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Share-Based Compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount
Share-based compensation expense recorded for each type of award is as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
(in thousands)
Time-based restricted stock units$8,010 $5,458 $1,934 
Performance-based restricted stock units965 (727)1,122 
Stock options517 718 759 
Total share-based compensation expense$9,492 $5,449 $3,815 
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, share-based compensation expense was allocated to cost of services, general and administrative, selling and marketing, and research and development, generally based on the functional responsibilities of the awarded unitholders in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
(in thousands)
General and administrative$7,565 $4,028 $3,102 
Selling and marketing858 687 366 
Research and development385 395 217 
Cost of services684 339 130 
Total$9,492 $5,449 $3,815 
The following table reflects future compensation expense to be recorded for share-based compensation awards that were outstanding as of December 31, 2023:
Unrecognized Expense
Weighted Average Amortization Period (Years)
(in thousands)
Time-based restricted stock units$19,943 2.67
Performance-based restricted stock units3,645 2.00
Stock options526 1.00
Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense$24,114 2.54
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Activity
The following table summarizes the RSU activity for the year end December 31, 2023:
Time-Based
Restricted Stock Units
Number of Awards
Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date
Outstanding as of December 31, 20222,023,383 $11.52 
Granted1,615,305 6.85 
Vested(588,586)13.26 
Forfeited(229,568)8.04
Outstanding as of December 31, 20232,820,534 $8.77 
The following table summarizes the PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:
Performance-Based
Restricted Stock Units
Number of Awards
Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date
Unvested as of December 31, 2022159,965 $23.35 
Granted281,425 14.80 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023441,390 $17.90 
Stock Options
The Company’s outstanding stock options vest, subject to the continued employment of the grantees, in equal annual installments over four years following the grant date. The contractual term for the exercisability of the stock options is ten years from the grant date. The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:
Stock Options
Number of Awards
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Weighted Average Contractual Term (Years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022172,461 $33.56 7.44
Expired(20,244)33.56 
Forfeited(12,168)33.56 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023140,049 $33.56 6.81
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2023140,049 $33.56 6.81
Exercisable at December 31, 2023106,012 $33.56 6.75
Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions
The Company estimated the fair value of each stock option on the date of grant using a Black–Scholes option-pricing model, applying the following assumptions:
Grant dateDecember 30, 2020
Weighted average grant date fair value$15.51
Risk-free interest rate (a)
0.55%
Expected term (years) (b)
6.25
Expected volatility rate (c)
50.00%
Expected dividend yield (d)
—%
a)The risk-free interest rate was interpolated from the five-year and seven-year Constant Maturity Treasury rate published by the U.S. Treasury as of the date of the grant.
b)The expected life was estimated using the Simplified Method, which utilizes the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term.
c)The expected volatility rate was based on the average of implied and observed historical volatility of comparable companies.
d)At the grant date, no dividends were expected to be paid over the contractual term of the stock options granted, based on the Company's dividend policy, resulting in the use of a zero dividend rate.
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Unit, Activity
The Company used the following assumptions to estimate the fair value of PSUs granted during the periods indicated:
Year ended December 31, 2023
Risk-free interest rate
%
Volatility
63 %