<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-24-128829.txt : 20241216
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20241216141543
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-24-128829
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		19
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20241210
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20241216
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20241216

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			ABRDN EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY INCOME FUND, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000846676
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	
		IRS NUMBER:				222990009
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			MD
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	811-05770
		FILM NUMBER:		241551335

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1900 MARKET STREET
		STREET 2:		SUITE 200
		CITY:			PHILADELPHIA
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19103
		BUSINESS PHONE:		215-405-5700

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1900 MARKET STREET
		STREET 2:		SUITE 200
		CITY:			PHILADELPHIA
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19103

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ABERDEEN EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY INCOME FUND, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20180501

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ABERDEEN CHILE FUND, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20100407

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	CHILE FUND INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19920703
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<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES</b></p>


<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Washington, D.C. 20549</b></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>






<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>






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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)</b></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934</b></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>






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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>






<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Registrant&#8217;s telephone number, including
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>N/A</b></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Former name or former address, if changed since
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>










<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Check the appropriate box below if the Form&#160;8-K filing is intended
to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (see General Instruction A.2.
below):</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_902_edei--WrittenCommunications_c20241210__20241210_zr0qdINXAgf9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-12-10" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000022" name="dei:WrittenCommunications">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></span>
Written communications pursuant to Rule&#160;425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_901_edei--SolicitingMaterial_c20241210__20241210_zfCsGFpComLj"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-12-10" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000023" name="dei:SolicitingMaterial">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span> Soliciting
material pursuant to Rule&#160;14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_90C_edei--PreCommencementTenderOffer_c20241210__20241210_zyyfFsYBzFJ5"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-12-10" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000024" name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></span>
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule&#160;14d-2(b)&#160;under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_90F_edei--PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_c20241210__20241210_z41v92V5832j"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-12-10" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000025" name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></span>
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule&#160;13e-4(c)&#160;under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Securities registered pursuant to Section&#160;12(b)&#160;of the Act:</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth
company as defined in Rule&#160;405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule&#160;12b-2 of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section&#160;13(a)&#160;of the Exchange Act.&#160;</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</span></p>


<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="margin: 0"></p>


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<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>


<p style="margin: 0"></p>


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<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>


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</div><div style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><div style="Page-Break-Before: Always"></div><!-- BannerFile="tm2431072d1_itemspage.htm" BannerFilePath="/apps/files/files/jms2files/gofiler/tm2431072-1/tm2431072-1_8kseq1" --><div>

</div><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item 8.01. Other Events</b></p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">On December&#160;10, 2024, the Board of Directors (the
&#8220;Board&#8221;) of abrdn Emerging Markets Equity Income Fund,&#160;Inc. (the &#8220;Fund&#8221;) approved a change in the name
of the Fund to the abrdn Emerging Markets ex-China Fund,&#160;Inc., and corresponding changes to the Fund&#8217;s investment
policies, including its 80% investment policy, and benchmark, as set forth below, effective February&#160;24, 2025 (the
&#8220;Effective Date&#8221;). On December&#160;10, 2024, the Board also announced a 20% tender offer to be offered in the first
quarter of 2025. To optimize portfolio transition costs, the Fund may begin transitioning the portfolio in advance of the Effective
Date, and may sell securities that are not aligned with its revised investment strategy in order to raise cash needed to fund the
tender offer. Further details and timing will be announced ahead of the Effective Date of the Fund&#8217;s investment strategy
changes.</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>Fund Name Change and Changes to Non-Fundamental Investment Policy</i></b></p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund&#8217;s Board has approved changes to the Fund&#8217;s name,
its non-fundamental 80% investment policy, and its benchmark, as set forth below. There will be no change to the Fund&#8217;s investment
objective and the Fund will continue to trade on the NYSE American under ticker symbol &#8220;AEF&#8221;.</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The name change and change to the 80% investment policy will be effective
on or about the Effective Date, following 60 days&#8217; notice to Fund shareholders and may only be changed thereafter by the Board of
the Fund following the provision of at least 60 days&#8217; written notice to the Fund&#8217;s shareholders.</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 15%; border: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 44%; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Current </b></span></td>
    <td style="width: 41%; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>New </b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fund Name</span></td>
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">abrdn Emerging Markets Equity Income Fund,&#160;Inc.</span></td>
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">abrdn Emerging Markets ex-China Fund,&#160;Inc.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">80% Investment Policy</span></td>
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets (plus any borrowings for investment purposes) in emerging markets equity securities. </span></td>
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets (plus any borrowings for investment purposes) in emerging markets (excluding China) equity securities.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Benchmark</span></td>
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">MSCI Emerging Markets Index (Net Daily Total Return)</span></td>
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">MSCI Emerging Markets ex-China Index (Net Daily Total Return)*</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">*The MSCI Emerging Markets Index (Net Daily Total Return)
captures large and mid-cap representation across 23 of the 24 Emerging Markets (EM) countries, excluding China. With 672 constituents,
the Index covers approximately 85% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization in each country. EM countries in the Index include:
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Greece, Hungary,&#160;India,&#160;Indonesia, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey and United Arab Emirates. The Index is calculated net of withholding
taxes to which the Fund is generally subject.</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In approving the strategy and name change, the Board considered, among
other factors, that as the only U.S. closed-end fund currently offering the emerging market ex-China strategy, the Fund will be less driven
by the policy actions of the Chinese government, and more driven by stock fundamentals, which aligns with Management&#8217;s style of
bottom-up investing.</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund will remain a non-diversified, closed-end management investment
company whose objective is to provide both current income and long-term appreciation.</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund&#8217;s strategies and risks are amended as of the Effective
Date consistent with its change to an emerging market ex-China strategy. A summary of the Fund&#8217;s investment objectives, strategies,
policies and risks, inclusive of the amendments as of the Effective Date, is attached hereto as Exhibit&#160;99.1. In accordance with
Rule&#160;35d-1 under the 1940 Act, the Fund will provide shareholders of the Fund with 60 days&#8217; written notice of the change to
the 80% investment policy, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit&#160;99.2. A copy of the press release relating to the changes
described above is attached hereto as Exhibit&#160;99.3.</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item&#8201;9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%;  border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>(d)</b></span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Exhibits</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 3%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 6%"><a href="tm2431072d1_ex99-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>99.1</b></span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 91%"><a href="tm2431072d1_ex99-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Investment Objectives, Strategies, Policies and Risks</b></span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2431072d1_ex99-2.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>99.2</b></span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2431072d1_ex99-2.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Notice Pursuant to Rule&#160;35d-1</b></span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2431072d1_ex99-3.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>99.3</b></span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2431072d1_ex99-3.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Press Release</b></span></a></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p><div>


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    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


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</div><p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURES</b></p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.75in">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Fund has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Date: December&#160;16, 2024</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">abrdn Emerging Markets Equity Income Fund,&#160;Inc.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Lucia Sitar</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 50%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 5%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</span></td>
    <td style="width: 45%"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lucia Sitar</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title: </span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vice President</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[Signature Page&#160;to Form&#160;8-K]</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p><div>


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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>tm2431072d1_ex99-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 99.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><!-- BannerFile="tm2431072d1_ex99-1.htm"   BannerFilePath="/apps/files/files/jms2files/gofiler/tm2431072-1/tm2431072-1_8kseq1/users" -->

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 99.1</B></P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Investment Objective, Strategies and Policies</I></B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Investment
Objective.&nbsp;</I></FONT>The Fund seeks to provide both current income and long-term capital appreciation. The Fund&rsquo;s investment
objective is not fundamental, and may be changed by the Fund&rsquo;s Board without shareholder approval.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Principal
Investment Strategy.&nbsp;</I></FONT>Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets (plus any borrowings
for investment purposes) in emerging markets (excluding China) equity securities. If the Fund&rsquo;s Board elects to change this 80%
policy, the Fund will provide shareholders with at least 60 days&rsquo; prior notice.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">An emerging market (excluding China) country is any country included
within the MSCI Emerging Markets ex-China Index or determined to be eligible for inclusion in the MSCI Emerging Markets ex-China Index.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The definition of equity securities includes:</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 95%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">common stock and preferred stock (including convertible preferred stock),</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">stock purchase warrants and rights,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">equity interests in trusts and partnerships, and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">American, Global or other types of Depositary Receipts of emerging market securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Emerging market (excluding China) securities include securities that
are issued by companies or other issuers that Fund management determines meet one or more of the following criteria:</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(i)&nbsp;the company is organized under the laws of an emerging market
(excluding China) country,</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(ii)&nbsp; the company has its principal office in, or management is
located in, an emerging market (excluding China) country, and/or</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(iii)&nbsp;the company has its principal&nbsp; securities&nbsp; trading&nbsp;
market&nbsp; in an emerging market (excluding China) country.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may also invest without limit in those markets deemed by the
Investment Adviser to be &ldquo;Frontier&rdquo; markets, which are investable markets with lower total market capitalizations and liquidity
than the more developed emerging markets.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">From time to time, the Fund may have a significant amount of assets
invested in securities of issuers of a single country or of a number of countries in a particular geographic region and therefore may
be subject to a greater extent to risks associated therewith. The Fund currently anticipates that it may invest a significant amount of
its assets in India and Taiwan.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund uses leverage as part of its investment strategy through senior
securities representing indebtedness. The Fund may use leverage through senior securities representing indebtedness up to 33 1/3% of its
total assets (including the amount obtained through leverage), although the Investment Adviser currently intends to utilize leverage generally
in the amount of 5% &ndash; 15% of the Fund&rsquo;s total assets and does not currently expect such leverage to actively exceed 20% of
total assets. The Fund is permitted to engage in other transactions, such as reverse repurchase agreements and issuance of debt securities
or preferred securities, which have the effect of leverage.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may invest in securities of any market capitalization. In
selecting companies for investment by the Fund, the Investment Adviser will consider factors such as overall growth prospects, competitive
positions in domestic and export markets, technology, research and development, productivity, labor costs, raw material costs and sources,
profit margins, return on investment, capital resources, government regulation and management.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund will not invest 25% or more of its total assets in the securities
of companies in the same industry, although the Fund may invest in U.S. government securities without regard to this limitation. This
policy may only be changed upon the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the Fund&rsquo;s outstanding voting securities. The
Adviser will define industries according to any one or more widely recognized third-party industry classification systems and may otherwise
define industries consistent with applicable law and SEC guidance. Third-party industry classification systems may include the Bloomberg
Barclays Classification System (BICS), the Standard and Poor&rsquo;s Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) and Barclays Live.
The Adviser will also have broad authority to make exceptions from third-party industry classification systems and determine for the Fund
how to classify issuers within or among industries based on such issuer&rsquo;s characteristics and subject to applicable law.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Although the Fund will not invest 25% of more of its total assets in
the securities of companies in the same industry, the Fund may invest in securities of any market sector and may hold a significant amount
of securities of companies, from time to time, within a single sector. Currently, the Fund expects to be heavily exposed to the financial
and information technology sectors.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may invest up to 30% of its total assets in private placements
of equity securities. Securities that are not publicly traded in the United States but that can be sold to &ldquo;qualified institutional
buyers&rdquo; pursuant to Rule&nbsp;144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;1933 Act&rdquo;), will not be subject
to these percentage limitations if these securities are deemed liquid pursuant to procedures adopted by the Fund&rsquo;s Board and delegated
to the Investment Adviser. Rule&nbsp;144A Securities (defined below) and Regulation S Securities (defined below) may be freely traded
among certain qualified institutional investors, such as the Fund, but their resale in the U.S. is permitted only in limited circumstances.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">To the extent its assets are not invested as described above, the Fund
may invest the remainder of its assets in:</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">debt securities denominated in the currency of an emerging country or issued or guaranteed by an emerging country company or the government of an emerging country,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">equity or debt securities of corporate or governmental issuers located in developed countries, and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">short-term and medium-term debt securities of the type described below under &ldquo;Temporary Investments.&rdquo;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund&rsquo;s assets may be invested in debt securities when the
Investment Adviser believes that, based upon factors such as relative interest rate levels and foreign exchange rates, such debt securities
offer opportunities to provide both current income and long-term capital appreciation.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may invest in debt securities that are rated no lower than
A-2 by Standard&nbsp;&amp; Poor&rsquo;s Rating Group or P-2 by Moody&rsquo;s Investor Services or the equivalent by another rating service
or, if unrated, deemed to be of equivalent quality by the Investment Adviser. The Fund may invest in securities of any maturity.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">For cash management purposes, the Fund may invest up to 25% of its
net assets in certain short-term investments described below and, for temporary defensive purposes, may invest up to 100% of its assets
in those short-term instruments.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund&rsquo;s income distributions are supplemented by realized
capital gains and, to the extent necessary, paid-in capital, which is a nontaxable return of capital.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In seeking to achieve the Fund&rsquo;s investment objective, the Investment
Adviser invests in quality companies and is an active, engaged owner. The Investment Adviser evaluates every company against quality criteria
and build conviction using a team-based approach and peer review process. The quality assessment covers five key factors: (1)&nbsp;durability
of the business model, (2)&nbsp;the attractiveness of the industry, (3)&nbsp;the strength of financials, (4)&nbsp;the capability of management,
and (5)&nbsp;the most material Environmental, Social and Governance (&ldquo;ESG&rdquo;) factors impacting a company. Examples of ESG factors
considered by the Investment Adviser include, but are not limited to, carbon emissions, climate risks, labor management, employee safety
and corporate governance. The specific factors considered may vary depending on the type of company being evaluated. As ESG information
is just one investment consideration, ESG considerations generally are not solely determinative in any investment decision made by the
Investment Adviser.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Through fundamental research, supported by a global research presence,
the Investment Adviser seeks to identify companies whose quality is not yet fully recognized by the market.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Investment Adviser may sell a security when it perceives that a
company&rsquo;s business direction or growth potential has changed or the company&rsquo;s valuations no longer offer attractive relative
value.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Additionally, the Investment Adviser may seek to enhance the yield
of the Fund&rsquo;s common stock by leveraging the Fund&rsquo;s capital structure through the borrowing of money, or potentially the issuance
of short-term debt securities or shares of preferred stock. The use of leverage also involves certain expenses and risk considerations.
See &ldquo;Risk Factors &ndash; Leverage Risk&rdquo; and &ldquo;Additional Investment Policies &ndash; Leverage&rdquo; in this section.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In rendering investment advisory services, the Investment Adviser may
use the resources of subsidiaries owned by abrdn plc. The abrdn plc affiliates have entered into a memorandum of understanding (MOU) and
have adopted personnel sharing procedures, pursuant to which investment professionals from the abrdn plc affiliates may render portfolio
management, research and/or trade services to U.S. clients of the Investment Adviser. As such, in addition to their own extensive resource
and experience, the Fund&rsquo;s portfolio management team can draw on the full global investment resources of abrdn plc.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Temporary
Investments.&nbsp;</I></FONT>During periods in which the Investment Adviser believes changes in economic, financial or political conditions
make it advisable, the Fund may for temporary defensive purposes reduce its holdings in equity and other securities and invest in certain
short-term (less than twelve months to maturity) and medium-term (not greater than five years to maturity) debt securities or hold cash.
Temporary defensive positions may affect the Fund&rsquo;s ability to achieve its investment objective.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may invest in the following short-term instruments:</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">obligations of the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities (including repurchase agreements with respect to these securities),</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">bank obligations (including certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers&rsquo; acceptances) of U.S. banks and foreign banks denominated in any currency,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">floating rate securities and other instruments denominated in any currency issued by international development agencies, banks and other financial institutions, governments and their agencies and instrumentalities, and corporations located in countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">obligations of S. corporations that are rated no lower than A-2 by Standard&nbsp;&amp; Poor&rsquo;s Rating Group or P-2 by Moody&rsquo;s Investor Services or the equivalent by another rating service or, if unrated, deemed to be of equivalent quality by the Investment Adviser, and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">shares of money market funds that are authorized to invest in short-term instruments described above.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Currency
Transactions.&nbsp;</I></FONT>The Investment Adviser generally does not seek to hedge against declines in the value of the Fund&rsquo;s
non-U.S. dollar-denominated portfolio securities resulting from currency devaluations or fluctuations. If suitable hedging instruments
are available on a timely basis and on acceptable terms, the Investment Adviser may, in its discretion, hedge all or part of the value
of the Fund&rsquo;s non-U.S. dollar-denominated portfolio securities, although it is not obligated to do so. The Fund will be subject
to the risk of changes in value of the currencies of the emerging countries in which its assets are denominated, unless it engages in
hedging transactions.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Depositary
Receipts.&nbsp;</I></FONT>The Fund may invest indirectly in securities of emerging markets country issuers through sponsored or unsponsored
American Depositary Receipts (&ldquo;ADRs&rdquo;), Global Depositary Receipts (&ldquo;GDRs&rdquo;) and other types of Depositary Receipts.
Depositary Receipts may not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as the underlying securities into which they may be converted.
In addition, the issuers of the stock of unsponsored Depositary Receipts are not obligated to disclose material information in the United
States and, therefore, there may not be a correlation between such information and the market value of the Depositary Receipts. ADRs are
Depositary Receipts typically issued by a U.S. bank or trust company which evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign
corporation. GDRs and other types of Depositary Receipts are typically issued by foreign banks or trust companies, although they also
may be issued by U.S. banks or trust companies, and evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by either a foreign or a U.S. corporation.
Generally, Depositary Receipts in registered form are designed for use in the U.S. securities markets and Depositary Receipts in bearer
form are designed for use in securities markets outside the United States. For purposes of the Fund&rsquo;s investment policies, the Fund&rsquo;s
investments in ADRs, GDRs and other types of Depositary Receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Portfolio
Turnover Rate.&nbsp;</I></FONT>The Fund does not engage in the trading of securities for the purpose of realizing short-term profits,
but adjusts its portfolio as it deems advisable in view of prevailing or anticipated market conditions to accomplish its investment objective.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Loans
of Portfolio Securities.&nbsp;</I></FONT>The Fund&rsquo;s investment policies permit the Fund to enter into securities lending agreements.
Under such agreements, the Fund may lend to borrowers (primarily banks and broker-dealers) portfolio securities with an aggregate market
value of up to one-third of the Fund&rsquo;s total assets when it deems advisable. Any such loans must be secured by collateral (consisting
of any combination of cash, U.S. government securities, irrevocable bank letters of credit or other high quality debt securities) in an
amount at least equal, on a daily marked-to-market basis, to the current market value of the securities loaned. If the Fund enters into
a securities lending arrangement, it is expected that cash collateral will be invested by the lending agent in short-term instruments,
money market mutual funds or other collective investment funds, and income from these investments will be allocated among the Fund, the
borrower and the lending agent. The Fund may terminate a loan after such notice period as is provided for the particular loan. The Fund
would receive from the borrower amounts equivalent to any cash payments of interest, dividends and other distributions with respect to
the loaned securities, although the tax treatment of such payments may differ from the treatment of distributions paid directly by the
issuer to the Fund. The Fund would also have the option to require non-cash distributions on the loaned securities to be credited to its
account.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>An investment in the Fund may be speculative in that it involves
a high degree of risk and should not constitute a complete investment program. See &ldquo;Risk Factors.&rdquo;</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Portfolio of Investments</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may invest in, among other things, the types of instruments
described below:</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Common Stock</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Common stock is issued by companies to raise cash for business purposes
and represents a proportionate interest in the issuing companies. Therefore, the Fund participates in the success or failure of any company
in which it holds stock. The market value of common stock can fluctuate significantly, reflecting the business performance of the issuing
company, investor perception and general economic or financial market movements. Smaller companies are especially sensitive to these factors
and may even become valueless. Despite the risk of price volatility, however, common stocks also offer a greater potential for gain on
investment, compared to other classes of financial assets such as bonds or cash equivalents. The Fund may also receive common stock as
proceeds from a defaulted debt security held by the Fund or from a convertible bond converting to common stock. In such situations, the
Fund will hold the common stock at the Investment Adviser&rsquo;s discretion.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Convertible Securities</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Convertible securities are generally debt securities or preferred stocks
that may be converted into common stock. Convertible securities typically pay current income as either interest (debt security convertibles)
or dividends (preferred stocks). A convertible security&rsquo;s value usually reflects both the stream of current income payments and
the value of the underlying common stock. The market value of a convertible security performs like that of a regular debt security; that
is, if market interest rates rise, the value of a convertible security usually falls. Since it is convertible into common stock, the convertible
security also has the same types of market and issuer risk as the underlying common stock. A convertible debt security is not counted
as an equity security for purposes of the Fund&rsquo;s 80% policy.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Illiquid Securities</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Illiquid securities are assets which may not be sold or disposed of
in the ordinary course of business within seven days at approximately the price at which a fund has valued the investment on its books
and may include such securities as those not registered under. U.S. securities laws or securities that cannot be sold in public transactions.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Preferred Stock</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Preferred stock is a class of stock that often pays dividends at a
specified rate and has preference over common stock in dividend payments and liquidation of assets. Preferred stock may be convertible
into common stock.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Private Placements and Other Restricted Securities</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Private placement and other restricted securities include securities
that have been privately placed and are not registered under the 1933 Act, such as unregistered securities eligible for resale without
registration pursuant to Rule&nbsp;144A (&ldquo;Rule&nbsp;144A Securities&rdquo;) and privately placed securities of U.S. and non-U.S.
issuers offered outside of the U.S. without registration with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation S (&ldquo;Regulation
S Securities&rdquo;).</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Private placement securities typically may be sold only to qualified
institutional buyers (or, in the case of the initial sale of certain securities, such as those issued in collateralized debt obligations
or collateralized loan obligations, to accredited investors (as defined in Rule&nbsp;501(a)&nbsp;under the 1933 Act)), or in a privately
negotiated transaction or to a limited number of purchasers, or in limited quantities after they have been held for a specified period
of time and other conditions are met pursuant to an exemption from registration. Rule&nbsp;144A Securities and Regulation S Securities
may be freely traded among certain qualified institutional investors, such as the Fund, but their resale in the U.S. is permitted only
in limited circumstances.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Private placements typically are subject to restrictions on resale
as a matter of contract or under federal securities laws. Because there may be relatively few potential purchasers for such securities,
especially under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the
Fund could find it more difficult to sell such securities when it may be advisable to do so or it may be able to sell such securities
only at prices lower than if such securities were more widely held. At times, it also may be more difficult to determine the fair value
of such securities for purposes of computing the Fund&rsquo;s net asset value due to the absence of a trading market.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Private placements and restricted securities may be considered illiquid
securities, which could have the effect of increasing the level of the Fund&rsquo;s illiquidity. Additionally, a restricted security that
was liquid at the time of purchase may subsequently become illiquid.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Rights Issues and Warrants</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Rights issues give the right, to existing shareholders, to buy a proportional
number of additional securities at a given price (generally at a discount) within a fixed period (generally on a short term period) and
are offered at the company&rsquo;s discretion. Warrants are securities that give the holder the right to buy common stock at a specified
price for a specified period of time. Warrants are speculative and have no value if they are not exercised before the expiration date.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Additional Investment Policies</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund has adopted certain policies as set forth below:</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Leverage</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may utilize leverage primarily for investment purposes through
senior securities representing indebtedness from a bank, although it may engage in other transactions, such as reverse repurchase agreements
and issuance of debt securities or preferred securities, which have the effect of leverage. The 1940 Act generally prohibits the Fund
from engaging in most forms of leverage representing indebtedness other than preferred shares unless immediately after such incurrence
the Fund&rsquo;s total assets less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities (for these purposes, &ldquo;total
net assets&rdquo;) is at least 300% of the aggregate senior securities representing indebtedness (i.e., the use of leverage through senior
securities representing indebtedness may not exceed 33 1/3% of the Fund&rsquo;s total net assets (including the proceeds from leverage)).
Additionally, under the 1940 Act, the Fund generally may not declare any dividend or other distribution upon any class of its capital
shares, or purchase any such capital shares, unless at the time of such declaration or purchase, this asset coverage test is satisfied.
The portfolio management team anticipates using leverage of 5% to 15% of the Fund&rsquo;s total assets and does not currently expect such
leverage to actively exceed 20% of total assets. With respect to asset coverage for preferred shares, under the 1940 Act, the Fund is
not permitted to issue preferred shares unless immediately after such issuance the value of the Fund&rsquo;s total net assets (as defined
above) is at least 200% of the liquidation value of the outstanding preferred shares and the newly issued preferred shares plus the aggregate
amount of any senior securities of the Fund representing indebtedness (i.e., such liquidation value plus the aggregate amount of senior
securities representing indebtedness may not exceed 50% of the Fund&rsquo;s total net assets). In addition, the Fund is not permitted
to declare any cash dividend or other distribution on its Common Shares unless, at the time of such declaration, the value of the Fund&rsquo;s
total net assets (determined after deducting the amount of such dividend or other distribution) satisfies the above-referenced 200% coverage
requirement. Although the Fund has the ability to issue debt securities and preferred stock, it does not currently anticipate issuing
any debt securities or preferred stock, which would be subject to approval by the Fund&rsquo;s Board. The Fund&rsquo;s use of leverage
does not impact the fees paid to the Investment Adviser for investment advisory and management services because the Investment Adviser
is paid on net assets not total assets.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Other Investment Strategies</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Debt Securities</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund&rsquo;s assets may be invested in debt securities when the
Investment Adviser believes that, based upon factors such as relative interest rate levels and foreign exchange rates, such debt securities
offer opportunities for total return from long-term capital appreciation and/or income. The debt securities in which the Fund may invest
include:</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">bonds,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">notes,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">bank deposits and bank obligations (including certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers&rsquo; acceptances),</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">commercial paper,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">repurchase agreements, and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">assignments of loans and loan participations.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may in the future employ new or additional investment strategies
and hedging instruments if those strategies and instruments are consistent with the Fund&rsquo;s investment objective and are permissible
under applicable regulations governing the Fund.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Risk Factors</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>General</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund is a non-diversified, closed-end investment company designed
primarily as a long-term investment and not as a trading tool. An investment in the Fund&rsquo;s shares may be speculative and involves
a high degree of risk. The Fund should not be considered a complete investment program. Due to the uncertainty in all investments, there
can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Investment and Market Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Deteriorating market conditions might cause a general weakness in the
market that reduces the prices of securities in that market.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Developments in the stock market could also adversely affect the Fund
by reducing the relative attractiveness of stocks as an investment. Also, to the extent that the Fund emphasizes stocks from any given
industry, it could be hurt if that industry does not do well.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Additionally, the Fund could lose value if the individual stocks in
which it maintains long positions and/or the overall stock markets on which the stocks trade decline in price. Stocks and stock markets
may experience short-term volatility (price fluctuation) as well as extended periods of price decline or increase. Individual stocks are
affected by many factors, including:</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">corporate earnings;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">production;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">management;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">sales; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">market trends, including investor demand for a particular type of stock, such as growth or value stocks, small or large stocks, or stocks within a particular industry.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Stock markets are affected by numerous factors, including interest
rates, the outlook for corporate profits, the health of the national and world economies, national and world social and political events,
and the fluctuation of other stock market around the world.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Market Events Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The market values of securities or other assets will fluctuate, sometimes
sharply and unpredictably, due to changes in general market conditions, overall economic trends or events, governmental actions or intervention,
actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve or foreign central banks, market disruptions caused by trade disputes, armed conflicts or other
factors, political developments, investor sentiment and other factors that may or may not be related to the issuer of the security or
other asset. Economies and financial markets throughout the world are increasingly interconnected. Economic, financial or political events,
trading and tariff arrangements, war, terrorism, natural disasters and other circumstances in one country or region could have profound
impacts on global economies or markets. As a result, whether or not the Fund invests in securities of issuers located in or with significant
exposure to the countries directly affected, the value and liquidity of the Fund&rsquo;s investments may be negatively affected. In addition,
any spread of an infectious illness, public health threat or similar issue could reduce consumer demand or economic output, result in
market closures, travel restrictions or quarantines, and generally have a significant impact on the world economy, which in turn could
adversely affect the Fund&rsquo;s investments.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Russia/Ukraine
Risk.</I></FONT> In February&nbsp;2022, Russia commenced a military attack on Ukraine. The outbreak of hostilities between the two countries
and the threat of wider spread hostilities could have a severe adverse effect on the region and global economies, including significant
negative impacts on the markets for certain securities and commodities, such as oil and natural gas. In addition, sanctions imposed on
Russia by the United States and other countries, and any sanctions imposed in the future, could have a significant adverse impact on the
Russian economy and related markets. The price and liquidity of investments may fluctuate widely as a result of the conflict and related
events. How long the armed conflict and related events will last cannot be predicts. These tensions and any related events could have
a significant impact on Fund performance and the value of the Funds&rsquo; investments.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Europe
Related Risk.</I></FONT>&nbsp;A number of countries in Europe have experienced severe economic and financial difficulties. Many non-governmental
issuers, and even certain governments, have defaulted on, or been forced to restructure, their debts; many other issuers have faced difficulties
obtaining credit or refinancing existing obligations; financial institutions have in many cases required government or central bank support,
have needed to raise capital, and/or have been impaired in their ability to extend credit; and financial markets in Europe and elsewhere
have experienced extreme volatility and declines in asset values and liquidity. These difficulties may continue, worsen or spread within
and outside Europe. Responses to the financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures
and reforms, may not work, may result in social unrest and may limit future growth and economic recovery or have other unintended consequences.
Further defaults or restructurings by governments and others of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial
markets and asset valuations around the world.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Conflicts of Interest Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The portfolio managers&rsquo; management of &ldquo;other accounts&rdquo;
may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Fund&rsquo;s investments, on the one hand,
and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have the same investment objective as the Fund. Therefore,
a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby the portfolio manager could favor
one account over another. However, the Investment Adviser believes that these risks are mitigated by the fact that: (i)&nbsp;accounts
with like investment strategies managed by a particular portfolio manager are generally managed in a similar fashion, subject to exceptions
to account for particular investment restrictions or policies applicable only to certain accounts, differences in cash flows and account
sizes, and similar factors; and (ii)&nbsp;portfolio manager personal trading is monitored to avoid potential conflicts. In addition, the
Investment Adviser has adopted trade allocation procedures that require equitable allocation of trade orders for a particular security
among participating accounts.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In some cases, another account managed by the same portfolio manager
may compensate abrdn based on the performance of the portfolio held by that account. The existence of such a performance-based fee may
create additional conflicts of interest for the portfolio manager in the allocation of management time, resources and investment opportunities.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Another potential conflict could include instances in which securities
considered as investments for the Fund also may be appropriate for other investment accounts managed by the Adviser or its affiliates.
Whenever decisions are made to buy or sell securities by the Fund and one or more of the other accounts simultaneously, the Investment
Adviser) may aggregate the purchases and sales of the securities and will allocate the securities transactions in a manner that it believes
to be equitable under the circumstances. As a result of the allocations, there may be instances where the Fund will not participate in
a transaction that is allocated among other accounts. While these aggregation and allocation policies could have a detrimental effect
on the price or amount of the securities available to the Fund from time to time, it is the opinion of the Investment Adviser that the
benefits from the policies outweigh any disadvantage that may arise from exposure to simultaneous transactions. The Trust has adopted
policies that are designed to eliminate or minimize conflicts of interest, although there is no guarantee that procedures adopted under
such policies will detect each and every situation in which a conflict arises. From time to time, the Investment Adviser may seed proprietary
accounts for the purpose of evaluating a new investment strategy that eventually may be available to clients through one or more product
structures. Such accounts also may serve the purpose of establishing a performance record for the strategy. The management by the Investment
Adviser of accounts with proprietary interests and nonproprietary client accounts may create an incentive to favor the proprietary accounts
in the allocation of investment opportunities, and the timing and aggregation of investments. The Investment Adviser&rsquo;s proprietary
seed accounts may include long-short strategies, and certain client strategies may permit short sales. A conflict of interest arises if
a security is sold short at the same time as a long position, and continuous short selling in a security may adversely affect the stock
price of the same security held long in client accounts. The Investment Adviser have adopted various policies to mitigate these conflicts.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In addition, the 1940 Act limits the Fund&rsquo;s ability to enter
into certain transactions with certain affiliates of the Investment Adviser. As a result of these restrictions, the Fund may be prohibited
from buying or selling any security directly from or to any portfolio company of a fund managed by the Investment Adviser or one of their
affiliates. Nonetheless, the Fund may under certain circumstances purchase any such portfolio company&rsquo;s loans or securities in the
secondary market, which could create a conflict for the Investment Adviser between the interests of the Fund and the portfolio company,
in that the ability of the Investment Adviser to recommend actions in the best interest of the Fund might be impaired. The 1940 Act also
prohibits certain &ldquo;joint&rdquo; transactions with certain of the Fund&rsquo;s affiliates (which could include other abrdn-managed
Funds), which could be deemed to include certain types of investments, or restructuring of investments, in the same portfolio company
(whether at the same or different times). These limitations may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available
to the Fund. The Board has approved policies and procedures reasonably designed to monitor potential conflicts of interest. The Board
will review these procedures and any conflicts that may arise. The Investment Adviser or their respective members, officers, directors,
employees, principals or affiliates may come into possession of material, non-public information. The possession of such information may
limit the ability of the Fund to buy or sell a security or otherwise to participate in an investment opportunity. Situations may occur
where the Fund could be disadvantaged because of the investment activities conducted by the Investment Adviser for other clients, and
the Investment Adviser will not employ information barriers with regard to its operations on behalf of its registered and private funds,
or other accounts. In certain circumstances, employees of the Investment Adviser may serve as board members or in other capacities for
portfolio or potential portfolio companies, which could restrict the Fund&rsquo;s ability to trade in the securities of such companies.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Foreign Securities Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Investing in foreign securities involves certain special considerations
that are not typically associated with investments in the securities of U.S. issuers. Foreign issuers are not generally subject to uniform
accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and may have policies that are not comparable to those of domestic issuers. As
a result, there may be less information available about foreign issuers than about domestic issuers. Securities of some foreign issuers
may be less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable domestic issuers. There is generally less government supervision and
regulation of securities markets, brokers and issuers than in the United States. In addition, with respect to certain foreign countries,
there is a possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, political and social instability, or diplomatic developments, which
could affect the value of investments in those countries. These risks are heightened under adverse economic, market, geopolitical and
other conditions. The costs of investing in foreign countries frequently are higher than the costs of investing in the United States.
Although the investment adviser endeavors to achieve the most favorable execution costs in portfolio transactions, trading costs in non-U.S.
securities markets are generally higher than trading costs in the United States.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Investments in securities of foreign issuers often will be denominated
in foreign currencies. Accordingly, the value of the Fund&rsquo;s assets, as measured in U.S. dollars, may be affected favorably or unfavorably
by changes in currency exchange rates and in exchange control regulations. The Fund may incur costs in connection with conversions between
various currencies. See &ldquo;Currency Exchange Rate Fluctuations.&rdquo;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund generally holds its foreign securities and cash in foreign
banks and securities depositories approved by State Street Bank and Trust Company, the Fund&rsquo;s Foreign Custody Manager (as that term
is defined in Rule&nbsp;17f-5 under the 1940 Act). Some foreign banks and securities depositories may be recently organized or new to
the foreign custody business. There may be limited or no regulatory oversight over their operations. Also, the laws of certain countries
may put limits on the Fund&rsquo;s ability to recover its assets if a foreign bank, depository or issuer of a security, or any of their
agents, goes bankrupt. In addition, it is often more expensive for the Fund to buy, sell and hold securities in certain foreign markets
than in the United States. The increased expense of investing in foreign markets reduces the amount the Fund can earn on its investments
and typically results in a higher operating expense ratio for the Fund than for investment companies invested only in the United States.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Certain foreign governments levy withholding or other taxes on dividend
and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion of foreign withholding
taxes will reduce the income received from investments in such countries.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">From time to time, the Fund may have invested in certain sovereign
debt obligations that are issued by, or certain companies that operate in or have dealings with, countries that become subject to sanctions
or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government and the United Nations and/or countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors
of terrorism.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Investments in such countries may be adversely affected because, for
example, the credit rating of the sovereign debt security may be lowered due to the country&rsquo;s instability or unreliability or the
company may suffer damage to its reputation if it is identified as a company which operates in, or has dealings with, such countries.
As an investor in such companies, the Fund will be indirectly subject to those risks.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Developing and Emerging Markets Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Investing in the securities of issuers located in developing and emerging
market countries (and to a certain extent non-U.S. developed market countries) involves special considerations not typically associated
with investing in the securities of U.S. issuers and other developed market issuers, including heightened risks of expropriation and/or
nationalization, armed conflict, confiscatory taxation, restrictions on transfers of assets, lack of uniform accounting and auditing standards,
difficulties in dividend withholding reclaims procedures, less publicly available financial and other information and potential difficulties
in enforcing contractual obligations. International trade barriers or economic sanctions against foreign countries, organizations, entities
and/or individuals in response to geopolitical tensions or conflicts may adversely affect the value of the Fund&rsquo;s foreign holdings.
The type and severity of sanctions and other similar measures are difficult to measure or predict.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The economies of individual developing and emerging market countries
may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of inflation, currency
depreciation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Governments in emerging markets countries
are often less stable and more likely to take extra-legal action with respect to companies, industries, assets, or foreign ownership than
those in more developed markets. Governments of many developing and emerging market countries have exercised and continue to exercise
substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. In some cases, the government owns or controls many companies, including
some of the largest in the country.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Accordingly, government actions could have a significant effect on
economic conditions in a developing or emerging market country and on market conditions, prices and yields of securities in the Fund&rsquo;s
portfolio. Moreover, the economies of developing and emerging market countries generally are heavily dependent upon international trade
and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be adversely affected by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative
currency values and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade. These economies also have
been and may continue to be adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries with which they trade. Many developing and emerging
market economies are considered to be more politically volatile than the developed markets. Investments in securities of issuers in countries
other than the U.S. may involve greater political risk, including in some countries, the possibility of nationalization of assets, expropriation
or confiscatory taxation, restrictions on repatriation, and the establishment of foreign exchange controls, political changes, government
regulation, overburdened and obsolete or unseasoned financial systems, environmental problems, less developed legal systems, economic
or social instability or diplomatic developments (including war) which could affect adversely the economies of such countries or the value
of the Fund&rsquo;s investments in those countries. Central authorities also tend to exercise a high degree of control over the economies
and in many cases have ownership over core productive assets.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The legal, accounting and financial reporting systems in many developing
and emerging market countries are less developed than those in more developed countries, which may reduce the scope or quality of financial
information available to investors. Furthermore, the administration of laws and regulations often may be subject to considerable discretion.
Non-U.S. markets may offer less protection to investors than U.S. or other developed markets. It also may be difficult for investors to
bring litigation or to obtain and enforce a judgment against issues in emerging markets or for U.S. regulators to bring enforcement actions
against such issuers.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Due to their strong reliance on international trade, most developing
and emerging market economies tend to be sensitive both to economic changes in their own region and to changes affecting their major trading
partners. These include changes in growth, inflation, foreign exchange rates, current account positions, government policies, taxation
and tariffs. Additionally, the economies of some emerging markets may be particularly exposed to or affected by a certain industry or
sector, and therefore issuers and/or securities of such emerging markets may be more affected by the performance of such industries or
sectors.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>India
Risk</I></FONT>. The value of the Fund&rsquo;s assets may be adversely affected by political, economic, social and religious factors,
changes in Indian law or regulations and the status of India&rsquo;s relations with other countries. In addition, the economy of India
may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as the rate of growth of gross domestic product, the rate of
inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. The Indian government has exercised and continues
to exercise significant influence over many aspects of the economy, and the number of public sector enterprises in India is substantial.
Accordingly,&nbsp;Indian government actions in the future could have a significant effect on the Indian economy, which could affect private
sector companies and the Fund, market conditions, and prices and yields of securities in the Fund&rsquo;s portfolio.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Taiwan
Risk.</I></FONT>&nbsp;Including risks associated with investing in emerging markets, a Fund&rsquo;s investment in or exposure to Taiwan
is also subject to risks associated with, among other things, currency fluctuations, commodity shortages, less liquidity, expropriation,
confiscatory taxation, nationalization and exchange control regulations (including currency blockage). Inflation and rapid fluctuations
in inflation and interest rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economy and securities markets of Taiwan.
In addition, investments in Taiwan could be adversely affected by political and economic relationship with China.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Frontier
Market Securities.&nbsp;</I></FONT>The risks associated with investments in frontier market countries include all the risks described
for investments in the sections entitled &ldquo;Foreign Securities&rdquo; and &ldquo;Emerging Markets Securities,&rdquo; although the
risks are magnified for frontier market countries. Because frontier markets are among the smallest, least mature and least liquid of the
emerging markets, investments in frontier markets generally are subject to a greater risk of loss than are investments in developed markets
or traditional emerging markets. Frontier market countries have smaller economies, less developed capital markets, greater market volatility,
lower trading volume, more political and economic instability, greater risk of a market shutdown and more governmental limitations on
foreign investments than are typically found in more developed markets.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Equity Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The value of equity securities, including common stock, preferred stock
and convertible stock, will fluctuate in response to factors affecting the particular company, as well as broader market and economic
conditions. Moreover, in the event of the company&rsquo;s bankruptcy, claims of certain creditors, including bondholders, will have priority
over claims of common stock holders and are likely to have varying types of priority over holders of preferred and convertible stock.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">As an investment company that holds primarily common stocks, the Fund&rsquo;s
portfolio is subject to the possibility that common stock prices will decline over short or even extended periods. The Fund may remain
substantially fully invested during periods when stock prices generally rise and also during periods when they generally decline. Moreover,
as a holder of common stock, the Fund&rsquo;s rights to the assets of the companies in which it invests will be subordinated to such companies&rsquo;
holders of preferred stock and debt in the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation or similar proceeding. Accordingly, if such an event were
to occur to such a company in which the Fund invests, the Fund would be entitled to such a company&rsquo;s assets only after such company&rsquo;s
preferred stockholders and debt holders have been paid. Risks are inherent in investments in equities, and Fund shareholders should be
able to tolerate significant fluctuations in the value of their investment in the Fund.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Inflation Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Inflation risk is the risk that the purchasing power of assets or income
from investment will be less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. To the extent that inflation occurs, it will reduce
the real value of dividends paid by the Fund and the Fund&rsquo;s common stock. Most emerging market countries, in particular, have experienced
substantial, and in some periods extremely high and volatile, rates of inflation. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates
have had and may continue to have very negative effects on economies and securities markets globally. In an attempt to control inflation,
wage and price controls have been imposed at times in certain countries.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Management Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund is subject to management risk because it is an actively managed
portfolio. The Fund&rsquo;s successful pursuit of its investment objective depends upon the Investment Adviser&rsquo;s ability to find
and exploit market inefficiencies with respect to undervalued securities and identify companies experiencing a change in dividend policy,
including the announcement of restructuring initiatives or special dividends. Such situations occur infrequently and sporadically and
may be difficult to predict, and may not result in a favorable pricing opportunity that allows the Investment Adviser to fulfill the Fund&rsquo;s
investment objective. The Investment Adviser&rsquo;s security selections and other investment decisions might produce losses or cause
the Fund to underperform when compared to other funds with similar investment goals. If one or more key individuals leave the employ of
the Investment Adviser, the Investment Adviser may not be able to hire qualified replacements, or may require an extended time to do so.
This could prevent the Fund from achieving its investment objective.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Issuer Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The value of an issuer&rsquo;s securities that are held in the Fund&rsquo;s
portfolio may decline for a number of reasons which directly relate to the issuer, such as management performance, financial leverage
and reduced demand for the issuer&rsquo;s goods and services.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Currency Exchange Rate Fluctuations</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund&rsquo;s securities will be subject to the risk that some holdings
may lose value because of a decline in the value of the foreign currency or adverse political or economic events in such foreign country
or elsewhere. Currency exchange rates can fluctuate significantly over short periods and can be subject to unpredictable changes based
on a variety of factors, including political developments and currency controls by foreign governments. The Fund will normally hold many
of its assets in foreign currencies. Accordingly, a change in the value of a foreign currency in which the Fund hold securities against
the U.S. dollar will generally result in a change in the U.S. dollar value of the Fund&rsquo;s assets. Such a change may thus decrease
the Fund&rsquo;s net asset value.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The currencies of developing and emerging markets, in particular, have
experienced periods of steady declines or even sudden devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar. Some developing and emerging market currencies
may not be internationally traded or may be subject to strict controls by local governments, resulting in undervalued or overvalued currencies.
Some developing and emerging markets have experienced balance of payment deficits and shortages in foreign exchange reserves. Governments
have responded by restricting currency conversions. Future restrictive exchange controls could prevent or restrict a company&rsquo;s ability
to make dividend or interest payments in the original currency of an obligation (often U.S. dollars). Even though the currencies of some
developing and emerging markets may be convertible into U.S. dollars, the conversion rates may be artificial to their actual market values.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In addition, although much of the Fund&rsquo;s income will be received
or realized in foreign currencies, the Fund will be required to compute and distribute its income in U.S. dollars. Therefore, for example,
if the exchange rate for the foreign currency declines after the Fund&rsquo;s income has been accrued and translated in U.S. dollars,
but before the income has been received or converted into U.S. dollars, the Fund could be required to liquidate portfolio securities to
make distributions. Similarly, if the exchange rate declines between the time the Fund&nbsp;incurs expenses in U.S. dollars and the time
such expenses are paid, the amount of the foreign currency required to be converted into U.S. dollars in order to pay those expenses will
be greater than the foreign currency equivalent of those expenses at the time they were incurred.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Currency exchange rate fluctuations can decrease or eliminate income
available for distribution or, conversely, increase income available for distribution. For example, in some situations, if certain currency
exchange losses exceed net investment income for a taxable year, the Fund would not be able to make ordinary income distributions, and
all or a portion of distributions made before the losses were realized but in the same taxable year would be recharacterized as a return
of capital to shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes, thus reducing shareholders&rsquo; cost basis in their Fund shares, or
as a capital gain distribution, rather than as an ordinary income dividend.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Illiquid Securities Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund&rsquo;s investments in illiquid securities may restrict its
ability to dispose of its investments in a timely fashion and at a price approximating the value at which the Fund carries the securities
on its books.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may invest in illiquid securities. Illiquid securities are
securities that are not readily marketable. The prices of such securities may change abruptly and erratically, and investment of the Fund&rsquo;s
assets in illiquid securities may restrict the ability of the Fund to dispose of its investments in a timely fashion and at a price approximating
the value at which the Fund carries the securities on its books, as well as restrict its ability to take advantage of market opportunities.
The risks associated with illiquidity will be particularly acute in situations in which the Fund&rsquo;s operations require cash, such
as when the Fund repurchases shares or pays dividends or distributions, and could result in the Fund borrowing to meet short-term cash
requirements or incurring capital losses on the sale of illiquid investments. Further, companies whose securities are not publicly traded
are not subject to the disclosure and other investor protection requirements that would be applicable if their securities were publicly
traded.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Market Discount Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Shares of closed-end investment companies frequently trade at a discount
from NAV. Continued development of alternative vehicles for investing in essential asset companies may contribute to reducing or eliminating
any premium or may result in the Fund&rsquo;s common shares trading at a discount. The risk that the Fund&rsquo;s common shares may trade
at a discount is separate from the risk of a decline in the Fund&rsquo;s NAV as a result of investment activities.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Whether shareholders will realize a gain or loss for federal income
tax purposes upon the sale of their common shares depends upon whether the market value of the common shares at the time of sale is above
or below the shareholder&rsquo;s basis in such common shares, taking into account transaction costs, and it is not directly dependent
upon the Fund&rsquo;s NAV. Because the market price of the Fund&rsquo;s common shares will be determined by factors such as the relative
demand for and supply of the shares in the market, general market conditions and other factors beyond the Fund&rsquo;s control, the Fund
cannot predict whether its common shares will trade at, below or above the NAV, or at, below or above the public offering price for the
Fund&rsquo;s common shares.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Non-Diversified Status</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund is classified as a &ldquo;non-diversified&rdquo; management
investment company under the 1940 Act. This means that the Fund is not subject to limits under the 1940 Act as to the proportion of its
assets that may be invested in the securities of a single issuer. As a non-diversified investment company, the Fund may therefore invest
its assets in securities of a smaller number of issuers, or may invest a larger portion of its assets in a single issuer than a diversified
fund, and, as a result, would be more susceptible than a diversified fund to any single corporate, political, geographic, or regulatory
occurrence than would a fund with a diversified investment portfolio. Although the Fund must comply with certain diversification requirements
in order to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code, the Fund may be more susceptible to any single economic, political
or regulatory occurrence than would be the case if it had elected to diversify its holdings sufficiently to be classified as a &ldquo;diversified&rdquo;
management investment company under the 1940 Act. The Fund, however, intends to comply with the diversification requirements imposed by
the Code for qualification as a regulated investment company.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Private Placements and Other Restricted Securities Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Private placement and other restricted securities include securities
that have been privately placed and are not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (&ldquo;1933 Act&rdquo;), such as unregistered
securities eligible for resale without registration pursuant to Rule&nbsp;144A (&ldquo;Rule&nbsp;144A Securities&rdquo;) and privately
placed securities of U.S. and non-U.S. issuers offered outside of the U.S. without registration with the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission pursuant to Regulation S (&ldquo;Regulation S Securities&rdquo;). Since the offering is not registered with the SEC, investors
in a private placement have less protection under the federal securities laws against improper practices than investors in registered
securities.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Private placement securities typically may be sold only to qualified
institutional buyers (or, in the case of the initial sale of certain securities, such as those issued in collateralized debt obligations
or collateralized loan obligations, to accredited investors (as defined in Rule&nbsp;501(a)&nbsp;under the 1933 Act)), or in a privately
negotiated transaction or to a limited number of purchasers, or in limited quantities after they have been held for a specified period
of time and other conditions are met pursuant to an exemption from registration. Rule&nbsp;144A Securities and Regulation S Securities
may be freely traded among certain qualified institutional investors, such as the Funds, but their resale in the U.S. is permitted only
in limited circumstances.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Private placements typically are subject to restrictions on resale
as a matter of contract or under federal securities laws. Because there may be relatively few potential purchasers for such securities,
especially under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the
Fund could find it more difficult to sell such securities when it may be advisable to do so or it may be able to sell such securities
only at prices lower than if such securities were more widely held. At times, it also may be more difficult to determine the fair value
of such securities for purposes of computing the Fund&rsquo;s net asset value due to the absence of a trading market.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Private placements and restricted securities may be considered illiquid
securities, which could have the effect of increasing the level of the Fund&rsquo;s illiquidity. Additionally, a restricted security that
was liquid at the time of purchase may subsequently become illiquid.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Many private placement securities are issued by companies that are
not required to file periodic financial reports, leading to challenges in evaluating the company&rsquo;s overall business prospects and
gauging how the investment is likely to perform over time. The more limited financial information and lack of publicly available prices
likely require the Fund to determine a fair value for such investments. The fair valuation process involves a significant amount of judgment
and the fair value prices determined for the Fund could differ from those of other market participants because there is less reliable
objective data available.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Anti-Takeover Charter Provisions</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund&rsquo;s charter and by-laws contain several provisions that
may be regarded as &ldquo;anti-takeover&rdquo; because they have the effect of maintaining continuity of management.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Foreign Custody</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund&rsquo;s custodian generally holds the Fund&rsquo;s non-U.S.
securities and cash in non-U.S. bank sub-custodians and securities depositories. Regulatory oversight of non-U.S. banks and securities
depositories may differ from that in the U.S. Additionally, laws applicable to non-U.S. banks and securities depositories may limit the
Fund&rsquo;s ability to recover its assets in the event the non-U.S. bank, securities depository or issuer of a security held by the Fund
goes bankrupt.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Convertible Securities Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Convertible securities generally offer lower interest or dividend yields
than non-convertible securities of similar quality. As with all debt securities, the market values of convertible securities tend to decline
as interest rates increase and, conversely, to increase as interest rates decline. However, when the market price of the common stock
underlying a convertible security exceeds the conversion price, the convertible security tends to reflect the market price of the underlying
common stock in varying degrees. Depending on the relationship of such market price to the conversion price in the terms of the convertible
security, convertible securities are also subject to the same types of market and issuer risks that may negatively affect the pricing
of the underlying common stock. As the market price of the underlying common stock declines, the convertible security tends to trade increasingly
on a yield basis and thus may not decline in price to the same extent as the underlying common stock. Convertible securities rank senior
to common stock in an issuer&rsquo;s capital structure and consequently entail less risk than the issuer&rsquo;s common stock. A convertible
debt security is not counted as an equity security for purposes of the Fund&rsquo;s 80% policy.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Country/Regional Focus Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Focusing on a single country or geographical region involves increased
currency, political, regulatory and other risks. Market swings in the targeted country or geographical region likely will have a greater
effect on portfolio performance than they would in a more geographically diversified fund.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Depositary Receipts</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Depositary receipts are typically issued by a bank or trust company
and represent the ownership of underlying securities that are issued by a foreign company and held by the bank or trust company. American
Depositary Receipts (&ldquo;ADRs&rdquo;) are usually issued by a U.S. bank trust or trust company and traded on a U.S. exchange. Depositary
receipts may or may not be jointly sponsored by the underlying issuer. The issuers of unsponsored depositary receipts are not obligated
to disclose information that is, in the United States, considered material. Therefore, there may be less information available regarding
these issuers and there may not be a correlation between such information and the market value of the depositary receipts. Certain depositary
receipts are not listed on an exchange and therefore may be considered to be illiquid securities. In addition, the issuers of depositary
receipts may discontinue issuing new depositary receipts and withdraw existing depositary receipts at any time, which may result in costs
and delays in the distribution of the underlying assets to the Fund and may negatively impact the Fund&rsquo;s performance.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Event Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Event risk is the risk that a corporate event such as a restructuring,
merger, leveraged buyout, takeover, or similar action may cause a decline in market value or credit quality of the issuer&rsquo;s stocks
or bonds due to factors including an unfavorable market response or a resulting increase in the issuer&rsquo;s debt. Added debt may significantly
reduce the credit quality and market value of an issuer&rsquo;s bonds.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Leverage Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund uses leverage as part of its investment strategy through borrowing
from a credit facility. The Fund is not permitted to incur indebtedness unless immediately thereafter the Fund will have an asset coverage
of at least 300%. In general, the term &ldquo;asset coverage&rdquo; for this purpose means the ratio which the value of the total assets
of the Fund, less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, bears to the aggregate amount of senior securities
representing indebtedness of the Fund. In addition, the Fund may be limited in its ability to declare any cash distribution on its capital
stock or purchase its capital stock unless at the time of such declaration or purchase, the Fund has an asset coverage (on its indebtedness)
of at least 300% after deducting the amount of such distribution or purchase price, as applicable. Under the 1940 Act, certain short-term
borrowings (such as for cash management purposes) are not subject to these limitations if (i)&nbsp;repaid within 60 days, (ii)&nbsp;not
extended or renewed and (iii)&nbsp;not in excess of 5% of the total assets of the Fund. The Fund may also enter into certain transactions
that create leverage, such as reverse repurchase agreements, which are not subject to the asset coverage requirements set out above.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may engage in leverage through the issuance of preferred stock.
Under the 1940 Act, the Fund is not permitted to issue preferred stock unless immediately after such issuance the Fund will have an asset
coverage of at least 200%. In general, the term &ldquo;asset coverage&rdquo; for this purpose means the ratio the value of the total assets
of the Fund, less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, bears to the aggregate amount of senior securities
representing indebtedness of the Fund plus the aggregate of the involuntary liquidation preference of the preferred stock. The involuntary
liquidation preference refers to the amount to which the preferred stock would be entitled on the involuntary liquidation of the Fund
in preference to a security junior to it. Leverage involves certain additional risks, including that the cost of leverage may exceed the
return earned by the Fund on the proceeds of such leverage. In the event of a general market decline in the value of assets in which the
Fund invests, the effect of that decline will be magnified in the Fund because of the additional assets purchased with the proceeds of
the leverage. In addition, funds borrowed pursuant a credit facility may constitute a substantial lien and burden by reason of their prior
claim against the income of the Fund and against the net assets of the Fund in liquidation. In the event of an event of default under
a loan facility, lenders may have the right to cause a liquidation of the collateral (i.e., sell portfolio securities and other assets
of the Fund) and, if any such default is not cured, the lenders may be able to control the liquidation as well. A leverage facility agreement
may include covenants that impose on the Fund asset coverage requirements, Fund composition requirements and limits on certain investments,
such as illiquid investments or derivatives, which are more stringent than those imposed on the Fund by the 1940 Act. The covenants or
guidelines could impede the Fund&rsquo;s Investment Adviser from fully managing the Fund&rsquo;s portfolio in accordance with the Fund&rsquo;s
investment objective and policies; however, because the Fund&rsquo;s use of leverage is expected to be relatively modest and the Fund
generally is not expected to engage in derivatives transactions, the Fund&rsquo;s Investment Adviser currently does not believe that such
restrictions would significantly impact its management of the Fund.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Mid-Cap Securities Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Securities of medium-sized companies tend to be more volatile and less
liquid than securities of larger companies. Compared to larger companies, mid-cap securities tend to have analyst coverage by fewer Wall
Street firms and may trade at prices that reflect incomplete or inaccurate information. Medium-sized companies may have a shorter history
of operations, less access to financing and a less diversified product line and be more susceptible to market pressures and therefore
have more volatile prices and company performance than larger companies. During some periods, securities of medium-sized companies, as
an asset class, have underperformed the securities of larger companies.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Preferred Stock</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may invest in preferred stock. Preferred stock is a class
of stock that often pays dividends at a specified rate and has preference over common stock in dividend payments and, to the extent proceeds
are available after paying any more senior creditors, liquidation of assets. Preferred stock may be convertible into common stock.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Sector Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">To the extent that the Fund has a significant portion of its assets
invested in securities of companies conducting business in a broadly related group of industries within an economic sector, the Fund may
be more vulnerable to unfavorable developments in that economic sector than funds that invest more broadly.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Financials
Sector Risk.</I></FONT>&nbsp;To the extent that the financials sector continues to represent a significant portion of the Fund, the Fund
will be sensitive to changes in, and its performance may depend to a greater extent on, factors impacting this sector. Performance of
companies in the financials sector may be adversely impacted by many factors, including, among others, government regulations, economic
conditions, credit rating downgrades, changes in interest rates, decreased liquidity in credit markets, and bank failures. The impact
of more stringent capital requirements, recent or future failure of any individual financial company, or recent or future regulation of
the financials sector as a whole cannot be predicted. In recent years, cyber attacks and technology malfunctions and failures have become
increasingly frequent in this sector and have caused significant losses.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Information
Technology Sector Risk.&nbsp;</I></FONT>To the extent that the information technology sector represents a significant portion of the Fund,
the Fund will be sensitive to changes in, and its performance may depend to a greater extent on, factors impacting this sector. Information
technology companies face intense competition, both domestically and internationally, which may have an adverse effect on their profit
margins. Like other technology companies, information technology companies may have limited product lines, markets, financial resources
or personnel. The products of information technology companies may face obsolescence due to rapid technological developments, frequent
new product introduction, unpredictable changes in growth rates, competition for the services of qualified personnel, and reduced availability
of financing options. Companies in the information technology sector are heavily dependent on patent and intellectual property rights.
The loss or impairment of these rights may adversely affect the profitability of these companies.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Small-Cap Securities Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In general, securities of small-cap companies trade in lower volumes
and are subject to greater or more unpredictable price changes than larger cap securities or the market overall. Small-cap companies may
have limited product lines or markets, be less financially secure than larger companies, or depend on a small number of key personnel.
If adverse developments occur, such as due to management changes or product failure, the Fund&rsquo;s investment in a small-cap company
may lose substantial value. Investing in small-cap companies requires a longer term investment view and may not be appropriate for all
investors.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Valuation Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The price the Fund could receive upon the sale of any particular portfolio
investment may differ from the Fund&rsquo;s valuation of the investment, particularly for securities that trade in thin or volatile markets
or that are valued using a fair valuation methodology or a price provided by an independent pricing service. As a result, the price received
upon the sale of an investment may be less than the value ascribed by the Fund, and the Fund could realize a greater than expected loss
or lesser than expected gain upon the sale of the investment. Pricing services that value fixed-income securities generally utilize a
range of market-based and security-specific inputs and assumptions, as well as considerations about general market conditions, to establish
a price. Pricing services generally value fixed- income securities assuming orderly transactions of an institutional round lot size and
the strategies employed by the Adviser generally trade in round lot sizes. In certain circumstances, fixed income securities may be held
or transactions may be conducted in smaller, odd lot sizes. Odd lots may trade at lower or, occasionally, higher prices than institutional
round lots. The Fund&rsquo;s ability to value its investments may also be impacted by technological issues and/or errors by pricing services
or other third-party service providers.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In addition, since foreign exchanges may be open on days when the Fund
does not price its shares, the value of the securities in the Fund&rsquo;s portfolio may change on days when shareholders are not be able
to purchase or sell the Fund&rsquo;s shares on the NYSE American.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Cybersecurity Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund is subject to direct cybersecurity risk. Cybersecurity incidents
may allow an unauthorized party to gain access to Fund assets, customer data (including private shareholder information), or proprietary
information, or cause the Fund, the Investment Adviser and/or the Fund&rsquo;s service providers (including, but not limited to, Fund
accountants, custodians, sub-custodians and transfer agents) to suffer data breaches, data corruption or lose operational functionality.
In addition, work-from-home arrangements by the Funds, the Investment Adviser or their service providers could increase all of the above
risks, create additional data and information accessibility concerns, and make the Funds, the Investment Adviser or their service providers
susceptible to operational disruptions, any of which could adversely impact their operations. Furthermore, the Funds may be an appealing
target for cybersecurity threats such as hackers and malware.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>ESG Integration Risk</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">To the extent the ESG factors are used to evaluate investments, the
consideration of such factors may adversely affect the Fund&rsquo;s performance. Not every ESG factor may be identified or evaluated for
every investment. ESG characteristics may not be the only factors considered and, as a result, the issuers in which the Fund invests may
not be issuers with favorable ESG characteristics or high ESG ratings. The application of ESG factors may result in the Fund performing
differently than its benchmark index and other funds in its peer group that do not consider ESG factors or consider different ESG&thinsp;factors.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Fundamental Investment Restrictions</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The following restrictions are fundamental policies, which cannot be
changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the Fund&rsquo;s outstanding voting securities. In the event that the Fund
issues preferred shares, changes in investment restrictions would also require approval by a majority of the outstanding preferred shares,
voting as a separate class. If a percentage restriction on investment or use of assets set forth below is adhered to at the time a transaction
is effected, later changes in a percentage resulting from changing values will not be considered a violation.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Fund may not:</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 95%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Invest 25% or more of the total value of its assets in a particular industry. This restriction does not apply to investments in United States government securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Borrow money or issue senior securities, except that the Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements and may otherwise borrow money and issue senior securities as and to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act or any rule, order or interpretation thereunder.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lend money to other persons except through the purchase of debt obligations and the entering into of repurchase agreements in the United States or Chile consistent with the Fund&rsquo;s investment policies.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Make short sales of securities or maintain a short position in any security.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Purchase securities on margin, except such short-term credits as may be necessary or routine for the clearance or settlement of transactions and the maintenance of margin with respect to forward contracts or other hedging transactions.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Underwrite securities of other issuers, except insofar as the Fund may be deemed an underwriter under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, in selling portfolio securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except that the Fund may invest in securities secured by real estate or interests in real estate or in securities issued by companies, including real estate investment trusts, that invest in real estate or interests in real estate, and may purchase and sell forward contracts on foreign currencies to the extent permitted under applicable law.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In addition to the foregoing restrictions, the Fund is subject to investment
limitations, portfolio diversification requirements and other restrictions imposed by certain emerging countries in which it invests.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>


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<TYPE>EX-99.2
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2431072d1_ex99-2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 99.2
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 99.2</B></P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><IMG SRC="tm2431072d1_ex99-2img001.jpg" ALT=""></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>ABRDN EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY INCOME FUND,&nbsp;INC.</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING CHANGE IN INVESTMENT
POLICY AND NAME</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This notice is to inform you that at a meeting
held on December&nbsp;10, 2024, the Board of Directors (the &ldquo;Board&rdquo;) of abrdn Emerging Markets Equity Income Fund,&nbsp;Inc.
(NYSE American: AEF) (the &ldquo;Fund&rdquo;) approved a change in the name of the Fund and certain other changes. Such changes will take
effect on or about February&nbsp;24, 2025 (the &ldquo;Effective Date&rdquo;).</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of the Effective Date, the Fund&rsquo;s name
will be &ldquo;abrdn Emerging Markets ex-China Fund,&nbsp;Inc.&rdquo; In connection with the Fund&rsquo;s name change, the Fund&rsquo;s
policy to invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) in emerging markets equity securities will change
to a policy to, under normal circumstances, invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus any borrowings for investment purposes) in emerging
markets (excluding China) equity securities. An emerging market (excluding China) country is any country included within the MSCI Emerging
Markets ex-China Index or determined to be eligible for inclusion in the MSCI Emerging Markets ex-China Index.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">More information regarding these and additional
changes is included in a Form&nbsp;8-K filing, which is available at SEC.gov and will be available on the Fund&rsquo;s web site. The changes
will also be described to shareholders in the Fund&rsquo;s forthcoming annual report for the fiscal year ending December&nbsp;31, 2024.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Dated: December&nbsp;16, 2024</P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>


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<TYPE>EX-99.3
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<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 99.3
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 99.3</B></P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><IMG SRC="tm2431072d1_ex99-3img001.jpg" ALT=""></P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0"><IMG SRC="tm2431072d1_ex99-3img002.jpg" ALT=""></P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify"><B>FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>For More Information Contact: </B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">abrdn
U.S. Closed-End Funds</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">Investor Relations</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">1-800-522-5465</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">Investor.Relations@abrdn.com</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>ABRDN EMERGING MARKETS
EQUITY INCOME FUND,&nbsp;INC. (AEF) ANNOUNCES RESULTS OF STRATEGIC REVIEW INCLUDING: CHANGES TO THE FUND&rsquo;S NAME AND INVESTMENT
STRATEGY, A 20% TENDER OFFER AND RENEWED PERFORMANCE-BASED CONDITIONAL TENDER OFFER POLICY, AND AN INCREASE TO MANAGED DISTRIBUTION POLICY</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify">(Philadelphia, December&nbsp;10,
2024) &ndash; <U>abrdn Emerging Markets Equity Income Fund,&nbsp;Inc. (NYSE American: AEF)</U> announces results of a strategic review
conducted by the Fund&rsquo;s Board of Directors (the &ldquo;Board&rdquo;) at a meeting held today.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">The Board has approved multiple changes to the
Fund including: (1)&nbsp;changes to the Fund&rsquo;s name and 80% non- fundamental investment policy; (2)&nbsp;a 20% tender offer to
be offered in the first quarter of 2025; (3)&nbsp;a new 3-year performance-based conditional tender offer policy commencing on March&nbsp;1,
2025; and (4)&nbsp;an increase to its annualized distribution rate from 6.5% to 10% effective with the distribution that will be declared
in March&nbsp;2025.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B><I>Fund Name Change and Changes to Non-Fundamental Investment
Policy</I></B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">The Fund&rsquo;s Board has approved changes to the Fund&rsquo;s
name, its non-fundamental 80% investment policy, and its benchmark, as set forth below. There will be no change to the Fund&rsquo;s investment
objective and the Fund will continue to trade on the NYSE American under ticker symbol &ldquo;AEF&rdquo;.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">The name change and change to the 80% investment policy will
be effective on or about February&nbsp;24, 2025 (the &ldquo;Effective Date&rdquo;) following 60 days&rsquo; notice to Fund shareholders
and may only be changed thereafter by the Board of the Fund following the provision of at least 60 days&rsquo; written notice to the Fund&rsquo;s
shareholders.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 15%; border: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 44%; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Current</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 41%; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>New</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-left: 5.35pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Fund Name</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-left: 5.35pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">abrdn Emerging Markets Equity Income Fund,&nbsp;Inc.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-left: 5.35pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">abrdn Emerging Markets ex-China Fund,&nbsp;Inc.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.35pt">80% Investment Policy</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-left: 5.35pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets (plus any borrowings for investment purposes) in emerging markets equity securities.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.35pt">Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80%
    of its net assets (plus any borrowings for investment purposes) in emerging markets (excluding China)</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.35pt">equity securities.</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-left: 5.35pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Benchmark</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-left: 5.35pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">MSCI Emerging Markets Index (Net Daily Total Return)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-left: 5.35pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">MSCI Emerging Markets ex-China Index (Net Daily Total Return)</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">In approving the strategy and
name change, the Board considered, among other factors, that as the only U.S. closed-end fund currently offering the emerging market
ex-China strategy, the Fund will be less driven by the policy actions of the Chinese government, and more driven by stock fundamentals,
which aligns with Management&rsquo;s style of bottom-up investing.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">The Fund will remain a non-diversified, closed-end management
investment company whose objective is to provide both current income and long-term appreciation.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B><I>Tender Offer</I></B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">The Fund is also announcing approval by the Board to pay
a cash tender offer which will purchase up to 20% of the Fund&rsquo;s issued and outstanding shares at a price per share to be equal to
98% of the Fund&rsquo;s NAV per share as determined by the Fund on the next business day following the expiration date of the tender offer
(the &ldquo;2025 Tender Offer&rdquo;).</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">This 2025 Tender Offer will replace the Fund&rsquo;s current
conditional tender offer policy announced in May&nbsp;2023. Further details and timing will be announced ahead of the Effective Date of
the Fund&rsquo;s investment strategy changes.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B><I>Update to the Fund&rsquo;s Conditional Tender Offer
Policy</I></B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">As part of the
Board&rsquo;s commitment to shareholders relating to the investment strategy changes, the Board has adopted a policy (the
 &ldquo;Policy&rdquo;) pursuant to which it will cause the Fund to conduct a one-time tender offer for twenty percent (20%) of its
then issued and outstanding shares of common stock on or before June&nbsp;30, 2028, if the Fund&rsquo;s total return investment
performance measured on a NAV basis does not equal or exceed the total return investment performance of the MSCI Emerging Markets
ex-China Index (Net Daily Total Return) during the period commencing on March&nbsp;1, 2025 and ending on February&nbsp;28, 2028. The
price at which shares are to be tendered and other terms and conditions of such tender offer would be determined by the Board in its
discretion based on its review and consideration of the then-current size of the Fund, market conditions and other factors it deems
relevant.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B><I>Annualized Distribution Rate Increase and Declaration
of Next Distribution</I></B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">The Fund is also announcing
that, as part of the strategic changes, the Board approved an increase to its annualized distribution rate from 6.5% to 10%, commencing
with the quarterly distribution payable in March&nbsp;2025. The actual amount of the distribution will continue to be based on the average
daily net asset value (&ldquo;NAV&rdquo;) for the previous three months as of the month-end prior to declaration.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">The Fund intends to maintain the increased distribution rate
for at least the 12 months following the effective increase, unless there is a significant and unforeseen change in market conditions.
This policy will be subject to regular review by the Board. The policy is expected to provide a steady and sustainable quarterly cash
distribution to Fund shareholders that may help reduce any discount to NAV at which the Fund&rsquo;s shares trade. There is no assurance
that the Fund will achieve these results.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>Important Information</B></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">At the end of each calendar year, a Form&nbsp;1099-DIV will
be sent to shareholders, which will state the amount and composition of the Fund&rsquo;s distributions and provide information with respect
to their appropriate tax treatment for the prior calendar year. You should not draw any conclusions about the Fund&rsquo;s investment
performance from the amount of the distributions.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt"><U>Circular 230 disclosure</U>: To ensure compliance with
requirements imposed by the U.S. Treasury, we inform you that any U.S. tax advice contained in this communication (including any attachments)
is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i)&nbsp;avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code
of 1986, as amended, or (ii)&nbsp;promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed herein.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">In the United States, abrdn is the marketing name for the
following affiliated, registered investment advisers: abrdn Inc., abrdn Investments Limited, and abrdn Asia Limited.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">Closed-end funds are traded on the secondary market through
one of the stock exchanges. The Fund&rsquo;s investment return and principal value will fluctuate so that an investor&rsquo;s shares may
be worth more or less than the original cost. Shares of closed-end funds may trade above (a premium) or below (a discount) the NAV of
the Fund&rsquo;s portfolio. There is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. Past performance does not guarantee
future results.</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>www.abrdnaef.com</U></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">###</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>


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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:to="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current Fiscal Year End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_CountryRegion" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CountryRegion" xlink:to="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Local Phone Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_Extension" xlink:label="dei_Extension" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Extension" xlink:to="dei_Extension_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Extension_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Extension</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:to="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:to="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Reporting Obligation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:to="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Annual Information Form</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:to="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Audited Annual Financial Statements</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:to="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:to="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Voluntary Filers</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:to="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Current Reporting Status</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Interactive Data Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:to="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Filer Category</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:to="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Small Business</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>aef-20241210_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.24.4</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm45598994046352">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 10, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Dec. 10,  2024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">811-05770<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">abrdn Emerging Markets
Equity Income Fund, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000846676<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">22-2990009<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">MD<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">1900
    Market Street<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite 200<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Philadelphia<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">PA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">19103<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">800<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">522-5465<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Shares of Beneficial Interest<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">AEF<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSEAMER<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14a<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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