer of the Bank and the Company since February 1, 2023. Prior to his promotion to Chief Executive Officer Mr. Brydon served as President of the Bank and Company from January 2022 to January 2023. Mr. Brydon also served as the Chief Financial Officer of the Company and the Bank from January 2000 to January 2023. Mr. Brydon also served as Secretary of the Company and the Bank from January 2004 to January 2022. Mr. Brydon is a Certified Public Accountant.
Jonathan A. Fischer has been affiliated with the Bank since October 1997 and was promoted to President of the Bank and the Company on February 1, 2023. Mr. Fischer has served as Chief Operating Officer since August 23, 2012 and as Secretary of the Bank and the Company since January 2022. Prior to that, Mr. Fischer had served as the Compliance Officer from January 2000 to October 2012 and the Chief Risk Officer from October 2010 to January 2014.
Marci A. Basich has been affiliated with the Bank since 1999 and was promoted to Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Bank and Company on February 1, 2023. Previously Ms. Basich served as Treasurer of the Bank and Company from January 2002 to January 2023. Ms. Basich is a Certified Public Accountant.
Matthew J. DeBord has been affiliated with the Bank since 2012 and was promoted to Executive Vice President and Chief Lending Officer on April 1, 2023. Prior to being promoted to Chief Lending Officer, Mr. DeBord served as a Commercial Loan Officer and Commercial Lending Team Leader. Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. DeBord was employed by a national bank as a Commercial Resolution Officer from January 2010 to December 2012. Mr. DeBord was a Vice President and Portfolio Manager with a local Savings Bank from April 2006 to January 2010 and was employed by Washington State Department of Financial Institutions - Division of Banks as a Financial Examiner from June of 2003 to April 2006.
Edward C. Foster has been affiliated with the Bank and has served as Chief Credit Administrator since February 2012. Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. Foster was employed by the FDIC, where he served as a Loan Review Specialist from January 2011 to February 2012. Mr. Foster owned a credit administration consulting business from February 2010 to January 2011. Prior to that, Mr. Foster served as the Chief Credit Officer for Carson River Community Bank from April 2008 through February 2010.
Breanne D. Antich, has been affiliated with the Bank since 2007 and was promoted to Chief Technology Officer on January 25, 2022 and was promoted to Executive Vice President on February 1, 2023. Prior to this Ms. Antich served as our Information Technology Manager.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
We assume and manage a certain degree of risk in order to conduct our business. In addition to the risk factors described below, other risks and uncertainties not specifically mentioned, or that are currently known to, or deemed to be immaterial by management, also may materially and adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks described below together with all the other information included in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC. If any of the circumstances described in the following risk factors actually occur to a significant degree, the value of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. This report is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors.
Risks Related to Economic Conditions
Our business may be adversely affected by downturns in the national economy and in the economies in our market areas.
Substantially all our loans are to businesses and individuals in the state of Washington. A return of recessionary conditions or adverse economic conditions in our local market areas of Grays Harbor, Pierce, Thurston, King, Kitsap and Lewis counties Washington, which we consider to be our primary market area, may reduce our rate of growth, affect our customers' ability to repay loans and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. General economic conditions, including inflation, unemployment and money supply fluctuations, also may adversely affect our profitability. Weakness in the global economy and global supply chain issues have adversely affected many businesses operating in our markets that are dependent upon international trade. Changes in agreements or relationships between the United States and other countries may also affect these businesses.
A deterioration in economic conditions in the market areas we serve as a result of inflation, a recession, the effects of COVID-19 variants or other factors could result in the following consequences, any of which could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations:
•loan delinquencies, problem assets and foreclosures may increase;
•we may increase our allowance for loan losses;
•the sale of foreclosed assets may slow;
•demand for our products and services may decline possibly resulting in a decrease in our total loans, total deposits, or assets;
•collateral for loans made may decline in value, exposing us to increased risk loans, reducing customers’ borrowing power, and reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with existing loans;
•the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us; and
•the amount of our low-cost or non-interest bearing deposits may decrease and the composition of our deposits may be adversely affected.
A decline in local economic conditions may have a greater effect on our earnings and capital than on the earnings and capital of larger financial institutions whose real estate loans are geographically diverse. Many of the loans in our portfolio are secured by real estate. Deterioration in the real estate markets where collateral for a mortgage loan is located could negatively affect the borrower's ability to repay the loan and the value of the collateral securing the loan. Real estate values are affected by various other factors, including changes in general or regional economic conditions, government rules or policies and natural disasters such as fires and earthquakes. If we are required to liquidate a significant amount of collateral during a period of reduced real estate values, our financial condition and profitability could be adversely affected.
External economic factors, such as changes in monetary policy and inflation and deflation, may have an adverse effect on our business financial conditions and results of operations.
Our financial condition and results of operations are affected by credit policies of monetary authorities, particularly the Federal Reserve. Actions by monetary and fiscal authorities, including the Federal Reserve, could lead to inflation, deflation, or other economic phenomena that could adversely affect our financial performance. Inflation has risen sharply since the end of 2021 and throughout 2022 at levels not seen for over 40 years. Inflationary pressures, while dissipating, remained elevated throughout the first half of 2023. The annual inflation rate in the United States decreased to 3.7% in September 2023 from its high of 7.0% in December 2021, as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Small to medium-sized businesses may be
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impacted more during periods of high inflation as they are not able to leverage economies of scale to mitigate cost pressures compared to larger businesses. Consequently, the ability of our business customers to repay their loans may deteriorate, and in some cases this deterioration may occur quickly, which would adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, a prolonged period of inflation could cause wages and other costs to the Company to increase, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Virtually all our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates tend to have a more significant impact on our performance than general levels of inflation or deflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or by the same magnitude as the prices of goods and services.
The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could continue to affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the global and national economy and certain industries and geographies in which our clients operate. Given its ongoing and dynamic nature, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the business of the Company, its clients, employees and third-party service providers. The extent of such impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain. Additionally, the responses of various governmental and nongovernmental authorities and consumers to the pandemic may have material long-term effects on the Company and its clients which are difficult to quantify in the near-term or long-term.
Given the ongoing dynamic nature of variants of COVID-19, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak on our business. As the result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related adverse local and national economic consequences, we could be subject to any number of risks, which could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, ability to execute our growth strategy, and ability to pay dividends. These risks include, but are not limited to, changes in demand for our products and services; increased loan losses or other impairments in our loan portfolios and increases in our allowance for loan losses; a decline in collateral for our loans, especially real estate; unanticipated unavailability of employees; increased cyber security risks as employees work remotely; a prolonged weakness in economic conditions resulting in a reduction of future projected earnings could necessitate a valuation allowance against our current outstanding deferred tax assets; a triggering event leading to impairment testing on our goodwill or core deposit and customer relationships intangibles, which could result in an impairment charge; and increased costs as the Company and our regulators, customers and vendors adapt to evolving pandemic conditions.
Risks Related to our Lending Activities
Our real estate construction and land loans expose us to significant risks.
We specialize in real estate construction loans for individuals and builders, mainly focusing on residential property development. Our loans are initiated regardless of whether the property used as collateral is under a sales contract. As of September 30, 2023, our construction loans totaled $273.84 million, comprising 19.2% of our overall loan portfolio. These were allocated as follows: $203.94 million for residential real estate projects, $51.06 million for commercial projects, and $18.84 million for land development. Comparatively, this marked a 7.1% increase from the previous year, where construction loans accounted for $255.62 million or 20.4% of our total loan portfolio as of September 30, 2022. Notably, approximately $129.70 million of our residential construction loans are structured to convert into permanent loans upon construction completion.
Construction lending involves inherent risks due to estimating costs in relation to project values. Uncertainties in construction costs, market value, and regulatory impacts make accurately evaluating total project funds and loan-to-value ratios challenging. Factors like shifts in housing demand and unexpected building costs can significantly deviate actual results from estimates. Additionally, this type of lending often involves higher principal amounts and might be concentrated among a few builders. A downturn in housing or real estate markets could escalate delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures, and compromise collateral value.
Some builders have multiple outstanding loans, meaning problems with one loan pose a substantial risk to us. Moreover, certain construction loans do not require borrower payments during the term, accumulating interest into the principal. Thus, repayment depends heavily on project success and the borrower's ability to sell, lease, or secure permanent financing, rather than their ability to repay principal and interest directly.
Misjudging a project's value could leave us with inadequate security and potential losses upon completion. Actively monitoring construction loans, involving cost comparisons and on-site inspections, adds complexity and cost. Market interest rate hikes also might significantly impact construction loans, affecting end-purchaser borrowing costs, potentially reducing demand or the homeowner's ability to finance the completed home. Further, properties under construction are hard to sell and
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often need completion for successful sales, complicating problem loan resolution. This might require additional funds or engaging another builder, incurring additional costs and market risks.
Moreover, speculative construction loans pose additional risks, especially regarding finding end-purchasers for finished projects. As of September 30, 2023, $17.10 million of our construction portfolio consisted of speculative one- to four-family construction loans.
We also offer land loans for land acquisition, which can be used for building or recreational purposes. As of September 30, 2023, land loans accounted for $26.73 million, or 1.9% of our total loan portfolio. However, loans for land development or future construction carry additional risks due to longer development periods, vulnerability to real estate value declines, economic fluctuations delaying projects, political changes affecting land use, and the collateral's illiquid nature. During this extended financing-to-completion period, the collateral often generates no cash flow.
Although as of September 30, 2023, all construction and land loans were performing according to their terms, a significant rise in non-performing construction or land loans could materially impact our financial status and operations.
Our emphasis on commercial real estate lending may expose us to increased lending risks.
Our current business strategy includes an emphasis on commercial real estate lending. This type of lending activity, while potentially more profitable than single-family residential lending, is generally more sensitive to regional and local economic conditions, making loss levels more difficult to predict. Collateral evaluation and financial statement analysis in these types of loans requires a more detailed analysis at the time of loan underwriting and on an ongoing basis. In our primary market of western Washington, a downturn in the real estate market could increase loan delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures, and significantly impair the value of our collateral and our ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure. Many of our commercial borrowers have more than one loan outstanding with us. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss.
At September 30, 2023, we had $568.27 million of commercial real estate mortgage loans, representing 39.8% of our total loan portfolio. These loans typically involve higher principal amounts than other types of loans, and repayment is dependent upon income generated, or expected to be generated, by the property securing the loan in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service, which may be adversely affected by changes in the economy or local market conditions. For example, if the cash flow from the borrower’s project is reduced as a result of leases not being obtained or renewed, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Commercial real estate loans also expose a lender to greater credit risk than loans secured by residential real estate, because the collateral securing these loans typically cannot be sold as easily as residential real estate. In addition, many of our commercial real estate loans are not fully amortizing and contain large balloon payments upon maturity. Such balloon payments may require the borrower to either sell or refinance the underlying property in order to make the payment, which may increase the risk of default or non-payment.
A secondary market for most types of commercial real estate loans is not readily liquid, so we have less opportunity to mitigate credit risk by selling part or all our interest in these loans. As a result of these characteristics, if we foreclose on a commercial real estate loan, our holding period for the collateral typically is longer than for one- to four-family residential mortgage loans because there are fewer potential purchasers of the collateral. Accordingly, charge-offs on commercial real estate loans may be larger as a percentage of the total principal outstanding than those incurred with our residential or consumer loan portfolios.
The level of our commercial real estate loan portfolio may subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny.
The FDIC, the Federal Reserve and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency have promulgated joint guidance on sound risk management practices for financial institutions with concentrations in commercial real estate lending. Under this guidance, a financial institution that, like us, is actively involved in commercial real estate lending should perform a risk assessment to identify concentrations. A financial institution may have a concentration in commercial real estate lending if, among other factors (i) total reported loans for construction, land development and other land represent 100% or more of total capital, or (ii) total reported loans secured by multi-family and non-farm non-residential properties, loans for construction, land development and other land, and loans otherwise sensitive to the general commercial real estate market, including loans to commercial real estate related entities, represent 300% or more of total capital. The particular focus of the guidance is on exposure to commercial real estate loans that are dependent on the cash flow from the real estate held as collateral and that are likely to be at greater risk to conditions in the commercial real estate market (as opposed to real estate collateral held as a secondary source of repayment or as an abundance of caution). The purpose of the guidance is to guide banks in developing
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risk management practices and capital levels commensurate with the level and nature of real estate concentrations. The guidance states that management should employ heightened risk management practices including board and management oversight and strategic planning, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing. We have concluded that we have a concentration in commercial real estate lending because our balance in commercial real estate loans (including owner-occupied loans) at September 30, 2023 represents more than 300% of total capital. While we believe that we have implemented policies and procedures with respect to our commercial real estate loan portfolio consistent with this guidance, bank regulators could require us to implement additional policies and procedures consistent with their interpretation of the guidance that may result in additional costs to us.
Repayment of our commercial business loans is often dependent on the cash flows of the borrower, which may be unpredictable, and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value.
At September 30, 2023, we had $136.3 million, or 9.6%, of total loans in commercial business loans. Commercial business lending involves risks that are different from those associated with residential and commercial real estate lending. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral based lending with loan amounts based on predetermined loan to collateral values and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral being viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Commercial business loans are primarily made based on the cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The borrowers' cash flow may be unpredictable, and collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Although commercial business loans are often collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable, or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of default is often an insufficient source of repayment because accounts receivable may be uncollectible and inventories may be obsolete or of limited use, among other things.
Our business may be adversely affected by credit risk associated with residential property.
At September 30, 2023, $291.5 million, or 20.4% of our total loan portfolio was secured by one- to four-family mortgage loans and home equity loans. This type of lending is generally sensitive to regional and local economic conditions that significantly impact the ability of borrowers to meet their loan payment obligations, making loss levels difficult to predict. Higher market interest rates, recessionary conditions or declines in the volume of single-family real estate and/or the sales prices as well as elevated unemployment rates may result in higher than expected loan delinquencies or problem assets, and a decline in demand for our products and services. These potential negative events may cause us to incur losses, adversely affect our capital and liquidity and damage our financial condition and business operations. Further, a decline in residential real estate values resulting from a downturn in the Washington housing market may reduce the value of the real estate collateral securing these types of loans and increase our risk of loss if borrowers default on their loans.
Many of our residential mortgage loans are secured by properties in which the borrowers have little or no equity because either we originated the loan with a relatively high combined loan-to-value ratio or because of the decline in home values in our market areas subsequent to when the loans were originated. Residential loans with combined higher loan-to-value ratios will be more sensitive to declining property values than those with lower combined loan-to-value ratios and therefore may experience a higher incidence of default and severity of losses. In addition, if the borrowers sell their homes, such borrowers may be unable to repay their loans in full from the sale proceeds. Further, a significant amount of our home equity lines of credit consists of second mortgage loans. For those home equity lines secured by a second mortgage, it is unlikely that we will be successful in recovering all or a portion of our loan proceeds in the event of default unless we are prepared to repay the first mortgage loan, and such repayment and the costs associated with a foreclosure are justified by the value of the property. For these reasons, we may experience higher rates of delinquencies, default and losses on our residential loans.
Our allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio.
Lending money is a substantial part of our business, and each loan carries a certain risk that it will not be repaid in accordance with its terms or that any underlying collateral will not be sufficient to assure repayment. This risk is affected by, among other things:
•the cash flow of the borrower and/or the project being financed;
•the changes and uncertainties as to the future value of the collateral, in the case of a collateralized loan;
•the duration of the loan;
•the credit history of a particular borrower; and
•changes in economic and industry conditions.
We maintain an allowance for loan losses, which is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged against operating income, that we believe is appropriate to provide for probable losses in our loan portfolio. The appropriate
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level of the ALL is determined by management through periodic comprehensive reviews and consideration of several factors, including, but not limited to:
•an ongoing review of the quality, size and diversity of the loan portfolio;
•evaluation of non-performing loans;
•historical default and loss experience;
•existing economic conditions and management's expectations of future events;
•risk characteristics of the various classifications of loans;
•the amount and quality of collateral, including guarantees, securing the loans; and
•regulatory requirements and expectations.
The determination of the appropriate level of the ALL inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many of our loans. If our estimates are incorrect, the ALL may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, resulting in the need for increases in the ALL through the provision for losses on loans which is charged against income. In addition, deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside our control, may also require an increase in the allowance for loan losses.
Management recognizes that significant new growth in loan portfolios, new loan products and the refinancing of existing loans can result in portfolios comprised of unseasoned loans that may not perform in a historical or projected manner and will increase the risk that the ALL may be sufficient to absorb losses. Bank regulatory agencies also periodically review our ALL and may require an increase in the provision for possible loan losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different from those of management. If charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for loan losses, we will need additional provisions to replenish the ALL. Any additional provisions will result in a decrease in net income and possibly capital, and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Finally, beginning on October 1, 2023, the Company adopted the CECL standard to determine estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses at inception of the loan. The adoption of CECL will change the allowance calculation methodology from a historical incurred loss model to an expected future loss model. The adjustment recorded upon our adoption of the CECL standard was not significant to the overall allowance for credit losses ("ACL") as compared to the ALL at September 30, 2023.
If our non-performing assets increase, our earnings will be adversely affected.
At September 30, 2023, our non-performing assets (which consisted solely of non-accruing loans, non-accrual investment securities, and OREO) were $1.60 million, or 0.09% of total assets. Our non-performing assets adversely affect our net income in various ways:
•We do not record interest income on non-accrual loans or non-performing investment securities, except on a cash basis when the collectibility of the principal is not in doubt.
•We must provide for probable loan losses through a current period charge to the provision for loan losses.
•Non-interest expense increases when we must write down the value of OREO properties, if any, to reflect changing market values.
•Non-interest income decreases when we must recognize other-than-temporary impairment on non-performing investment securities.
•There are legal fees associated with the resolution of problem assets, as well as carrying costs, such as taxes, insurance, and maintenance costs related to OREO.
•The resolution of non-performing assets requires the active involvement of management, which can distract them from more profitable activities.
If additional borrowers become delinquent and we are unable to successfully manage our non-performing assets, our losses and troubled assets could increase significantly, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risk Related to our Business Strategy
We may be adversely affected by risks associated with completed and potential acquisitions.
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As part of our general growth strategy, on October 1, 2018, we completed the acquisition of South Sound Bank, a Washington-state chartered bank, headquartered in Olympia, Washington. Although our business strategy emphasizes organic expansion, from time to time in the ordinary course of business, we engage in preliminary discussions with potential acquisition targets. There can be no assurance that we will successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates, complete acquisitions or successfully integrate acquired operations into our existing operations or expand into new markets. The consummation of any future acquisitions may dilute shareholder value or may have an adverse effect upon our operating results while the operations of the acquired business are being integrated into our operations. In addition, once integrated, acquired operations may not achieve levels of profitability comparable to those achieved by our existing operations, or otherwise perform as expected. Further, transaction-related expenses may adversely affect our earnings. These adverse effects on our earnings and results of operations may have a negative impact on the value of our common stock. Acquiring banks, bank branches or businesses involves risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including:
•We may be exposed to potential asset quality issues or unknown or contingent liabilities of the banks, businesses, assets, and liabilities we acquire. If these issues or liabilities exceed our estimates, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially negatively affected;
•We could experience higher than expected deposit attrition;
•The acquisition of other entities generally requires integration of systems, procedures and personnel of the acquired entity into our company to make the transaction economically successful. This integration process is complicated and time consuming and can also be disruptive to the customers of the acquired business. If the integration process is not conducted successfully and with minimal adverse effect on the acquired business and its customers, we may not be able to realize the anticipated economic benefits of the acquisition within the expected time frame, and we may lose customers or employees of the acquired business. We may also experience greater than anticipated customer losses even if the integration process is successful;
•To the extent that our costs of an acquisition exceed the fair value of the net assets acquired, the acquisition will generate goodwill. As discussed below, we are required to assess our goodwill for impairment at least annually, and any goodwill impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operation and financial condition; and
•We expect that our net income will increase following an acquisition; however, we also expect our general and administrative expenses to increase, which could result to an increase in our efficiency ratio. Ultimately, we would expect our efficiency ratio to improve; however, if we are not successful in our integration process, this may not occur, and our acquisition or branching activities may not be accretive to earnings in the short or long-term.
Risk Related to Market Interest Rates
Changes in interest rates may reduce our net interest income and may result in higher defaults in a rising rate environment.
Our earnings and cash flows are largely dependent upon our net interest income. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Reserve. Since March 2022, in response to inflation, the Federal Open Market Committee ("FOMC") of the Federal Reserve has increased the target range for the federal funds rate by 525 basis points, including 225 basis points during the 2023 fiscal year, to a range of 5.25% to 5.50% as of September 30, 2023. The FOMC has paused increases to the target federal funds rate but has not ruled out future increases and hinted that rates will remain higher for longer. If the FOMC further increases the targeted federal funds rate, overall interest rates will likely rise, which will negatively impact our net interest income and may negatively impact both the housing market by reducing refinancing activity and new home purchases and the U.S. economy. In addition, inflationary pressures will increase our operational costs and could have a significant negative effect on our borrowers, especially our business borrowers, and the values of collateral securing loans which could negatively affect our financial performance.
We principally manage interest rate risk by managing our volume and mix of our earning assets and funding liabilities. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, could influence not only the interest we receive on loans and investments and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but these changes could also affect: (1) our ability to originate and/or sell loans and obtain deposits; (2) the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities, which could negatively impact shareholders’ equity, and our ability to realize gains from the sale of such assets; (3) our ability to obtain and retain deposits in competition with other available investment alternatives; (4) the ability of our borrowers to repay adjustable or variable rate loans; and (5) the average duration of our investment securities portfolio and other interest-earning assets. If the interest rates paid on deposits and borrowings increase at a faster rate than the interest received on loans and other investments, our net interest income, and therefore earnings, could be adversely affected. Earnings could also be adversely affected if the interest rates received on loans and other investments decline more rapidly than the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings. In a changing interest rate environment, we may not be able to manage this risk effectively. If we are unable to manage interest rate risk effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially affected.
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Changes in interest rates could also have a negative impact on our results of operations by reducing the ability of borrowers to repay their current loan obligations or by reducing our margins and profitability. Our net interest margin is the difference between the yield we earn on our assets and the interest rate we pay for deposits and our other sources of funding. Changes in interest rates (up or down) could adversely affect our net interest margin and, as a result, our net interest income. Although the yield we earn on our assets and our funding costs tends to move in the same direction in response to changes in interest rates, one can rise or fall faster than the other, causing our net interest margin to expand or contract. Changes in the slope of the "yield curve," or the spread between short-term and long-term interest rates, could also reduce our net interest margin. Normally, the yield curve is upward sloping, meaning short-term rates are lower than long-term rates. Because our liabilities tend to be shorter in duration than our assets, when the yield curve flattens or even inverts, we could experience pressure on our net interest margin as our cost of funds increases relative to the yield we can earn on our assets. Also, interest rate decreases can lead to increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-backed securities as borrowers refinance their loans to reduce borrowing costs. Under these circumstances we are subject to reinvestment risk as we may have to redeploy such repayment proceeds into lower yielding investments, which would likely negatively impact our income.
A sustained increase or decrease in market interest rates could adversely affect our earnings. As is the case with many financial institutions, our emphasis on increasing core deposits, those deposits bearing no or a relatively low rate of interest with no stated maturity, has resulted in our having a significant amount of these deposits which have a shorter duration than our assets. At September 30, 2023, we had $251.74 million in certificates of deposit that mature within one year and $1.26 billion in non-interest bearing, NOW checking, savings and money market accounts. We would incur a higher cost of funds to retain these deposits in a rising interest rate environment. If the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings increase at a faster rate than the interest rates received on loans and other investments, our net interest income, and therefore earnings, could be adversely affected. In addition, a substantial amount of our residential mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit have adjustable interest rates. As a result, these loans may experience a higher rate of default in a rising interest rate environment.
Changes in interest rates also affect the value of our investment securities available for sale. Generally, the fair value of fixed-rate securities fluctuates inversely with changes in interest rates. Unrealized gains and losses on investment securities available for sale are reported as a separate component of equity, net of tax. Decreases in the fair value of investment securities available for sale resulting from increases in interest rates could have an adverse effect on stockholders' equity. Stockholders' equity, specifically accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"), is increased or decreased by the amount of change in the estimated fair value of our securities available for sale, net of deferred income taxes. Increases in interest rates generally decrease the fair value of securities available for sale, which adversely impacts stockholders' equity.
Any substantial, unexpected or prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Also, our interest rate risk modeling techniques and assumptions likely may not fully predict or capture the impact of actual interest rate changes on our balance sheet or projected operating results. For further discussion of how changes in interest rates could impact us, see "Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" for additional information about our interest rate risk management.
Our securities portfolio may be negatively impacted by fluctuations in market value and interest rates.
Factors beyond our control can significantly influence the fair value of securities in our portfolio and can cause potential adverse changes to the fair value of these securities. These factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency actions in respect of the securities, defaults by, or other adverse events affecting, the issuer or with respect to the underlying securities, and changes in market interest rates and continued instability in the capital markets. Any of these factors, among others, could cause other-than-temporary impairments ("OTTI") and realized and/or unrealized losses in future periods and declines in AOCI. The process for determining whether impairment of a security is other-than-temporary impaired usually requires complex, subjective judgments about the future financial performance and liquidity of the issuer and any collateral underlying the security to assess the probability of receiving all contractual principal and interest payments on the security. There can be no assurance that the declines in market value will not result in other-than-temporary impairments of these assets, and lead to accounting charges that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
An increase in interest rates, change in the programs offered by Freddie Mac or our ability to qualify for their programs may reduce our mortgage revenues, which would negatively impact our non-interest income.
The sale of residential mortgage loans to Freddie Mac has historically provided a significant portion of our non-interest income. Future changes in Freddie Mac's program, including our eligibility to participate, the criteria for loans to be accepted or laws that significantly affect the activity of Freddie Mac could materially adversely affect our results of operations if we could not find other purchasers. Mortgage banking is generally considered a volatile source of income because it depends largely on the level of loan volume which, in turn, depends largely on prevailing market interest rates. In a rising or higher interest rate environment, the demand for mortgage loans, particularly refinancing of existing mortgage loans, tends to fall and
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our originations of mortgage loans may decrease, resulting in fewer loans that are available to be sold. This would result in a decrease in mortgage revenues and a corresponding decrease in non-interest income. In addition, our results of operations are affected by the amount of non-interest expense associated with our loan sale activities, such as salaries and employee benefits, occupancy, equipment and data processing expense and other operating costs. During periods of reduced loan demand, our results of operations may be adversely affected to the extent that we are unable to reduce expenses commensurate with the decline in loan originations. In addition, although we sell loans to Freddie Mac or into the secondary market without recourse, we are required to give customary representations and warranties about the loans we sell. If we breach those representations and warranties, we may be required to repurchase the loans and we may incur a loss on the repurchase.
Risks Related to Laws and Regulations
We operate in a highly regulated environment and may be adversely affected by changes in federal and state laws and regulations that could increase our costs of operations.
The banking industry is extensively regulated. Federal banking regulations are designed primarily to protect the deposit insurance funds and consumers, not to benefit a company's shareholders. These regulations may sometimes impose significant limitations on our operations. Certain significant federal and state banking regulations that affect us are described in this report under the heading "Item 1. Business - How We Are Regulated." These regulations, along with existing tax, accounting, securities, insurance, and monetary laws, regulations, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations control the methods by which financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives and tax compliance, and govern financial reporting and disclosures. These laws, regulations, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations are constantly evolving and may change significantly over time. Any new regulations or legislation, change in existing regulations or oversight, whether a change in regulatory policy or a change in a regulator's interpretation of a law or regulation, could have a material impact on our operations, increase our costs of regulatory compliance and of doing business and adversely affect our profitability. In this regard, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN"), published guidelines in 2014 for financial institutions servicing marijuana businesses that are legal under state law. These guidelines allow us to work with marijuana-related businesses that are operating in accordance with state laws and regulations as long as we comply with required regulatory oversight of their accounts with us. In addition, legislation is currently pending in Congress that would allow banks and financial institutions to serve marijuana businesses in states where it is legal without any risk of federal prosecution. At September 30, 2023, approximately 1.3% of our total deposits and a portion of our service charges from deposits are from legal marijuana-related businesses. Any adverse change in this FinCEN guidance, any new regulations or legislation, any change in existing regulations or oversight, whether a change in regulatory policy or a change in a regulator's interpretation of a law or regulation, could have a negative impact on our non-interest income, as well as the cost of our operations, increasing our cost of regulatory compliance and of doing business and/or otherwise affect us, which may materially affect our profitability.
Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions and limit our ability to get regulatory approval of acquisitions.
The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions and limit our ability to get regulatory approval of acquisitions. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, no assurance can be given that these policies and procedures will be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us. Any of these results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Climate change and related legislative and regulatory initiatives may materially affect our business and results of operations.
The effects of climate change continue to create an alarming level of concern for the state of the global environment. As a result, the global business community has increased its political and social awareness surrounding the issue, and the United States has entered into international agreements to reduce global temperatures, such as reentering the Paris Agreement. Further, the U.S. Congress, state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies continue to propose numerous initiatives to supplement the global effort to combat climate change. Similar and even more expansive initiatives are expected under the current administration, including potentially increasing supervisory expectations with respect to banks’ risk management practices, accounting for the effects of climate change in stress testing scenarios and systemic risk assessments, revising expectations for credit portfolio concentrations based on climate-related factors and encouraging investment by banks in climate-related initiatives and lending to communities disproportionately impacted by the effects of climate change. The lack of
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empirical data surrounding the credit and other financial risks posed by climate change render it difficult, or even impossible, to predict how specifically climate change may impact our financial condition and results of operations; however, the physical effects of climate change may also directly impact us. Specifically, unpredictable and more frequent weather disasters may adversely impact the real property, and/or the value of the real property, securing the loans in our portfolios. Additionally, if insurance obtained by our borrowers is insufficient to cover any losses sustained to the collateral, or if insurance coverage is otherwise unavailable to our borrowers, the collateral securing our loans may be negatively impacted by climate change, natural disasters and related events, which could impact our financial condition and results of operations. Further, the effects of climate change may negatively impact regional and local economic activity, which could lead to an adverse effect on our customers and impact the communities in which we operate. Overall, climate change, its effects and the resulting, unknown impact could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Third-Parties and Technology
The financial services market is undergoing rapid technological changes and, if we are unable to stay current with those changes, we may not be able to effectively compete.
The financial services market, including banking services, is undergoing rapid changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to keep pace with the technological changes and to use technology to satisfy and grow customer demand for our products and services and to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Some of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements and will be able to invest more heavily in developing and adopting new technologies, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. As a result, our ability to effectively compete to retain or acquire new business may be impaired, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.
We are subject to certain risks in connection with our use of technology.
Our security measures may not be sufficient to mitigate the risk of a cyber-attack. Communications and information systems are essential to the conduct of our business, as we use such systems to manage our customer relationships, our general ledger and virtually all other aspects of our business. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. Although we take protective measures and endeavor to modify them as circumstances warrant, the security of our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to breaches, fraudulent or unauthorized access, denial or degradation of service attacks, misuse, computer viruses, malware or other malicious code and cyber-attacks that could have a security impact. If one or more of these events occur, this could jeopardize our or our customers' confidential and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or the operations of our customers or counterparties. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures, and we may be subject to litigation and financial losses that are either not insured or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us. We could also suffer significant reputational damage.
Security breaches in our internet banking activities could further expose us to possible liability and damage our reputation. Increases in criminal activity levels and sophistication, advances in computer capabilities, vulnerabilities in third-party technologies (including browsers and operating systems) or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology, processes and controls that we use to prevent fraudulent transactions and to protect data about us, our clients and underlying transactions. Any compromise of our security could deter customers from using our internet banking services that involve the transmission of confidential information. Although we have developed and continue to invest in systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent security breaches and cyber attacks and periodically test our security, these precautions may not protect our systems from compromises or breaches of our security measures, and could result in losses to us or our customers, our loss of business and/or customers, damage to our reputation, the incurrence of additional expenses, disruption to our business, our inability to grow our online services or other businesses, additional regulatory scrutiny or penalties, or our exposure to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
Our security measures may not protect us from system failures or interruptions. While we have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of systems failures and interruptions, there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or that they will be adequately addressed if they do. In addition, we outsource certain aspects of our data processing and other operational functions to certain third-party providers. While the Company selects third-party vendors carefully, it does not control their actions. If our third-party providers encounter difficulties, including those resulting from breakdowns, or other disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, failure of a vendor to handle current or
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higher transaction volumes, cyber-attacks and security breaches or if we otherwise have difficulty in communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our ability to deliver products and services to our customers and otherwise conduct business operations could be adversely impacted. Replacing these third-party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other vendors and their personnel.
We cannot assure that such breaches, failures or interruptions will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed by us or the third-parties on which we rely. We may not be insured against all types of losses as a result of third-party failures and insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all losses, resulting from breaches, systems failures or other disruptions. If any of our third-party service providers experience financial, operational or technological difficulties, or if there is any other disruption in our relationships with them, we may be required to identify alternative sources of such services, and we cannot assure that we could negotiate terms that are as favorable to us or could obtain services with similar functionality as found in our existing systems without the need to expend substantial resources, if at all. Further, the occurrence of any systems failure or interruption could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers and business, could subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or could expose us to legal liability. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse effect on our business financial condition and results of operations.
Our business may be adversely affected by an increasing prevalence of fraud and other financial crimes.
We are susceptible to fraudulent activity that may be committed against us or our customers which may result in financial losses or increased costs to us or our customers, disclosure or misuse of our information or our customers' information, misappropriation of assets, privacy breaches against our customers, litigation or damage to our reputation. Such fraudulent activity may take many forms, including check fraud, electronic fraud, wire fraud, phishing, social engineering and other dishonest acts. Nationally, reported incidents of fraud and other financial crimes have increased. We have also experienced losses due to apparent fraud and other financial crimes. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent such losses, there can be no assurance that such losses will not occur.
We rely on other companies to provide key components of our business infrastructure.
We rely on numerous external vendors to provide us with products and services necessary to maintain our day-to-day operations. Accordingly, our operations are exposed to risk that these vendors will not perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements. The failure of an external vendor to perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements because of changes in the vendor's organizational structure, financial condition, support for existing products and services or strategic focus or for any other reason, could be disruptive to our operations, which in turn could have a material negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. We also could be adversely affected to the extent that such an agreement is not renewed by a third-party vendor or is renewed on terms less favorable to us. Additionally, the bank regulatory agencies expect financial institutions to be responsible for all aspects of our vendors' performance, including aspects which they delegate to third-parties. Disruptions or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our business and customers, or cyber-attacks or security breaches of the networks, systems or devices that our customers use to access our products and services could result in client attrition, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
Risks Related to Accounting Matters
We may experience future goodwill impairment, which could reduce our earnings.
We performed our test for goodwill impairment for fiscal year 2023 with the assistance of an independent third-party firm specializing in goodwill impairment valuations for financial institutions. Based on the assessment, the Company determined that it is not "more likely than not" that the Company's fair value is less then it carry amount, and, therefore, goodwill was not impaired. Our test of goodwill for potential impairment is based on a qualitative assessment by management that takes into consideration macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost or margin factors, financial performance and share price. Our evaluation of the fair value of goodwill involves a substantial amount of judgment. If our judgment was incorrect, or if events or circumstances change, and an impairment of goodwill was deemed to exist, we would be required to write down our goodwill resulting in a charge against operations, which would adversely affect our results of operations, perhaps materially; however, it would have no impact on our liquidity, operations or regulatory capital.
We may experience decreases in the fair value of our loan servicing rights, which could reduce our earnings.
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Loan servicing rights are capitalized at estimated fair value when acquired through the origination of loans that are subsequently sold with servicing rights retained. At September 30, 2023, our loan servicing rights totaled $2.12 million. Loan servicing rights are amortized to servicing income on loans sold over the period of estimated net servicing income. The estimated fair value of loan servicing rights at the date of the sale of loans is determined based on the discounted present value of expected future cash flows using key assumptions for servicing income and costs and prepayment rates on the underlying loans. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate the fair value of loan servicing rights for impairment by comparing actual cash flows and estimated cash flows from the loan servicing assets to those estimated at the time loan servicing assets were originated. Our methodology for estimating the fair value of loan servicing rights is highly sensitive to changes in assumptions, such as prepayment speeds. The effect of changes in market interest rates on estimated rates of loan prepayments represents the predominant risk characteristic underlying the loan servicing rights portfolio. For example, a decrease in interest rates typically increases the prepayment speeds of loan servicing rights and therefore decreases the fair value of the loan servicing rights. Future decreases in interest rates could decrease the fair value of our loan servicing rights below their recorded amount, which would decrease our earnings.
If our investments in real estate are not properly valued or sufficiently reserved to cover actual losses, or if we are required to increase our valuation allowances, our earnings could be reduced.
We obtain updated valuations in the form of appraisals and broker price opinions when a loan has been foreclosed and the property is taken in as OREO, and at certain other times during the asset's holding period. Our net book value (“NBV”) in the loan at the time of foreclosure and thereafter is compared to the updated estimated market value of the foreclosed property less estimated selling costs (fair value). A charge-off is recorded for any excess in the asset’s NBV over its fair value. If our valuation process is incorrect or if the property declines in value after foreclosure, the fair value of our OREO may not be sufficient to recover our NBV in such assets, resulting in the need for a valuation allowance.
In addition, bank regulators periodically review any OREO we may have and may require us to recognize further valuation allowances. Significant charge-offs to our OREO may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Other Risks Related to Our Business
Managing reputational risk is important to attracting and maintaining customers, investors and employees.
Threats to our reputation can come from many sources, including adverse sentiment about financial institutions generally, unethical practices, employee misconduct, failure to deliver minimum standards of service or quality, compliance deficiencies and questionable or fraudulent activities of our customers. We have policies and procedures in place to protect our reputation and promote ethical conduct, but these policies and procedures may not be fully effective. Negative publicity regarding our business, employees, or customers, with or without merit, may result in the loss of customers, investors and employees, costly litigation, a decline in revenues and increased governmental regulation.
Ineffective liquidity management could adversely affect our financial results and condition.
Liquidity is essential to our business. We rely on several sources in order to meet our potential liquidity demands. Our primary sources of liquidity are increases in deposit accounts, cash flows from loan payments and our securities portfolio. Borrowings also provide us with a source of funds to meet liquidity demands. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans or other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Although we have historically been able to replace maturing deposits and borrowings if desired, we may not be able to replace such funds in the future if, among other things, our financial condition, the financial condition of the FHLB or FRB, or market conditions change. Factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a decrease in the level of our business activity due to a downturn in the Washington markets in which our loans and deposits are concentrated, negative operating results, or adverse regulatory action against us. Our ability to borrow could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as a disruption in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry or deterioration in credit markets. Any decline in available funding in amounts adequate to finance our activities or on terms which are acceptable could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses, or fulfill obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity” of this Form 10-K.
Our growth or future losses may require us to raise additional capital in the future, but that capital may not be available when it is needed or the cost of that capital may be very high.
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We are required by federal regulatory authorities to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our operations. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside our control, and on our financial condition and performance. If we are able to raise capital, it may not be on terms that are acceptable to us. Accordingly, we cannot make assurances that we will be able to raise additional capital if needed on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, our ability to further expand our operations could be materially impaired and our financial condition and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, any additional capital we obtain may result in the dilution of the interests of existing holders of our common stock. Further, if we are unable to raise additional capital when required by our bank regulators, we may be subject to adverse regulatory action.
Our framework for managing risks may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss to us.
We have established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor, report, analyze and control the types of risk to which we are subject. These risks include liquidity risk, credit risk, market risk, interest rate risk, operational risk, legal and compliance risk, and reputational risk, among others. We also maintain a compliance program to identify, measure, assess and report on our adherence to applicable laws, policies and procedures. While we assess and improve these programs on an ongoing basis, there can be no assurance that our risk management or compliance programs, along with other related controls, will effectively mitigate all risk and limit losses in our business. As with any risk management framework, there are inherent limitations to our risk management strategies as there may exist, or develop in the future, risks that we have not appropriately anticipated or identified. If our risk management framework proves ineffective, we could suffer unexpected losses which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We are dependent on key personnel, and the loss of one or more of those key personnel may materially and adversely affect our prospects.
Competition for qualified employees and personnel in the banking industry is intense, and there are a limited number of qualified persons with knowledge of, and experience in, the community banking industry where the Bank conducts its business. The process of recruiting personnel with the combination of skills and attributes required to carry out our strategies is often lengthy. Our success depends to a significant degree upon our ability to attract and retain qualified management, loan origination, finance, administrative, marketing and technical personnel and upon the continued contributions of our management and personnel. In particular, our success has been and continues to be highly dependent upon the abilities of key executives, including our Chief Executive Officer and certain other employees. In addition, our success has been and continues to be highly dependent upon the services of our directors, and we may not be able to identify and attract suitable candidates to replace such directors.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
Item 2. Properties
At September 30, 2023, the Company maintained its headquarters in Hoquiam, Washington, along with 23 full-service bank branches and four administrative offices with an aggregate net book value of $18.51 million. The Company's owns all properties except for one administrative office, the Tacoma branch and the Downtown Lacey branch, which are leased. The lease terms for our leased branches are not individually material. In addition, the Bank operated 24 proprietary automated teller machines ("ATMs") that are part of a nationwide cash exchange network as of September 30, 2023. In the opinion of management, all properties are adequately covered by insurance, are in a good state of repair and are suitable for the Company's needs. For additional information see "Note 5 - Premises and Equipment and Note 9 - Leases of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report".
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits involving the Company, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which the Company holds security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans and other issues incident to the Company's business. The Company is not currently a party to any pending legal proceedings that it believes would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or operations of the Company.
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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company's common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “TSBK.” As of December 4, 2023, there were approximately 400 shareholders of record of the Company's common stock. Our cash dividend payout policy is reviewed regularly by management and the Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors has declared quarterly cash dividends on our common stock for 44 consecutive quarters. Any dividends declared and paid in the future would depend upon a number of factors, including capital requirements, our financial condition and results of operations, tax considerations, statutory and regulatory limitations, and general economic conditions. No assurances can be given that any dividends will be paid or that, if paid, will not be reduced or eliminated in future periods. Our future payment of dividends may depend, in part, upon receipt of dividends from the Bank, which are restricted by banking regulations.
Stock Repurchases
The following table sets forth the Company's repurchases of its outstanding Common Stock during the fourth quarter of the year ended September 30, 2023:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans (1)
July 1, 2023 - July 31, 2023 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | 404,708 |
August 1, 2023 - August 31, 2023 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 404,708 |
September 1, 2023 - September 30, 2023 |  | 30,566 |  |  | 28.74 |  |  | 30,566 |  |  | 374,142 |
Total |  | 30,566 |  |  | $ | 28.74 |  |  | 30,566 |  |  | 374,142 |

(1) On July 25, 2023, the Company announced a new stock repurchase program to purchase 404,708 shares of the Company's common stock. This marked the Company's 19th stock repurchase plan. Cumulatively, since January 1998, the Company has repurchased 8,366,987 shares of its common stock at an average price of $9.95 per share. The new stock repurchase program replaced the Company's existing repurchase plan which had 74,212 shares available to be repurchased prior to termination. The new repurchase program does not have a set expiration date and will expire upon repurchase of the full amount of authorized shares. Shares may be repurchased from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions based upon market conditions and available liquidity.
The Company is subject to certain restrictions on its ability to repurchase it common stock. The Company is required to give the Federal Reserve prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of its outstanding equity securities if the consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, is equal to 10% or more of its consolidated net worth. The Federal Reserve may disapprove a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice or would violate any law, regulation, Federal Reserve order, or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the Federal Reserve.
Equity Compensation Plan Information.
The equity compensation plan information presented under subparagraph (d) in Part III, Item 12 of this report is incorporated herein by reference.
Five-Year Stock Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total return on the Nasdaq Composite Index and with the S&P 600 Thrifts & Mortgage Finance Index, peer group indices. Total
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return assumes the reinvestment of all dividends and that the value of the Company’s Common Stock and each index was $100 on September 30, 2018.

|  | Year Ended |  |
| Index | 9/30/2018 | 9/30/2019 | 9/30/2020 | 9/30/2021 | 9/30/2022 | 9/30/2023
| Timberland Bancorp, Inc. | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 90.52 |  | $ | 61.68 |  | $ | 102.84 |  | $ | 101.63 |  | $ | 103.04 |
| NASDAQ Composite Index | 100.00 |  | 100.52 |  | 141.70 |  | 184.58 |  | 136.12 |  | 171.65 |
| S&P 600 Thrifts & Mortgage Finance Index | 100.00 |  | 93.33 |  | 64.16 |  | 122.19 |  | 110.84 |  | 90.46 |

* Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence
For additional information, see Part III, Item 12 of this Form 10-K for information regarding the Company's Equity Compensation Plans, which is incorporated into this Item 5 by reference.
Item 6. Reserved
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
General
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to assist in understanding the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company. The information contained in this section should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Overview
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Timberland Bancorp, Inc., a Washington corporation, is the holding company for Timberland Bank. The Bank opened for business in 1915 and serves consumers and businesses across Grays Harbor, Thurston, Pierce, King, Kitsap and Lewis counties, Washington with a full range of lending and deposit services through its 23 branches (including its main office in Hoquiam). At September 30, 2023, the Company had total assets of $1.84 billion, net loans receivable of $1.30 billion, total deposits of $1.56 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $233.07 million. The Company’s business activities generally are limited to passive investment activities and oversight of its investment in the Bank. Accordingly, the information set forth in this report relates primarily to the Bank’s operations.
The Bank is a community-oriented bank which has traditionally offered a variety of savings products to its retail and business customers while concentrating its lending activities on real estate secured loans. Lending activities have been focused primarily on the origination of loans secured by real estate, including residential construction loans, one- to four-family residential loans, multi-family loans and commercial real estate loans. The Bank originates adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans, some of which do not qualify for sale in the secondary market. The Bank also originates commercial business loans and other consumer loans.
The profitability of the Company’s operations depends primarily on its net interest income after provision for (recapture of) loan losses. Net interest income is the difference between interest income, which is the income that the Company earns on interest-earning assets, which are primarily loans and investments, and interest expense, which is the amount that the Company pays on its interest-bearing liabilities, which are primarily deposits and borrowings (as needed). Net interest income is affected by changes in the volume and mix of interest-earning assets, the interest earned on those assets, the volume and mix of interest-bearing liabilities and the interest paid on those interest-bearing liabilities. Management attempts to maintain a net interest margin placing it within the top quartile of its Washington State peers.
Changes in market interest rates, the slope of the yield curve, and interest we earn on interest earning assets or pay on interest bearing liabilities, as well as the volume and types of interest earning assets, interest bearing and non-interest bearing liabilities and shareholders’ equity, usually have the largest impact on changes in our net interest spread, net interest margin and net interest income during a reporting period. Since March 2022, in response to inflation, the FOMC increased the target range for the federal funds rate by 525 basis points, including 225 basis points during the 2023 fiscal year, to a range of 5.25% to 5.50% as of September 30, 2023. The FOMC has paused increases to the target federal funds rate but has not ruled out future increases and hinted that rates will remain higher for longer. We believe our balance sheet is structured to enhance our average yield on interest-earning assets as the lagging benefit of variable rate interest-earnings assets continue to reprice but anticipate a decrease in net interest margin due to a higher cost of funds as deposit rates continue to increase.
The provision for (recapture of) loan losses is dependent on changes in the loan portfolio and management’s assessment of the collectability of the loan portfolio as well as prevailing economic and market conditions. The allowance for loan losses reflects the amount that the Company believes is adequate to cover probable credit losses inherent in its loan portfolio. The Company recorded a provision for loan losses of $2.1 million for the year ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to increased loan portfolio growth. The Company recorded a provision for loan losses of $270,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to increased loan portfolio growth. O n October 1, 2023, the Company adopted the CECL standard to determine estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses at inception of the loan. The adoption of CECL will change the allowance calculation methodology from a historical incurred loss model to an expected future loss model. The adjustment recorded upon our adoption of the CECL standard was not significant to the overall allowance for credit losses (including the reserve for unfunded commitments) as compared to the allowance for loan losses at September 30, 2023.
Net income is also affected by non-interest income and non-interest expense. For the year ended September 30, 2023, non-interest income consisted primarily of service charges on deposit accounts, gain on sales of loans, ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, an increase in the cash surrender value of BOLI, escrow fees and other operating income. Non-interest income is also increased by a gain on sale and net recoveries on investment securities and reduced by net OTTI losses on investment securities, if any. Non-interest income is also decreased by valuation allowances on loan servicing rights and increased by recoveries of valuation allowances on loan servicing rights, if any. Non-interest expense consisted primarily of salaries and employee benefits, premises and equipment, advertising, ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, postage and courier expenses, amortization of CDI, state and local taxes, professional fees, FDIC insurance premiums, loan administration and foreclosure expenses, technology and communications expenses, deposit operation expenses and other non-interest expenses. Non-interest expense in certain periods is reduced by gains on the sale of premises and equipment and by gains on the sale of OREO. Non-interest income and non-interest expense are affected by the growth of the Company's operations and growth in the number and balances of loan and deposit accounts.
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Results of operations may be affected significantly by general and local economic and competitive conditions, changes in market interest rates, governmental policies and actions of regulatory authorities.
Operating Strategy
The Company is a bank holding company which operates primarily through its subsidiary, the Bank. The Company's primary objective is to operate the Bank as a well-capitalized, profitable, independent, community-oriented financial institution, serving customers in its primary market area of Grays Harbor, Pierce, Thurston, Kitsap, King and Lewis counties. The Company's strategy is to provide products and superior service to small businesses and individuals located in its primary market area.
The Company's goal is to deliver returns to shareholders by focusing on the origination of higher-yielding assets (in particular, commercial real estate, construction, and commercial business loans), increasing core deposit balances, managing problem assets, efficiently managing expenses, and seeking expansion opportunities. The Company seeks to achieve these results by focusing on the following objectives:
Expand our presence within our existing market areas by capturing opportunities resulting from changes in the competitive environment. We currently conduct our business primarily in western Washington. We have a community bank strategy that emphasizes responsive and personalized service to our customers. As a result of the consolidation of banks in our market areas, we believe that there is an opportunity for a community and customer focused bank to expand its customer base. By offering timely decision making, delivering appropriate banking products and services, and providing customer access to our senior managers, we believe that community banks, such as Timberland Bank, can distinguish themselves from larger banks operating in our market areas. We believe that we have a significant opportunity to attract additional borrowers and depositors and expand our market presence and market share within our extensive branch footprint.
Portfolio diversification. In recent years, we have limited the origination of speculative construction loans and land development loans in favor of loans that possess credit profiles representing less risk to the Bank. We continue originating owner/builder and custom construction loans, multi-family loans, commercial business loans and commercial real estate loans which offer higher risk adjusted returns, shorter maturities and more sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations than fixed-rate one-to four-family loans. We anticipate capturing more of each customer's banking relationship by cross selling our loan and deposit products and offering additional services to our customers.
Increase core deposits and other retail deposit products. We focus on establishing a total banking relationship with our customers with the intent of internally funding our loan portfolio. We anticipate that the continued focus on customer relationships will increase our level of core deposits. In addition to our retail branches, we maintain technology based products such as business cash management and a business remote deposit product that enable us to compete effectively with banks of all sizes.
Managing exposure to fluctuating interest rates. For many years, the majority of the loans the Bank has retained in its portfolio have generally possessed periodic interest rate adjustment features or have been relatively short-term in nature. Loans originated for portfolio retention have generally included ARM loans, short-term construction loans, and, to a lesser extent, commercial business loans with interest rates tied to a market index such as the Prime Rate. Longer term fixed-rate mortgage loans have generally been originated for sale into the secondary market, although from time to time, the Bank may retain a portion of its fixed-rate mortgage loan originations and extend the initial fixed-rate period of its hybrid ARM commercial real estate loans for asset/liability purposes.
Continue generating revenues through mortgage banking operations. The majority of the fixed-rate residential mortgage loans we originate have historically been sold into the secondary market with servicing retained. This strategy produces gains on the sale of such loans and reduces the interest rate and credit risk associated with fixed-rate residential lending. We continue to originate custom construction and owner/builder construction loans for sale into the secondary market upon the completion of construction.
Maintaining strong asset quality. We believe that strong asset quality is a key to our long-term financial success. Non-performing assets have decreased to $1.60 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.17 million at September 30, 2022. The percentage of non-performing loans to loans receivable, net was 0.11% and 0.18% at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company's percentage of non-performing assets to total assets at September 30, 2023 was 0.09% compared to 0.12% at September 30, 2022. We continue to seek to reduce the level of non-performing assets through collections, write-downs, modifications and sales of OREO. We also take proactive steps to resolve our non-performing loans, including negotiating payment plans, forbearances, loan modifications and loan extensions and accepting short payoffs on delinquent
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loans when such actions have been deemed appropriate. Although the Company plans to continue to place emphasis on certain lending products, such as commercial real estate loans, construction loans, and commercial business loans, the Company expects to continue to manage its credit exposures using experienced bankers and an overall conservative approach to lending.
Selected Financial Data
The following table sets forth certain information concerning the consolidated financial position and results of operations of the Company and its subsidiary at and for the dates indicated. The consolidated data is derived in part from, and should be read in conjunction with, the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and its subsidiary presented herein.

| At September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
| (In thousands)
SELECTED FINANCIAL CONDITION DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 1,839,905 |  |  | $ | 1,860,508 |  |  | $ | 1,792,180 |  |  | $ | 1,565,978 |  |  | $ | 1,247,132 |
Loans receivable, net | 1,302,305 |  |  | 1,132,426 |  |  | 968,454 |  |  | 1,013,875 |  |  | 886,662 |
Investment securities held-to-maturity | 270,218 |  |  | 266,608 |  |  | 69,102 |  |  | 27,890 |  |  | 31,102 |
Investment securities available-for-sale | 41,771 |  |  | 41,415 |  |  | 63,176 |  |  | 57,907 |  |  | 22,532 |
FHLB stock | 3,602 |  |  | 2,194 |  |  | 2,103 |  |  | 1,922 |  |  | 1,437 |
Other investments | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |
Cash and due from financial institutions and interest-bearing deposits in banks | 128,721 |  |  | 316,755 |  |  | 580,196 |  |  | 314,452 |  |  | 143,015 |
Certificate of deposits held for investments | 15,188 |  |  | 22,894 |  |  | 28,482 |  |  | 65,545 |  |  | 78,346 |
BOLI | 22,966 |  |  | 22,806 |  |  | 22,193 |  |  | 21,593 |  |  | 21,005 |
OREO and other repossessed assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 157 |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | 1,683 |
Deposits | 1,560,935 |  |  | 1,632,176 |  |  | 1,570,555 |  |  | 1,358,406 |  |  | 1,067,227 |
FHLB borrowings | 35,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | — |
Shareholders' equity | 233,073 |  |  | 218,569 |  |  | 206,899 |  |  | 187,630 |  |  | 171,067 |
| Year Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
| (In thousands, except per share data)
SELECTED OPERATING DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income | $ | 79,951 |  |  | $ | 58,508 |  |  | $ | 54,962 |  |  | $ | 55,583 |  |  | $ | 55,725 |
Interest expense | 11,592 |  |  | 2,674 |  |  | 3,104 |  |  | 4,701 |  |  | 4,565 |
Net interest income | 68,359 |  |  | 55,834 |  |  | 51,858 |  |  | 50,882 |  |  | 51,160 |
Provision for loan losses | 2,132 |  |  | 270 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,700 |  |  | — |
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 66,227 |  |  | 55,564 |  |  | 51,858 |  |  | 47,182 |  |  | 51,160 |
Non-interest income | 11,140 |  |  | 12,624 |  |  | 17,161 |  |  | 17,188 |  |  | 14,341 |
Non-interest expense | 43,373 |  |  | 38,626 |  |  | 34,591 |  |  | 34,063 |  |  | 35,580 |
Income before income taxes | 33,994 |  |  | 29,562 |  |  | 34,428 |  |  | 30,307 |  |  | 29,921 |
Provision for federal income taxes | 6,876 |  |  | 5,962 |  |  | 6,845 |  |  | 6,038 |  |  | 5,901 |
Net income | $ | 27,118 |  |  | $ | 23,600 |  |  | $ | 27,583 |  |  | $ | 24,269 |  |  | $ | 24,020 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 3.32 |  |  | $ | 2.84 |  |  | $ | 3.31 |  |  | $ | 2.91 |  |  | $ | 2.89 |
Diluted | $ | 3.29 |  |  | $ | 2.82 |  |  | $ | 3.27 |  |  | $ | 2.88 |  |  | $ | 2.84 |
Dividends per common share | $ | 1.01 |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 1.03 |  |  | $ | 0.85 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |
Dividend payout ratio (1) | 30.48 | % |  | 30.64 | % |  | 31.14 | % |  | 29.19 | % |  | 27.04 | %

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(1)Cash dividends to common shareholders divided by net income to common shareholders.
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| At September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
OTHER DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of real estate loans outstanding | 2,537 |  |  | 2,332 |  |  | 2,290 |  |  | 2,508 |  |  | 2,766 |
Deposit accounts | 56,675 |  |  | 56,380 |  |  | 58,454 |  |  | 58,566 |  |  | 56,380 |
Full-service offices | 23 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 24 |
| At or For the Year Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
KEY FINANCIAL RATIOS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performance Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets (1) | 1.50 | % |  | 1.27 | % |  | 1.64 | % |  | 1.75 | % |  | 1.96 | %
Return on average equity (2) | 12.01 |  |  | 11.14 |  |  | 13.98 |  |  | 13.59 |  |  | 14.91 |
Interest rate spread (3) | 3.56 |  |  | 3.07 |  |  | 3.13 |  |  | 3.70 |  |  | 4.31 |
Net interest margin (4) | 3.95 |  |  | 3.16 |  |  | 3.25 |  |  | 3.90 |  |  | 4.50 |
Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities | 158.36 |  |  | 160.67 |  |  | 162.08 |  |  | 155.98 |  |  | 148.15 |
Non-interest expense as a percent of average total assets | 2.39 |  |  | 2.09 |  |  | 2.06 |  |  | 2.45 |  |  | 2.91 |
Efficiency ratio (5) | 54.56 |  |  | 56.42 |  |  | 50.12 |  |  | 50.04 |  |  | 54.32 |
Asset Quality Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-accrual and 90 days or more past due loans as a percent of total loans receivable, net | 0.12 | % |  | 0.18 | % |  | 0.29 | % |  | 0.28 | % |  | 0.34 | %
Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets (6) | 0.09 |  |  | 0.12 |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.27 |  |  | 0.40 |
Allowance for loan losses as a percent of total loans receivable, net (7) | 1.20 |  |  | 1.20 |  |  | 1.37 |  |  | 1.31 |  |  | 1.08 |
Allowance for loan losses as a percent of non-performing loans (8) | 1,044.72 |  |  | 665.52 |  |  | 471.93 |  |  | 461.76 |  |  | 319.49 |
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average outstanding loans | 0.00 |  |  | 0.00 |  |  | 0.00 |  |  | 0.00 |  |  | (0.02) |
Capital Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total equity-to-assets ratio | 12.67 | % |  | 11.75 | % |  | 11.54 | % |  | 11.98 | % |  | 13.71 | %
Average equity to average assets | 12.46 |  |  | 11.43 |  |  | 11.74 |  |  | 12.85 |  |  | 13.17 |

__________________
(1)Net income divided by average total assets.
(2)Net income divided by average total equity.
(3)Difference between weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.
(4)Net interest income before provision for (recapture of) loan losses as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.
(5)Non-interest expenses divided by the sum of net interest income and non-interest income.
(6)Non-performing assets include non-accrual loans, loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing, non-accrual investment securities, OREO and other repossessed assets.
(7)Loans receivable is before the allowance for loan losses.
(8)Non-performing loans include non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing. TDRs that are on accrual status are not included.
Critical Accounting Estimates
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. In doing so, we have to make estimates and assumptions. Our critical accounting estimates are those estimates that involve a significant level of uncertainty at the time
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the estimate was made, and changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We have reviewed our critical accounting estimates with the audit committee of our Board of Directors.
See "Note 1-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report" for a summary of significant accounting policies and the effect on our financial statements and the following:
Provision and Allowance for Loan Losses
The methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses is considered a critical accounting policy by management because of the high degree of judgment involved, the subjectivity of the assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the economic environment that could result in changes to the amount of the recorded allowance for loan losses. The provision for loan losses reflects the amount required to maintain the allowance for loan losses at an appropriate level based upon management’s evaluation of the adequacy of general and specific loss reserves. Determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses involves a high degree of judgment. Among the material estimates required to establish the allowance for loan losses are: overall economic conditions; value of collateral; strength of guarantors; loss exposure at default; the amount and timing of future cash flows on impaired loans; and determination of loss factors to be applied to the various elements of the portfolio. All these estimates are susceptible to significant change. We have established systematic methodologies for the determination of the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses. The methodologies are set forth in a formal policy and take into consideration the need for an overall general valuation allowance as well as specific allowances that are tied to individual problem loans. We increase our allowance for loan losses by charging provisions for probable loan losses against our income.
The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for probable losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio and upon our continuing analysis of the factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include, among others, changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency rates, actual loan loss experience, current and economic conditions, detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured, and determination of the existence and realizable value of the collateral and guarantees securing the loans. Realized losses related to specific assets are applied as a reduction of the carrying value of the assets and charged immediately against the allowance for loan loss reserve. Recoveries on previously charged off loans are credited to the allowance for loan losses. The reserve is based upon factors and trends identified by us at the time consolidated financial statements are prepared. Although we use the best information available, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary due to economic, operating, regulatory and other conditions beyond our control. The adequacy of general and specific reserves is based on our continuing evaluation of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio as well as individual review of certain large balance loans. Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, we determine that it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors involved in determining impairment include, but are not limited to, the financial condition of the borrower, the value of the underlying collateral less selling costs and the current status of the economy. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. We continue to assess the collateral of these loans and update our appraisals on large balance impaired loans on an annual basis. To the extent that the property values decline, there could be additional losses on these impaired loans, which may be material. Subsequent changes in the value of impaired loans are included within the provision for loan losses in the same manner in which impairment initially was recognized or as a reduction in the provision that would otherwise be reported. Large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment include residential real estate and consumer loans and, as appropriate, smaller balance non-homogeneous loans. Larger balance non-homogeneous residential construction and land, commercial real estate, commercial business loans and unsecured loans are individually evaluated for impairment.
Our methodology for assessing the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses consists of several key elements, which include specific allowances, an allocated formula allowance and an unallocated allowance. Losses on specific loans are provided for when the losses are probable and estimable. General loan loss reserves are established to provide for inherent loan portfolio risks not specifically provided for. The level of general reserves is based on an analysis of potential exposures existing in our loan portfolio including evaluation of historical trends, current market conditions and other relevant factors identified by us at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. The formula allowance is calculated by applying loss factors to outstanding loans, excluding those loans that are subject to individual analysis for specific allowances. Loss factors are based on our historical loss experience adjusted for significant environmental considerations, including the experience of other banking organizations, which in our judgment affect the collectability of the loan portfolio as of the
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evaluation date. The unallocated allowance is based upon our evaluation of various factors that are not directly measured in the determination of the formula and specific allowances. This methodology may result in actual losses or recoveries differing significantly from the allowance for loan losses in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
While we believe that the estimates and assumptions used in our determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses are reasonable, there can be no assurance that such estimates and assumptions will not be proven incorrect in the future, or that the actual amount of future provisions will not exceed the amount of past provisions or that any increased provisions that may be required will not adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the determination of the amount of the Banks’ allowance for loan losses is subject to review by bank regulators as part of the routine examination process, which may result in the adjustment of reserves based upon their judgment of information available to them at the time of their examination.
Fair Value Accounting and Measurement
We use fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. We include in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements information about the extent to which fair value is used to measure financial assets and liabilities, the valuation methodologies used and the impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, for financial instruments not recorded at fair value we disclose, where required, our estimate of their fair value. For more information regarding fair value accounting, please refer to Note 21 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Loan Servicing Rights
Loan servicing rights are recognized as separate assets when rights are acquired through purchase or through sale of loans. Generally, purchased loan servicing rights are capitalized at the cost to acquire the rights. For sales of mortgage loans, the value of the loan servicing right is estimated and capitalized. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable loan servicing contracts. The fair value of the loan servicing rights includes an estimate of the life of the underlying loans which is affected by estimated prepayment speeds. The estimate of prepayment speeds is based on current market conditions. Actual market conditions could vary significantly from current conditions which could result in the estimated life of the underlying loans being different which would change the fair value of the loan servicing right. Capitalized loan servicing rights are reported in other assets and are amortized into non-interest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying financial assets.
Valuation of OREO
Real estate properties acquired through foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is generally determined by management based on a number of factors, including third-party appraisals of fair value in an orderly sale. Accordingly, the valuation of OREO is subject to significant external and internal judgment. If the carrying value of the loan at the date a property is transferred into OREO exceeds the fair value less estimated costs to sell, the excess is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Management periodically reviews OREO values to determine whether the property continues to be carried at the lower of its recorded book value or fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Any further decreases in the value of OREO are considered valuation adjustments and are charged to non-interest expense in the consolidated income statements. Expenses and income from the maintenance and operations and any gains or losses from the sales of OREO are included in non-interest expense.
Business Combinations
The Company applies the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Under the acquisition method, the acquiring entity in a business combination recognizes all the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Management utilizes prevailing valuation techniques appropriate for the asset or liability being measured in determining these fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over amounts allocated to assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Where amounts allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed is greater than the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred unless they are directly attributable to the issuance of the Company's common stock in a business combination and the Company chooses to record these acquisition-related costs through stockholders' equity. There were no business combinations during the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration paid over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of the fair values of liabilities assumed in a business combination and is not amortized but is reviewed annually, or more frequently as current circumstances and conditions warrant, for impairment. An assessment of qualitative factors is completed to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The qualitative assessment involves judgment by management on determining whether there have been any triggering events that have occurred which would indicate potential impairment. If the qualitative analysis concludes that further analysis is required, then a quantitative impairment test would be completed. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is used to identify the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss and compares the reporting unit's estimated fair values, including goodwill, to its carrying amount. If the fair value exceeds the carry amount, then goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized equal to the amount of excess, limited to the amount of total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The impairment loss would be recognized as a charge to earnings.
Market Risk and Asset and Liability Management
General. Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and rates. The Bank's market risk arises primarily from interest rate risk inherent in its lending, investment, deposit and borrowing activities. The Bank, like other financial institutions, is subject to interest rate risk to the extent that its interest-earning assets reprice differently than its interest-bearing liabilities. Management actively monitors and manages its interest rate risk exposure. Although the Bank manages other risks, such as credit quality and liquidity risk, in the normal course of business, management considers interest rate risk to be its most significant market risk that could potentially have the largest material effect on the Bank's financial condition and results of operations. The Bank does not maintain a trading account for any class of financial instruments nor does it engage in hedging activities. Furthermore, the Bank is not subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk or commodity price risk.
Qualitative Aspects of Market Risk. The Bank's principal financial objective is to achieve long-term profitability while reducing its exposure to fluctuating market interest rates. The Bank has sought to reduce the exposure of its earnings to changes in market interest rates by attempting to manage the difference between asset and liability maturities and interest rates. The principal element in achieving this objective is to increase the interest rate sensitivity of the Bank's interest-earning assets by retaining in its portfolio, short-term loans and loans with interest rates subject to periodic adjustments. The Bank relies on retail deposits as its primary source of funds. As part of its interest rate risk management strategy, the Bank promotes transaction accounts and certificates of deposit with terms of up to five years.
The Bank has adopted a strategy that is designed to substantially match the interest rate sensitivity of assets relative to its liabilities. The primary elements of this strategy involve originating ARM loans for its portfolio, maintaining residential construction loans as a portion of total net loans receivable because of their generally shorter terms and higher yields than other one- to four-family residential mortgage loans, matching asset and liability maturities, investing in short-term securities, and originating fixed-rate loans for retention or sale in the secondary market while retaining the related loan servicing rights.
Sharp increases or decreases in interest rates may adversely affect the Bank's earnings. Management of the Bank monitors the Bank's interest rate sensitivity using a model provided by NXTsoft Data Analytics, LLC (“NXTsoft”), a company that specializes in providing interest rate risk and balance sheet management services to the financial services industry. Based on an interest rate shock analysis prepared by NXTsoft using data at September 30, 2023, an immediate increase in interest rates of 100 basis points would leave the Bank’s projected net interest income virtually level (slight decrease of 0.06%). An immediate decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points would decrease the Bank's projected net interest income by approximately 3.03% due to a larger portion of the Bank's interest rate sensitive assets repricing within a one-year period. See “Quantitative Aspects of Market Risk” below for additional information. Management has sought to sustain the match between asset and liability maturities and rates, while maintaining an acceptable interest rate spread. Pursuant to this strategy, the Bank actively originates adjustable-rate loans for retention in its loan portfolio. Fixed-rate mortgage loans with maturities greater than seven years generally are originated for the immediate or future resale in the secondary mortgage market. Although the Bank has sought to originate ARM loans, the ability to originate such loans depends to a great extent on market interest rates and borrowers' preferences.
Consumer, commercial business and construction loans typically have shorter terms and higher yields than permanent residential mortgage loans and, accordingly, reduce the Bank’s exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. At September 30, 2023, the consumer, commercial business and construction loan portfolios amounted to $41.05 million, $136.27 million and $273.84 million, respectively or 2.9%, 9.6% and 19.2%, respectively of total loans receivable.
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Quantitative Aspects of Market Risk. The model provided for the Bank by NXTsoft estimates the changes in the economic value of equity ("EVE") and net interest income in response to a range of assumed changes in market interest rates. The model first estimates the level of the Bank's EVE (market value of assets, less market value of liabilities, plus or minus the market value of any off-balance sheet items) under the current rate environment. In general, market values are estimated by discounting the estimated cash flows of each instrument by appropriate discount rates. The model then recalculates the Bank's EVE under different interest rate scenarios. The change in EVE under the different interest rate scenarios provides a measure of the Bank's exposure to interest rate risk. The following table is provided by NXTsoft based on data at September 30, 2023:

Hypothetical |  |  |  | Net Interest Income (1)(2) |  |  |  | Economic Value of Equity
Interest Rate |  |  |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  |  |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Scenario (3) |  |  |  | from Base |  | from Base |  |  |  | from Base |  | from Base
(Basis Points) |  |  |  | (Dollars in thousands)
+400 |  |  |  | $ | (802) |  |  | (1.13) | % |  |  |  | $ | (2,249) |  |  | (0.65) | %
+300 |  |  |  | (717) |  |  | (1.01) |  |  |  |  | (2,752) |  |  | (0.80) |
+200 |  |  |  | (289) |  |  | (0.41) |  |  |  |  | (257) |  |  | (0.07) |
+100 |  |  |  | (40) |  |  | (0.06) |  |  |  |  | 852 |  |  | 0.25 |
BASE |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
-100 |  |  |  | (2,159) |  |  | (3.03) |  |  |  |  | (9,177) |  |  | (2.67) |
-200 |  |  |  | (4,536) |  |  | (6.37) |  |  |  |  | (21,546) |  |  | (6.26) |
-300 |  |  |  | (7,707) |  |  | (10.82) |  |  |  |  | (37,934) |  |  | (11.03) |
-400 |  |  |  | (11,154) |  |  | (15.65) |  |  |  |  | (54,246) |  |  | (15.77) |

___________
(1)Does not include loan fees.
(2)Includes BOLI income, which is included in non-interest income in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(3)No rates in the model are allowed to go below zero.
Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, loan repayments and deposit decay, and should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results. Furthermore, the computations do not reflect any actions management may undertake in response to changes in interest rates.
In the event of a 100 basis point decrease in interest rates, the Bank would be expected to experience a 2.67% decrease in EVE and a 3.03% decrease in net interest income. In the event of a 100 basis point increase in interest rates, a 0.25% increase in EVE and a 0.06% decrease in net interest income would be expected. Based upon the modeling described above, the Bank's asset and liability structure generally results in a neutral net interest income and a EVE in a rising interest rate scenario and decreases in net interest income and EVE in a declining interest rate scenario.
As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the foregoing table. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag changes in market rates. Additionally, certain assets have features which restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, in the event of a change in interest rates, expected rates of prepayments on loans and early withdrawals from certificates of deposit could possibly deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table.
Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022
Total assets decreased by $20.60 million, or 1.1%, to $1.84 billion at September 30, 2023 from $1.86 billion at September 30, 2022. The decrease in total assets was primarily due to a decrease in total cash and cash equivalents, partially offset by increases in loans receivable and, to a lesser extent, investment securities. Cash and cash equivalents were also used to fund the decrease in total deposits.
Net loans receivable increased by $169.88 million, or 15.0%, to $1.30 billion at September 30, 2023 from $1.13 billion at September 30, 2022, primarily due to increases in one- to four-family loans, multi-family loans, commercial real estate loans, construction and land development loans, commercial business loans and smaller increases in several other loan categories.
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Investment securities (including investments in equity securities) increased by $3.94 million, or 1.28%, to $312.80 million at September 30, 2023 from $308.06 million at September 30, 2022, primarily due to the purchase of additional held to maturity securities.
Total deposits decreased by $71.24 million, or 4.4%, to $1.56 billion at September 30, 2023 from $1.63 billion at September 30, 2022, primarily due to decreases in non-interest bearing account balances, NOW checking account balances, money market account balances, and savings account balances. These decreases were partially offset by increases in certificates of deposit account balances.
Shareholders' equity increased by $14.50 million, or 6.6%, to $233.07 million at September 30, 2023 from $218.57 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to net income for the year ended September 30, 2023 of $27.12 million, partially offset by $8.27 million in dividends paid to shareholders and the repurchase of 185,399 shares of common stock for $5.00 million.
A more detailed explanation of the changes in significant balance sheet categories follows:
Cash and Cash Equivalents and CDs Held for Investment: Cash and cash equivalents and CDs held for investment decreased by $194.74 million, or 57.6%, to $143.91 million at September 30, 2023 from $339.65 million at September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily a result of deploying overnight liquidity into higher-earning loan originations and investment securities, as well as to fund deposit withdrawals.
Investment Securities: Investment securities (including investments in equity securities) increased by $3.94 million, or 1.28%, to $312.80 million at September 30, 2023 from $308.86 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the purchase of $32.60 million additional investment securities, primarily consisting of U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency investment securities and U.S. government agency mortgage-backed investment securities as the Company placed a portion of its excess overnight liquidity into higher-earning investment securities during the period. These increases were partially offset by the sale of $8.93 million of available for sale investment securities (for a gain of $95,000) and $20.57 million of maturities, prepayments and scheduled amortization of other investment securities. For additional details on investment securities, see "Item 1. Business - Investment Activities" and "Note 3-Investment Securities of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
FHLB Stock: FHLB stock increased by $1.41 million, or 64.2%, to $3.60 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.19 million at September 30, 2022, due to purchases required by the FHLB as a result of the increase in total assets and borrowings.
Other Investments: Other investments consist solely of the Company's investment in the Solomon Hess SBA Loan Fund LLC, which was unchanged at both September 30, 2023 and 2022. This investment is utilized to help satisfy compliance with the Company's Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") investment test requirements.
Loans Held for Sale: Loans held for sale decreased by $348,000, or 46.5%, to $400,000 at September 30, 2023 from $748,000 at September 30, 2022, primarily due to the timing and volume of mortgage banking loan sales. The Company generally sells longer-term fixed-rate residential loans and the guaranteed portion of SBA commercial business loans for asset-liability management purposes and to generate non-interest income. The Company sold $11.54 million in loans during the year ended September 30, 2023 compared to $73.50 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. Sales of loans over the past year has decreased, primarily due to decreased refinance activity for one- to four-family loans due to rising interest rates, declining homes sales and a decision to keep more single family loans originated during the period in the portfolio.
Loans Receivable, Net of Allowance for Loan Losses: Net loans receivable increased by $169.88 million, or 15.0%, to $1.30 billion at September 30, 2023 from $1.13 billion at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $77.11 million increase in one- to four-family loans, a $32.15 million increase in multi-family loans, a $31.62 million increase in commercial real estate loans, an $18.23 million increase in construction and land development loans, a $10.76 million increase in commercial business loans and smaller changes in other categories.
Loan originations decreased by $210.68 million, or 36.8%, to $361.79 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $572.46 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in loan originations was primarily due to decreases in originations of one- to four- family loans, commercial real estate, construction and commercial business loans. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in originations of multi-family loans. For additional information on loans, see "Item 1. Business - Lending Activities" and "Note 4-Loans Receivable and Allowance for Loan Losses" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
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Premises and Equipment, Net: Premises and equipment decreased by $256,000, or 1.2%, to $21.64 million at September 30, 2023 from $21.90 million at September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to normal depreciation. For additional information on premises and equipment, see "Item 2. Properties" and "Note-5 Premises and Equipment" of the Notes of the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Bank Owned Life Insurance ("BOLI"): BOLI increased by $160,000, or 0.7%, to $22.97 million at September 30, 2023 from $22.81 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was due to net BOLI earnings, representing the increase in the cash surrender value of the BOLI policies and offset by a decrease in cash surrender value due to a death.
Goodwill: The recorded amount of goodwill remained unchanged at $15.13 million at both September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. The Company performed its annual review of goodwill during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 and determined that there was no impairment. As of September 30, 2023, management believes that there had been no subsequent events or changes in circumstances that would indicate a potential impairment of goodwill. For additional information on goodwill, see "Note 7-Goodwill and CDI" of the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
CDI: CDI decreased by $271,000 or 28.6%, to $677,000 at September 30, 2023 from $948,000 at September 30, 2022 due to scheduled amortization. For additional information on CDI, see "Note 7-Goodwill and CDI" of the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Loan Servicing Rights, Net: Loan servicing rights decreased by $899,000, or 29.7%, to $2.12 million at September 30, 2023 from $3.02 million at September 30, 2022, primarily due to the amortization of servicing rights and partially offset by additional capitalized Freddie Mac servicing rights for loans being sold with servicing retained. The principal amount of loans serviced for Freddie Mac and the SBA decreased by $23.79 million to $386.50 million at September 30, 2023 from $410.29 million at September 30, 2022. For additional information on loan servicing rights, see "Note 8-Loan Servicing Rights" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets: Operating lease ROU assets decreased by $208,000, or 10.5%, to $1.77 million at September 30, 2023 from $1.98 million at September 30, 2022, primarily due to the amortization of the ROU assets. The operating lease ROU assets at September 30, 2023 represented the present value of two operating leases on branch facilities and one administrative office. For additional information on leases, see "Note 9-Leases" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Other Assets: Other assets increased by $209,000, or 6.2%, to $3.57 million at September 30, 2023 from $3.36 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increases in miscellaneous receivables (including income tax receivables) and prepaid expenses.
Deposits: Deposits decreased by $71.24 million, or 4.4%, to $1.56 billion at September 30, 2023 from $1.63 billion at September 30, 2022. The decrease consisted of a $74.19 million decrease in non-interest checking account balances, a $61.05 million decrease in NOW checking account balances, a $54.85 million decrease in savings account balances and a $58.66 million decrease in money market account balances. These decreases were partially offset by a $177.52 million increase in certificates of deposit account balances. The net decrease in deposits was primarily due to competitive pricing pressure and customers moving excess funds to alternative higher yielding investments as well as general declines in individual customer balances. For additional information on deposits, see "Item 1. Business - Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds" and N"ote 10-Deposits" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
FHLB Borrowings: The Company has short- and long-term borrowing lines with the FHLB with total credit available on the lines equal to 45% of the Bank's total assets, limited by available collateral. At September 30, 2023, the Company had a borrowing capacity of $533.99 million. The Company had $35.00 million in FHLB borrowings at September 30, 2023 compared to no borrowings at September 30, 2022. At September 30, 2023, FHLB borrowings consisted of two long-term borrowings totaling $15.00 million with scheduled maturities in May 2026 and both of which bear interest at 3.95%. In addition, the Bank had three short-term borrowings totaling $20.00 million, which mature at various dates during the 2024 fiscal year and bear interest at rates ranging from 5.52% to 5.57%. For additional information on FHLB borrowings, see "Note 11-FHLB Borrowings and Other Borrowings" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Operating Lease Liabilities: Operating lease liabilities decreased by $199,000 or 9.6%, to $1.87 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.07 million at September 30, 2022, primarily due to required annual lease payments. The operating lease liability at September 30, 2023 represented the present value of two operating leases on branch facilities and one administrative office. For additional information on leases, see "Note 9-Leases" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
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Other Liabilities and Accrued Expenses: Other liabilities and accrued expenses increased by $1.33 million or 17.3%, to $9.03 million at September 30, 2023 from $7.70 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to timing differences in the normal course of business and an increase in accrued interest payable.
Shareholders' Equity: Total shareholders' equity increased by $14.50 million, or 6.6%, to $233.07 million at September 30, 2023 from $218.57 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to net income of $27.12 million for the year ended September 30, 2023, which was partially offset by the payment of $8.27 million in dividends to common shareholders and the repurchase of 185,399 shares of the Company's common stock for $5.00 million during the year ended September 30, 2023. In addition, shareholder’s equity was adversely impacted by unrealized losses on available for sale securities reflecting the increase in market interest rates during the year, resulting in a $1.08 million accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at September 30, 2023. For additional information on shareholders' equity, see the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data".
Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Net income for the year ended September 30, 2023 increased by $3.52 million, or 14.9%, to $27.12 million from $23.60 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. Net income per diluted common share increased by $0.47, or 16.7%, to $3.29 for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $2.82 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The increase in net income was primarily due to a $12.53 million increase in net interest income that was partially offset by a $4.75 million increase in non-interest expense, a $1.86 million increase in the provision for loan losses, a $1.48 million decrease in non-interest income and a $914,000 increase in the provision for income taxes.
A more detailed explanation of the income statement categories is presented below.
Net Interest Income: Net interest income increased by $12.53 million, or 22.4%, to $68.36 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $55.83 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to an increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets and to a lesser extent an increase in the average balance of loans and investment securities, as the Company placed a portion of its excess overnight liquidity into higher-earning loans during the period. This increase was partially offset by an increase in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities
Total interest and dividend income increased by $21.44 million, or 36.6%, to $79.95 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $58.51 million for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets. The average yield on interest-earning assets increased to 4.63% for the year ended September 30, 2023 from 3.31% for the year ended September 30, 2022. Average total interest-earning assets decreased by $40.10 million, or 2.27%, to $1.73 billion for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $1.77 billion for the year ended September 30, 2022, due to a decrease in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs which was partially offset by increased in the average balances of loans receivable and investment securities. Interest income on loans receivable and loans held for sale increased by $11.83 million, or 23.1%, to $63.15 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $51.32 million for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a $174.47 million increase in the average balance of loans receivable coupled with an increase in the average yield on loans receivable to 5.13% for the year ended September 30, 2023 from 4.86% for the year ended September 30, 2022.
During the year ended September 30, 2023, the accretion of the purchase accounting fair value discount on loans acquired increased interest income on loans by $75,000 compared to $182,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The accretion of the net fair value discount on acquired loans increased the average yield on loans by one basis point for the year ended September 30, 2023 and two basis points for the year ended September 30, 2022. The incremental accretion and the impact on loan yield will change during any period based on the volume of prepayments, but it is expected to decrease over time as the balance of the net discount declines. The remaining net discount on these acquired loans was $192,000 at September 30, 2023. During the year ended September 30, 2023, a total of $398,000 in non-accrual interest, pre-payment penalties and late fees was collected compared to $629,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022.
Interest income on investment securities increased by $5.90 million, or 169.0%, to $9.38 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $3.49 million for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase in the average balance of held to maturity investment securities and an increase in the average yield on investment securities. Interest income on interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs increased by $3.57 million, or 99.74%, to $7.14 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $3.58 million for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase in the average yield to 4.26% from 0.74% due to market interest rates increasing, partially offset by a $314.44 million decrease in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs.
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Total interest expense increased by $8.92 million, or 333.5%, to $11.59 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $2.67 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to an increase in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities, primarily deposits. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased to 1.06% for the year ended September 30, 2023 from 0.24% for the year ended September 30, 2022 as market interest rates for deposits increased. Average interest-bearing deposits decreased by $9.23 million, or 0.84%, to $1.09 billion for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $1.10 billion for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to competitive pricing pressure and customers moving excess funds to alternative higher yielding investments as well as general declines in individual customer balances.
As a result of these changes, the net interest margin increased 79 basis points to 3.95% for the year ended September 30, 2023 from 3.16% for the year ended September 30, 2022.
Provision for Loan Losses: A $2.13 million provision for loans losses was recorded for the year ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to loan portfolio growth compared to a $270,000 provision for loans losses for the year ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to loan portfolio growth. The Company had net charge-offs of $18,000 for the year ended September 30, 2023 and net charge-offs of $36,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The net charge-offs (recoveries) to average outstanding loans was 0.0% for the year ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The level of delinquent loans (loans 30 or more days past due) decreased by $431,000, or 20.6%, to $1.67 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.10 million at September 30, 2022 and the level of loans graded substandard decreased by $1.00 million, or 13.6%, to $6.39 million at September 30, 2023 from $7.39 million at September 30, 2022. Special mention loans decreased by $237,000 or 100%, to $0 at September 30, 2023 from $237,000 at September 30, 2022. Non-accrual loans decreased by $545,000, or 26.5%, to $1.51 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.06 million at September 30, 2022.
The $466,000 balance of SBA PPP loans was omitted from the Company's allowance for loan losses calculation at September 30, 2023, as these loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA, and management expects that most PPP borrowers will seek full or partial forgiveness of their loan obligations from the SBA within a short time frame, which will in turn reimburse the Bank for the amount forgiven.
The Company has established a comprehensive methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses. On a quarterly basis, the Company performs an analysis that considers pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the amount and composition of the loan portfolio, historic loss experience for various loan segments, changes in economic conditions, delinquency rates, a detailed analysis of impaired loans, and other factors to determine an appropriate level of allowance for loan losses. Impaired loans are subject to an impairment analysis to determine an appropriate reserve amount to be allocated to each loan. The aggregate principal impairment amount determined at September 30, 2023 was $123,000 compared to $127,000 at September 30, 2022.
Based on the comprehensive methodology, management believes that the allowance for loan losses of $15.82 million at September 30, 2023 (1.20% of loans receivable and 1044.72% of non-performing loans) was adequate to provide for probable losses based on an evaluation of known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio at that date. While the Company believes that it has established its existing allowance for loan losses in accordance with GAAP, there can be no assurance that bank regulators, in reviewing the Company's loan portfolio, will not request the Company to increase significantly its allowance for loan losses. In addition, because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, there can be no assurance that the existing allowance for loan losses is adequate or that substantial increases will not be necessary should the quality of any loans deteriorate. A further decline in national and local economic conditions, as a result of the effects of inflation, a potential recession or slowing economic growth, among other factors, could result in a material increase in the allowance for loan losses which would adversely affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations.
On October 1, 2023, the Company adopted the CECL standard to determine estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses at inception of the loan. The adoption of CECL will change the allowance calculation methodology from a historical incurred loss model to an expected future loss model. The adjustment recorded upon our adoption of the CECL standard was not significant to the overall allowance for credit losses (including the reserve for unfunded commitments) as compared to the allowance for loan losses at September 30, 2023. For additional information, see "Item 1. Business - Lending Activities -- Allowance for Loan Losses" and "Note 4-Loans Receivable and Allowance for Loan Losses" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Non-interest Income: Total non-interest income decreased by $1.48 million, or 11.8%, to $11.14 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $12.62 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a $1.27 million reduction in net gain on sales of loans and smaller decreases in other categories. These decreases were partially offset by a $95,000 increase in net gain on sale of investment securities, and smaller increases in other categories. Sales of loans over the past year have decreased primarily due to decreased refinance activity for one- to four-family loans due to rising
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interest rates, declining homes sales and a decision to keep more single family loans originated during the period in the portfolio. The increase in gain on sale of investment securities was primarily due to the sale of $8.86 million of available for sale investment securities.
Non-interest Expense: Total non-interest expense increased by $4.75 million, or 12.3%, to $43.37 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $38.63 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $2.70 million increase in salaries and employee benefits, an $826,000 increase in technology and communications, a $331,000 increase in professional fees, a $158,000 increase in state and local taxes, a $148,000 increase in premises and equipment, a $133,000 increase in deposit operations, and smaller increases in several other expense categories. The increase in salaries and employee benefits was primarily due to annual salary adjustments. The increase in professional fees was due to higher legal and consulting fees. The increase in technology and communications was primarily due to the addition of several technology products and increased processing volumes. The increase in deposit operations was primarily due to increased fraud expense and unrecovered overdrafts. The efficiency ratio for the year ended September 30, 2023 improved to 54.56% from 56.42% for the year ended September 30, 2022.
Provision for Income Taxes: The provision for income taxes increased by $914,000, or 15.3% to $6.88 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $5.96 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The increase in the provision for income taxes was primarily due to higher income before income taxes. The Company's effective income tax rate was 20.2% for the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. For additional information on income taxes, see "Note 13-Income Taxes" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Comparison of Results of Operations for the Years Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021
See Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022 previously filed with the SEC.
Average Balances, Interest and Average Yields/Cost
The earnings of the Company depend largely on the spread between the yield on interest-earning assets and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the relative amount of the Company's interest-earning assets and interest- bearing liability portfolios.
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The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, information regarding average balances of assets and liabilities as well as the total dollar amounts of interest income from average interest-earning assets and interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities and average yields and costs. Yields and costs for the periods indicated are derived by dividing income or expense by the average daily balance of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods presented.

| Year Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Average Balance |  | Interest and Dividends |  | Yield/ Cost |  | Average Balance |  | Interest and Dividends |  | Yield/ Cost |  | Average Balance |  | Interest and Dividends |  | Yield/ Cost
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable (1)(2) | $ | 1,230,101 |  |  | $ | 63,154 |  |  | 5.13 | % |  | $ | 1,055,635 |  |  | $ | 51,324 |  |  | 4.86 | % |  | $ | 1,026,742 |  |  | $ | 52,539 |  |  | 5.12 | %
Investment securities (2) | 324,436 |  |  | 9,384 |  |  | 2.89 |  |  | 224,850 |  |  | 3,488 |  |  | 1.55 |  |  | 103,328 |  |  | 1,195 |  |  | 1.16 |
Dividends from mutual funds, FHLB stock and other investments | 6,315 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 4.28 |  |  | 6,021 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 1.99 |  |  | 5,989 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 1.85 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs | 167,718 |  |  | 7,143 |  |  | 4.26 |  |  | 482,162 |  |  | 3,576 |  |  | 0.74 |  |  | 459,145 |  |  | 1,117 |  |  | 0.24 |
Total interest-earning assets | 1,728,570 |  |  | 79,951 |  |  | 4.63 |  |  | 1,768,668 |  |  | 58,508 |  |  | 3.31 |  |  | 1,595,204 |  |  | 54,962 |  |  | 3.45 |
Non-interest-earning assets | 84,205 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83,895 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 85,939 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 1,812,775 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,852,563 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,681,143 |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW checking accounts | $ | 407,679 |  |  | $ | 3,562 |  |  | 0.87 | % |  | $ | 449,574 |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  | 0.14 | % |  | $ | 402,430 |  |  | $ | 605 |  |  | 0.15 | %
Money market accounts | 215,465 |  |  | 1,600 |  |  | 0.74 |  |  | 244,498 |  |  | 766 |  |  | 0.31 |  |  | 186,489 |  |  | 560 |  |  | 0.30 |
Savings accounts | 261,006 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 0.16 |  |  | 278,025 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 242,598 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 0.08 |
Certificates of deposit accounts | 200,476 |  |  | 5,725 |  |  | 2.86 |  |  | 127,277 |  |  | 1,011 |  |  | 0.79 |  |  | 145,006 |  |  | 1,647 |  |  | 1.14 |
Short-term borrowings | 975 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 5.44 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Long-term borrowings (3) | 5,973 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 3.97 |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 1.19 |  |  | 7,686 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 1.18 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 1,091,574 |  |  | 11,592 |  |  | 1.06 |  |  | 1,100,804 |  |  | 2,674 |  |  | 0.24 |  |  | 984,209 |  |  | 3,104 |  |  | 0.32 |
Non-interest-bearing deposits | 484,795 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 529,702 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 488,833 |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities | 10,557 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,224 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,816 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities | 1,586,926 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,640,730 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,483,858 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity | 225,849 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 211,833 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 197,285 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 1,812,775 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,852,563 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,681,143 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 68,359 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 55,834 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 51,858 |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  | 3.56 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.07 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.13 | %
Net interest margin (4) |  |  |  |  | 3.95 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.16 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.25 | %
Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  | 158.36 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 160.67 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 162.08 | %

_______________________________________________
(1)Does not include interest on loans on non-accrual status. Includes loans held for sale and interest earned on loans held for sale. Amortized net deferred loan fees, late fees, extension fees and prepayment penalties (year ended September 30, 2023 - $1,373; year ended September 30, 2022 - $3,600 and year ended September 30, 2021 - $6,859) are included with interest and dividends. Accretion of the fair value discount on loans for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 of $75, $182 and $340 respectively, is included with interest and dividends.
(2)Average balances include loans and investment securities on non-accrual status.
(3)Includes FHLB borrowings with original maturities of one year or greater.
(4)Net interest income divided by total average interest-earning assets.
63

Rate/Volume Analysis
The following table sets forth the effects of changing rates and volumes on net interest income on the Company. Information is provided with respect to the (i) effects on interest income attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate), (ii) effects on interest income attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume), and (iii) the net change (sum of the prior columns). Changes in both rate and volume have been allocated to rate and volume variances based on the absolute values of each.

| Year Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Year Ended September 30, 2022 Increase (Decrease) Due to |  | Year Ended September 30, 2022 Compared to Year Ended September 30, 2021 Increase (Decrease) Due to
| Rate |  | Volume |  | Net Change |  | Rate |  | Volume |  | Net Change
|  |  |  |  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable (1) | $ | 2,993 |  |  | $ | 8,837 |  |  | $ | 11,830 |  |  | $ | (2,666) |  |  | $ | 1,451 |  |  | $ | (1,215) |
Investment securities | 3,899 |  |  | 1,997 |  |  | 5,896 |  |  | 516 |  |  | 1,777 |  |  | 2,293 |
Dividends from mutual funds, FHLB stock and other investments | 144 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs | 7,236 |  |  | (3,669) |  |  | 3,567 |  |  | 2,400 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 2,459 |
Total net change in income on interest-earning assets | 14,272 |  |  | 7,171 |  |  | 21,443 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 3,288 |  |  | 3,546 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings accounts | 199 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 184 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 29 |
Money market accounts | 935 |  |  | (101) |  |  | 834 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 206 |
NOW checking accounts | 2,978 |  |  | (66) |  |  | 2,912 |  |  | (24) |  |  | 69 |  |  | 45 |
Certificates of deposit accounts | 3,860 |  |  | 855 |  |  | 4,715 |  |  | (453) |  |  | (183) |  |  | (636) |
FHLB borrowings | 119 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 273 |  |  | — |  |  | (74) |  |  | (74) |
Total net change in expense on interest-bearing liabilities | 8,091 |  |  | 827 |  |  | 8,918 |  |  | (452) |  |  | 22 |  |  | (430) |
Net change in net interest income | $ | 6,181 |  |  | $ | 6,344 |  |  | $ | 12,525 |  |  | $ | 710 |  |  | $ | 3,266 |  |  | $ | 3,976 |

______________
(1)Excludes interest on loans on non-accrual status. Includes loans held for sale and interest earned on loans held for sale.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company's primary sources of funds are customer deposits, proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans, the sale of loans, maturing investment securities, maturing CDs held for investment and FHLB borrowings (if needed). While the maturities and the scheduled amortization of loans are a predictable source of funds, deposit flows and mortgage prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.
The Bank must maintain an adequate level of liquidity to help ensure the availability of sufficient funds to fund its operations. The Bank generally maintains sufficient cash and short-term investments to meet short-term liquidity needs. At September 30, 2023, the Bank's regulatory liquidity ratio (net cash, and short-term and marketable assets, as a percentage of net deposits and short-term liabilities) was 15.3%. At September 30, 2023, the Bank maintained an unused credit facility with the FHLB that provided for immediately available borrowings up to an aggregate amount equal to 45% of total assets, limited by available collateral, under which $35.00 million of the$533.99 million available for borrowings with the FHLB was outstanding at September 30, 2023. The Bank maintains two short-term borrowing line with the FRB with total credit based on eligible collateral: Borrower-in-Custody ("BIC") and Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP"). At September 30, 2023, the Bank had no outstanding balance on either the BIC or BTFP borrowing lines, under which $89.26 million and $57.00 million was available for future borrowings, respectively. The Bank also maintains a $50.00 million overnight borrowing line with PCBB. At September 30, 2023, the Bank did not have an outstanding balance on this borrowing line. Subject to market conditions, the
64

Bank expects to utilize these borrowing facilities from time to time in the future to fund loan originations and deposit withdrawals, to satisfy other financial commitments, repay maturing debt and to take advantage of investment opportunities to the extent feasible.
Liquidity management is both a short and long-term responsibility of the Bank's management. The Bank adjusts its investments in liquid assets based upon management's assessment of (i) expected loan demand, (ii) projected loan sales, (iii) expected deposit flows, and (iv) yields available on interest-bearing deposits. Excess liquidity is invested generally in interest-bearing overnight deposits, CDs held for investment and short-term government and agency obligations. If the Bank requires funds beyond its ability to generate them internally, it has additional borrowing capacity with the FHLB, the FRB and PCBB.
The Bank's primary investing activity is the origination of loans and, to a lesser extent, the purchase of investment securities. During the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Bank originated $361.79 million, $572.46 million and $602.34 million of loans, respectively. At September 30, 2023, the Bank had loan commitments totaling $173.20 million and undisbursed construction loans in process totaling $103.19 million. Investment securities purchased during the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $32.60 million, $208.78 million and $71.75 million, respectively.
The Bank’s liquidity is also affected by the volume of loans sold and loan principal payments. During the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Bank sold $11.54 million, $73.50 million and $150.20 million, respectively, in loans and loan participation interests. During the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Bank received $177.31 million, $324.23 million and $500.03 million, respectively, in principal repayments.
The Bank’s liquidity has been negatively impacted by decreases in deposit levels. During the year ended September 30, 2023, deposits decreased by $71.24 million. During the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, deposits increased by $61.62 million and $212.20 million, respectively. Our liquid assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents, CDs held for investment and investment securities available for sale decreased to $185.68 million at September 30, 2023 from $381.06 million at September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily a result of deploying overnight liquidity into higher-earning loan originations and investment securities, as well as to fund deposit withdrawals. Historically, the Bank has been able to retain a significant amount of its deposits as they mature.
Capital expenditures are incurred on an ongoing basis to expand and improve the Bank's product offerings, enhance and modernize technology infrastructure, and to introduce new technology-based products to compete effectively in the various markets. Capital expenditure projects are evaluated based on a variety of factors, including expected strategic impacts (such as forecasted impact on revenue growth, productivity, expenses, service levels and customer retention) and the expected return on investment. The amount of capital investment is influenced by, among other things, current and projected demand for services and products, cash flow generated by operating activities, cash required for other purposes and regulatory considerations. Based on current objectives, there are no projects scheduled for capital investments in premises and equipment during the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024 that would materially impact liquidity.
For the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024, the Bank projects that fixed commitments will include $333,000 of operating lease payments. There are $20.0 million in scheduled payments and maturities of FHLB borrowings during fiscal year 2024. In addition, at September 30, 2023, there were other future obligations and accrued expenses of $9.03 million. For additional information, see "Note 12-FHLB Borrowings and Other Borrowings" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
The Bank's management believes that the liquid assets combined with the available lines of credit provide adequate liquidity to meet current financial obligations for at least the next 12 months.
Timberland Bancorp is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity and pay its own operating expenses. In addition to its operating expenses, Timberland Bancorp is responsible for paying dividends declared, if any, to its shareholders and funds paid for Company stock repurchases. Sources of capital and liquidity for Timberland Bancorp include distributions from the Bank and the issuance of debt or equity securities. At September 30, 2023, Timberland Bancorp (on an unconsolidated basis) had liquid assets of $517,000.
The Company currently expects to continue the current practice of paying quarterly cash dividends on common stock subject to the Board of Directors' discretion to modify or terminate this practice at any time and for any reason without prior notice.The current quarterly common stock dividend rate is $0.23 per share, as approved by the Board of Directors, which is a dividend rate per share that enables the Company to balance multiple objectives of managing and investing in the Bank and returning a substantial portion of cash to shareholders. Assuming continued payment during fiscal year 2024 at the rate of $0.23 per share, the average total dividend paid each quarter would be approximately $1.86 million based on the number of current outstanding shares at September 30, 2023.
65

In addition, from time to time, our Board of Directors has authorized stock repurchase plans. In general, stock repurchase plans allow us to proactively manage our capital position and return excess capital to shareholders. Shares purchased under such plans may also provide us with shares of common stock necessary to satisfy obligations related to stock compensation awards. On July 25, 2023, the Company announced the adoption of a new stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may repurchase up to 404,708 shares of Company common stock, of which 374,142 shares remained available for future purchases as of September 30, 2023. The repurchase program may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason, including market conditions, the cost of repurchasing shares, the availability of alternative investment opportunities, liquidity, and other factors deemed appropriate. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any particular number of shares. For additional information on the Company’s stock repurchases, see “Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” contained in Part II of this report.
Bank holding companies and federally-insured state-chartered banks are required to maintain minimum levels of regulatory capital. At September 30, 2023, Timberland Bancorp and the Bank were in compliance with all applicable capital requirements. For additional details, see "Note 17-Regulatory Matters" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report and “Item 1. Business - Regulation of the Bank - Capital Requirements".
New Accounting Pronouncements
For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements and their impact on the Company, see "Note 1-Summary of Significant Accountion Policies" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The information contained under “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Market Risk and Asset and Liability Management” of this Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
TIMBERLAND BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Delap LLP, Lake Oswego, Oregon, PCAOB ID: 116) | 68
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 | 70
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended
September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | 72
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the
Years Ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | 74
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the
Years Ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | 75
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended
September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | 76
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 78

66

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Timberland Bancorp, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary (collectively, "the Company") as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, "the financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S.).
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Allowance for Loan Losses
Critical Audit Matter Description
As described in Notes 1 and 4 to the financial statements, the Company's allowance for loan losses (ALL) is a valuation account that reflects the estimated loan losses based on known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio
67

to the extent that they are both probable and reasonable to estimate. The ALL was approximately $15,817,000 as of September 30, 2023, which consists of specific and general components in the amounts of $123,000 and $15,694,000, respectively.
The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. The Company measures impairment and the related asset specific allowance for impaired loans based on the difference between the recorded investment of the loan and the present value of the expected future cash flows, discounted at the original effective interest rate of the loan. However, if the loan is collateral-dependent, the Company measures impairment based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral, which the Company determines based on the current fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs. Loans are identified as collateral-dependent if the Company believes that collateral is the sole source of repayment.
The general component is based on historical losses, general economic conditions, and other qualitative risk factors – both internal and external to the Company. The historical loss ratio and valuation allowance are established for each pool of similar loans and updated periodically based on actual charge-off experience and current events. The qualitative risk factors are generally determined by evaluating, among other things: (1) lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices; (2) national and local economic trends and conditions; (3) nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans; (4) experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff; (5) volume and severity of past due, classified, and nonaccrual loans, as well as other loan modifications; (6) quality of the Company's loan review system; (7) existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations; (8) changes in the value of underlying collateral, and (9) other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements. The evaluation of the qualitative factor adjustments requires a significant amount of judgment by management and involves a high degree of subjectivity.
We identified the ALL as a critical audit matter, as auditing the underlying qualitative factors required significant auditor judgment given that amounts determined by management rely on analysis that is highly subjective and includes significant estimation uncertainty.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following, among others:
a.We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to management’s establishment of the qualitative factors, assessment, review, and approval of the qualitative factors, and the data used in determining the qualitative factors.
b.We obtained an understanding of how management developed the estimates and related assumptions, including:
i.Testing completeness and accuracy of key data inputs used in forming assumptions or calculations and testing the reliability of the underlying data on which these factors are based by comparing information to source documents and external information sources, as well as evaluating the estimated correlation to potential loss.
ii.Evaluating the reasonableness of the qualitative factors established by management as compared to the underlying internal or external information sources.
c.We obtained an understanding of the loans excluded from the general component calculation for propriety of classification as acquired or impaired loans.
/s/ Delap LLP
We have served as the Company's auditors since 2010.
Lake Oswego, Oregon
December 11, 2023
68

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)
Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022

| 2023 |  | 2022
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |
Cash and due from financial institutions | $ | 25,390 |  |  | $ | 24,808 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks | 103,331 |  |  | 291,947 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 128,721 |  |  | 316,755 |
Certificates of deposit (“CDs”) held for investment, at cost | 15,188 |  |  | 22,894 |
Investment securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (estimated fair value $253,766 and $249,783) | 270,218 |  |  | 266,608 |
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value | 41,771 |  |  | 41,415 |
Investments in equity securities, at fair value | 811 |  |  | 835 |
Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) stock | 3,602 |  |  | 2,194 |
Other investments, at cost | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |
Loans held for sale | 400 |  |  | 748 |
Loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses of $15,817 and $13,703 | 1,302,305 |  |  | 1,132,426 |
Premises and equipment, net | 21,642 |  |  | 21,898 |
Accrued interest receivable | 6,004 |  |  | 4,483 |
Bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) | 22,966 |  |  | 22,806 |
Goodwill | 15,131 |  |  | 15,131 |
Core deposit intangible (“CDI”), net | 677 |  |  | 948 |
Loan servicing rights, net | 2,124 |  |  | 3,023 |
Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets | 1,772 |  |  | 1,980 |
Other assets | 3,573 |  |  | 3,364 |
Total assets | $ | 1,839,905 |  |  | $ | 1,860,508 |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Non-interest-bearing demand | $ | 455,864 |  |  | $ | 530,058 |
Interest-bearing | 1,105,071 |  |  | 1,102,118 |
Total deposits | 1,560,935 |  |  | 1,632,176 |
Operating lease liabilities | 1,867 |  |  | 2,066 |
FHLB borrowings | 35,000 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities and accrued expenses | 9,030 |  |  | 7,697 |
Total liabilities | 1,606,832 |  |  | 1,641,939 |
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 16) |  |  |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
69

Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued)

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)
Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022

Shareholders’ equity | 2023 |  | 2022
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none issued | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 8,105,338 shares issued and outstanding - September 30, 2023 8,221,952 shares issued and outstanding - September 30, 2022 | 34,771 |  |  | 38,751 |
Retained earnings | 199,386 |  |  | 180,535 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,084) |  |  | (717) |
Total shareholders’ equity | 233,073 |  |  | 218,569 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 1,839,905 |  |  | $ | 1,860,508 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
70

Consolidated Statements of Income

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)
Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
Years Ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Interest and dividend income |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable and loans held for sale | $ | 63,154 |  |  | $ | 51,324 |  |  | $ | 52,539 |  |
Investment securities | 9,384 |  |  | 3,488 |  |  | 1,195 |  |
Dividends from mutual funds, FHLB stock and other investments | 270 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 111 |  |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs | 7,143 |  |  | 3,576 |  |  | 1,117 |  |
Total interest and dividend income | 79,951 |  |  | 58,508 |  |  | 54,962 |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 11,302 |  |  | 2,657 |  |  | 3,013 |  |
FHLB borrowings | 290 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 91 |  |
Total interest expense | 11,592 |  |  | 2,674 |  |  | 3,104 |  |
Net interest income | 68,359 |  |  | 55,834 |  |  | 51,858 |  |
Provision for loan losses | 2,132 |  |  | 270 |  |  | — |  |
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 66,227 |  |  | 55,564 |  |  | 51,858 |  |
Non-interest income |  |  |  |  |  |
Net recoveries on investment securities | 9 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 20 |  |
Gain on sales of investment securities, net | 95 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Service charges on deposits | 3,824 |  |  | 3,964 |  |  | 3,911 |  |
ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees | 5,194 |  |  | 5,210 |  |  | 5,084 |  |
BOLI net earnings | 706 |  |  | 613 |  |  | 597 |  |
Gain on sales of loans, net | 244 |  |  | 1,510 |  |  | 5,904 |  |
Escrow fees | 109 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 290 |  |
Valuation recovery on loan servicing rights, net | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | 110 |  |
Other, net | 959 |  |  | 975 |  |  | 1,245 |  |
Total non-interest income, net | 11,140 |  |  | 12,624 |  |  | 17,161 |  |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
71

Consolidated Statements of Income (continued)

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)
Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
Years Ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Non-interest expense |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | $ | 23,562 |  |  | $ | 20,816 |  |  | $ | 18,750 |
Premises and equipment | 3,915 |  |  | 3,736 |  |  | 3,942 |
(Gain) loss on sales/dispositions of premises and equipment, net | (19) |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |
Advertising | 786 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 625 |
OREO and other repossessed assets, net | 1 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (87) |
ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees | 1,987 |  |  | 1,943 |  |  | 1,831 |
Postage and courier | 532 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 587 |
Amortization of CDI | 271 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 361 |
State and local taxes | 1,219 |  |  | 1,062 |  |  | 1,088 |
Professional fees | 2,078 |  |  | 1,747 |  |  | 1,006 |
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance | 711 |  |  | 506 |  |  | 415 |
Loan administration and foreclosure | 503 |  |  | 508 |  |  | 471 |
Technology and communications | 3,545 |  |  | 2,719 |  |  | 2,510 |
Deposit operations | 1,368 |  |  | 1,235 |  |  | 1,091 |
Other | 2,914 |  |  | 2,770 |  |  | 2,001 |
Total non-interest expense, net | 43,373 |  |  | 38,626 |  |  | 34,591 |
Income before income taxes | 33,994 |  |  | 29,562 |  |  | 34,428 |
Provision for income taxes | 6,876 |  |  | 5,962 |  |  | 6,845 |
Net income | $ | 27,118 |  |  | $ | 23,600 |  |  | $ | 27,583 |
Net income per common share |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 3.32 |  |  | $ | 2.84 |  |  | $ | 3.31 |
Diluted | $ | 3.29 |  |  | $ | 2.82 |  |  | $ | 3.27 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
72

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in Thousands)
Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
Years Ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 27,118 |  |  | $ | 23,600 |  |  | $ | 27,583 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding loss on investment securities available for sale, net of income taxes of $(98), $(209), and $(2), respectively | (369) |  |  | (781) |  |  | (12) |
Change in OTTI on investment securities held to maturity, net of income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments related to other factors for which OTTI was previously recognized, net of income taxes of $0, $0, and $1, respectively | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 2 |
Accretion of OTTI on investment securities held to maturity, net of income taxes of $1, $2, and $2, respectively | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8 |
Total other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes | (367) |  |  | (776) |  |  | (2) |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 26,751 |  |  | $ | 22,824 |  |  | $ | 27,581 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
73

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)
Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
Years Ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021

|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |
|  |  | Number of Shares |  |  |  | Amount |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Total
Balance, September 30, 2020 |  |  | 8,310,793 |  |  |  |  | $ | 42,396 |  |  |  |  | $ | 145,173 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 187,630 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 27,583 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,583 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (19,588) |  |  |  |  | (527) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (527) |
Exercise of stock options |  |  | 64,264 |  |  |  |  | 631 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 631 |
Common stock dividends ($1.03 per common share) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (8,589) |  |  | — |  |  | (8,589) |
Stock option compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 173 |
Balance, September 30, 2021 |  |  | 8,355,469 |  |  |  |  | 42,673 |  |  |  |  | 164,167 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 206,899 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 23,600 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,600 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (776) |  |  | (776) |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (170,237) |  |  |  |  | (4,583) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,583) |
Exercise of stock options |  |  | 36,720 |  |  |  |  | 415 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 415 |
Common stock dividends ($0.87 per common share) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (7,232) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,232) |
Stock option compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 246 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 246 |
Balance, September 30, 2022 |  |  | 8,221,952 |  |  |  |  | 38,751 |  |  |  |  | 180,535 |  |  | (717) |  |  | 218,569 |

Net income |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 27,118 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,118 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (367) |  |  | (367) |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  |  | (185,399) |  |  |  |  | (4,998) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,998) |
Restricted stock grants |  |  |  | 26,150 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercise of stock options |  |  |  | 42,635 |  |  |  |  | 698 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 698 |
Common stock dividends ($1.01 per common share) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (8,267) |  |  | — |  |  | (8,267) |
Stock option compensation expense |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 320 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 320 |
Balance, September 30, 2023 |  |  |  | 8,105,338 |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,771 |  |  |  |  | $ | 199,386 |  |  | $ | (1,084) |  |  | $ | 233,073 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
74

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Dollars in Thousands)
Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
Years Ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 27,118 |  |  | $ | 23,600 |  |  | $ | 27,583 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation | 1,381 |  |  | 1,367 |  |  | 1,563 |
Deferred income taxes | (291) |  |  | (177) |  |  | 275 |
Amortization of CDI | 271 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 361 |
Accretion of discount on purchased loans | (75) |  |  | (182) |  |  | (340) |
Stock option compensation expense | 320 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 173 |
Gain on sales of investment securities, net | (95) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net recoveries on investment securities | (9) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (20) |
Change in fair value of investments in equity securities | 24 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 22 |
Gain on sales of OREO and other repossessed assets, net | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (92) |
Amortization (accretion) of discounts and premiums on securities | (1,223) |  |  | (39) |  |  | 118 |
Gain on sales of loans, net | (244) |  |  | (1,510) |  |  | (5,904) |
(Gain) loss on sales/dispositions of premises and equipment, net | (19) |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |
Provision for loan losses | 2,132 |  |  | 270 |  |  | — |
Loans originated for sale | (10,946) |  |  | (55,136) |  |  | (133,006) |
Proceeds from sales of loans | 11,538 |  |  | 59,115 |  |  | 140,202 |
Amortization of loan servicing rights | 1,012 |  |  | 1,156 |  |  | 1,111 |
Valuation adjustment on loan servicing rights, net | — |  |  | (119) |  |  | (110) |
BOLI net earnings | (627) |  |  | (613) |  |  | (597) |
BOLI death benefit in excess of cash surrender value | (79) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Increase (decrease) in deferred loan origination fees | 921 |  |  | (822) |  |  | (1,293) |
Net change in accrued interest receivable and other assets, and other liabilities and accrued expenses | (112) |  |  | (1,081) |  |  | (411) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 30,997 |  |  | 26,500 |  |  | 29,635 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Net decrease in CDs held for investment | 7,706 |  |  | 5,588 |  |  | 37,063 |
Purchase of investment securities held to maturity | (15,602) |  |  | (208,778) |  |  | (53,049) |
Purchase of investment securities available for sale | (16,994) |  |  | — |  |  | (18,698) |
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of investment securities held to maturity | 13,123 |  |  | 11,661 |  |  | 12,004 |
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of investment securities available for sale | 7,442 |  |  | 20,448 |  |  | 13,162 |
Proceeds from sales of investment securities available for sale | 8,927 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchase of FHLB stock | (1,408) |  |  | (91) |  |  | (181) |
(Increase) decrease in loans receivable, net | (172,857) |  |  | (163,238) |  |  | 47,054 |
Purchase of premises and equipment | (1,106) |  |  | (911) |  |  | (895) |
Proceeds from sales of OREO and other repossessed assets | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | 985 |
Proceeds from death benefit on BOLI | 546 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (170,223) |  |  | (335,162) |  |  | 37,445 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
75

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

(Dollars in Thousands)
Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
Years Ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase in deposits | $ | (71,241) |  |  | $ | 61,621 |  |  | $ | 212,149 |
Proceeds from (repayment of) FHLB borrowings | 35,000 |  |  | (5,000) |  |  | (5,000) |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 698 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 631 |
Repurchase of common stock | (4,998) |  |  | (4,583) |  |  | (527) |
Payment of dividends | (8,267) |  |  | (7,232) |  |  | (8,589) |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (48,808) |  |  | 45,221 |  |  | 198,664 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (188,034) |  |  | (263,441) |  |  | 265,744 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of year | 316,755 |  |  | 580,196 |  |  | 314,452 |
End of year | $ | 128,721 |  |  | $ | 316,755 |  |  | $ | 580,196 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |
Income taxes paid | $ | 6,989 |  |  | $ | 5,450 |  |  | $ | 5,965 |
Interest paid | 10,303 |  |  | 2,700 |  |  | 3,244 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss related to investment securities | $ | (367) |  |  | $ | (776) |  |  | $ | (2) |
Operating lease liabilities arising from recording of ROU assets | 72 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
76

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Timberland Bancorp, Inc. (“Timberland Bancorp”), its wholly owned subsidiary, Timberland Bank (the “Bank”), and the Bank’s wholly owned subsidiary, Timberland Service Corp. (collectively, the "Company”). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Nature of Operations
Timberland Bancorp is a bank holding company which operates primarily through its subsidiary, the Bank. The Bank was established in 1915 and, through its 23 branches located in Grays Harbor, Pierce, Thurston, Kitsap, King and Lewis counties in Washington State, attracts deposits from the general public and uses those funds, along with other borrowings, primarily to provide residential real estate, construction, commercial real estate, commercial business and consumer loans to borrowers primarily in western Washington.
Consolidated Financial Statement Presentation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S.") (“GAAP”) and prevailing practices within the banking industry. The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, as of the date of the consolidated balance sheets, and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near-term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the determination of any OTTI in the fair value of investment securities, the valuation of loan servicing rights, the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions and the valuation of goodwill for potential impairment.
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2023 fiscal year presentation with no change to previously reported net income or shareholders’ equity.
Segment Reporting
The Company has one reportable operating segment which is defined as community banking in western Washington under the operating name “Timberland Bank.”
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Cash Flows
The Company considers amounts included in the consolidated balance sheets’ captions “Cash and due from financial institutions” and “Interest-bearing deposits in banks,” all of which mature within ninety days, to be cash equivalents for purposes of reporting cash flows.
Interest-bearing deposits in banks as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 included deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco ("FRB") of $84,500,000 and $215,637,000, respectively. The Company also maintains balances in correspondent bank accounts which, at times, may exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 per correspondent bank. Management believes that its risk of loss associated with such balances is minimal due to the financial strength of the FRB and the correspondent banks.
CDs Held for Investment
CDs held for investment include amounts invested with other FDIC-insured financial institutions for a stated interest rate and with a fixed maturity date. Such CDs generally have maturities of 12 to 60 months from the date of purchase by the Company. Early withdrawal penalties may apply; however, the Company intends to hold these CDs to maturity. The Company generally limits its purchases of CDs to a maximum of $250,000 (the FDIC insurance coverage limit) with any single financial institution.
77

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Investment Securities
Investments in debt securities are classified upon acquisition as held to maturity or available for sale. Investments in debt securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and reported at amortized cost. Investments in debt securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax effects. Premiums and discounts are amortized to interest income using the interest method over the contractual lives of the securities. Gains and losses on sales of investment securities are recognized on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.
In estimating whether there are any OTTI losses, management considers (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, (3) the impact of changes in market interest rates and (4) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.
Declines in the fair value of individual debt securities available for sale that are deemed to be other than temporary are recognized in earnings when identified. The fair value of the debt security then becomes the new cost basis. For individual debt securities that are held to maturity which the Company does not intend to sell, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the other than temporary decline in the fair value of the debt security related to: (1) credit loss is recognized in earnings and (2) market or other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). Credit loss is recorded if the present value of expected future cash flows is less than the amortized cost. For individual debt securities which the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will not recover all of its amortized cost, the OTTI is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the debt security’s cost basis and its fair value at the consolidated balance sheet date. For individual debt securities for which credit loss has been recognized in earnings, interest accruals and amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts are suspended when the credit loss is recognized. Interest received after accruals have been suspended is recognized on a cash basis.
Investments in Equity Securities
Investments in equity securities are stated at fair value. Changes in the fair value of investments in equity securities are recorded in other non-interest income.
FHLB Stock
The Bank, as a member of the FHLB, is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of the FHLB in an amount equal to 0.12% of the Bank's total assets, with a maximum of $10 million and a minimum of $10,000, plus 4.00% of any borrowings from the FHLB. On December 15, 2023, the capital stock requirements will change to 0.06% of the Bank's total assets, with no change in the maximum and minimum, plus 4.50% of any borrowings from the FHLB. No ready market exists for this stock, and it has no quoted market value. However, redemption of FHLB stock has historically been at par value. The Company's investment in FHLB stock is carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
The Company evaluates its FHLB stock for impairment as needed. The Company's determination of whether this investment is impaired is based on its assessment of the ultimate recoverability of cost rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value. The determination of whether a decline affects the ultimate recoverability of cost is influenced by criteria such as (1) the significance of any decline in net assets of the FHLB as compared with the capital stock amount and the length of time that any decline has persisted; (2) commitments by the FHLB to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to the operating performance of the FHLB; (3) the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on institutions and, accordingly, the customer base of the FHLB; and (4) the liquidity position of the FHLB. Based on its evaluation, the Company determined that there was no impairment of FHLB stock at September 30, 2023 and 2022.
Other Investments
The Bank invests in the Solomon Hess SBA Loan Fund LLC - a private investment fund - to help satisfy compliance with the Bank's Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") investment test requirements. Shares in this fund are not publicly traded and, therefore, have no readily determinable fair value. The Bank's investment in the fund is recorded at cost. An investor can have its investment in the fund redeemed for the balance of its capital account at any quarter-end with a 60 day notice to the fund.
78

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Loans Held for Sale
Mortgage loans and commercial business loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are stated in the aggregate at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to income. Gains or losses on sales of loans are recognized at the time of sale. The gain or loss is the difference between the net sales proceeds and the recorded value of the loans, including any remaining unamortized deferred loan origination fees.
Loans Receivable
Loans are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, reduced by the undisbursed portion of construction loans in process, net deferred loan origination fees and the allowance for loan losses.
Interest on loans is accrued daily based on the principal amount outstanding. Generally, the accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to make payments as they become due or when they are past due 90 days as to either principal or interest (based on contractual terms), unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. In determining whether a borrower may be able to make payments as they become due, management considers circumstances such as the financial strength of the borrower, the estimated collateral value, reasons for the delays in payments, payment record, the amounts past due and the number of days past due. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on non-accrual status or charged off is reversed against interest income. Subsequent collections on a cash basis are applied proportionately to past due principal and interest, unless collectability of principal is in doubt, in which case all payments are applied to principal. Loans are returned to accrual status when the loan is deemed current, and the collectability of principal and interest is no longer doubtful, or, in the case of one- to four-family loans, when the loan is less than 90 days delinquent. The categories of non-accrual loans and impaired loans overlap, although they are not identical.
The Company charges fees for originating loans. These fees, net of certain loan origination costs, are deferred and amortized to income on the level-yield basis over the loan term. If the loan is repaid prior to maturity, the remaining unamortized deferred loan origination fee is recognized in income at the time of repayment.
Acquired Loans
Purchased loans, including loans acquired in business combinations, are recorded at their estimated fair value at the acquisition date. Credit discounts are included in the determination of fair value; therefore, an allowance for loan losses is not recorded at the acquisition date. Acquired loans are evaluated upon acquisition and classified as either purchased credit-impaired ("PCI") or purchased non-credit-impaired. PCI loans reflect credit deterioration since origination such that it is probable at acquisition that the Company will be unable to collect all contractually required payments. The excess of the cash flows expected to be collected over a PCI loan's carrying value is considered to be the accretable yield and is recognized as interest income over the estimated life of the PCI loan using the effective yield method. The excess of the undiscounted contractual balances due over the cash flows expected to be collected is considered to be the nonaccretable difference. The nonaccretable difference represents the Company's estimate of the credit losses expected to occur and would be considered in determining the estimated
fair value of the loans as of the acquisition date. Subsequent to the acquisition date, any increases in expected cash flows over those expected at the purchase date in excess of fair value are adjusted through a change to the accretable yield on a prospective basis. Any subsequent decreases in expected cash flows attributable to credit deterioration are recognized by recording an allowance for loan losses. PCI loans were insignificant as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.
For purchased non-credit-impaired loans, the difference between the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the loan at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the life of the loans. Any subsequent deterioration in credit quality is recognized by recording an allowance for loan losses.
Troubled Debt Restructured Loans
A troubled debt restructured loan ("TDR") is a loan for which the Company, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. Examples of such concessions
79

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
include, but are not limited to: a reduction in the stated interest rate; an extension of the maturity at an interest rate below current market rates; a reduction in the face amount of the debt; a reduction in the accrued interest; or re-amortizations, extensions, deferrals and renewals. TDRs are considered impaired and are individually evaluated for impairment. TDRs are classified as non-accrual (and considered to be non-performing) unless they have been performing in accordance with modified terms for a period of at least six months.
Allowance for Loan Losses
The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The allowance is provided based upon management's comprehensive analysis of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the amount and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency levels, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions, and a detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured. The detailed analysis includes methods to estimate the fair value of loan collateral and the existence of potential alternative sources of repayment. The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are deemed impaired. For loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value less selling costs (if applicable), or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the recorded value of that loan. The general component covers non-impaired loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. The Company's historical loss experience is determined by evaluating the average net charge-offs over the most recent economic cycle, but not to exceed six years. Qualitative factors are determined by loan type and allow management to adjust reserve levels to reflect the current general economic environment and portfolio performance trends including recent charge-off trends. Allowances are provided based on management’s continuing evaluation of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio, including changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions, collateral values, geographic concentrations, seasoning of the loan portfolio, specific industry conditions, the duration of the current business cycle, and regulatory requirements and expectations. When determining the appropriate historical loss and qualitative factors, management took into consideration the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on such factors as the national and state unemployment rates and related trends, the amount and timing of financial assistance provided by the government, consumer spending levels and trends, industries significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Company's COVID-19 loan modification program. The appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses is estimated based upon these factors and trends identified by management at the time that the consolidated financial statements are prepared.
A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts (principal and interest) when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as residential mortgage loans and consumer loans, may be collectively evaluated for impairment. When a loan has been identified as being impaired, the amount of the impairment is measured by using discounted cash flows, except when, as an alternative, the current estimated fair value of the collateral (reduced by estimated costs to sell, if applicable) or observable market price is used. The valuation of real estate collateral is subjective in nature and may be adjusted in future periods because of changes in economic conditions. Management considers third-party appraisals, as well as independent fair market value assessments from realtors or persons involved in selling real estate, in determining the estimated fair value of particular properties. In addition, as certain of these third-party appraisals and independent fair market value assessments are only updated periodically, changes in the values of specific properties may have occurred subsequent to the most recent appraisals. Accordingly, the amounts of any such potential changes and any related adjustments are generally recorded at the time such information is received. When the estimated net realizable value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (including accrued interest and net deferred loan origination fees or costs), impairment is recognized by creating or adjusting an allocation of the allowance for loan losses, and uncollected accrued interest is reversed against interest income. If the ultimate collection of principal is in doubt, all cash receipts on impaired loans are applied to reduce the principal balance.
A provision for (recapture of) loan losses is charged (credited) to operations and is added to (deducted from) the allowance for loan losses based on a quarterly comprehensive analysis of the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses is allocated to certain loan categories based on the relative risk characteristics, asset classifications and actual loss experience of the loan portfolio. While management has allocated the allowance for loan losses to various loan portfolio segments, the allowance is general in nature and is available for the loan portfolio in its entirety.
The ultimate recovery of all loans is susceptible to future market factors beyond the Company’s control. These factors may result in losses or recoveries differing significantly from those provided in the consolidated financial statements. If real estate values decline and as updated appraisals are received on collateral for impaired loans, the Company may need to increase the
80

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
allowance for loan losses as appropriate. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses and may require the Company to make additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examinations.
Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: buildings and improvements - five to forty years; and furniture and equipment - three to seven years. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to expense as incurred. Gains and losses on dispositions are reflected in current earnings.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets, consisting of premises and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the recorded amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the recorded amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the recorded amount of the assets exceeds the discounted recovery amount or estimated fair value of the assets. No events or changes in circumstances have occurred during the years ended September 30, 2023 or 2022 that would cause management to re-evaluate the recoverability of the Company’s long-lived assets.
OREO and Other Repossessed Assets
OREO and other repossessed assets consist of properties or assets acquired through or in lieu of foreclosure, and are recorded initially at the estimated fair value of the properties less estimated costs of disposal, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. When the property is acquired, any excess of the loan balance over the estimated net realizable value is charged to the allowance for loan losses. The valuation of real estate is subjective in nature and may be adjusted in future periods because of changes in economic conditions. Management considers third-party appraisals, as well as independent fair market value assessments from realtors or persons involved in selling real estate, in determining the estimated fair values of particular properties. In addition, as certain of these third-party appraisals and independent fair market value assessments are only updated periodically, changes in the values of specific properties may have occurred subsequent to the most recent appraisals. Accordingly, the amounts of any such potential changes and any related adjustments are generally recorded at the time such information is received. Costs relating to development and improvement of the properties or assets are capitalized, while costs relating to holding the properties or assets are expensed.
BOLI
BOLI policies are recorded at their cash surrender value less applicable cash surrender charges. Income from BOLI is recognized when earned.
Goodwill
Goodwill is initially recorded when the purchase price paid in a business combination exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is presumed to have an indefinite useful life and is analyzed annually for impairment. The Company performs an annual review during the third quarter of each fiscal year, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist, to determine if the recorded goodwill is impaired. For purposes of goodwill impairment testing, the services offered through the Bank and its subsidiary are managed as one strategic unit and represent the Company's only reporting unit.
The annual goodwill impairment test begins with a qualitative assessment of whether it is "more likely than not" that the reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount. If an entity concludes that it is not "more likely than not" that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it need not perform a two-step impairment test. If the Company's qualitative assessment concluded that it is "more likely than not" that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it must perform the two-step impairment test to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized, if any. The first step of the goodwill impairment test compares the estimated fair
81

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, or the book value, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit equals or exceeds its book value, goodwill is considered not impaired, and the second step of the impairment test is unnecessary.
The second step, if necessary, measures the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized. The reporting unit must determine fair value for all assets and liabilities, excluding goodwill. The net of the assigned fair value of assets and liabilities is then compared to the book value of the reporting unit, and any excess book value becomes the implied fair value of goodwill. If the carrying amount of the goodwill exceeds the newly calculated implied fair value of goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in the amount required to write-down the goodwill to the implied fair value.
Management's qualitative assessment takes into consideration macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost or margin factors, financial performance and the share price of the Company's common stock. The Company performed its
fiscal year 2023 goodwill impairment test during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 with the assistance of an independent third-party firm specializing in goodwill impairment valuations for financial institutions. Based on this assessment, the Company determined that it is not "more likely than not" that the Company's fair value is less than its carrying amount, and, therefore, goodwill was determined not to be impaired at May 31, 2023.
A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of goodwill impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include, among others: a significant decline in expected future cash flows; a sustained, significant decline in the Company's stock price and market capitalization; a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; adverse assessment or action by a regulator; and unanticipated competition. Any change in these indicators could have a significant negative impact on the Company's financial condition, impact the goodwill impairment analysis or cause the Company to perform a goodwill impairment analysis more frequently than once per year.
As of September 30, 2023, management believes that there were no events or changes in the circumstances since May 31, 2023 that would indicate a potential impairment of goodwill. No assurances can be given, however, that the Company will not record an impairment loss on goodwill in the future. If adverse economic conditions or decreases in the Company's stock price and market capitalization were deemed to be other than temporary, it may significantly affect the fair value of the Company's goodwill and may trigger impairment charges. Any impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operation and financial condition.
CDI
CDI represents the future economic benefit of the potential cost savings from acquiring core deposits as part of a business combination compared to the cost of alternative funding sources. CDI is amortized to non-interest expense using an accelerated method based on an estimated runoff of related deposits over a period of ten years. CDI is evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable, with any changes in estimated useful life accounted for prospectively over the revised remaining life.
Loan Servicing Rights
The Company holds rights to service (1) loans that it has originated and sold to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and (2) the guaranteed portion of U.S. Small Business Administration ("SBA") loans sold in the secondary market. Loan servicing rights are capitalized at estimated fair value when acquired through the origination of loans that are subsequently sold with the servicing rights retained. Loan servicing rights are amortized to servicing income on loans sold approximately in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. The value of loan servicing rights at the date of the sale of loans is estimated based on the discounted present value of expected future cash flows using key assumptions for servicing income and costs and expected prepayment rates on the underlying loans. The estimated fair value is periodically evaluated for impairment by comparing actual cash flows and estimated future cash flows from the loan servicing assets to those estimated at the time that the loan servicing assets were originated. Fair values are estimated using expected future discounted cash flows based on current market rates of interest. For purposes of measuring impairment, the loan servicing rights must be stratified by one or more predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans. The Company stratifies its capitalized loan servicing rights based on product type and term of the underlying loans. The amount of impairment recognized is the amount, if any, by which the amortized cost of the loan servicing rights exceeds their fair value. Impairment, if deemed temporary, is recognized through a valuation allowance to the extent that fair value is less than the recorded amount.
82

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Operating Leases
The Company has only identified leases classified as operating leases. Operating leases are recorded as ROU assets and ROU liabilities within operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and ROU liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and ROU liabilities are recognized at the lease agreement commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The lease term incorporates options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. As the Company's leases typically do not provide an implicit rate; the Company uses the weighted average discount rate to estimate the present value of future lease payments in calculating the value of the ROU asset. The operating lease ROU assets is further reduced by any lease pre-payments made and lease incentives. The leases may contain various provisions for increases in rental rates based either on changes in the published Consumer Price Index or a predetermined escalation schedule and such variable lease payments are recognized as lease expense as they are incurred. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company excludes operating leases with a term of twelve months or less from being capitalized as ROU assets and ROU liabilities.
Transfers of Financial Assets
Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.
Income Taxes
The Company files a consolidated federal and various state income tax returns. The Bank provides for income taxes separately and remits to (receives from) Timberland Bancorp amounts currently due (receivable).
Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. These temporary differences will result in differences between income for tax purposes and income for financial reporting purposes in future years. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes. Valuation allowances are established to reduce the net recorded amount of deferred tax assets if it is determined to be more likely than not that all or some portion of the potential deferred tax asset will not be realized.
With respect to accounting for uncertainty in incomes taxes, a tax provision is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters as income tax expense. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examination by tax authorities for years ended on or before September 30, 2019.
Advertising
Costs for advertising and marketing are expensed as incurred.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company measures compensation cost for all stock-based awards based on the grant-date fair value of the stock-based awards and recognizes compensation cost over the service period of stock-based awards. The fair value of stock options is
83

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Stock option forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. The fair value of restricted stock is determined based on the grant date fair value of the Company's common stock.
Net Income Per Common Share
Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without considering any dilutive items. Nonvested shares of restricted stock are included in the computation of basic earnings per share because the holder has voting rights and shares in non-forfeitable dividends during the vesting period. Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing net income to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares and common stock equivalents for items that are dilutive, net of shares assumed to be repurchased using the treasury stock method at the average share price for the Company's common stock during the period. Common stock equivalents arise from the assumed conversion of outstanding stock options.
Related Party Transactions
The Chairman of the Board of the Bank and Timberland Bancorp passed away during the year ended September 30, 2023. He was a member of the law firm that provides general counsel to the Company. Legal and other fees paid to this law firm during the period of time he served on the Board for years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $24,000, $48,000 and $67,000, respectively.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended by ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-10 and ASU 2019-11. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred losses methodology with a current expected losses methodology with respect to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held to maturity investment securities and off-balance sheet commitments. In addition, ASU 2016-13 requires credit losses relating to available for sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction of the carrying amount. ASU 2016-13 also changes the accounting for PCI debt securities and loans. ASU 2016-13 retains many of the current disclosure requirements in GAAP and expands certain disclosure requirements. As a "smaller reporting company" filer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 as of October 1, 2023 in accordance with the required implementation date and recorded the impact of adoption to retained earnings, net of deferred income taxes, as required by the standard. The adjustment recorded at adoption was not significant to the overall allowance for credit losses or shareholders' equity as compared to September 30, 2023 and consisted of adjustments to the allowance for credit losses on loans as well as an adjustment to the Company's reserve for unfunded loan commitments. Subsequent to adoption, the Company will record adjustments to its allowance for credit losses and reserves for unfunded loan commitments through the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statement of income. The Company also recorded an immaterial allowance for credit losses on investment securities at the date of adoption. The majority of investment securities held are treasury or government agency-backed securities, which have minimal risk.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This ASU simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill and eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity has to perform procedures to determine the fair value of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) at the impairment testing date following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Under ASU 2017-04, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity would then recognize an impairment charge for the amount by
which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, an entity would consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The adoption ASU 2017-04 is not expected to a have a material impact on the Company's future consolidated financial statements.
84

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This ASU applies to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or other rate references expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The ASU permits an entity to make necessary modifications to eligible contracts or transactions without requiring contract remeasurement or reassessment of a previous accounting determination. This ASU is effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024. The Company has adopted ASU 2020-04 as of June 30, 2023. The adoption of ASU 2020-04 did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This ASU eliminates the accounting guidance for TDRs for creditors, requires new disclosures for creditors for certain loan refinancings and restructurings when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and requires public business entities to include current-period gross write-offs in the vintage disclosure tables. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 in conjunction with ASU 2016-13 as of October 1, 2023. The adoption of ASU 2022-02 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
Other accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies are not currently expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Note 2 - Restricted Assets
Federal Reserve regulations require that the Bank maintain certain minimum reserve balances on hand or on deposit with the FRB, based on a percentage of transaction account deposits. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve reduced the reserve requirement ratio to zero percent, effective March 26, 2020. Currently, the FRB has not announced plans to re-impose a reserve requirement; however, the FRB may adjust reserve requirement ratios at its sole discretion.
85

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Note 3 - Investment Securities
Held to maturity and available for sale investment securities were as follows as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities | $ | 171,626 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10,088) |  |  | $ | 161,538 |
Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS"): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agencies | 52,294 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,950) |  |  | 48,344 |
Private label residential | 44,011 |  |  | 295 |  |  | (2,611) |  |  | 41,695 |
Taxable municipal securities | 1,787 |  |  | — |  |  | (47) |  |  | 1,740 |
Bank issued trust preferred securities | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | (51) |  |  | 449 |
Total | $ | 270,218 |  |  | $ | 295 |  |  | $ | (16,747) |  |  | $ | 253,766 |
Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS: U.S. government agencies | $ | 43,132 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,361) |  |  | $ | 41,771 |
Total | $ | 43,132 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,361) |  |  | $ | 41,771 |
September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities | $ | 170,676 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (12,109) |  |  | $ | 158,578 |
MBS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agencies | 43,995 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (2,486) |  |  | 41,513 |
Private label residential | 49,335 |  |  | 245 |  |  | (2,392) |  |  | 47,188 |
Taxable municipal securities | 2,102 |  |  | — |  |  | (67) |  |  | 2,035 |
Bank issued trust preferred securities | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | 469 |
Total | $ | 266,608 |  |  | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | (17,085) |  |  | $ | 249,783 |
Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS: U.S. government agencies | $ | 42,309 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (894) |  |  | $ | 41,415 |
Total | $ | 42,309 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (894) |  |  | $ | 41,415 |

86

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Held to maturity and available for sale investment securities with unrealized losses were as follows as of September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
| Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Qty |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Qty |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities | $ | 9,455 |  |  | $ | (129) |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 152,082 |  |  | $ | (9,959) |  |  | 26 |  |  | $ | 161,537 |  |  | $ | (10,088) |
MBS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agencies | 16,432 |  |  | (549) |  |  | 13 |  |  | 31,703 |  |  | (3,401) |  |  | 51 |  |  | 48,135 |  |  | (3,950) |
Private label residential | 1,288 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 38,205 |  |  | (2,609) |  |  | 32 |  |  | 39,493 |  |  | (2,611) |
Taxable municipal securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,740 |  |  | (47) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,740 |  |  | (47) |
Bank issued trust preferred securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 449 |  |  | (51) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 449 |  |  | (51) |
Total | $ | 27,175 |  |  | $ | (680) |  |  | 15 |  |  | $ | 224,179 |  |  | $ | (16,067) |  |  | 111 |  |  | $ | 251,354 |  |  | $ | (16,747) |
Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agencies | $ | 10,635 |  |  | $ | (308) |  |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 30,809 |  |  | $ | (1,053) |  |  | 27 |  |  | $ | 41,444 |  |  | $ | (1,361) |
Total | $ | 10,635 |  |  | $ | (308) |  |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 30,809 |  |  | $ | (1,053) |  |  | 27 |  |  | $ | 41,444 |  |  | $ | (1,361) |

Held to maturity and available for sale investment securities with unrealized losses were as follows as of September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
| Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Qty |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Qty |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities | $ | 115,504 |  |  | $ | (7,224) |  |  | 17 |  |  | $ | 33,638 |  |  | $ | (4,885) |  |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 149,142 |  |  | $ | (12,109) |
MBS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agencies | 35,896 |  |  | (1,449) |  |  | 54 |  |  | 5,306 |  |  | (1,037) |  |  | 5 |  |  | 41,202 |  |  | (2,486) |
Private label residential | 35,447 |  |  | (2,166) |  |  | 27 |  |  | 8,708 |  |  | (226) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 44,155 |  |  | (2,392) |
Taxable municipal securities | 2,035 |  |  | (67) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,035 |  |  | (67) |
Bank issued trust preferred securities | 469 |  |  | (31) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 469 |  |  | (31) |
Total | $ | 189,351 |  |  | $ | (10,937) |  |  | 100 |  |  | $ | 47,652 |  |  | $ | (6,148) |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 237,003 |  |  | $ | (17,085) |
Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agencies | $ | 25,170 |  |  | $ | (292) |  |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 15,705 |  |  | $ | (602) |  |  | 13 |  |  | $ | 40,875 |  |  | $ | (894) |
Total | $ | 25,170 |  |  | $ | (292) |  |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 15,705 |  |  | $ | (602) |  |  | 13 |  |  | $ | 40,875 |  |  | $ | (894) |

87

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The Company has evaluated the investment securities in the above tables and has determined that the decline in their fair value is temporary. The unrealized losses are primarily due to changes in market interest rates and spreads in the market for mortgage-related products. The fair value of these securities is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity dates and/or as the pricing spreads narrow on mortgage-related securities. The Company has the ability and the intent to hold the investments until the fair value of these securities recovers.
The Company bifurcates OTTI into (1) amounts related to credit losses which are recognized through earnings and (2) amounts related to all other factors which are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss).
To determine the component of the gross OTTI related to credit losses, the Company compared the amortized cost basis of the OTTI security to the present value of its revised expected cash flows, discounted using its pre-impairment yield. The revised expected cash flow estimates for individual securities are based primarily on an analysis of default rates, prepayment speeds and
third-party analytic reports. Significant judgment by management is required in this analysis that includes, but is not limited to, assumptions regarding the collectability of principal and interest, net of related expenses, on the underlying loans.
The following table presents a summary of the significant inputs utilized to measure management’s estimates of the credit loss component on OTTI securities as of September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

| Range |  | Weighted
| Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Average
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Constant prepayment rate | 6.00 | % |  | 15.00 | % |  | 8.26 | %
Collateral default rate | — | % |  | 26.71 | % |  | 11.28 | %
Loss severity rate | — | % |  | 5.73 | % |  | 1.55 | %
September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Constant prepayment rate | 6.00 | % |  | 15.00 | % |  | 12.98 | %
Collateral default rate | 0.58 | % |  | 25.64 | % |  | 9.96 | %
Loss severity rate | — | % |  | 8.19 | % |  | 3.36 | %
September 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Constant prepayment rate | 6.00 | % |  | 15.00 | % |  | 10.20 | %
Collateral default rate | 1.47 | % |  | 17.55 | % |  | 12.19 | %
Loss severity rate | — | % |  | 12.96 | % |  | 4.55 | %

The following table presents a roll forward of the credit loss component of held to maturity and available for sale debt securities that have been written down for OTTI with the credit loss component recognized in earnings for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 836 |  |  | $ | 853 |  |  | $ | 885 |
Additions: |  |  |  |  |
Additional increases to the amount related to credit losses for which OTTI was previously recognized | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Subtractions: |  |  |  |  |
Net realized gain (losses) previously recorded as credit losses | (11) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (12) |
Recovery of prior credit loss | (9) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (22) |
Balance, end of year | $ | 816 |  |  | $ | 836 |  |  | $ | 853 |

88

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
During the year ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a $11,000 net realized loss on 14 held to maturity investment securities, all of which had been recognized previously as a credit loss. During the year ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded a $1,000 net realized gain on 16 held to maturity investment securities, all of which had been recognized previously as a credit loss. During the year ended September 30, 2021, the Company recorded a $12,000 net realized loss on 19 held to maturity investment securities, all of which had been recognized previously as a credit loss.
During the year ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a $95,000 realized gain on sale of two available for sale investment securities. There were no realized gains or losses on available for sale investment securities for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.
The recorded amount of investment securities pledged as collateral for public fund deposits, federal treasury tax and loan deposits and FHLB collateral totaled $201,817,000 and $133,824,000 at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The contractual maturities of debt securities at September 30, 2023 are as follows (dollars in thousands). Expected maturities may differ from scheduled maturities due to the prepayment of principal or call provisions.

| Held to Maturity |  | Available for Sale
| Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due within one year | $ | 83,614 |  |  | $ | 82,258 |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 385 |
Due after one year to five years | 105,308 |  |  | 96,743 |  |  | 2,608 |  |  | 2,590 |
Due after five years to ten years | 10,510 |  |  | 9,428 |  |  | 6,689 |  |  | 6,642 |
Due after ten years | 70,786 |  |  | 65,337 |  |  | 33,447 |  |  | 32,154 |
Total | $ | 270,218 |  |  | $ | 253,766 |  |  | $ | 43,132 |  |  | $ | 41,771 |

89

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Note 4 - Loans Receivable and Allowance for Loan Losses
Loans receivable by portfolio segment consisted of the following at September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Mortgage loans: |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 253,227 |  |  | $ | 176,116 |
Multi-family | 127,176 |  |  | 95,025 |
Commercial | 568,265 |  |  | 536,650 |
Construction – custom and owner/builder | 129,699 |  |  | 119,240 |
Construction – speculative one- to four-family | 17,099 |  |  | 12,254 |
Construction – commercial | 51,064 |  |  | 40,364 |
Construction – multi-family | 57,140 |  |  | 64,480 |
Construction – land development | 18,841 |  |  | 19,280 |
Land | 26,726 |  |  | 26,854 |
Total mortgage loans | 1,249,237 |  |  | 1,090,263 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 38,281 |  |  | 35,187 |
Other | 2,772 |  |  | 2,128 |
Total consumer loans | 41,053 |  |  | 37,315 |
Commercial loans: |  |  |
Commercial business | 135,802 |  |  | 125,039 |
SBA Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") | 466 |  |  | 1,001 |
Total commercial loans | 136,268 |  |  | 126,040 |
Total loans receivable | 1,426,558 |  |  | 1,253,618 |
Less: |  |  |
Undisbursed portion of construction loans in process | 103,194 |  |  | 103,168 |
Deferred loan origination fees, net | 5,242 |  |  | 4,321 |
Allowance for loan losses | 15,817 |  |  | 13,703 |
| 124,253 |  |  | 121,192 |
Loans receivable, net | $ | 1,302,305 |  |  | $ | 1,132,426 |

Loans receivable at September 30, 2023 and 2022 are reported net of unamortized discounts totaling $192,000 and $267,000, respectively.
Significant Concentrations of Credit Risk
Most of the Company’s lending activity is with customers located in the state of Washington and involves real estate. At September 30, 2023, the Company had $1,287,518,000 (including $103,194,000 of undisbursed construction loans in process) in loans secured by real estate, which represented 90.3% of total loans receivable. The real estate loan portfolio is primarily secured by one- to four-family properties, multi-family properties, land, and a variety of commercial real estate property types. At September 30, 2023, there were no concentrations of real estate loans to a specific industry or secured by a specific collateral type that equaled or exceeded 20% of the Company’s total loan portfolio, other than loans secured by one-to four-family properties. The ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the loan portfolio is susceptible to changes in economic and market conditions in the region and the impact of those changes on the real estate market. The Company typically originates real estate loans with loan-to-value ratios of no greater than 85%. Collateral and/or guarantees are required for all loans.
90

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Related Party Loans
Certain related parties of the Company, principally Bank directors and officers, are loan customers of the Bank in the ordinary course of business. Such related party loans were performing according to their repayment terms at September 30, 2023 and 2022. Activity in related party loans during the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was as follows (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 466 |  |  | $ | 248 |
New loans or borrowings | 61 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 316 |
Repayments and reclassifications | (9) |  |  | (456) |  |  | (98) |
Balance, end of year | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 466 |

Loan Segment Risk Characteristics
The Company believes that its loan classes are the same as its loan segments.
One- To Four-Family Residential Lending: The Company originates both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans secured by one- to four-family residences. A portion of the fixed-rate one- to four-family loans are sold in the secondary market for asset/liability management purposes and to generate non-interest income. The Company’s lending policies generally limit the maximum loan-to-value on one- to four-family loans to 85% of the lesser of the appraised value or the purchase price. However, the Company usually obtains private mortgage insurance on the portion of the principal amount that exceeds 80% of the appraised value of the property.
Multi-Family Lending: The Company originates loans secured by multi-family dwelling units (more than four units). Multi-family lending generally affords the Company an opportunity to receive interest at rates higher than those generally available from one- to four-family residential lending. However, loans secured by multi-family properties usually are greater in amount, more difficult to evaluate and monitor and, therefore, involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by multi-family properties are often dependent on the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of such loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or economy. The Company attempts to minimize these risks by scrutinizing the financial condition of the borrower, the quality of the collateral and the management of the property securing the loan.
Commercial Mortgage Lending: The Company originates commercial real estate loans secured by properties such as office buildings, retail/wholesale facilities, motels, restaurants, mini-storage facilities and other commercial properties. Commercial real estate lending generally affords the Company an opportunity to receive interest at higher rates than those available from one- to four-family residential lending. However, loans secured by such properties usually are greater in amount, more difficult to evaluate and monitor and, therefore, involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by commercial properties are often dependent on the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of these loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or economy. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by generally limiting the maximum loan-to-value ratio to 80% and scrutinizing the financial condition of the borrower, the quality of the collateral and the management of the property securing the loan.
Construction Lending: The Company currently originates the following types of construction loans: custom construction loans, owner/builder construction loans, speculative construction loans, commercial real estate construction loans, multi-family construction loans and land development loans.
Construction lending affords the Company the opportunity to achieve higher interest rates and fees with shorter terms to maturity than does its single-family permanent mortgage lending. Construction lending, however, is generally considered to involve a higher degree of risk than one- to four family residential lending because of the inherent difficulty in estimating both a property’s value at completion of the project and the estimated cost of the project. The nature of these loans is such that they are generally more difficult to evaluate and monitor. If the estimated cost of construction proves to be inaccurate, the Company may be required to advance funds beyond the amount originally committed to complete the project. If the estimate of value upon completion proves to be inaccurate, the Company may be confronted with a project whose value is insufficient to assure full repayment, and the Company may incur a loss. Projects may also be jeopardized by disagreements between borrowers and builders and by the failure of builders to pay subcontractors. Loans to construct homes for which no purchaser has been
91

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
identified carry more risk, because the payoff for the loan depends on the builder’s ability to sell the property prior to the time that the construction loan is due. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies, disbursement procedures and monitoring practices.
Construction Lending – Custom and Owner/Builder: Custom construction and owner/builder construction loans are originated to home owners and are typically refinanced into permanent loans at the completion of construction.
Construction Lending – Speculative One- To Four-Family: Speculative one-to four-family construction loans are made to home builders and are termed “speculative”, because the home builder does not have, at the time of the loan origination, a signed contract with a home buyer who has a commitment for permanent financing with the Company or another lender for the finished home. The home buyer may be identified either during or after the construction period.
Construction Lending – Commercial: Commercial construction loans are originated to construct properties such as office buildings, hotels, retail rental space and mini-storage facilities.
Construction Lending – Multi-Family: Multi-family construction loans are originated to construct apartment buildings and condominium projects.
Construction Lending – Land Development: Land development loans are originated to real estate developers for the purpose of developing residential subdivisions. The Company is currently originating land development loans on a limited basis.
Land Lending: The Company originates loans for the acquisition of land upon which the purchaser can then build or make improvements necessary to build or to sell as improved lots. Loans secured by undeveloped land or improved lots involve greater risks than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans because these loans are more difficult to evaluate. If the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, in the event of default or foreclosure, the Company may be confronted with a property value which is insufficient to assure full repayment. The Company attempts to minimize this risk by generally limiting the maximum loan-to-value ratio on land loans to 65%.
Consumer Lending – Home Equity and Second Mortgage: The Company originates home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans. Home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans have a greater credit risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans because they are secured by mortgages subordinated to the existing first mortgage on the property, which may or may not be held by the Company. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies in evaluating the collateral and the credit-worthiness of the borrower.
Consumer Lending – Other: The Company originates other consumer loans, which include automobile loans, boat loans, motorcycle loans, recreational vehicle loans, savings account loans and unsecured loans. Other consumer loans generally have shorter terms to maturity than mortgage loans. Other consumer loans generally involve a greater degree of risk than do residential mortgage loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans that are unsecured or secured by rapidly depreciating assets such as automobiles. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance as a result of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies in evaluating the credit-worthiness of the borrower.
Commercial Business Lending: The Company originates commercial business loans which, excluding SBA PPP loans, are generally secured by business equipment, accounts receivable, inventory and/or other property. The Company also generally obtains personal guarantees from the business owners based on a review of personal financial statements. Commercial business lending generally involves risks that are different from those associated with residential and commercial real estate lending. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral based lending with loan amounts based on predetermined loan to collateral values, and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral is viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial business loans are often collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable and/or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default is often an insufficient source of repayment, because accounts receivable may be uncollectible and inventories and equipment may be obsolete or of limited use. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial business loan depends primarily on the credit-worthiness of the borrower (and any guarantors), while the liquidation of collateral is a secondary and potentially insufficient source of repayment. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies in evaluating the management of the business and the credit-worthiness of the borrowers and the guarantors.
92

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
SBA PPP: The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 ("CARES Act") authorized the SBA to temporarily guarantee loans under the PPP. As a qualified SBA lender, the Company was automatically authorized to originate PPP loans upon commencement of the program in April 2020 through the program's initial conclusion in August 2020. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 ("CAA 2021"), which was signed into law on December 27, 2020, renewed and extended the PPP until May 31, 2021. As a result, the Company began originating PPP loans again in January 2021. The SBA guarantees 100% of PPP loans made to eligible borrowers, and the entire amount of the borrower's PPP loan, including any accrued interest, is eligible to be forgiven and repaid by the SBA. PPP loans have: (1) an interest rate of 1%, (2) a two-year loan term to maturity for loans approved by the SBA prior to June 5, 2020 (unless the borrower and the Company mutually agree to extend the term of the loan to five years) and a five-year maturity for loans approved thereafter; and (3) principal and interest payments deferred for at least six months from the date of disbursement. The PPP ended on May 31, 2021.
Allowance for Loan Losses
The following table sets forth information for the year ended September 30, 2023 regarding activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment (dollars in thousands):

| Beginning Allowance |  | Provision for (Recapture of) Loan Losses |  | Charge- offs |  | Recoveries |  | Ending Allowance
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 1,658 |  |  | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,417 |
Multi-family | 855 |  |  | 301 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,156 |
Commercial | 6,682 |  |  | 527 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,209 |
Construction – custom and owner/builder | 675 |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 750 |
Construction – speculative one- to four-family | 130 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 148 |
Construction – commercial | 343 |  |  | (27) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 316 |
Construction – multi-family | 447 |  |  | 155 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 602 |
Construction – land development | 233 |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 274 |
Land | 397 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 406 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 440 |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 519 |
Other | 42 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 53 |
Commercial business loans | 1,801 |  |  | 181 |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,967 |
Total | $ | 13,703 |  |  | $ | 2,132 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 15,817 |

93

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table sets forth information for the year ended September 30, 2022 regarding activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment (dollars in thousands):

| Beginning Allowance |  | Provision for (Recapture of) Loan Losses |  | Charge- offs |  | Recoveries |  | Ending Allowance
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 1,154 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,658 |
Multi-family | 765 |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 855 |
Commercial | 6,813 |  |  | (131) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,682 |
Construction – custom and owner/builder | 644 |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 675 |
Construction – speculative one- to four-family | 188 |  |  | (58) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |
Construction – commercial | 784 |  |  | (441) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 343 |
Construction – multi-family | 436 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 447 |
Construction – land development | 124 |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 233 |
Land | 470 |  |  | (73) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 397 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 528 |  |  | (88) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 440 |
Other | 50 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 42 |
Commercial business loans | 1,513 |  |  | 315 |  |  | (49) |  |  | 22 |  |  | 1,801 |
Total | $ | 13,469 |  |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | (59) |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 13,703 |

The following table sets forth information for the year ended September 30, 2021 regarding activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment (dollars in thousands):

| Beginning Allowance |  | Provision for (Recapture of) Loan Losses |  | Charge- offs |  | Recoveries |  | Ending Allowance
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 1,163 |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,154 |
Multi-family | 718 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 765 |
Commercial | 7,144 |  |  | (331) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,813 |
Construction – custom and owner/builder | 832 |  |  | (188) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 644 |
Construction – speculative one- to four-family | 158 |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |
Construction – commercial | 420 |  |  | 364 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 784 |
Construction – multi-family | 238 |  |  | 198 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 436 |
Construction – land development | 133 |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |
Land | 572 |  |  | (147) |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | 470 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 593 |  |  | (65) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 528 |
Other | 71 |  |  | (24) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 50 |
Commercial business loans | 1,372 |  |  | 134 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 9 |  |  | 1,513 |
Total | $ | 13,414 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 13,469 |

94

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table presents information on loans evaluated individually and collectively for impairment in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment at September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

| Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Recorded Investment in Loans
| Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  | Total |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  | Total
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,417 |  |  | $ | 2,417 |  |  | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 252,859 |  |  | $ | 253,227 |
Multi-family | — |  |  | 1,156 |  |  | 1,156 |  |  | — |  |  | 127,176 |  |  | 127,176 |
Commercial | — |  |  | 7,209 |  |  | 7,209 |  |  | 2,973 |  |  | 565,292 |  |  | 568,265 |
Construction – custom and owner/ builder | — |  |  | 750 |  |  | 750 |  |  | — |  |  | 73,239 |  |  | 73,239 |
Construction – speculative one- to four-family | — |  |  | 148 |  |  | 148 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,361 |  |  | 9,361 |
Construction – commercial | — |  |  | 316 |  |  | 316 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,030 |  |  | 26,030 |
Construction – multi-family | — |  |  | 602 |  |  | 602 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,890 |  |  | 45,890 |
Construction – land development | — |  |  | 274 |  |  | 274 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,129 |  |  | 16,129 |
Land | — |  |  | 406 |  |  | 406 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,726 |  |  | 26,726 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | — |  |  | 519 |  |  | 519 |  |  | 382 |  |  | 37,899 |  |  | 38,281 |
Other | — |  |  | 53 |  |  | 53 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,772 |  |  | 2,772 |
Commercial business loans | 123 |  |  | 1,844 |  |  | 1,967 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 135,516 |  |  | 135,802 |
SBA PPP loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 466 |  |  | 466 |
Total | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 15,694 |  |  | $ | 15,817 |  |  | $ | 4,009 |  |  | $ | 1,319,355 |  |  | $ | 1,323,364 |

95

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table presents information on loans evaluated individually and collectively for impairment in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment at September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Recorded Investment in Loans
| Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  | Total |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  | Total
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,658 |  |  | $ | 1,658 |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 175,728 |  |  | $ | 176,116 |
Multi-family | — |  |  | 855 |  |  | 855 |  |  | — |  |  | 95,025 |  |  | 95,025 |
Commercial | — |  |  | 6,682 |  |  | 6,682 |  |  | 2,988 |  |  | 533,662 |  |  | 536,650 |
Construction – custom and owner/ builder | — |  |  | 675 |  |  | 675 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,091 |  |  | 67,091 |
Construction – speculative one- to four-family | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,364 |  |  | 8,364 |
Construction – commercial | — |  |  | 343 |  |  | 343 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,059 |  |  | 29,059 |
Construction – multi-family | — |  |  | 447 |  |  | 447 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,354 |  |  | 34,354 |
Construction – land development | — |  |  | 233 |  |  | 233 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,582 |  |  | 13,582 |
Land | — |  |  | 397 |  |  | 397 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 26,404 |  |  | 26,854 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | — |  |  | 440 |  |  | 440 |  |  | 394 |  |  | 34,793 |  |  | 35,187 |
Other | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2,125 |  |  | 2,128 |
Commercial business loans | 127 |  |  | 1,674 |  |  | 1,801 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 124,730 |  |  | 125,039 |
SBA PPP loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,001 |  |  | 1,001 |
Total | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 13,576 |  |  | $ | 13,703 |  |  | $ | 4,532 |  |  | $ | 1,145,918 |  |  | $ | 1,150,450 |

96

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table presents an analysis of loans by aging category and portfolio segment at September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

| 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Non- Accrual(1) |  | Past Due 90 Days or More and Still Accruing |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 252,859 |  |  | $ | 253,227 |
Multi-family | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 127,176 |  |  | 127,176 |
Commercial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 683 |  |  | — |  |  | 683 |  |  | 567,582 |  |  | 568,265 |
Construction – custom and owner/ builder | 151 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |  |  | 73,088 |  |  | 73,239 |
Construction – speculative one- to four-family | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,361 |  |  | 9,361 |
Construction – commercial | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,030 |  |  | 26,030 |
Construction – multi-family | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,890 |  |  | 45,890 |
Construction – land development | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,129 |  |  | 16,129 |
Land | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,726 |  |  | 26,726 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | — |  |  | — |  |  | 177 |  |  | — |  |  | 177 |  |  | 38,104 |  |  | 38,281 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,772 |  |  | 2,772 |
Commercial business loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 286 |  |  | — |  |  | 286 |  |  | 135,516 |  |  | 135,802 |
SBA PPP loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 466 |  |  | 466 |
Total | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,514 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,665 |  |  | $ | 1,321,699 |  |  | $ | 1,323,364 |

__________________
(1)Includes non-accrual loans past due 90 days or more and other loans classified as non-accrual.
97

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table presents an analysis of loans by aging category and portfolio segment at September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Non- Accrual(1) |  | Past Due 90 Days or More and Still Accruing |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 175,728 |  |  | $ | 176,116 |
Multi-family | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,025 |  |  | 95,025 |
Commercial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 657 |  |  | — |  |  | 657 |  |  | 535,993 |  |  | 536,650 |
Construction – custom and owner/ builder | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,091 |  |  | 67,091 |
Construction – speculative one- to four-family | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,364 |  |  | 8,364 |
Construction – commercial | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,059 |  |  | 29,059 |
Construction – multi-family | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,354 |  |  | 34,354 |
Construction – land development | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,582 |  |  | 13,582 |
Land | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 450 |  |  | 26,404 |  |  | 26,854 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 252 |  |  | — |  |  | 289 |  |  | 34,898 |  |  | 35,187 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2,125 |  |  | 2,128 |
Commercial business loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 309 |  |  | — |  |  | 309 |  |  | 124,730 |  |  | 125,039 |
SBA PPP loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,001 |  |  | 1,001 |
Total | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,059 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,096 |  |  | $ | 1,148,354 |  |  | $ | 1,150,450 |

___________________
(1)Includes non-accrual loans past due 90 days or more and other loans classified as non-accrual.
Credit Quality Indicators
The Company uses credit risk grades which reflect the Company’s assessment of a loan’s risk or loss potential. The Company categorizes loans into risk grade categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors such as the estimated fair value of the collateral. The Company uses the following definitions for credit risk ratings as part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of its loan portfolio:
Pass: Pass loans are defined as those loans that meet acceptable quality underwriting standards.
Watch: Watch loans are defined as those loans that still exhibit acceptable quality but have some concerns that justify greater attention. If these concerns are not corrected, a potential for further adverse categorization exists. These concerns could relate to a specific condition peculiar to the borrower, its industry segment or the general economic environment.
Special Mention: Special mention loans are defined as those loans deemed by management to have some potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in the deterioration of the payment prospects of the loan.
Substandard: Substandard loans are defined as those loans that are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor, or of the collateral pledged. Loans classified as substandard have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment of the debt. If the weakness or weaknesses are not corrected, there is the distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained.
98

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Doubtful: Loans in this classification have the weaknesses of substandard loans with the additional characteristic that the weaknesses make the collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values questionable, and there is a high possibility of loss. At September 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no loans classified as doubtful.
Loss: Loans in this classification are considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as an asset is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this loan even though partial recovery may be realized in the future. At September 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no loans classified as loss.
The following table presents an analysis of loans by credit quality indicator and portfolio segment at September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

| Loan Grades |  |
| Pass |  | Watch |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Total
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 252,859 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 253,227 |
Multi-family | 127,176 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 127,176 |
Commercial | 551,669 |  |  | 11,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,453 |  |  | 568,265 |
Construction – custom and owner / builder | 68,181 |  |  | 5,058 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73,239 |
Construction – speculative one- to four-family | 9,361 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,361 |
Construction – commercial | 25,063 |  |  | 967 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,030 |
Construction – multi-family | 45,890 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,890 |
Construction – land development | 16,129 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,129 |
Land | 26,226 |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,726 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 37,982 |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 265 |  |  | 38,281 |
Other | 2,716 |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,772 |
Commercial business loans | 135,502 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | 135,802 |
SBA PPP loans | 466 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 466 |
Total | $ | 1,299,220 |  |  | $ | 17,758 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,386 |  |  | $ | 1,323,364 |

99

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table presents an analysis of loans by credit quality indicator and portfolio segment at September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| Loan Grades |  |
| Pass |  | Watch |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Total
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 175,687 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  | $ | 176,116 |
Multi-family | 95,025 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,025 |
Commercial | 522,741 |  |  | 7,940 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 5,732 |  |  | 536,650 |
Construction – custom and owner / builder | 65,249 |  |  | 1,842 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,091 |
Construction – speculative one- to four-family | 8,364 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,364 |
Construction – commercial | 29,059 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,059 |
Construction – multi-family | 34,354 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,354 |
Construction – land development | 13,557 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 13,582 |
Land | 25,882 |  |  | 522 |  |  | — |  |  | 450 |  |  | 26,854 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 34,709 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 459 |  |  | 35,187 |
Other | 2,063 |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2,128 |
Commercial business loans | 124,712 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 327 |  |  | 125,039 |
SBA PPP loans | 1,001 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,001 |
Total | $ | 1,132,403 |  |  | $ | 10,423 |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 7,387 |  |  | $ | 1,150,450 |

100

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table is a summary of information related to impaired loans by portfolio segment as of and for the year ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

| September 30, 2023 |  | For the Year Ended September 30, 2023
| Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance (Loan Balance Plus Charge Off) |  | Related Allowance |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Cash Basis Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 412 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Commercial | 2,973 |  |  | 2,973 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,987 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 129 |
Land | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 297 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 382 |  |  | 382 |  |  | — |  |  | 390 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 10 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial business loans | 41 |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal | 3,764 |  |  | 3,857 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,102 |  |  | 213 |  |  | 172 |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business loans | 245 |  |  | 245 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 247 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal | 245 |  |  | 245 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 247 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | 368 |  |  | 412 |  |  | — |  |  | 378 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 29 |
Commercial | 2,973 |  |  | 2,973 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,987 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 129 |
Land | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 297 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 382 |  |  | 382 |  |  | — |  |  | 390 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 10 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial business loans | 286 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 296 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 4,009 |  |  | $ | 4,102 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 4,349 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 172 |

101

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table is a summary of information related to impaired loans by portfolio segment as of and for the year ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| September 30, 2022 |  | For the Year Ended September 30, 2022
| Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance (Loan Balance Plus Charge Off) |  | Related Allowance |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Cash Basis Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 432 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 31 |
Commercial | 2,988 |  |  | 2,988 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,041 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 123 |
Land | 450 |  |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 492 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 394 |  |  | 394 |  |  | — |  |  | 436 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |
Other | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial business loans | 59 |  |  | 108 |  |  | — |  |  | 121 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal | 4,282 |  |  | 4,375 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,567 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 159 |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 145 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial business loans | 250 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 268 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal | 250 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 413 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | 388 |  |  | 432 |  |  | — |  |  | 470 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 31 |
Commercial | 2,988 |  |  | 2,988 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,041 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 123 |
Land | 450 |  |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 492 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 394 |  |  | 394 |  |  | — |  |  | 581 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |
Other | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial business loans | 309 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 389 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 4,532 |  |  | $ | 4,625 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 4,980 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 159 |

102

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table is a summary of information related to impaired loans by portfolio segment as of and for the year ended September 30, 2021 (dollars in thousands):

| September 30, 2021 |  | For the Year Ended September 30, 2021
| Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance (Loan Balance Plus Charge Off) |  | Related Allowance |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Cash Basis Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | $ | 407 |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 655 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 52 |
Commercial | 3,143 |  |  | 3,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,039 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 127 |
Land | 321 |  |  | 321 |  |  | — |  |  | 292 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 516 |  |  | 516 |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Other | 17 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial business loans | 164 |  |  | 168 |  |  | — |  |  | 200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal | 4,568 |  |  | 4,615 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,750 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 182 |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Land | 362 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 72 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial business loans | 294 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 285 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal | 656 |  |  | 656 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 454 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One- to four-family | 407 |  |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 752 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 52 |
Commercial | 3,143 |  |  | 3,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,039 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 127 |
Land | 683 |  |  | 683 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 364 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 516 |  |  | 516 |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Other | 17 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial business loans | 458 |  |  | 462 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 485 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 5,224 |  |  | $ | 5,271 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 5,204 |  |  | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | 182 |

103

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The Company had $2,495,000 and $2,615,000 in TDRs included in impaired loans at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and no commitments to lend additional funds on these loans at either such date. None of the allowance for loan losses was allocated to TDRs at September 30, 2023 and 2022.
The following tables set forth information with respect to the Company’s TDRs by interest accrual status as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023
| Accruing |  | Non-Accrual |  | Total
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ | 2,290 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,290 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 205 |  |  | — |  |  | 205 |
Total | $ | 2,495 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,495 |

| 2022
| Accruing |  | Non-Accrual |  | Total
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ | 2,330 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,330 |
Land | — |  |  | 88 |  |  | 88 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgage | 142 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 197 |
Total | $ | 2,472 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 2,615 |

There were no new TDRs during the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2021. There was one new TDR during the year ended September 30, 2022. The following table sets forth information with respect to the Company's TDRs, by portfolio segment, added during the year ended September 30, 2022:

2022 | Number of Contracts |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | End of Period Balance
Home equity and second mortgage loans (1) | 1 |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | 142 |
Total | 1 |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | 142 |
(1) Modification resulted in an extension of maturity and deferral of accrued interest. |  |

There were no TDRs for which there was a payment default within the first 12 months of modification during the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 or 2021.
Note 5 - Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment consisted of the following at September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Land | $ | 5,404 |  |  | $ | 5,404 |
Buildings and improvements | 25,178 |  |  | 24,764 |
Furniture and equipment | 10,715 |  |  | 10,152 |
Property held for future expansion | 116 |  |  | 129 |
Construction and purchases in progress | 177 |  |  | 152 |
| 41,590 |  |  | 40,601 |
Less accumulated depreciation | 19,948 |  |  | 18,703 |
Premises and equipment, net | $ | 21,642 |  |  | $ | 21,898 |

104

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Note 6 – OREO and Other Repossessed Assets
The following table presents the activity related to OREO and other repossessed assets for the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022
| Amount |  | Number |  | Amount |  | Number
Balance, beginning of year | $ | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | 3 |
Sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | (157) |  |  | (1) |
Balance, end of year | $ | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 2 |

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, OREO and other repossessed assets consisted of two OREO properties in Washington with no book value. The Company did not record a net gain or loss on sale of OREO for the year ended September 30, 2023. For the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 the company recorded net gains on sales of OREO and other repossessed assets of $2,000, and $92,000, respectively. Gains and losses on sales of OREO and other repossessed assets are recorded in the OREO and other repossessed assets, net category in non-interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.
At September 30, 2023, and 2022 there were no foreclosed residential real estate properties held in OREO as a result of obtaining physical possession, and there were no one- to four-family properties in the process of foreclosure.
Note 7 - Goodwill and CDI
Goodwill
There were no changes to the recorded amount of goodwill for both years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
CDI
The CDI amortization expense totaled $271,000, $316,000 and $361,000 for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Amortization expense for the CDI for fiscal years ending subsequent to September 30, 2023 is estimated to be as follows (dollars in thousands):

2024 | $ | 226 |
2025 | 181 |
2026 | 135 |
2027 | 90 |
2028 | 45 |
Total | $ | 677 |

Note 8 - Loan Servicing Rights
The Company services one- to four-family mortgage loans for Freddie Mac and also provides servicing for secondary market purchasers of the guaranteed portion of SBA loans; such loans are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The principal amount of loans serviced for Freddie Mac at September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $384,619,000, $406,727,000 and $419,675,000, respectively. The guaranteed principal amount of SBA loans serviced for others at September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $1,882,000, $3,560,000 and $6,761,000, respectively.
105

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following is an analysis of the changes in Freddie Mac loan servicing rights for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 3,020 |  |  | $ | 3,438 |  |  | $ | 2,980 |
Additions | 113 |  |  | 578 |  |  | 1,388 |
Amortization | (1,009) |  |  | (1,115) |  |  | (1,022) |
Valuation recovery | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | 92 |
Balance, end of year | $ | 2,124 |  |  | $ | 3,020 |  |  | $ | 3,438 |

At September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the estimated fair value of Freddie Mac servicing rights totaled $5,469,000, $5,547,000 and $3,656,000, respectively. The Freddie Mac servicing rights' fair values at September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were estimated using discounted cash flow analyses with an average discount rates of 9.50%, 9.50% and 9.00%, and average conditional prepayment rates of 6.23%, 6.31% and 12.71%, respectively. At September 30, 2023 and 2022, there was no valuation allowance. At September 30, 2021, there was a valuation allowance of $92,000, respectively.
The following is an analysis of the changes in SBA loan servicing rights for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 115 |
Amortization | (3) |  |  | (41) |  |  | (89) |
Valuation recovery | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |
Balance, end of year | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 44 |

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, SBA servicing rights were insignificant. At September 30, 2021, the estimated fair value of SBA servicing rights totaled $99,000. The SBA servicing rights' fair values at September 30, 2021 were estimated using discounted cash flow analyses with an average discount rate of 15.00% and average conditional prepayment rates of 17.85%. There was no valuation allowance on SBA servicing rights at September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
Note 9 - Leases
At September 30, 2023, the Company has operating leases for two retail bank branch offices and an administrative office. The Company's leases have remaining lease terms of two to eight years, which include options to extend the leases for up to five years. Lease extensions are not certain, and the Company evaluates each lease based on the specific circumstances for the location to determine the probability of exercising the extensions in the calculation of ROU assets and liabilities.
The components of lease cost (included in the premises and equipment expense category in the consolidated statements of income) are as follows for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

Lease cost: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating lease cost | $ | 354 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 395 |
Short-term lease cost | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total lease cost | $ | 354 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 395 |

106

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table provides supplemental information related to operating leases at or for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 316 |  |  |  | $ | 342 |  |  |  | $ | 327 |  |
Weighted average remaining lease term-operating leases | 6.69 | yrs |  | 7.67 | yrs |  | 8.44 | yrs
Weighted average discount rate-operating leases | 2.33 | % |  |  | 2.25 | % |  |  | 2.24 | % |

The Company's leases typically do not contain a discount rate implicit in the lease contracts. As an alternative, the weighted average discount rate is used to estimate the present value of future lease payments in calculating the value of the ROU asset.
Maturities of operating lease liabilities at September 30, 2023 for the five fiscal years ending subsequent to September 30, 2023 and thereafter, are as follows (dollars in thousands):

2024 |  | $ | 333 |
2025 |  | 336 |
2026 |  | 304 |
2027 |  | 232 |
2028 |  | 219 |
Thereafter |  | 600 |
Total lease payments |  | 2,024 |
Less imputed interest |  | 157 |
Total |  | $ | 1,867 |

Note 10 - Deposits
Deposits consisted of the following at September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Non-interest-bearing demand | $ | 455,864 |  |  | $ | 530,058 |
NOW checking | 386,730 |  |  | 447,779 |
Savings | 228,366 |  |  | 283,219 |
Money market | 189,875 |  |  | 248,536 |
Certificates of deposit | 300,100 |  |  | 122,584 |
Total | $ | 1,560,935 |  |  | $ | 1,632,176 |

Individual certificates of deposit in amounts of $250,000 or greater totaled $91,714,000 and $21,830,000 at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company had brokered deposits totaling $38,165,000 at September 30, 2023. The Company had no brokered deposits at September 30, 2022. The Company had reciprocal deposits totaling $70,764,000 and $4,617,000 at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
107

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit for fiscal years ending subsequent to September 30, 2023 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

2024 | $ | 251,737 |
2025 | 18,320 |
2026 | 8,685 |
2027 | 12,883 |
2028 | 8,461 |
Thereafter | 14 |
Total | $ | 300,100 |

Interest expense on deposits by account type was as follows for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
NOW checking | $ | 3,561 |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 605 |
Savings | 415 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 201 |
Money market | 1,601 |  |  | 767 |  |  | 560 |
Certificates of deposit | 5,725 |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | 1,647 |
Total | $ | 11,302 |  |  | $ | 2,657 |  |  | $ | 3,013 |

Note 11 – FHLB Borrowings and Other Borrowings
The Bank has long- and short-term borrowing lines with the FHLB with total credit on the lines up to 45% of the Bank’s total assets, limited by available collateral. At September 30, 2023, the Bank had a borrowing capacity of $533,989,000. The Bank had $15,000,000 long-term and $20,000,000 short-term FHLB borrowings outstanding at September 30, 2023. The long term borrowings consisted of two borrowings, with scheduled maturities in May 2026, and each bears interest at 3.95%. The short-term borrowings consist of three borrowings, which mature at various dates during the 2024 fiscal year and bear interest at rates ranging from 5.52% to 5.57%. The Bank had no FHLB borrowings outstanding at September 30, 2022. Under the Advances, Pledge and Security Agreement entered into with the FHLB ("FHLB Borrowing Agreement"), virtually all of the Bank’s assets, not otherwise encumbered, are pledged as collateral for borrowings under the FHLB Borrowing Agreement.
The Bank also maintains two short-term borrowing lines with the FRB, with total credit based on eligible collateral: Borrower-in-custody ("BIC") and Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP"). At September 30, 2023, the Bank had a borrowing capacity on the BIC line of $146,257,000, with no outstanding borrowings at September 30, 2023 and 2022. At September 30, 2023, the Bank had a borrowing capacity on the BTFP line of $57,000,000, with no outstanding borrowings at September 30, 2023.
The Bank has a short-term $50,000,000 overnight borrowing line with Pacific Coast Bankers' Bank. The borrowing line may be reduced or withdrawn at any time. The Bank had no outstanding borrowings on this line at both September 30, 2023 and 2022.
Note 12 - Other Liabilities and Accrued Expenses
Other liabilities and accrued expenses were comprised of the following at September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Accrued deferred compensation, profit sharing plans and bonuses payable | $ | 2,641 |  |  | $ | 2,790 |
Accrued interest payable on deposits | 1,397 |  |  | 108 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses - other | 4,992 |  |  | 4,799 |
Total other liabilities and accrued expenses | $ | 9,030 |  |  | $ | 7,697 |

108

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Note 13 - Income Taxes
The components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 7,167 |  |  | $ | 6,139 |  |  | $ | 6,570 |
Deferred | (291) |  |  | (177) |  |  | 275 |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 6,876 |  |  | $ | 5,962 |  |  | $ | 6,845 |

At September 30, 2023, the Company had income tax receivable of $107,000, which is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. At September 30, 2022, the Company had an income tax payable of $332,000, which is included in other liabilities and accrued expenses in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
The components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred Tax Assets |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | $ | 3,322 |  |  | $ | 2,878 |
Allowance for OREO losses | 5 |  |  | 5 |
OTTI credit impairment on investment securities | 50 |  |  | 62 |
Accrued interest on loans | 58 |  |  | 63 |
Deferred compensation and bonuses | 217 |  |  | 260 |
Reserve for loan commitments | 70 |  |  | 64 |
Operating lease liabilities | 392 |  |  | 434 |
Net unrealized losses on investment securities and investments in equity securities | 288 |  |  | 190 |
Other | 85 |  |  | 66 |
Total deferred tax assets | 4,487 |  |  | 4,022 |

| 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred Tax Liabilities |  |  |
Goodwill | 1,187 |  |  | 1,187 |
Loan servicing rights | 446 |  |  | 635 |
Depreciation | 906 |  |  | 757 |
Loan fees/costs | 983 |  |  | 771 |
Prepaid expenses | 172 |  |  | 175 |
Purchase accounting adjustment | 159 |  |  | 208 |
Operating lease ROU assets | 372 |  |  | 416 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 4,225 |  |  | 4,149 |
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | 262 |  |  | $ | (127) |

Deferred tax assets are included in other assets, and deferred tax liabilities are included in other liabilities and accrued expenses in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
No valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was recorded as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, as management believes that it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets will be realized based on management's expectations of future taxable income.
The provision for income taxes for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 differs from that computed at the federal statutory corporate tax rate as follows (dollars in thousands):
109

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expected federal income tax provision at statutory rate | $ | 7,139 |  |  | $ | 6,208 |  |  | $ | 7,230 |
BOLI income | (148) |  |  | (129) |  |  | (125) |
Dividends on Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP") stock | (71) |  |  | (70) |  |  | (88) |
Stock options tax effect | (66) |  |  | (34) |  |  | (167) |
Other, net | 22 |  |  | (13) |  |  | (5) |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 6,876 |  |  | $ | 5,962 |  |  | $ | 6,845 |

Note 14 - Employee Stock Ownership and 401(k) Plan
The Timberland Bank Employee Stock Ownership and 401(k) Plan (“KSOP”) is comprised of two components, the ESOP and the 401(k) Plan. The KSOP benefits employees with at least one year of service who are 18 years of age or older. The Bank may fund the ESOP with contributions of cash or stock, which are made at the discretion of the Board, and may fund the 401(k) Plan with contributions of cash. Employee vesting occurs over six years.
ESOP
In January 1998, the ESOP borrowed $7,930,000 from the Company to purchase 1,058,000 shares of common stock of the Company. The loan was repaid primarily from the Bank’s contributions to the ESOP and was fully repaid by March 31, 2019.
As of September 30, 2023, an aggregate of 740,906 ESOP shares, which were previously released for allocation to participants, had been distributed to participants.
Total shares held by the ESOP as of September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were 317,094, 372,559 and 397,626, respectively.
There was no compensation expense recognized for the ESOP for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
401(k) Plan
Eligible employees may contribute a portion of their wages to the 401(k) Plan up to the maximum established under the Internal Revenue Code. Contributions by the Bank are at the discretion of the Board except for a safe harbor contribution of 3% of eligible employees' wages, which is mandatory according to the plan document. Bank contributions totaled $1,039,000, $942,000 and $931,000 for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Note 15 - Stock Compensation Plans
The Company has two active stock compensation plans: the 2014 Equity Incentive plan and the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan. Under the Company's 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company is able to grant options and awards of restricted stock (with or without performance measures) for up to 352,366 shares of common stock to employees, officers, directors and directors emeriti. Under the Company's 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company is able to grant options and awards of restricted stock (with or without performance measures) for up to 350,000 shares of common stock, of which 300,000 shares are reserved to be awarded to employees and officers and 50,000 shares are reserved to be awarded to directors and directors emeriti. Shares issued may be purchased in the open market or may be issued from authorized and unissued shares. The exercise price of each option equals the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Generally, options and restricted stock vest in equal annual installments commencing on the first anniversary of the grant date. Stock options generally vest over a five year period from the date of the grant with a maximum contractual term of ten years from the date of the grant. Restricted stock grants generally vest over a three or five year term from the date of grant. At September 30, 2023, there were 5,036 and 176,050 shares of common stock available under the 2014 and 2019 Equity Incentive Plans, respectively.
Stock option activity for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is summarized as follows:
110

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding September 30, 2020 | 395,349 |  |  | $ | 18.45 |
Options granted | 81,000 |  |  | 28.06 |
Options exercised | (64,264) |  |  | 9.81 |
Options forfeited | (5,270) |  |  | 26.91 |
Outstanding September 30, 2021 | 406,815 |  |  | 21.62 |
Options granted | 74,000 |  |  | 27.40 |
Options exercised | (36,720) |  |  | 11.31 |
Options forfeited | (22,170) |  |  | 26.01 |
Outstanding September 30, 2022 | 421,925 |  |  | 23.30 |
Options granted | 1,000 |  |  | 33.40 |
Options exercised | (42,635) |  |  | 16.38 |
Options forfeited | (11,140) |  |  | 27.26 |
Outstanding September 30, 2023 | 369,150 |  |  | $ | 24.00 |

The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $632,000, $605,000 and $1,143,000, respectively.
The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards with the weighted average assumptions noted in the following table. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rate of a U.S. Treasury security with a similar term as the expected life of the stock option at the particular grant date. The expected life is based on historical data, vesting terms and estimated exercise dates. The expected dividend yield is based on the most recent quarterly dividend on an annualized basis in effect at the time that the options were granted, adjusted, if appropriate, for management's expectations regarding future dividends. The expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock price. There were 81,000 options granted during the year ended September 30, 2021 with an aggregate grant date fair value of $502,000. There were 74,000 options granted during the year ended September 30, 2022 with an aggregate grant date fair value of $508,000. There were 1,000 options granted during the year ended September 30, 2023 with an aggregate grant date fair value of $9,000.
The weighted average assumptions for options granted during the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expected volatility | 33 | % |  | 33 | % |  | 35 | %
Expected life (in years) | 5 |  | 5 |  | 5
Expected dividend yield | 2.99 | % |  | 3.61 | % |  | 3.39 | %
Risk free interest rate | 3.58 | % |  | 4.17 | % |  | 1.02 | %
Grant date fair value per share | $ | 8.65 |  |  | $ | 6.87 |  |  | $ | 6.20 |

There were 59,990 options that vested during the year ended September 30, 2023 with a total fair value of $316,000. There were 52,960 options that vested during the year ended September 30, 2022 with a total fair value of $239,000. There were 49,928 options that vested during the year ended September 30, 2021 with a total fair value of $170,000.
At September 30, 2023, there were 130,120 unvested options with an aggregate grant date fair value of $756,000, all of which the Company assumes will vest. The unvested options had an aggregate intrinsic value of $241,000 at September 30, 2023.
At September 30, 2022, there were 191,910 unvested options with an aggregate grant date fair value of $428,000.
111

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Additional information regarding options outstanding at September 30, 2023 is as follows:

|  |  |  | Options Outstanding |  | Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices ($) |  | Number |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  | Number |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
9.00 |  |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 9.00 |  |  | 0.1 |  | 3,000 |  |  | 9.00 |  |  | 0.1
10.26 | - | 10.71 |  |  | 43,250 |  |  | 10.55 |  |  | 1.4 |  | 43,250 |  |  | 10.55 |  |  | 1.4
15.67 | - | 19.13 |  |  | 70,770 |  |  | 16.54 |  |  | 5.8 |  | 47,110 |  |  | 16.34 |  |  | 5.2
26.50 | - | 27.40 |  |  | 106,660 |  |  | 27.32 |  |  | 8.0 |  | 42,600 |  |  | 27.23 |  |  | 7.1
28.23 | - | 29.69 |  | 110,750 |  |  | 28.78 |  |  | 6.5 |  | 69,350 |  |  | 29.11 |  |  | 5.6
31.80 | - | 33.40 |  | 34,720 |  |  | 31.85 |  |  | 5.1 |  | 33,720 |  |  | 31.80 |  |  | 5.0
|  |  |  | 369,150 |  |  | $ | 24.00 |  |  | 6.0 |  | 239,030 |  |  | $ | 23.03 |  |  | 4.9

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding at September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $1,518,000, $2,130,000, and $3,119,000, respectively.
As of September 30, 2023, unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options was $777,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.16 years.
During the year ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted a total of 26,150 shares of restricted stock from the 2019 Plan subject to time-based vesting. At both September 30, 2022 and 2021, there were no unvested restricted stock awards outstanding. There were no restricted stock grants awarded during the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.
The fair value of restricted stock awards is equal to the fair value of the Company's stock on the date of the grant. The related stock-based compensation expense is recorded over the requisite service period. At September 30, 2023, unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock awards was $716,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.83 years.
The following table presents the activity related to restricted stock for the year ended September 30, 2023:

| Time Based
| Number of Unvested Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding, September 30, 2022 | — |  |  | $ | — |
Granted | 26,150 |  |  | 27.37 |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |
Vested | — |  |  | — |
Outstanding, September 30, 2023 | 26,150 |  |  | $ | 27.37 |

Note 16 - Commitments and Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk not recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is
112

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments.
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Since commitments may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s credit-worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the party. However, such loan to value ratios will subsequently change, based on increases and decreases in the supporting collateral values. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property and equipment, residential real estate, land and income-producing commercial properties.
A summary of the Company’s commitments at September 30, 2023 and 2022 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Undisbursed portion of construction loans in process (see Note 4) | $ | 103,194 |  |  | $ | 103,168 |
Undisbursed lines of credit | 141,537 |  |  | 128,791 |
Commitments to extend credit | 31,667 |  |  | 14,699 |

The Company maintains a separate reserve for losses related to unfunded loan commitments. Management estimates the amount of probable losses related to unfunded loan commitments by applying the loss factors used in the allowance for loan loss methodology to an estimate of the expected amount of funding and applies this adjusted factor to the unused portion of unfunded loan commitments. The reserve for unfunded loan commitments totaled $332,000 and $305,000 at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These amounts are included in other liabilities and accrued expenses in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Increases (decreases) in the reserve for unfunded loan commitments are recorded in non-interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.
The Bank has an employee severance compensation plan which expires in 2027 that provides severance pay benefits to eligible employees in the event of a change in control of Timberland Bancorp or the Bank (as defined in the plan). In general, all employees with two or more years of service are eligible to participate in the plan. Under the plan, in the event of a change in control of Timberland Bancorp or the Bank, eligible employees who are terminated or who terminate employment (but only upon the occurrence of events specified in the plan) within 12 months of the effective date of a change in control would be entitled to a payment based on years of service or officer rank with the Bank. The maximum payment for any eligible employee would be equal to 18 months of the employee’s current compensation.
Timberland Bancorp has employment agreements with the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Operating Officer which provide for a severance payment and other benefits if the officers are involuntarily terminated following a change in control of Timberland Bancorp or the Bank. The maximum value of the severance benefits under the employment agreements is 2.99 times the officer's average annual compensation during the five-year period prior to the effective date of the change in control.
Because of the nature of its activities, the Company is subject to various pending and threatened legal actions which arise in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, liabilities arising from these claims, if any, will not have a material effect on the future consolidated financial position of the Company.
Note 17 - Regulatory Matters
The Bank, as a state-chartered, federally insured savings bank, is subject to the capital requirements established by the FDIC. Under the FDIC's capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank's assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by bank regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
The minimum requirements are a common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") capital ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0%, a total capital ratio of 8.0% and a leverage ratio of 4.0%. In addition to the minimum regulatory capital ratios, the Bank is required to
113

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of additional CET1 capital greater than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses based on percentages of retained income that could be utilized for such actions. At September 30, 2023, the Bank's CET1 capital exceeded the required capital conservation buffer.
At September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements. The Bank was categorized as "well capitalized" at September 30, 2023 and 2022 under the regulations of the FDIC. The following tables compare the Bank’s actual capital amounts at September 30, 2023 and 2022 to its minimum regulatory capital requirements and "Well Capitalized" regulatory capital at those dates (dollars in thousands):

| Actual |  | Regulatory Minimum To Be "Adequately Capitalized" |  | Regulatory Minimum To Be "Well Capitalized" Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
September 30, 2023 | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
Leverage Capital Ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 capital | $ | 218,749 |  |  | 12.0 | % |  | $ | 72,983 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 91,229 |  |  | 5.0 | %
Risk-based Capital Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CET1 | 218,749 |  |  | 18.0 |  |  | 54,549 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 78,792 |  |  | 6.5 |
Tier 1 capital | 218,749 |  |  | 18.0 |  |  | 72,731 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 96,975 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total capital | 233,914 |  |  | 19.3 |  |  | 96,975 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 121,219 |  |  | 10.0 |

September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage Capital Ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 capital | $ | 202,438 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | $ | 74,039 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 92,549 |  |  | 5.0 | %
Risk-based Capital Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CET1 | 202,438 |  |  | 18.0 |  |  | 50,551 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 73,018 |  |  | 6.5 |
Tier 1 capital | 202,438 |  |  | 18.0 |  |  | 67,402 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 89,869 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total capital | 216,446 |  |  | 19.3 |  |  | 89,869 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 112,336 |  |  | 10.0 |

Timberland Bancorp is a bank holding company registered with the Federal Reserve. Bank holding companies are subject to capital adequacy requirements of the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and the regulations of the Federal Reserve. For a bank holding company with less than $3.0 billion in assets, the capital guidelines apply on a bank only basis, and the Federal Reserve expects the holding company's subsidiary bank to be well capitalized under the prompt corrective action regulations. If Timberland Bancorp were subject to regulatory guidelines for bank holding companies with $3.0 billion or more in assets at September 30, 2023, Timberland Bancorp would have exceeded all regulatory requirements.
The following table presents for informational purposes the regulatory capital ratios for Timberland Bancorp at September 30, 2023 and 2022 assuming that Timberland Bancorp was subject to regulatory guidelines for bank holding companies with $3.0 billion or more in assets (dollars in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022
| Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
Leverage Capital Ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 capital | $ | 219,851 |  |  | 12.1 | % |  | $ | 204,659 |  |  | 11.0 | %
Risk-based Capital Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CET1 | 219,851 |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | 204,659 |  |  | 18.2 |
Tier 1 capital | 219,851 |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | 204,659 |  |  | 18.2 |
Total capital | 235,023 |  |  | 19.4 |  |  | 218,667 |  |  | 19.5 |

114

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Note 18 - Condensed Financial Information - Parent Company Only
Condensed Balance Sheets - September 30, 2023 and 2022
(dollars in thousands)

| 2023 |  | 2022
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |
Cash and due from financial institutions | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 162 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks | — |  |  | 1,548 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 517 |  |  | 1,710 |
Investment securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (estimated fair value $449 and $469) | 500 |  |  | 500 |
Investment in Bank | 232,145 |  |  | 216,348 |
Other assets | 51 |  |  | 56 |
Total assets | $ | 233,213 |  |  | $ | 218,614 |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Accrued expenses | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 45 |
Shareholders’ equity | 233,073 |  |  | 218,569 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 233,213 |  |  | $ | 218,614 |

Condensed Statements of Income - Years Ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(dollars in thousands)

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating income |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits in banks | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Interest on investment securities | 24 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 24 |
Dividends from Bank | 11,400 |  |  | 10,255 |  |  | 9,085 |
Total operating income | 11,424 |  |  | 10,282 |  |  | 9,114 |
Operating expenses | 351 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 495 |
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed income of Bank | 11,073 |  |  | 9,979 |  |  | 8,619 |
Benefit for income taxes | (148) |  |  | (139) |  |  | (238) |
Income before undistributed income of Bank | 11,221 |  |  | 10,118 |  |  | 8,857 |
Equity in undistributed income of Bank | 15,897 |  |  | 13,482 |  |  | 18,726 |
Net income | $ | 27,118 |  |  | $ | 23,600 |  |  | $ | 27,583 |

115

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows - Years Ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(dollars in thousands)

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 27,118 |  |  | $ | 23,600 |  |  | $ | 27,583 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Equity in undistributed income of Bank | (15,897) |  |  | (13,482) |  |  | (18,726) |
Stock option compensation expense | 320 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 173 |
Other, net | 100 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (97) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 11,641 |  |  | 10,380 |  |  | 8,933 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Investment in Bank | (267) |  |  | (202) |  |  | (149) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (267) |  |  | (202) |  |  | (149) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 698 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 631 |
Repurchase of common stock | (4,998) |  |  | (4,583) |  |  | (527) |
Payment of dividends | (8,267) |  |  | (7,232) |  |  | (8,589) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (12,567) |  |  | (11,400) |  |  | (8,485) |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (1,193) |  |  | (1,222) |  |  | 299 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of year | 1,710 |  |  | 2,932 |  |  | 2,633 |
End of year | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 1,710 |  |  | $ | 2,932 |

Note 19 - Net Income Per Common Share
Information regarding the calculation of basic and diluted net income per common share for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Basic net income per common share computation |  |  |  |  |
Numerator - net income | $ | 27,118 |  |  | $ | 23,600 |  |  | $ | 27,583 |
Denominator - weighted average common shares outstanding | 8,175,898 |  |  | 8,304,002 |  |  | 8,340,983 |
Basic net income per common share | $ | 3.32 |  |  | $ | 2.84 |  |  | $ | 3.31 |
Diluted net income per common share computation |  |  |  |  |
Numerator - net income | $ | 27,118 |  |  | $ | 23,600 |  |  | $ | 27,583 |
Denominator - weighted average common shares outstanding | 8,175,898 |  |  | 8,304,002 |  |  | 8,340,983 |
Effect of dilutive stock options (1) | 72,283 |  |  | 79,333 |  |  | 103,350 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding-assuming dilution | 8,248,181 |  |  | 8,383,335 |  |  | 8,444,333 |
Diluted net income per common share | $ | 3.29 |  |  | $ | 2.82 |  |  | $ | 3.27 |

______________
(1) For the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, average options to purchase 207,803, 204,265 and 136,148 shares of common stock, respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted net income per common share, because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.
116

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
Note 20 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") by component during the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Changes in fair value of available for sale securities [1] |  | Changes in OTTI on held to maturity securities [1] |  | Total [1]
2023 |  |  |  |  |
Balance of AOCI at the beginning of period | $ | (706) |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | (717) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (369) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (367) |
Balance of AOCI at the end of period | $ | (1,075) |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | (1,084) |
2022 |  |  |  |  |
Balance of AOCI at the beginning of period | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 59 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (781) |  |  | 5 |  |  | (776) |
Balance of AOCI at the end of period | $ | (706) |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | (717) |
2021 |  |  |  |  |
Balance of AOCI at the beginning of period | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | (26) |  |  | $ | 61 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (12) |  |  | 10 |  |  | (2) |
Balance of AOCI at the end of period | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 59 |

___________________
[1] All amounts are net of income taxes.
Note 21 - Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined under GAAP as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. GAAP requires that valuation techniques maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the valuation inputs into three levels. Based on the underlying inputs, each fair value measurement in its entirety is reported in one of three levels. These levels are:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2: Significant observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar (as opposed to identical) assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances.
The Company's assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of investment securities available for sale and investments in equity securities. The estimated fair values of MBS are based upon market prices of similar securities or observable inputs (Level 2). The estimated fair values of mutual funds are based upon quoted market prices (Level 1).
The Company had no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2023 and 2022. The Company's assets measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
117

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022

| Estimated Fair Value
September 30, 2023 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Available for sale investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS: U.S. government agencies | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41,771 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41,771 |
Investments in equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual funds | 811 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 811 |
Total | $ | 811 |  |  | $ | 41,771 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,582 |

September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS: U.S. government agencies | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41,415 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41,415 |
Investments in equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual funds | 835 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 835 |
Total | $ | 835 |  |  | $ | 41,415 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,250 |

There were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a non-recurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market value that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period.
The Company uses the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value on a non-recurring basis:
Impaired Loans: The estimated fair value of impaired loans is calculated using the collateral value method or on a discounted cash flow basis. The specific reserve for collateral dependent impaired loans is based on the estimated fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell, if applicable. In some cases, adjustments are made to the appraised values due to various factors including age of the appraisal, age of comparables included in the appraisal and known changes in the market and in the collateral. Such adjustments may be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Impaired loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.
Investment Securities Held to Maturity: The estimated fair value of investment securities held to maturity is based upon the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the investment security. Such assumptions include quoted market prices (Level 1), market prices of similar securities or observable inputs (Level 2) and unobservable inputs such as dealer quotes, discounted cash flows or similar techniques (Level 3).
OREO and Other Repossessed Assets, net: OREO and other repossessed assets are recorded at estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. Estimated fair value is generally determined by management based on a number of factors, including third-party appraisals of estimated fair value in an orderly sale. Estimated costs to sell are based on standard market factors. The valuation of OREO and other repossessed assets is subject to significant external and internal judgment (Level 3).
118

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following table summarizes the balances of assets measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Total Estimated |  | Estimated Fair Value Measurements Using
|  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 122 |
September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 123 |

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 inputs for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Valuation Technique |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Range
Impaired loans |  | Market approach |  | Appraised value less selling costs |  | N/A

GAAP requires disclosure of estimated fair values for financial instruments. Such estimates are subjective in nature, and significant judgment is required regarding the risk characteristics of various financial instruments at a discrete point in time. Therefore, such estimates could vary significantly if assumptions regarding uncertain factors were to change. In addition, as the Company normally intends to hold the majority of its financial instruments until maturity, it does not expect to realize many of the estimated amounts disclosed. The disclosures also do not include estimated fair value amounts for certain items which are not defined as financial instruments but which may have significant value. The Company does not believe that it would be practicable to estimate a fair value for these types of items as of September 30, 2023 and 2022. Because GAAP excludes certain items from fair value disclosure requirements, any aggregation of the fair value amounts presented would not represent the underlying value of the Company. Additionally, the Company uses the exit price notion in calculating the fair values of financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
The recorded amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments were as follows as of September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements Using:
| Recorded Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 128,721 |  |  | $ | 128,721 |  |  | $ | 128,721 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
CDs held for investment | 15,188 |  |  | 15,188 |  |  | 15,188 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Investment securities | 311,989 |  |  | 295,538 |  |  | 161,538 |  |  | 134,000 |  |  | — |
Investments in equity securities | 811 |  |  | 811 |  |  | 811 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
FHLB stock | 3,602 |  |  | 3,602 |  |  | 3,602 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other investments | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 400 |  |  | 407 |  |  | 407 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans receivable, net | 1,302,305 |  |  | 1,246,538 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,246,538 |
Accrued interest receivable | 6,004 |  |  | 6,004 |  |  | 6,004 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit | 300,100 |  |  | 297,542 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 297,542 |
FHLB borrowings | 35,000 |  |  | 34,747 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,747 |
Accrued interest payable | 1,397 |  |  | 1,397 |  |  | 1,397 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

119

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The recorded amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments were as follows as of September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements Using:
| Recorded Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 316,755 |  |  | $ | 316,755 |  |  | $ | 316,755 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
CDs held for investment | 22,894 |  |  | 22,519 |  |  | 22,519 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Investment securities | 308,023 |  |  | 291,198 |  |  | 158,578 |  |  | 132,620 |  |  | — |
Investments in equity securities | 835 |  |  | 835 |  |  | 835 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
FHLB stock | 2,194 |  |  | 2,194 |  |  | 2,194 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other investments | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 748 |  |  | 758 |  |  | 758 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans receivable, net | 1,132,426 |  |  | 1,124,579 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,124,579 |
Accrued interest receivable | 4,483 |  |  | 4,483 |  |  | 4,483 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit | 122,584 |  |  | 120,807 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 120,807 |
Accrued interest payable | 108 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 108 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

The Company assumes interest rate risk (the risk that general interest rate levels will change) as a result of its normal operations. As a result, the estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments will change when interest rate levels change, and that change may either be favorable or unfavorable to the Company. Management attempts to match maturities of assets and liabilities to the extent believed necessary to appropriately manage interest rate risk. However, borrowers with fixed interest rate obligations are less likely to prepay in a rising interest rate environment and more likely to prepay in a falling interest rate environment. Conversely, depositors who are receiving fixed interest rates are more likely to withdraw funds before maturity in a rising interest rate environment and less likely to do so in a falling interest rate environment. Management monitors interest rates and maturities of assets and liabilities, and attempts to manage interest rate risk by adjusting terms of new loans and deposits and by investing in securities with terms that mitigate the Company’s overall interest rate risk.
Note 22 - Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
The following selected financial data is presented for the quarters ended (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

| September 30, 2023 |  | June 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Interest and dividend income | $ | 21,562 |  |  | $ | 19,889 |  |  | $ | 19,387 |  |  | $ | 19,112 |
Interest expense | (4,731) |  |  | (3,255) |  |  | (2,236) |  |  | (1,369) |
Net interest income | 16,831 |  |  | 16,634 |  |  | 17,151 |  |  | 17,743 |
Provision for loan losses | (522) |  |  | (610) |  |  | (475) |  |  | (525) |
Non-interest income | 2,924 |  |  | 2,875 |  |  | 2,636 |  |  | 2,705 |
Non-interest expense | (10,967) |  |  | (10,927) |  |  | (10,944) |  |  | (10,535) |
Income before income taxes | 8,266 |  |  | 7,972 |  |  | 8,368 |  |  | 9,388 |
Provision for income taxes | 1,624 |  |  | 1,666 |  |  | 1,705 |  |  | 1,881 |
Net income | $ | 6,642 |  |  | $ | 6,306 |  |  | $ | 6,663 |  |  | $ | 7,507 |
Net income per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic (1) | $ | 0.82 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |
Diluted (1) | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.80 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |

120

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022

| September 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Interest and dividend income | $ | 17,019 |  |  | $ | 14,627 |  |  | $ | 13,520 |  |  | $ | 13,342 |
Interest expense | (756) |  |  | (645) |  |  | (627) |  |  | (646) |
Net interest income | 16,263 |  |  | 13,982 |  |  | 12,893 |  |  | 12,696 |
Provision for loan losses | (270) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-interest income | 2,997 |  |  | 3,102 |  |  | 3,083 |  |  | 3,442 |
Non-interest expense | (10,155) |  |  | (9,874) |  |  | (9,333) |  |  | (9,264) |
Income before income taxes | 8,835 |  |  | 7,210 |  |  | 6,643 |  |  | 6,874 |
Provision for income taxes | 1,785 |  |  | 1,472 |  |  | 1,316 |  |  | 1,389 |
Net income | $ | 7,050 |  |  | $ | 5,738 |  |  | $ | 5,327 |  |  | $ | 5,485 |
Net income per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |
Diluted | $ | 0.85 |  |  | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 0.65 |

__________________________________________
(1) The net income per common share amounts for the quarters do not add to the total for the fiscal year due to rounding.
Note 23 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers
In accordance with ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), revenues are recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration that it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services that are promised within each contract and identifies those that contain performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.
ASC 606 applies to all contracts with customers to provide goods or services in the ordinary course of business, except for contracts that are specifically excluded from its scope. The majority of the Company's revenues are composed of interest income, deferred loan fee accretion, premium/discount accretion, gains on sales of loans and investments, BOLI net earnings, servicing income on loans sold and other loan fee income, which are not within the scope of ASC 606. Revenue reported as service charges on deposits, ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, merchant services fees, non-deposit investment fees and escrow fees are within the scope of ASC 606. All of the Company's revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606 is recognized in non-interest income with the exception of gains on sales of OREO and gains on sales/dispositions of premises and equipment, which are included in non-interest expense. For the year ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $3,824,000 in service charges on deposits, $5,194,000 in ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, $109,000 in escrow fees and $36,000 in fee income from non-deposit investment sales, all considered within the scope of ASC 606. For the year ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $3,964,000 in service charges on deposits, $5,210,000 in ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, $211,000 in escrow fees and $27,000 in fee income from non-deposit investment sales, all considered within the scope of ASC 606.
Descriptions of the Company's revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606 are as follows:
121

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary
September 30, 2023 and 2022
•Service Charges on Deposits: The Company earns fees from its deposit customers from a variety of deposit products and services. Non-transaction based fees such as account maintenance fees and monthly statement fees are considered to be provided to the customer under a day-to-day contract with ongoing renewals. Revenue for these non-transaction fees are earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Transaction-based fees such as non-sufficient fund charges, stop payment charges and wire fees are recognized at the time that the transaction is executed, as the contract duration does not extend beyond the service performed.
•ATM and Debit Card Interchange Transaction Fees: The Company earns fees from cardholder transactions conducted through third-party payment network providers which consist of interchange fees earned from the payment networks as a debit card issuer. These fees are recognized when the transaction occurs but may settle on a daily or monthly basis.
•Escrow Fees: The Company earns fees from real estate escrow contracts with customers. The Company receives and disburses money and/or property according to the customer's contract. Such fees are recognized when the escrow contract closes.
•Fee income from Non-Deposit Investment Sales: The Company earns fees from contracts with customers for investment activities. Revenues are generally recognized on a monthly basis and are generally based on a percentage of the customer's assets under management or based on investment solutions that are implemented for the customer.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer), Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) and several other members of the Company’s senior management as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of September 30, 2023 the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management (including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) in a timely manner, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13(a)-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
To comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Company designed and implemented a structured and comprehensive assessment process to evaluate its internal control over financial reporting across the enterprise. The assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting was based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
A control procedure, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Also, because of the inherent limitations in all control procedures, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. As a result of these inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Furthermore, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Based on its assessment, management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2023
The management of the Company has assessed the Company's compliance with the Federal laws and regulations pertaining to insider loans and the Federal and, if applicable, State laws and regulations pertaining to dividend restrictions during the fiscal year that ended on September 30, 2023. Management has concluded that the Company complied with the Federal laws and regulations pertaining to insider loans and the Federal and, if applicable, State laws and regulations.
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Date: December 11, 2023 |  |
/s/Dean J. Brydon |  | /s/Marci A. Basich
Dean J. Brydon |  | Marci A. Basich
Chief Executive Officer |  | Chief Financial Officer

Changes in Internal Control
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. The Company continued, however, to implement suggestions from its internal auditor and independent auditor on ways to strengthen existing controls. The Company does not expect that its disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting will prevent all errors and fraud. A control procedure, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control procedure are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control procedures, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns in controls or procedures can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any control procedure is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control procedure, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Item 9B. Other Information
Trading Plans
During the quarter ended September 30, 2023, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Act) of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this item is contained under the section captioned “Proposal I - Election of Directors” in the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (“Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference.
For information regarding the executive officers of the Company and the Bank, see “Item 1. Business - Executive Officers of the Registrant.”
Audit Committee Matters and Audit Committee Financial Expert
The Company has a separately designated standing Audit Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act. As of September 30, 2023, the audit committee members were Directors Stoney, Smith and Suter. Each member of the Audit Committee is independent, as independence is defined for Audit Committee members in the listing standards of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC. The Company’s Board of Directors has designated Directors Stoney and Suter as the Audit Committee financial experts, as defined in the SEC’s Regulation S-K. Additional information concerning the Audit Committee is included in the Company’s Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Code of Ethics
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The Board of Directors ratified its Code of Ethics for the Company’s officers (including its senior financial officers), directors and employees during the year ended September 30, 2023. The Code of Ethics requires the Company’s officers, directors and employees to maintain the highest standards of professional conduct. The Company’s Code of Ethics was filed as an exhibit to its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2003 and is available on our website at www.timberlandbank.com.
Nomination Procedures
There have been no material changes to the procedures by which stockholders may recommend nominees to the Company’s Board of Directors.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is contained under the sections captioned “Executive Compensation” and “Directors’ Compensation” included in the Company’s Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
(a)Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners.
The information required by this item is contained under the section captioned “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” included in the Company’s Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
(b)Security Ownership of Management.
The information required by this item is contained under the sections captioned “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Proposal I - Election of Directors” included in the Company’s Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
(c)Changes In Control.
The Company is not aware of any arrangements, including any pledge by any person of securities of the Company, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company.
(d)Equity Compensation Plan Information.
The following table summarizes share and exercise price information about the Company’s equity compensation plans as of September 30, 2023:
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Plan category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
| (a) |  | (b) |  | (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders: |  |  |  |  |
2003 Stock Option Plan | 15,000 |  |  |  | $ | 10.10 |  |  |  | — |  |
2014 Equity Incentive Plan: | 215,630 |  |  |  |  | 24.37 |  |  |  | 5,036 |  | (1)
2019 Equity Incentive Plan: | 164,670 |  |  |  |  | 25.32 |  |  |  | 176,050 |  | (1)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |
Total | 395,300 |  |  |  | $ | 24.22 |  |  |  | 181,086 |  |

(1) All shares reported as remaining available for future issuance under the equity compensation plans are available for future grants of restricted stock.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this item is contained under the sections captioned “Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors And Corporate Governance Matters - Corporate Governance - Related Party Transactions” and “Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance Matters - Corporate Governance - Director Independence” included in the Company's Proxy Statement and are incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this item is contained under the section captioned “Proposal 3 - Ratification of Selection of Independent Auditor” included in the Company’s Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) Exhibits

3.1 |  | Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant (1)
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (2)
4.1 |  | Form of Certificate of Timberland Bancorp, Inc. Common Stock (3)
4.2 |  | Description of Capital Stock of Timberland Bancorp, Inc. (4)
10.1 |  | Employee Severance Compensation Plan, as revised (5)
10.2 |  | Employee Stock Ownership Plan (6)
10.3 |  | 2003 Stock Option Plan (7)
10.7 |  | Employment Agreement with Dean J. Brydon (8)
10.8 |  | Employment Agreement with Jonathan A. Fischer (9)
10.9 |  | Timberland Bancorp, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (10)
10.10 |  | Timberland Bancorp, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (1 1)
10.11 |  | F orm of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (1 2)
10.12 |  | For m of Non-qualified Stock Option Agreement (1 2)
10.13 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Grant Agreement (1 2)
14 |  | Code of Ethics (1 3)
15 |  | Compensation Clawback Policy (14)
21 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1 |  | Consent of Delap LLP
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
32 |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
101 |  | The following materials from Timberland Bancorp, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (a) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (b) Consolidated Statements of Income; (c) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (d) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity; (e) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (f) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

___________
(1)Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (333-35817) and incorporated by reference.
(2)Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 22, 2023.
(3)Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant's Statement on Form S-1 (333-35817) and incorporated by reference.
(4)Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for year ended September 30, 2019.
(5)Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 16, 2007.
(6)Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 1997.
(7)Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's 2004 Annual Meeting Proxy Statement dated December 24, 2003.
(8)Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 27, 2022.
(9)Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for year ended September 30, 2023.
(10)Attached as Appendix A to the Registrant's Annual Meeting Proxy Statement filed on December 19, 2014.
(11)Attached as Appendix A to the Registrant's Annual Meeting Proxy Statement filed on December 18, 2019.
(12)Incorporated by reference and included in the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (333-240040).
(13)Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2003.
(14)Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| TIMBERLAND BANCORP, INC.
Date: | December 11, 2023 | By: | /s/Dean J. Brydon
|  |  | Dean J. Brydon
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

SIGNATURES | TITLE | DATE
/s/Dean J. Brydon | Chief Executive Officer and | December 11, 2023
Dean J. Brydon | Director
| (Principal Executive Officer) |
/s/Michael J. Stoney | Chairman of the Board | December 11, 2023
Michael J. Stoney |
/s/Marci A. Basich | Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer | December 11, 2023
Marci A. Basich | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |
/s/Parul Bhandari | Director | December 11, 2023
Parul Bhandari |  |
/s/Andrea M. Clinton | Director | December 11, 2023
Andrea M. Clinton |  |
/s/Robert A. Drugge | Director | December 11, 2023
Robert A. Drugge |  |
/s/Kathy D. Leodler | Director | December 11, 2023
Kathy D. Leodler |  |
/s/David A. Smith | Director | December 11, 2023
David A. Smith |  |
/s/Kelly A. Suter | Director | December 11, 2023
Kelly A. Suter |  |

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