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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mar k One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025
OR

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to _____
Commission File Number: 001-39965

ON24, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 94-3292599
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
50 Beale Street, 8th Floor, San Francisco, CA | 94105
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (415) 369-8000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share |  | ONTF |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ¨ |  | Accelerated filer | x
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company | ¨
|  |  | Emerging growth company | x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x
As of July 31, 2025, the registrant had 42,306,290 shares of common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents

|  | Page
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS | 2
PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 3
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 8
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 9
Item 2 | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 21
Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 32
Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 33
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION | 33
Item 1 | Legal Proceedings | 33
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 34
Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 57
Item 3 | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 57
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 57
Item 5 | Other Information | 58
Item 6. | Exhibits | 58
Signatures |  | 59

1

Table of Contents
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or this Report, contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in, but not limited to, the sections titled “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by terms such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts”, “projects,” “should,” “will,” “would” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about
•our ability to grow our revenue;
•fluctuation in our performance, our history of net losses and any increases in our expenses;
•our ability to attract new customers and expand sales to existing customers.
•competition and technological development in our markets and any decline in demand for our solutions or generally in our markets;
•adverse general economic, political and market conditions and spending on sales and marketing technology;
•our ability to expand our sales and marketing capabilities and achieve growth;
•the impact of any cybersecurity-related attack, significant data breach or disruption of the information technology systems or networks on which we rely;
•disruptions, interruptions, outages or other issues with our technology or our use of third-party services, data connectors and data centers;
•the impact of the resumption of in-person marketing activities on our customer growth rate;
•our sales cycle, our international presence and our timing of revenue recognition from our sales;
•interoperability with other devices, systems and applications;
•compliance with data privacy, import and export controls, customs, sanctions and other laws and regulations;
•intellectual property matters, including any infringements of third-party intellectual property rights by us or infringement of our intellectual property rights by third parties; and
•the market for, trading price of and other matters associated with our common stock.
Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss these risks in greater detail in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Report. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, forward-looking statements represent our management’s beliefs and assumptions only as of the date of this Report. You should read this Report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.
Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.
2

Table of Contents
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
ON24, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 37,732 |  | $ | 14,933
Marketable securities | 141,828 |  | 167,803
Accounts receivable, net of allowances and reserves of $3,504 and $4,040 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | 18,295 |  | 28,616
Deferred contract acquisition costs, current | 9,362 |  | 10,784
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 7,651 |  | 6,194
Total current assets | 214,868 |  |  | 228,330 |
Property and equipment, net | 5,290 |  |  | 6,673 |
Operating right-of-use assets | 1,603 |  |  | 2,297 |
Intangible asset, net | 450 |  |  | 660 |
Deferred contract acquisition costs, non-current | 11,735 |  |  | 12,199 |
Other long-term assets | 1,170 |  |  | 794 |
Total assets | $ | 235,116 |  |  | $ | 250,953 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 3,657 |  |  | $ | 2,746 |
Accrued and other current liabilities | 15,206 |  |  | 16,394 |
Deferred revenue | 62,152 |  |  | 66,687 |
Operating lease liabilities, current | 1,113 |  |  | 2,372 |
Total current liabilities | 82,128 |  |  | 88,199 |
Operating lease liabilities, non-current | 925 |  |  | 1,016 |
Other long-term liabilities | 2,046 |  |  | 2,326 |
Total liabilities | 85,099 |  |  | 91,541 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024; 42,671,261 and 42,013,694 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | 3 |  |  | 4 |
Additional paid-in capital | 513,601 |  |  | 507,188 |
Accumulated deficit | (363,649) |  |  | (347,669) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 62 |  |  | (111) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 150,017 |  |  | 159,412 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 235,116 |  |  | $ | 250,953 |

S ee accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

Table of Contents
ON24, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | $ | 32,441 |  |  | $ | 34,147 |  |  | $ | 64,742 |  |  | $ | 68,976 |  |  |
Professional services | 2,892 |  |  | 3,202 |  |  | 5,324 |  |  | 6,100 |  |  |
Total revenue | 35,333 |  |  | 37,349 |  |  | 70,066 |  |  | 75,076 |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | 6,497 |  |  | 7,032 |  |  | 13,000 |  |  | 14,378 |  |  |
Professional services | 2,304 |  |  | 2,506 |  |  | 4,904 |  |  | 4,942 |  |  |
Total cost of revenue | 8,801 |  |  | 9,538 |  |  | 17,904 |  |  | 19,320 |  |  |
Gross profit | 26,532 |  |  | 27,811 |  |  | 52,162 |  |  | 55,756 |  |  |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing | 17,594 |  |  | 19,457 |  |  | 35,737 |  |  | 39,531 |  |  |
Research and development | 8,513 |  |  | 9,081 |  |  | 16,823 |  |  | 18,190 |  |  |
General and administrative | 9,597 |  |  | 12,332 |  |  | 19,240 |  |  | 23,568 |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 35,704 |  |  | 40,870 |  |  | 71,800 |  |  | 81,289 |  |  |
Loss from operations | (9,172) |  |  | (13,059) |  |  | (19,638) |  |  | (25,533) |  |  |
Interest expense | 19 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 21 |  |  |
Other income, net | (2,090) |  |  | (2,305) |  |  | (4,076) |  |  | (4,582) |  |  |
Loss before provision for income taxes | (7,101) |  |  | (10,764) |  |  | (15,599) |  |  | (20,972) |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | 176 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 381 |  |  | 906 |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (7,277) |  |  | $ | (11,175) |  |  | $ | (15,980) |  |  | $ | (21,878) |  |  |
Net loss per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted | $ | (0.17) |  |  | $ | (0.27) |  |  | $ | (0.38) |  |  | $ | (0.53) |  |  |
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted | 42,577,487 |  |  | 41,991,996 |  |  | 42,334,239 |  |  | 41,652,834 |  |  |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

Table of Contents
ON24, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
(in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Net loss | $ | (7,277) |  |  | $ | (11,175) |  |  | $ | (15,980) |  |  | $ | (21,878) |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax | 151 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 288 |  |  | (246) |  |  |
Unrealized loss on available for sale debt securities, net of tax | (112) |  |  | (78) |  |  | (115) |  |  | (529) |  |  |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 39 |  |  | (79) |  |  | 173 |  |  | (775) |  |  |
Total comprehensive loss | $ | (7,238) |  |  | $ | (11,254) |  |  | $ | (15,807) |  |  | $ | (22,653) |  |  |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

Table of Contents
ON24, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(in thousands, except share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance as of March 31, 2025 | 42,412,254 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 510,072 |  |  | $ | (356,372) |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 153,726 |
Repurchase of common stock | (793,946) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,348) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,348) |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | 221,674 |  |  | — |  |  | 227 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 227 |
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units | 773,219 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) | 58,060 |  |  | — |  |  | 272 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 272 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,378 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,378 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 39 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,277) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,277) |
Balance as of June 30, 2025 | 42,671,261 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 513,601 |  |  | $ | (363,649) |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 150,017 |

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance as of March 31, 2024 | 41,796,012 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 490,896 |  |  | $ | (316,216) |  |  | $ | (261) |  |  | $ | 174,423 |
Repurchase of common stock | (840,856) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,006) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,006) |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | 152,762 |  |  | — |  |  | 241 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 241 |
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units | 798,460 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock under ESPP | 66,664 |  |  | — |  |  | 367 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 367 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,076 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,076 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (79) |  |  | (79) |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,175) |  |  | — |  |  | (11,175) |
Balance as of June 30, 2024 | 41,973,042 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 498,574 |  |  | $ | (327,391) |  |  | $ | (340) |  |  | $ | 170,847 |

6

Table of Contents
ON24, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(in thousands, except share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 | 42,013,694 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 507,188 |  |  | $ | (347,669) |  |  | $ | (111) |  |  | $ | 159,412 |
Repurchase of common stock | (1,502,434) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (8,840) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,841) |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | 461,787 |  |  | — |  |  | 473 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 473 |
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units | 1,640,154 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock under ESPP | 58,060 |  |  | — |  |  | 272 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 272 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,508 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,508 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 173 |  |  | 173 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,980) |  |  | — |  |  | (15,980) |
Balance as of June 30, 2025 | 42,671,261 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 513,601 |  |  | $ | (363,649) |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 150,017 |

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | 41,189,321 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 485,291 |  |  | $ | (305,513) |  |  | $ | 435 |  |  | $ | 180,217 |
Repurchase of common stock | (1,543,476) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,276) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,276) |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | 466,943 |  |  | — |  |  | 779 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 779 |
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units | 1,793,590 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock under ESPP | 66,664 |  |  | — |  |  | 367 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 367 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,413 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,413 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (775) |  |  | (775) |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,878) |  |  | — |  |  | (21,878) |
Balance as of June 30, 2024 | 41,973,042 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 498,574 |  |  | $ | (327,391) |  |  | $ | (340) |  |  | $ | 170,847 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ON24, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (15,980) |  |  | $ | (21,878) |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,569 |  |  | 2,454 |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | 14,508 |  |  | 22,413 |  |  |
Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs | 6,887 |  |  | 7,595 |  |  |
Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts and billing reserves | 589 |  |  | 1,201 |  |  |
Non-cash lease expense | 782 |  |  | 779 |  |  |
Accretion of marketable securities | (839) |  |  | (2,935) |  |  |
Other | 12 |  |  | 70 |  |  |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 9,732 |  |  | 12,713 |  |  |
Deferred contract acquisition costs | (5,001) |  |  | (4,734) |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (1,816) |  |  | (1,743) |  |  |
Accounts payable | 1,879 |  |  | 344 |  |  |
Accrued liabilities | (1,223) |  |  | (2,888) |  |  |
Deferred revenue | (4,535) |  |  | (8,351) |  |  |
Other liabilities | (1,585) |  |  | (1,514) |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 5,979 |  |  | 3,526 |  |  |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property and equipment | (1,965) |  |  | (1,528) |  |  |
Purchase of marketable securities | (68,222) |  |  | (126,421) |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities | 94,920 |  |  | 91,648 |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of marketable securities | — |  |  | 4,360 |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 24,733 |  |  | (31,941) |  |  |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 470 |  |  | 994 |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under ESPP | 272 |  |  | 367 |  |  |
Payment for repurchase of common stock | (8,841) |  |  | (10,276) |  |  |
Repayment of equipment loans | — |  |  | (72) |  |  |
Repayment of finance lease obligations | — |  |  | (127) |  |  |
Net cash used in financing activities | (8,099) |  |  | (9,114) |  |  |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 193 |  |  | (197) |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 22,806 |  |  | (37,726) |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 15,013 |  |  | 53,298 |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 37,819 |  |  | $ | 15,572 |  |  |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to the condensed consolidated balance sheets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 37,732 |  |  | $ | 15,485 |  |  |
Restricted cash included in other assets, non-current | 87 |  |  | 87 |  |  |
Total cash, cash equivalent and restricted cash | $ | 37,819 |  |  | $ | 15,572 |  |  |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for taxes, net of refunds | $ | 322 |  |  | $ | 474 |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ON24, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 1. Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business
ON24, Inc. and its subsidiaries (together, ON24 or the Company) provides a leading, cloud-based intelligent engagement platform that combines best-in-class experiences with personalization and content, to enable sales and marketing organizations to capture and act on connected insights at scale. The Company’s platform offers a portfolio of interactive and hyper-personalized digital experience products that creates and captures actionable, real-time data at scale from millions of professionals to provide businesses with buying signals and behavioral insights to efficiently convert prospects into customers. The Company was incorporated in the state of Delaware in January 1998 as NewsDirect, Inc. and in December 1998 changed its name to ON24, Inc. The Company is headquartered in San Francisco, California.
Basis of Presentation
T he accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ON24, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim financial reporting. Certain information and note disclosures included in the Company’s annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that are normal and recurring in nature and necessary for fair financial statement presentation. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the determination of standalone selling price for the Company’s performance obligations, the expected benefit period for deferred contract acquisition costs, the allowance for doubtful accounts and billing reserves, the useful lives of long-lived assets and the assumptions used to measure stock-based compensation. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.
Significant Accounting Policies
The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in its annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. There have been no significant changes to these policies during the six months ended June 30, 2025.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, as amended, which requires additional disclosures of specific expense categories included within each expense caption presented on the statements of operations. This ASU is effective with the Company’s 2027 annual reporting period and can be applied on a prospective or fully retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this new standard on its financial statement disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which expands income tax disclosure to require consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This ASU is effective with the Company’s 2026 reporting period, with early application permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the requirements and does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
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Note 2. Revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following table depicts the disaggregation of revenue by geographic region based on the shipping address of customers (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
United States | $ | 27,455 |  |  | $ | 28,701 |  |  | $ | 54,236 |  |  | $ | 57,813 |  |  |
EMEA | 6,001 |  |  | 6,688 |  |  | 11,939 |  |  | 13,109 |  |  |
Other | 1,877 |  |  | 1,960 |  |  | 3,891 |  |  | 4,154 |  |  |
Total revenue | $ | 35,333 |  |  | $ | 37,349 |  |  | $ | 70,066 |  |  | $ | 75,076 |  |  |

No individual foreign country contributed 10% or more of the total revenue in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
No single customer accounted for 10% or more of the total revenue in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Additionally, no single customer accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivable as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Contract Balances
Accounts receivable: The Company records accounts receivable when the Company has a contractual right to consideration. In some arrangements, a right to consideration for the Company’s performance under the customer contract may occur before invoicing to the customer, resulting in an unbilled receivable. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, unbilled receivables were included within accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts and billing reserves on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and were not material.
Contract assets: The Company records a contract asset when the Company has satisfied a performance obligation but does not yet have an unconditional right to consideration. Contract assets are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and were not material as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Contract liabilities: The Company defers its revenue when the Company has the right to invoice in advance of performance under a customer contract. The current portion of deferred revenue balances is recognized during the following 12-month period and the remaining portion is recorded as noncurrent, which is included in other long-term liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The amount of revenue recognized in three and six months ended 2025 that was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period was $20.1 million and $47.2 million, respectively.
Remaining Performance Obligations
The terms of the Company’s subscription agreements are primarily annual and, to a lesser extent, multi-year. The Company may bill for the full term in advance or on an annual, quarterly or monthly basis, depending on the terms of the agreement. As of June 30, 2025, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $131.2 million, which consists of both billed consideration in the amount of $62.5 million and unbilled consideration in the amount of $68.7 million that the Company expects to recognize as revenue. As of June 30, 2025, the Company expects to recognize 72% of its remaining performance obligations as revenue over the subsequent 12 months and the remainder thereafter.
Costs to Obtain a Contract
The Company capitalizes sales commissions and associated payroll taxes paid to internal sales personnel and third-party referral fees that are incremental costs resulting from obtaining a contract with a customer. These costs are recorded as deferred contract acquisition costs on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company determines whether costs should be deferred based on its sales compensation plans and if the commissions are incremental and would not have occurred absent the customer contract.
Sales commissions paid upon the initial acquisition of a customer contract are amortized over an estimated period of benefit of five years as the Company specifically anticipates renewals of customer contracts and commissions paid on renewal contracts are not commensurate with commissions paid on new customer contracts. Sales commissions paid upon renewal of customer contracts are amortized over the contractual renewal term. Amortization is recognized on a straight-line basis commensurate with the pattern of revenue recognition. Sales commissions paid related to professional services are amortized over the expected service period. The Company determines the period of benefit for commissions paid for the
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acquisition of the initial customer contract by taking into consideration the initial estimated customer life and the technological life of its platform and related significant features. Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs was $3.3 million and $6.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $3.8 million and $7.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs is included in sales and marketing expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The Company periodically reviews these deferred contract acquisition costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the period of benefit. The Company had no impairment losses relating to deferred contract acquisition costs during the periods presented.
Note 3. Marketable Securities
M arketable securities consisted of the following as of the periods presented (in thousands):

| June 30, 2025 |
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 141,792 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | (79) |  |  | $ | 141,828 |  |
Total marketable securities | $ | 141,792 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | (79) |  |  | $ | 141,828 |  |

| December 31, 2024
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 167,651 |  |  | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | (92) |  |  | $ | 167,803 |
Total marketable securities | $ | 167,651 |  |  | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | (92) |  |  | $ | 167,803 |

The Company’s marketable securities have been classified as available for sale. All available for sale debt securities are available for use in current operations. Accordingly, they have been classified as current.
Marketable securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position consisted of the following as of the periods presented (in thousands):

| June 30, 2025
| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 72,284 |  |  | $ | (79) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,284 |  |  | $ | (79) |
Total | $ | 72,284 |  |  | $ | (79) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,284 |  |  | $ | (79) |

| December 31, 2024
| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 25,785 |  |  | $ | (92) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,785 |  |  | $ | (92) |
Total | $ | 25,785 |  |  | $ | (92) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,785 |  |  | $ | (92) |

The Company periodically evaluates whether any security has experienced credit-related declines in fair value. The Company did not recognize any credit loss related to its available for sales debt securities in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
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The amount of realized gains or losses from marketable securities that were reclassified out from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to other income, net was based on specific identification and such amount was immaterial in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. The Company did not have such transfers in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025
The following summarizes the remaining contractual maturities of the Company’s marketable securities as of June 30, 2025 (in thousands):

| Fair Value
One year or less | $ | 114,885 |
Over one year through three years | 26,943 |
Total marketable securities | $ | 141,828 |

Note 4. Fair Value Measurement
The following tables summarize the Company’s financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of the periods presented (in thousands):

| June 30, 2025
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents - money market mutual funds | $ | 30,331 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,331 |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | — |  |  | 141,828 |  |  | — |  |  | 141,828 |
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities | $ | 30,331 |  |  | $ | 141,828 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 172,159 |

| December 31, 2024
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents - money market mutual funds | $ | 10,716 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,716 |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | — |  |  | 167,803 |  |  | — |  |  | 167,803 |
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities | $ | 10,716 |  |  | $ | 167,803 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 178,519 |

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company classified its cash equivalents within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices. The Company classified its marketable securities within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable in the market, including readily available pricing sources for the identical underlying security, which may not be actively traded.
Note 5. Balance Sheets Components
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of the periods presented (in thousands):

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Computer, equipment and software | $ | 36,792 |  |  | $ | 36,198 |
Furniture and fixtures | 1,125 |  |  | 1,106 |
Leasehold improvements | 3,756 |  |  | 3,742 |
Property and equipment, gross | 41,673 |  |  | 41,046 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (36,383) |  |  | (34,373) |
Property and equipment, net | $ | 5,290 |  |  | $ | 6,673 |

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Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment was $1.1 million and $2.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $1.1 million and $2.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.
Accrued and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following as of the periods presented (in thousands):

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Accrued compensation and benefits | $ | 3,944 |  |  | $ | 3,711 |
Accrued bonus and commissions | 4,155 |  |  | 5,839 |
Other | 7,107 |  |  | 6,844 |
Accrued and other current liabilities | $ | 15,206 |  |  | $ | 16,394 |

Note 6. Intangible Assets
The Company’s acquired intangible asset subject to amortization as of the periods presented was as follows (in thousands):

| June 30, 2025
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Developed technology | $ | 2,700 |  |  | $ | (1,819) |  |  | $ | 881 |
Effect of foreign currency translation | (359) |  |  | (72) |  |  | (431) |
Total | $ | 2,341 |  |  | $ | (1,891) |  |  | $ | 450 |

| December 31, 2024
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Developed technology | $ | 2,700 |  |  | $ | (1,543) |  |  | $ | 1,157 |
Effect of foreign currency translation | (612) |  |  | 115 |  |  | (497) |
Total | $ | 2,088 |  |  | $ | (1,428) |  |  | $ | 660 |

The intangible asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over its useful life of 4 years. As of June 30, 2025, the intangible asset had a remaining amortization period of approximately 0.8 years.
The amortization expense was included in research and development in the condensed consolidated statements of operations as the acquired technology is used to enhance our existing product capabilities and was not material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
The estimated future amortization expense for the intangible asset is as follows (in thousands):

Remainder 2025 |  | $ | 295 |
2026 |  | 155 |
Total |  | $ | 450 |

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Note 7. Credit Facility
In August 2024, the Company amended its revolving line of credit with a financial institution to decrease the Company's borrowing capacity from a maximum of $50.0 million to $25.0 million with a letter of credit sublimit of $4.0 million and a credit card sublimit of $1.0 million. The amendment allows the Company to borrow up to $25.0 million if the Company maintains at least $100.0 million on deposit at the institution. If such deposit is less than $100.0 million, the Company may borrow up to the lesser of $25.0 million or an amount determined by the Company's trailing five months of recurring revenue, annualized renewal rate and annualized monthly churn rate, as defined by the agreement. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had not drawn down on its line of credit. The terms of the agreement permit voluntary prepayment without premium or penalty. The agreement also permits payment of dividends and share repurchases from open market purchases or through an accelerated share repurchase program, subject to certain terms and conditions. The revolving credit facility matures in August 2026 and is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets. The outstanding principal balance on the revolving line of credit, if any, is due at maturity. The Company is required to pay quarterly in arrears a commitment fee of 0.10% per annum on the undrawn portion available under the revolving line of credit. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had an outstanding standby letter of credit of $1.2 million as a guarantee for a leased space.
Interest on the revolving credit facility is payable monthly in arrears at a rate equal to the lender’s prime referenced rate as defined in the agreement. The prime referenced rate was 7.50% as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
The revolving credit facility is subject to certain restrictions and financial covenants, including the requirement of maintaining a minimum debt to EBITDA ratio when the Company’s aggregate borrowing exceeds $5.0 million and the Company fails to maintain $100.0 million in deposits. As of June 30, 2025, the Company was not subject to the financial covenant as the Company met the deposit requirement and had not drawn down from its line of credit.
Note 8. Commitment and Contingencies
Purchase Obligations
As of June 30, 2025, the Company has non-cancelable unrecognized purchase commitments primarily related to software license fees and hosting facilities and services as follows (in thousands):

|  | Purchase Obligations(1)
Remainder 2025 |  | $ | 1,671 |
2026 |  | 1,957 |
Total |  | $ | 3,628 |

(1)Excludes non-cancelable recognized purchase commitments related to software license fees of $3.5 million that are included in accrued liabilities, accounts payable and other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Lease
In June 2025, the Company entered into a 65-month lease agreement for its new headquarters located in San Francisco, California, with total committed lease payments of approximately $5.4 million. This lease is estimated to commence in October 2025 and, as such, is not included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2025.
Contingencies
The Company has agreed to indemnify its directors and executive officers for costs associated with any fees, expenses, judgments, fines, and settlement amounts incurred by any of these persons in any action or proceeding to which any of those persons is, or is threatened to be, made a party by reason of the person’s service as a director or officer, including any action by the Company, arising out of that person’s services as the Company’s director or officer or that person’s services provided to any other company or enterprise at the Company’s request. The Company maintains director and officer insurance coverage that may enable the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid.
FASB ASC 450-20, Contingencies, sets forth the rules for accounting for uncertain tax positions for taxes not based on income. When a loss contingency exists, the likelihood of the incurrence of the liability can range from probable to remote. The Company believes it is reasonably possible that a loss will result from the sales and use tax assessments in the range of zero to $0.5 million. The Company has not recorded an accrual as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
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Legal Proceedings
The Company, its Chief Executive Officer, its Chief Financial Officer, certain current and former members of its Board of Directors and the underwriters that participated in the Company’s Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) are named as defendants in a consolidated putative class action, captioned In re ON24, Inc. Securities Litigation, 4:21-cv-08578-YGR (filed in November 2021), in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The consolidated complaint purports to assert claims under Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 on behalf of all persons and entities that purchased, or otherwise acquired, the Company’s common stock issued in connection with its IPO. The complaint alleges that the Company’s registration statement and prospectus contained untrue statements of material fact and/or omitted material facts about ON24’s growth and customer base. Plaintiff seeks, among other things, an award of damages and attorneys’ fees and costs. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint in May 2022, which the district court granted with leave to amend in July 2023. Plaintiff filed its amended complaint in September 2023, and the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint in October 2023. In March 2024, the district court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss with prejudice. The plaintiff has filed a notice of appeal of the district court’s order and that appeal is currently ongoing. The Company believes the allegations in the amended complaint are without merit. The Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss or range of possible loss, if any, arising from this matter at this early stage. Accordingly, no accrued litigation expense has been recorded in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject from time to time to various proceedings, lawsuits, disputes or claims. Although the Company cannot predict with assurance the outcome of any litigation, the Company does not believe there are currently any actions, other than those described in the prior paragraph, that if resolved unfavorably, would have a material impact on its financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Note 9. Stockholders’ Equity and Equity Incentive Plan
Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance
As of June 30, 2025, the Company had the following shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under its equity incentive plan and employee share purchase plan:

Stock options outstanding | 4,981,514 |
Restricted stock outstanding | 6,291,375 |
Remaining shares available for future grant under 2021 Equity Incentive Plan(1) | 2,646,617 |
Remaining shares available for future issuance under 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan(2) | 2,470,187 |
Total shares of common stock reserved as of June 30, 2025 | 16,389,693 |

(1)Includes the automatic annual increase of 2,100,684 additional shares under the Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan on January 1, 2025.
(2)Includes the automatic annual increase of 420,136 additional shares under the Company’s 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan on January 1, 2025.
Repurchase of Common Stock
In February 2024, the Company completed its $75 million share repurchase program. In March 2024, the Company’s board of directors approved a $25 million share repurchase program (the “2024 Repurchase Program”) authorizing the discretionary repurchase of common stock over a 12-month period through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or other means. The 2024 Repurchase Program concluded in March 2025.
In May 2025, the Company’s board of directors approved a $50 million share repurchase program (the “2025 Repurchase Program”) authorizing the Company to repurchase common stock from time to time on a discretionary basis through similar methods. The 2025 Share Repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific amount of common stock and may be modified, suspended, or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion.
The following table presents certain information regarding shares repurchased during the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Number of shares repurchased | 793,946 |  |  | 840,856 |  |  | 1,502,434 |  |  | 1,543,476 |  |  |
Average price per share, including commissions | $ | 5.48 |  |  | $ | 5.95 |  |  | $ | 5.88 |  |  | $ | 6.66 |  |  |
Total repurchase costs, including commissions (in millions) | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 8.8 |  |  | $ | 10.3 |  |  |

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As of June 30, 2025, the Company has $45.7 million available for future share repurchases under the 2025 Repurchase Program.
From July 1, 2025 through August 8, 2025, the Company repurchased 457,110 shares of common stock at an average per share price of $5.30 pursuant to the 2025 Repurchase Program.
Grant Activities
Restricted Stock Units
A summary of restricted stock unit (“RSU”) activity, excluding RSUs with performance conditions, and related information is as follows:

| RSUs Outstanding
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance as of December 31, 2024 | 5,051,759 |  |  | $ | 8.20 |
Granted | 2,206,810 |  |  | 5.50 |
Vested | (1,775,739) |  |  | 8.72 |
Cancelled and forfeited | (398,577) |  |  | 7.78 |
Unvested balance as of June 30, 2025 | 5,084,253 |  |  | $ | 6.89 |

Restricted Stock Unit with Performance Conditions
In the second quarter of 2025, the Company’s board of directors granted 245,000 performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) to certain executive officers, with a grant date fair value of $1.4 million. These PSUs are subject to the achievement of specified financial performance targets and may be earned at levels ranging from 0% to 200% based on actual performance during the period from January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025. Thirty-three percent of the earned PSUs will vest on January 1, 2026, with the remaining earned PSUs vesting in eight equal quarterly installments beginning in March 2026. Vesting of these PSUs is also subject to continued service by the award holders through each applicable vesting date. As of June 30, 2025, none of these PSUs have vested.
In the second quarter of 2025, the Company’s board of directors also granted 245,000 market performance-based restricted stock units (“MPSU”) to certain executive officers, with a grant date fair value of $0.6 million. These MPSUs will vest if the average closing price of the Company’s common stock equals or exceeds specified target prices for 20 consecutive trading days during the performance period, which extends from the grant date through December 31, 2027. Vesting of these MPSUs is also subject to continued service by the award holders through each applicable vesting date. As of June 30, 2025, none of these MPSUs have vested.
In the second quarter of 2024, the Company’s board of directors granted 805,494 market performance-based restricted stock units to certain executive officers with a grant date fair value of $6.8 million. These MPSUs vest following three annual performance periods beginning in 2024, each in an amount equal to one-third of the target number of MPSUs multiplied by a percentage determined by comparing the Company’s total stockholder return to a benchmark index during the performance period. The actual payout can range from 0% to 200% of the shares granted under this award, with the maximum earned MPSUs capped at 125% for the first two performance periods. Vesting of these MPSUs is also subject to continued service by the award holders through the end of each performance period. As of June 30, 2025, 99,652 of these MPSUs have vested.
In the second quarter of 2023, the Company’s board of directors granted 203,000 market performance-based restricted stock units to certain executive officers with a grant date fair value of $2.5 million. These MPSUs vest following three annual performance periods beginning in 2023, each in an amount equal to one-third of the target number of MPSUs multiplied by a percentage determined by comparing the Company’s total stockholder return to a benchmark index during the performance period. The actual payout can range from 0% to 200% of the shares granted under this award, with the maximum earned MPSUs capped at 125% for the first two performance periods. Vesting of these MPSUs is also subject to continued service by the award holder through the end of each performance period. In May 2023, an additional 32,204 MPSUs were issued in connection with the anti-dilution adjustment. As of June 30, 2025, 47,819 of these MPSUs have vested.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company’s board of directors granted 341,404 market performance-based restricted stock units to an executive officer with a grant date fair value of $4.2 million. These MPSUs vest following three annual performance periods beginning in 2023, each in an amount equal to one-third of the target number of MPSUs multiplied by a percentage determined by comparing the Company’s total stockholder return to a benchmark index during the performance period. The actual payout can range from 0% to 200% of the shares granted under this award, with the maximum earned MPSUs capped at 125% for the first two performance periods. Vesting of these MPSUs is also subject to continued service
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by the award holder through the end of each performance period. In May 2023, an additional 54,167 MPSUs were issued in connection with the anti-dilution adjustment. As of June 30, 2025, 75,976 of these MPSUs have vested.
Stock Options
A total of 461,787 stock options were exercised and 104,258 stock options were cancelled and forfeited in the six months ended June 30, 2025.
Stock-Based Compensation
The stock-based compensation expense by line item in the condensed consolidated statements of operations is summarized as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Cost of revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 687 |  |  | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | 1,355 |  |  |
Professional services | 127 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 250 |  |  |
Total cost of revenue | 521 |  |  | 816 |  |  | 1,082 |  |  | 1,605 |  |  |
Sales and marketing | 2,100 |  |  | 3,338 |  |  | 4,247 |  |  | 6,396 |  |  |
Research and development | 1,373 |  |  | 2,246 |  |  | 2,726 |  |  | 4,374 |  |  |
General and administrative | 3,384 |  |  | 5,676 |  |  | 6,453 |  |  | 10,038 |  |  |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 7,378 |  |  | $ | 12,076 |  |  | $ | 14,508 |  |  | $ | 22,413 |  |  |

The following table presents the unrecognized stock-based compensation expense and weighted-average recognition periods as of June 30, 2025 (in thousands, except years):

|  |  | Restricted Stock |  | ESPP
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense |  |  | $ | 35,187 |  |  | $ | 60 |
Weighted-average amortization period |  |  | 1.73 years |  | 0.38 years

Note 10. Other Income, Net
Other income, net consisted of the following for the periods presented (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Interest income | $ | (1,513) |  |  | $ | (939) |  |  | $ | (3,006) |  |  | $ | (1,794) |  |  |
Accretion on marketable securities | (363) |  |  | (1,428) |  |  | (839) |  |  | (2,935) |  |  |
Foreign currency (gains) losses | (212) |  |  | 66 |  |  | (229) |  |  | 153 |  |  |
Other | (2) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (6) |  |  |
Other income, net | $ | (2,090) |  |  | $ | (2,305) |  |  | $ | (4,076) |  |  | $ | (4,582) |  |  |

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Note 11. Income Taxes
The Company’s provision for income taxes were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Provision for income taxes | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 411 |  |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | 906 |

The Company’s provision for income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of its annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any. The Company updates its estimate of the annual effective tax rate and makes a year-to-date adjustment to the provision quarterly. Provision for income taxes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. The quarter to date decrease in provision for income taxes was primarily driven by lower earnings in foreign jurisdictions and by an increased tax benefit related to stock-based compensation recognized in one foreign jurisdiction. The year to date decrease in provision for income taxes was primarily driven by lower foreign exchange gains in foreign jurisdictions and by an increased tax benefit related to stock-based compensation recognized in one foreign jurisdiction.
The Company regularly performs an assessment of the likelihood of realizing benefits of its deferred tax assets. As of June 30, 2025, the Company recorded a valuation allowance against its U.S. deferred tax assets based on available evidence. However, if there are favorable changes to actual operating results or to projections of future income, the Company may determine it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets may be realizable.
Utilization of net operating loss carryforwards, tax credits and other attributes may be subject to future annual limitations due to the ownership change limitations provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions.
On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed the One Big Beautiful Bill (“OBBB”) Act, enacting comprehensive U.S. corporate tax legislation. The OBBB Act permanently extends and modifies provisions originally introduced under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and introduces new measures. Key provisions include the permanent restoration of bonus depreciation allowances, revised limitations on the deductibility of business interest expense, and the reintroduction of immediate expensing of U.S. research and development costs. Under ASC 740, the effects of enacted tax law changes are recognized in the interim period that includes the enactment date. The Company completed a preliminary analysis and determined that the OBBB Act does not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements due to its valuation allowance. The Company will continue monitoring developments in federal and state legislation and conformity rules, and will record any resulting tax impacts in the third quarter of 2025.
Note 12. Net Loss Per Share
The following tables set forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods presented (in thousands, except share and per share data):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Net loss | $ | (7,277) |  |  | $ | (11,175) |  |  | $ | (15,980) |  |  | $ | (21,878) |  |  |
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted | $ | (0.17) |  |  | $ | (0.27) |  |  | $ | (0.38) |  |  | $ | (0.53) |  |  |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic and diluted | 42,577,487 |  |  | 41,991,996 |  |  | 42,334,239 |  |  | 41,652,834 |  |  |

T he following table sets forth the potential shares of common stock that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Stock options | 4,981,514 |  |  | 6,344,587 |  |  | 4,981,514 |  |  | 6,344,587 |  |  |
Restricted stock units | 5,084,253 |  |  | 6,585,440 |  |  | 5,084,253 |  |  | 6,585,440 |  |  |
Performance stock units | 1,207,122 |  |  | 1,219,062 |  |  | 1,207,122 |  |  | 1,219,062 |  |  |
ESPP purchase rights | 60,288 |  |  | 70,022 |  |  | 60,288 |  |  | 70,022 |  |  |
Total antidilutive securities | 11,333,177 |  |  | 14,219,111 |  |  | 11,333,177 |  |  | 14,219,111 |  |  |

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Note 13. Related Party Transactions
The Company incurred engineering and quality assurance costs from a third-party vendor in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. The chief executive officer of the third-party vendor is considered an immediate family member of the Company’s chief technology officer. The Company recorded $0.7 million and $1.4 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $0.7 million and $1.3 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, in research and development expense relating to this third-party vendor on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company recorded $0.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively, in accounts payable and accrued liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets for the amount owed to this third-party vendor.
Note 14. Restructuring
As part of the continued effort to reduce its cost structure and lower its net loss, the Company pursued additional reductions in its workforce in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. The following table summarizes the restructuring costs, which primarily include severance and one-time termination benefits, in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Cost of revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | 213 |
Professional services | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 13 |
Total cost of revenue | 101 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 524 |  |  | 226 |
Sales and marketing | 419 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 778 |  |  | 1,005 |
Research and development | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | 112 |
General and administrative | 77 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 339 |
Total restructuring costs | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 501 |  |  | $ | 1,506 |  |  | $ | 1,682 |

The Company made restructuring related payments of $0.4 million and $1.1 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $0.8 million and $1.5 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. The restructuring liability was included in accrued and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and was not material as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
The Company expects to incur additional restructuring costs of $0.1 million to $0.4 million in the third quarter of 2025 and may incur additional costs in future periods for restructuring activities.
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Note 15. Segment Information
The Company operates in one operating segment and one reportable segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is the Company’s chief executive officer, in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The CODM allocates resources and assesses performance based upon consolidated financial information, primarily by monitoring actual results versus the annual plan, which includes net income as the reported measure of segment profit or loss. The CODM does not evaluate operating segments using asset information.
The following table presents the Company’s segment revenue, expenses and net loss (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Revenue | $ | 35,333 |  |  | $ | 37,349 |  |  | $ | 70,066 |  |  | $ | 75,076 |  |  |
Less segment cost and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue(1) | 8,280 |  |  | 8,722 |  |  | 16,822 |  |  | 17,715 |  |  |
Sales and marketing(1) | 15,494 |  |  | 16,119 |  |  | 31,490 |  |  | 33,135 |  |  |
Research and development(1) | 7,140 |  |  | 6,835 |  |  | 14,097 |  |  | 13,816 |  |  |
General and administrative(1) | 6,213 |  |  | 6,656 |  |  | 12,787 |  |  | 13,530 |  |  |
Other expenses(2) | 5,483 |  |  | 10,192 |  |  | 10,850 |  |  | 18,758 |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (7,277) |  |  | $ | (11,175) |  |  | $ | (15,980) |  |  | $ | (21,878) |  |  |

(1)Amount excludes stock-based compensation expense.
(2)Other expenses includes stock-based compensation expense, other income, net, interest expense and provision for income taxes. For additional information on stock-based compensation and other income, net, see Note 9 and Note 10, respectively.
The following table presents the property and equipment, net of depreciation and amortization, by geographic region as of the periods presented (in thousands):

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
United States | $ | 5,130 |  |  | $ | 6,487 |
EMEA | 151 |  |  | 173 |
Other | 9 |  |  | 13 |
Total property and equipment, net | $ | 5,290 |  |  | $ | 6,673 |

See Note 2 for information pertaining to revenue by geography and see purchase of property and equipment included in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for segment capital expenditures.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” and in other parts of this Report.
Overview
We provide a leading, cloud-based intelligent engagement platform that combines best-in-class customer interaction experience with personalization and content, to enable sales, marketing and other customer-facing organizations to capture and act on connected insights at scale. Our platform’s portfolio of interactive and hyper-personalized digital experience products create and capture actionable, real-time data at scale from millions of professionals to provide businesses with buying signals and behavioral insights to efficiently convert prospects into customers and ultimately, propel positive business outcomes.
Similar to what has taken place in the business-to-consumer, or B2C, market, our platform for digital engagement empowers business-to-business, or B2B, companies with insights to better personalize their engagement. Large social media platforms have been successful at leveraging experiences and insights of consumers on their platforms to enable B2C companies to effectively understand their potential consumers. While these have been effective in the B2C market, B2B companies often lack deep insights about prospective customers to effectively understand and engage them.
Businesses today primarily use traditional sales and marketing solutions, such as digital advertising and email, for marketing. While these traditional solutions reach large numbers of prospective customers, they have generally failed to deepen customer engagement because they were designed with the simple purpose of pushing marketing messages in one direction — from the business to the prospective customer. For most businesses to succeed, we believe their sales, marketing, and other customer-facing strategies must utilize digital engagement that is powered by the latest technology. Our platform provides an innovative way both to scale digital marketing and deepen prospective customer engagement. We believe our opportunity to help businesses convert digital engagement into revenue will continue to grow as industries modernize their sales, marketing, and customer-facing processes.
We sell subscriptions to our platform’s products that are backed by analytics and our ecosystem of third-party integrations. Before 2013, we offered services and licensed software for managing webinars and virtual events primarily on a per event basis. In 2013, we transitioned to be a software-as-a-service company with the release of ON24 Elite as our self-service cloud-based subscription product. ON24 Virtual Conference, which we have de-emphasized, was also launched as a managed-service cloud-based subscription product. Substantially all our customers subscribe to ON24 Elite, which is our Core Platform’s flagship product, and enables customers to seamlessly broadcast video-based content and drive real-time interactivity in a single immersive experience. We continue to add additional products to our Core Platform.
In 2018, we launched two complementary experience products, ON24 Engagement Hub and ON24 Target, to provide our customers with a system for digital engagement, offering customers the ability to curate and disseminate rich, multimedia content experiences. In addition to our products, we also provide professional services such as experience management and integration support, which provide the opportunity for recurring revenue, as well as implementation and other services.
In 2021, we launched ON24 Breakouts, which expanded the functionality and interactivity of webinars built with ON24 Elite. For example, breakouts enable attendees and presenters to network with each other face-to-face, sales teams to connect immediately with prospects and subject matter experts to support customer education and training.
In 2021, we also launched ON24 Go Live, which provides a self-service virtual event solution for companies to stand up live-streaming video events faster and easier. Organizations can build a complete end-to-end external or internal event ranging from roadshows, customer conferences, virtual pop-ups, town halls and company meetings, using pre-built templates and an easy-to-use and engaging interface.
In 2022, we launched ON24 Forums that joined our portfolio of experience products and unifies engagement and data. ON24 Forums provides a way to moderate face-to-face, video-based discussions that drive multi-way conversation, engagement, and immediate interaction with audiences. For example, it enables audiences to conduct attendee roundtable discussions, interactive workshops and trainings, and community-like experiences.
In April 2022, we acquired Vibbio AS (“Vibbio”), a video software company in Norway. The integration of Vibbio’s video capabilities across the ON24 platform allows customers to produce video content that creates more engagement, generates first-party data and drives further personalization.
In January 2024, we launched the ON24 AI-powered Analytics and Content Engine (“ACE”). This solution enables hyper-personalization at scale across ON24 experiences, uses generative artificial intelligence (“AI”) to automatically create content and videos to feed ongoing nurture streams and provides an advanced set of intelligent analytics to our customers.
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I n March 2025, we released ON24 Lumina, the next-generation design system at the core of the ON24 platform, allowing businesses to create seamless, branded experiences that maximize engagement while providing deeper audience insights.
In May 2025, we introduced ON24 IQ Intelligent agents (“ON24 IQ”) that are purpose built to significantly streamline manual, repetitive task work and keep audiences engaged. ON24 IQ can take on much of the online event creation and event Q&A handling and maximize customer engagement for every event experience.
We deliver our platform products as cloud-based subscriptions that are easy to use and purpose-built for sales, marketing and other customer-facing professionals. As of June 30, 2025, we had 1,566 customers.
Our revenue for the second quarter and first half of 2025 was $35.3 million and $70.1 million, respectively, compared to $37.3 million and $75.1 million for the same periods of 2024, representing a period-over-period decrease of 5% and 7%. We had a net loss of $7.3 million and $16.0 million for the second quarter and first half of 2025, respectively, and $11.2 million and $21.9 million for the same periods of 2024.
Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
Cost Management
As part of the continued effort to reduce our cost structure and lower our net loss, we pursued additional workforce reductions in the first half of 2025. We expect to incur additional restructuring costs in the third quarter of 2025 related to our ongoing cost reduction efforts.
Acquiring New Customers
We are focused on growing the number of customers that use our platform. We define a customer as a unique organization, including its subsidiaries and affiliates, that has entered into an agreement for paid access to our platform. A single customer may have multiple agreements with us for separate divisions, subsidiaries or affiliates. Our operating results and growth prospects will depend in part on our ability to attract new customers. While we believe we have a significant market opportunity that our platform addresses, it is difficult to predict customer adoption rates or the future growth rate and size of the market for our platform. While we have recently tightened our sales and marketing spend given the current macro-economic environment, we will need to continue to invest in our sales and marketing functions over time in order to grow the number of customers that use our platform.
We believe our market is still relatively underpenetrated and, as a result, we see significant opportunity to market our solutions globally. We intend to pursue new customers through specialized and aligned sales teams focused on Enterprise customers, which includes companies with more than 2,000 employees, and Commercial customers, which includes companies with less than 2,000 employees, which we further divide into Mid-Market companies with 200-1,999 employees, and small and midsize, or SMB, companies with 1-199 employees.
Retention and Expansion of ON24 Across Existing Customers
We believe we can achieve growth in our business by retaining and further penetrating our existing customer base with the addition of new users and new products, and through upsell and cross sell. Our multi-dimensional land and expand model drives onboarding and allows us to acquire customers via free trials, live demos and continuous engagement with an efficient sales and marketing investment. As we continue to drive more actionable revenue generating marketing insights, we believe that we have a significant opportunity to further increase sales among existing customers across different functional and geographic departments within each respective organization. Our ability to pursue this opportunity will require us to retain our customers, scale our sales and marketing organization and otherwise increase our operating expenses, and we may not be successful on the timetable we anticipate, or at all, for any number of reasons, which may cause our results to vary from period to period.
Innovation and Expansion of Our Platform
We plan to continually develop new products that enhance the functionality of our platform, improve our user experiences and drive customer engagement in order to further capitalize on new opportunities, which includes building AI-powered capabilities into our product offerings. In 2024, we rolled out our AI-powered ACE across the platform, followed by the release of our Lumina Design System in March 2025 and ON24 IQ in May 2025. We intend to sell these new solutions to both existing and new customers, with the goal of driving an increase in revenue as the breadth and depth of our solutions and use cases expands. We also intend to continue investing in our platform and related infrastructure over time to improve capacity, security and scalability. These development efforts will require significant investments, some of which may be episodic or otherwise cause our expenses to vary from period to period.
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International Expansion
We believe the expansion of real-time, revenue-generating marketing intelligence in international markets is a significant opportunity. For the second quarter and first half of 2025, approximately 22% and 23% of our revenue came from outside the United States, compared to 23% in each respective period of 2024. We believe there is a compelling opportunity to continue to elevate expansion opportunities for our solutions internationally, both in countries where we currently operate and countries where we do not yet sell subscriptions to our solutions. Expanding our international operations will require considerable management attention and other resources and may present challenges associated with complying with local expectations, customs, laws and regulations, and geopolitical disputes (including the Ukraine-Russia war and the conflict in the Middle East), which may impact our ability to sell subscriptions to our solutions and otherwise cause our results to vary from period to period.
Key Business Metrics
We review the following key business metrics to measure our performance, identify trends, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. Our methods for calculating these metrics may differ from similarly titled metrics at other companies, which may hinder comparability with other companies. The following table sets forth our number of customers, our annual recurring revenue (“ARR”) and our customers contributing at least $100,000 in ARR (“$100k Customers”) as of the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):

| Jun 30, 2025 |  | Mar 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Dec 31, 2024 |  | Jun 30, 2024 |  | Mar 31, 2024
Customers | 1,566 |  | 1,604 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,645 |  | 1,682 |  | 1,698
ARR | $ | 127,135 |  | $ | 128,160 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 129,659 |  | $ | 133,702 |  | $ | 136,480
ARR - Core Platform(1) | $ | 125,084 |  | $ | 125,902 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 127,341 |  | $ | 131,032 |  | $ | 133,265
$100k Customers | 304 |  | 299 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 305 |  | 319 |  | 324

(1)ARR for Core Platform excludes Virtual Conference product.
Number of Customers
Our substantial customer base reflects the broad market awareness of our platform. We define a customer as a unique organization, including its subsidiaries and affiliates, that has entered into an agreement for paid access to our platform. We serve customers of all sizes, ranging from small businesses to global Fortune 100 organizations across a diverse set of industries, including technology, financial services, healthcare, industrial and manufacturing, professional services and B2B information services companies. We had a diverse customer base of 1,566 customers as of June 30, 2025. We have seen a decrease in our customer count in recent years, and our net customers decreased by 38 in the second quarter of 2025 compared to the first quarter of 2025, primarily due to a net reduction in SMB customers during the period. While we believe the change in our net customer numbers reflects the current budget pressures in marketing departments in some organizations, our platform is designed with a long-term view toward our customer relationships and to grow with customers as their needs expand.
Annual Recurring Revenue
We believe that ARR is a key metric to measure our business because it is driven by our ability to acquire new subscription customers and to maintain and expand our relationship with existing subscription customers. ARR is calculated as the sum of the annualized value of our subscription contracts as of the measurement date, including existing customers with expired contracts that we expect to be renewed. Our ARR amounts exclude professional services and overages from subscription customers. As of June 30, 2025, December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, our ARR was $127.1 million, $129.7 million and $133.7 million, respectively, and our ARR for Core Platform, which excludes Virtual Conference product, was $125.1 million, $127.3 million and $131.0 million, respectively. The decrease in ARR from the first quarter of 2025 was primarily due to customer churn and fewer new customers acquired during the period, offset in part by increased contract expansions among existing customers. The decrease in ARR from December 31, 2024 was primarily due to customer churn and fewer new customers acquired during the period.
Customers Contributing $100,000 or More to ARR
As of June 30, 2025, March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had 304, 299 and 305 $100k Customers, respectively, demonstrating our penetration of larger organizations. The increase in $100k Customers from March 31, 2025 was primarily driven by improved customer retention and contract expansions among existing customers. The number of $100k Customers as of June 30, 2025 was relatively consistent with December 31, 2024.
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Results of Operations
We manage and operate as one reportable segment. The discussion below summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented, which we derived from the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Report.
The following tables set forth selected condensed consolidated statements of operations data for each of the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
| (in thousands)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | $ | 32,441 |  |  | $ | 34,147 |  |  | $ | 64,742 |  |  | $ | 68,976 |  |  |
Professional services | 2,892 |  |  | 3,202 |  |  | 5,324 |  |  | 6,100 |  |  |
Total revenue | 35,333 |  |  | 37,349 |  |  | 70,066 |  |  | 75,076 |  |  |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform(1)(4) | 6,497 |  |  | 7,032 |  |  | 13,000 |  |  | 14,378 |  |  |
Professional services(1)(4) | 2,304 |  |  | 2,506 |  |  | 4,904 |  |  | 4,942 |  |  |
Total cost of revenue | 8,801 |  |  | 9,538 |  |  | 17,904 |  |  | 19,320 |  |  |
Gross profit | 26,532 |  |  | 27,811 |  |  | 52,162 |  |  | 55,756 |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing(1)(4) | 17,594 |  |  | 19,457 |  |  | 35,737 |  |  | 39,531 |  |  |
Research and development(1)(2)(4) | 8,513 |  |  | 9,081 |  |  | 16,823 |  |  | 18,190 |  |  |
General and administrative(1)(3)(4) | 9,597 |  |  | 12,332 |  |  | 19,240 |  |  | 23,568 |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 35,704 |  |  | 40,870 |  |  | 71,800 |  |  | 81,289 |  |  |
Loss from operations | (9,172) |  |  | (13,059) |  |  | (19,638) |  |  | (25,533) |  |  |
Interest expense | 19 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 21 |  |  |
Other income, net | (2,090) |  |  | (2,305) |  |  | (4,076) |  |  | (4,582) |  |  |
Loss before provision for income taxes | (7,101) |  |  | (10,764) |  |  | (15,599) |  |  | (20,972) |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | 176 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 381 |  |  | 906 |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (7,277) |  |  | $ | (11,175) |  |  | $ | (15,980) |  |  | $ | (21,878) |  |  |

(1)Includes stock-based compensation as follows:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
| (in thousands)
Cost of revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 687 |  |  | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | 1,355 |  |  |
Professional services | 127 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 250 |  |  |
Total cost of revenue | 521 |  |  | 816 |  |  | 1,082 |  |  | 1,605 |  |  |
Sales and marketing | 2,100 |  |  | 3,338 |  |  | 4,247 |  |  | 6,396 |  |  |
Research and development | 1,373 |  |  | 2,246 |  |  | 2,726 |  |  | 4,374 |  |  |
General and administrative | 3,384 |  |  | 5,676 |  |  | 6,453 |  |  | 10,038 |  |  |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 7,378 |  |  | $ | 12,076 |  |  | $ | 14,508 |  |  | $ | 22,413 |  |  |

(2)Research and development expense includes amortization of the acquired intangible asset of $144 thousand and $276 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $138 thousand and $276 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.
(3)General and administrative expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 includes legal costs associated with our IPO class action securities litigation of nil and $232 thousand, respectively. In prior periods the amounts were less meaningful to our results and thus not shown separately.
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(4)The results of operations include restructuring costs, which primarily represent severance and related expense due to restructuring activities, as follows. See Note 14 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (in thousands)
Cost of revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 494 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional services | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 30 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total cost of revenue | 101 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 524 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing | 419 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 778 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,005 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | 77 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 77 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 339 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total restructuring costs | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 501 |  |  | $ | 1,506 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,682 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024
Revenue

| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Subscription and other platform | $ | 32,441 |  |  | 92% |  | $ | 34,147 |  |  | 91% |  | $ | (1,706) |  |  | (5)%
Professional services | 2,892 |  |  | 8% |  | 3,202 |  |  | 9% |  | (310) |  |  | (10)%
Total revenue | $ | 35,333 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 37,349 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | (2,016) |  |  | (5)%

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Subscription and other platform | $ | 64,742 |  |  | 92% |  | $ | 68,976 |  |  | 92% |  | $ | (4,234) |  |  | (6)%
Professional services | 5,324 |  |  | 8% |  | 6,100 |  |  | 8% |  | (776) |  |  | (13)%
Total revenue | $ | 70,066 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 75,076 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | (5,010) |  |  | (7)%

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| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Core Platform |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | $ | 31,885 |  |  | 90% |  | $ | 33,479 |  | 90% |  | $ | (1,594) |  |  | (5)%
Professional services | 2,695 |  |  | 8% |  | 3,006 |  | 8% |  | (311) |  | (10)%
Total core platform revenue | 34,580 |  |  | 98% |  | 36,485 |  |  | 98% |  | (1,905) |  |  | (5)%
Virtual Conference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | 556 |  |  | 1% |  | 668 |  | 1% |  | $ | (112) |  |  | (17)%
Professional service | 197 |  |  | 1% |  | 196 |  | 1% |  | 1 |  | 1%
Total virtual conference revenue | 753 |  |  | 2% |  | 864 |  |  | 2% |  | (111) |  |  | (13)%
Total revenue | $ | 35,333 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 37,349 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | (2,016) |  |  | (5)%

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Core Platform |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | $ | 63,643 |  |  | 91% |  | $ | 67,539 |  | 90% |  | $ | (3,896) |  |  | (6)%
Professional services | 5,089 |  |  | 7% |  | 5,761 |  | 8% |  | (672) |  | (12)%
Total core platform revenue | 68,732 |  |  | 98% |  | 73,300 |  | 98% |  | (4,568) |  |  | (6)%
Virtual Conference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription and other platform | 1,099 |  |  | 1% |  | 1,437 |  | 2% |  | (338) |  |  | (24)%
Professional service | 235 |  |  | 1% |  | 339 |  | —% |  | (104) |  | (31)%
Total virtual conference revenue | 1,334 |  |  | 2% |  | 1,776 |  |  | 2% |  | (442) |  |  | (25)%
Total revenue | $ | 70,066 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 75,076 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | (5,010) |  |  | (7)%

Total revenue decreased $2.0 million, or 5%, in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $5.0 million, or 7%, in the first half of 2025, compared to the same periods of 2024. Revenue excluding our Virtual Conference product decreased $1.9 million. or 5%, in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $4.6 million, or 6%, in the first half of 2025, compared to the same periods of 2024. We continue to see less demand for our Virtual Conference product and we have deemphasized this product.
Subscription and other platform revenue decreased $1.7 million in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $4.2 million in the first half of 2025, compared to the same periods of 2024. Subscription and other platform revenue excluding our Virtual Conference product decreased $1.6 million in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $3.9 million in the first half of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024. The decrease in each respective period was primarily due to lower net customers and reduced ARR as discussed in the section titled “Key Business Metrics.”
Professional services revenue decreased $0.3 million in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $0.8 million in the first half of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024. Professional services revenue excluding our Virtual Conference product decreased $0.3 million in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $0.7 million compared to the same periods of 2024. These decreases were primarily due to more customers electing to be “self-service” and not utilize our professional services offerings as well as a decrease in total customer count which reduced the demand for our professional services.
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Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Subscription and other platform | $ | 6,497 |  | 18% |  | $ | 7,032 |  | 19% |  | $ | (535) |  |  | (8)%
Professional services | 2,304 |  | 7% |  | 2,506 |  | 7% |  | (202) |  |  | (8)%
Total cost of revenue | $ | 8,801 |  | 25% |  | $ | 9,538 |  | 26% |  | $ | (737) |  |  | (8)%
Gross profit | $ | 26,532 |  | 75% |  | $ | 27,811 |  | 74% |  | $ | (1,279) |  |  | (5)%
Gross margin | 75 | % |  |  |  | 74 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Subscription and other platform | $ | 13,000 |  | 19% |  | $ | 14,378 |  | 19% |  | $ | (1,378) |  |  | (10)%
Professional services | 4,904 |  | 7% |  | 4,942 |  | 7% |  | (38) |  |  | (1)%
Total cost of revenue | $ | 17,904 |  | 26% |  | $ | 19,320 |  | 26% |  | $ | (1,416) |  |  | (7)%
Gross profit | $ | 52,162 |  | 74% |  | $ | 55,756 |  | 74% |  | $ | (3,594) |  |  | (6)%
Gross margin | 74 | % |  |  |  | 74 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue decreased $0.7 million, or 8% in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $1.4 million, or 7%, in the first half of 2025, compared to the same periods of 2024, primarily reflecting the result of our active cost management and headcount reduction associated with our restructuring activities.
Gross Margin
Gross margin was 75% for the second quarter of 2025 compared to 74% of the same period in 2024. Gross margin for the first half of 2025 remained consistent with the first half of 2024. While we continued to invest in our cloud infrastructure capabilities to support our ongoing business needs, we also made cost reductions across our business to enhance efficiency.
We expect gross margin for the full year of 2025 to be relatively consistent with 2024. We have continued to increase our utilization of the public cloud for our newer product offerings while we actively manage costs given the current macro-economic environment.
Operating Expenses
Sales and Marketing

| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Sales and marketing | $ | 17,594 |  |  | 50% |  | $ | 19,457 |  |  | 52% |  | $ | (1,863) |  |  | (10)%

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| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Sales and marketing | $ | 35,737 |  |  | 51% |  | $ | 39,531 |  |  | 53% |  | $ | (3,794) |  |  | (10)%

Sales and marketing expense decreased $1.9 million, or 10%, in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $3.8 million, or 10%, in the first half of 2025, compared to the same periods of 2024. The decrease in each respective period was primarily attributable to lower personnel-related expenses resulting from headcount reduction associated with our restructuring activities.
We expect our sales and marketing expense for the full year of 2025 to decrease in absolute dollars compared to 2024 as we continue to tighten our sales and marketing spend given the current macro-economic environment while supporting demand for our digital experiences and our next generation intelligent engagement platform.
Research and Development

| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Research and development | $ | 8,513 |  |  | 24% |  | $ | 9,081 |  |  | 24% |  | $ | (568) |  |  | (6)%

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Research and development | $ | 16,823 |  |  | 24% |  | $ | 18,190 |  |  | 24% |  | $ | (1,367) |  |  | (8)%

Research and development expense decreased $0.6 million, or 6%, in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $1.4 million, or 8%, in the first half of 2025, compared to the same periods of 2024. The decrease in each respective period was primarily attributable to lower stock-based-compensation expense. We have been applying a disciplined approach to focus our investments on research and development areas that we believe offer the greatest opportunities, including investments in our generative AI capabilities such as ACE and ON24 IQ, as we expand our platform and bring new products to the market.
We expect our research and development expense for the full year of 2025 to fluctuate in absolute dollars compared to 2024 as we focus on further developing our platform and infrastructure while we actively manage costs given the current macro-economic environment.
General and Administrative

| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
General and administrative | $ | 9,597 |  |  | 27% |  | $ | 12,332 |  |  | 33% |  | $ | (2,735) |  |  | (22)%

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
General and administrative | $ | 19,240 |  |  | 27% |  | $ | 23,568 |  |  | 31% |  | $ | (4,328) |  |  | (18)%

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General and administrative expense decreased $2.7 million, or 22%, in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $4.3 million, or 18%, in the first half of 2025, compared to the same periods of 2024. The decrease in each respective period was primarily attributable to the $2.3 million and $3.6 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense. The remainder of the decrease reflects our continued focus on active cost management.
We expect our general and administrative expense for the full year of 2025 to decrease moderately in absolute dollars compared to 2024 as we continue to actively manage costs given the current macro-economic environment.
Interest Expense

| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Interest expense | $ | 19 |  |  | —% |  | $ | 10 |  |  | —% |  | $ | 9 |  |  | 90%

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Interest expense | $ | 37 |  |  | —% |  | $ | 21 |  |  | —% |  | $ | 16 |  |  | 76%

Interest expense in the second quarter and first half of 2025 remained relatively flat in absolute dollars compared to the same periods of 2024.
Other Income, Net

| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Other income, net | $ | (2,090) |  |  | (6)% |  | $ | (2,305) |  |  | (6)% |  | $ | 215 |  |  | (9)%

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Other income, net | $ | (4,076) |  |  | (6)% |  | $ | (4,582) |  |  | (6)% |  | $ | (506) |  |  | (11)%

The decrease in other income, net in the second quarter and first half of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 was primarily driven by lower investment income. See Note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
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Provision for Income Taxes

| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Other income, net | $ | 176 |  |  | —% |  | $ | 411 |  |  | 1% |  | $ | (235) |  |  | (57)%

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | 2024 |  | As a % of Total Revenue |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Provision for income taxes | $ | 381 |  |  | 1% |  | $ | 906 |  |  | 1% |  | $ | (525) |  |  | (58%)

The decrease in provision for income taxes in the second quarter compared to the same period of 2024 was primarily driven by lower earnings in foreign jurisdictions and an increased benefit related to stock-based compensation recognized in one foreign jurisdiction. The decrease in provision for income taxes in the first half of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024 was primarily driven by lower foreign exchange gains in foreign jurisdictions and an increased tax benefit related to stock-based compensation recognized in one foreign jurisdiction.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of June 30, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $179.6 million. Our investments generally consist of money market mutual funds, U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. Agency securities and debt securities, all of which are available for use in our current operations. Our liquidity requirements arise primarily from our working capital needs, capital expenditures and debt service requirements. We have historically funded our liquidity requirements through sales of convertible preferred stock, cash generated from our operations, borrowings and availability under our revolving credit facility, and through our initial public offering (“IPO”) in February 2021.
In May 2025, our board of directors approved a $50 million share repurchase program (the “2025 Repurchase Program”) authorizing us to repurchase shares of common stock on a discretionary basis from time to time through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or other means. The 2025 Repurchase Program does not obligate us to acquire any specific amount of common stock and may be modified, suspended, or discontinued at any time at our discretion. We expect repurchases under the 2025 Repurchase Program to extend over multiple quarters. Combined with our recently completed $25 million share repurchase program, we repurchased $4.3 million and $8.8 million of common stock (including commissions) in the second quarter and first half of 2025, respectively. In the third quarter of 2025 through August 8, 2025, we repurchased an additional $2.5 million of common stock (including commissions) and had $43.2 million available for future share repurchases under the 2025 Repurchase Program.
We continued to pursue workforce reductions to further reduce our cost structure and incurred aggregate restructuring costs of $0.7 million and $1.5 million in the second quarter and first half of 2025, primarily related to severance and one-time termination benefits. See Note 14 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further information. We expect to incur additional restructuring costs of $0.1 million to $0.4 million in the third quarter of 2025 related to our ongoing cost reduction efforts and may incur additional costs in future periods for restructuring activities.
Our principal uses of cash in recent periods have been to fund our operations, invest in research and development, purchase investments and to a lesser extent fund share repurchases and strategic transactions.
We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to meet our needs for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our revenue growth rate, subscription renewal activity, billing frequency, the timing and extent of spending to support further sales and marketing and research and development efforts, and the timing and extent of additional capital expenditures to invest in existing office spaces. We may in the future enter into strategic transactions, such as additional share repurchases or arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, products, services and technologies, and we may need to seek additional equity or debt financing. In the event that additional financing is needed from outside sources, we may not be able to raise the necessary capital or raise the capital on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
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The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 5,979 |  |  | $ | 3,526 |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 24,733 |  |  | (31,941) |  |  |
Net cash used in financing activities | (8,099) |  |  | (9,114) |  |  |

Operating Activities
Our largest source of operating cash is cash collections from our customers for subscriptions to use our platform. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are from personnel-related expenditures, costs related to hosting our platform and marketing expenses. Our cash flow from operating activities will continue to be influenced principally by the extent to which we increase spending on our business and our working capital requirements.
Net cash provided by operating activities is primarily impacted by our net loss adjusted for certain non-cash items such as stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs, amortization (accretion) on marketable securities, as well as the effect of changes in operating assets and liabilities. Our cash flows from operating activities provided net cash of $6.0 million in the first half of 2025 compared to $3.5 million in the same period of 2024, resulting in an increase of cash inflow of $2.5 million. This favorable change was primarily attributable to the $5.9 million decrease in net loss and $3.7 million favorable changes in operating assets and liabilities between the periods, partially offset by the $7.0 million decrease in non-cash expenses. We made total restructuring related payments of $1.1 million in the first half of 2025 compared to $1.5 million in the same period of 2024. See Note 14 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
The total non-cash adjustments for the first half of 2025 was $24.5 million compared to $31.5 million for the same period of 2024. This $7.0 million unfavorable change was primarily driven by a $7.9 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense for the comparable six-month periods.
Working capital used cash of $2.6 million in the first half of 2025 compared to $6.3 million in the same period of 2024, a decrease of cash outflow of $3.7 million. This favorable change in working capital was impacted by, among other items, the timing of vendor payments and prepayment, the timing of cash receipts from customers as well as our active cost management.
Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities for the first half of 2025 was $24.7 million compared to used cash of $31.9 million for the same period of 2024. The favorable change was primarily driven by a decrease in purchases of marketable securities of $58.2 million, offset in part by a decrease in proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities of $1.1 million.
Our most significant capital expenditures have been investments in our equipment to support ongoing operations. We expect our capital investment to continue in the future.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities for the first half of 2025 was $8.1 million compared to $9.1 million for the same period of 2024. This favorable change was primarily driven by the decreased spending on share repurchases during the period.
Debt Obligations
Revolving Credit Facility
In August 2024, we amended our revolving credit facility with Comerica Bank to decrease our borrowing capacity from a maximum of $50.0 million to $25.0 million with a letter of credit sublimit of $4.0 million and a credit card sublimit of $1.0 million. The amendment allows us to borrow up to $25.0 million if we maintain at least $100.0 million on deposit with Comerica Bank. If such deposit is less than $100.0 million, we may borrow up to the lesser of $25.0 million or an amount determined by our trailing five months of recurring revenue, annualized renewal rate and annualized monthly churn rate. As of June 30, 2025, we had not drawn down on our line of credit. The terms of the agreement permit voluntary prepayment without premium or penalty. The agreement also permits payment of dividends and share repurchases from open market purchases or through an accelerated share repurchase program, subject to certain terms and conditions. The revolving credit facility matures in August 2026 and is secured by substantially all of our assets. We are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee of 0.10% per annum on the undrawn portion available under the revolving line of credit. We had an outstanding standby letter of credit of $1.2 million as a guarantee for a leased space as of June 30, 2025.
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Outstanding principal amounts on the revolving credit facility incur interest at a rate equal to Comerica Bank’s prime referenced rate, as defined in the loan agreement. The referenced prime rate was 7.50% as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Commitments and Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our non-cancelable contractual obligations as of June 30, 2025 (in thousands):

| Payments Due by Period
| Total |  | Remainder2025 |  | 2026 to 2027 |  | 2028 to 2029 |  | 2030 and Thereafter
Operating lease obligations(1) | $ | 7,549 |  |  | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | 2,652 |  |  | $ | 2,466 |  |  | $ | 1,456 |
Purchase commitments(2) | 3,628 |  |  | 1,671 |  |  | 1,957 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other(3) | 3,496 |  |  | 2,149 |  |  | 1,347 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 14,673 |  |  | $ | 4,795 |  |  | $ | 5,956 |  |  | $ | 2,466 |  |  | $ | 1,456 |

(1)Amounts include a new 65-month headquarters lease that we entered into in June 2025, with total committed lease payments of approximately $5.4 million. This lease is estimated to commence in October 2025 and, as such, is not included on our consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2025. See Note 8 to condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
(2)Amounts primarily represent our commitments under various software license and hosting facilities and services agreements. See Note 8 to condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
(3)Amounts represent our recognized commitments under various software license agreements and are included in our accrued liabilities, accounts payable and other long-term liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
There has been no significant change during this quarter to our critical accounting policies and estimates as discussed in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Foreign Currency and Exchange Risk
There has been no material change in our exposure to market risks from that discussed in Item 7A of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio. Changes in U.S. interest rates affect the interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents and investments and the fair value of those investments.
Our cash equivalents primarily consist of money market mutual funds, which are not significantly exposed to interest rate risk. Our marketable securities are subject to interest rate risk because these securities primarily include a fixed interest rate. As a result, the market values of these securities are affected by changes in prevailing interest rates. We attempt to limit our exposu re to interest rate risk and credit risk by investing our investment portfolio in instruments that meet the minimum credit quality, liquidity, diversification and other requirements of our investment policy. Our marketable securities consist of liquid, investment-grade securities. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.
The following table presents the hypothetical fair values of our marketable securities assuming immediate parallel shifts in the yield curve of 5 0 basis points (“BPS”), 100 BPS and 150 BPS as of June 30, 2025 (in thousands):

| (150 BPS) |  | (100 BPS) |  | (50 BPS) |  | Fair Value as of June 30, 2025 |  | 50 BPS |  | 100 BPS |  | 150 BPS
Marketable securities | $ | 143,213 |  |  | $ | 142,751 |  |  | $ | 142,290 |  |  | $ | 141,828 |  |  | $ | 141,366 |  |  | $ | 140,905 |  |  | $ | 140,443 |

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) as of June 30, 2025. Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Based upon the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of June 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended June 30, 2025, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
We, our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer, certain current and former members of our board of directors, and the underwriters that participated in our IPO are named as defendants in a consolidated putative class action, captioned In re ON24, Inc. Securities Litigation, 4:21-cv-08578-YGR (filed in November 2021), in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The consolidated complaint purports to assert claims under Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 on behalf of all persons and entities that purchased, or otherwise acquired, our common stock issued in connection with our IPO. The complaint alleges that our registration statement and prospectus contained untrue statements of material fact and/or omitted material facts about ON24’s growth and customer base. The plaintiff seeks, among other things, an award of damages and attorneys’ fees and costs. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint in May 2022, which the district court granted with leave to amend in July 2023. Plaintiff filed its amended complaint in September 2023, and the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint in October 2023. In March 2024, the district court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss with prejudice. Plaintiff has filed a notice of appeal of the district court’s order and that appeal is currently ongoing. We believe that the allegations in the amended complaint are without merit.
From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. Except as set forth in the prior paragraph, we are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that we believe, if determined adversely to us, would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this report, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, as well as in our other filings with the SEC, in evaluating our business and before investing in our common stock. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and our stockholders may lose all or part of their investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations.
Summary of Risk Factors
Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those risks discussed at-length below. You should read these risks before you invest in our common stock.
•our ability to grow our revenue;
•fluctuation in our performance, our history of net losses and any increases in our expenses;
•our ability to attract new customers and expand sales to existing customers;
•competition and technological development in our markets and any decline in demand for our solutions or generally in our markets;
•adverse general economic, political and market conditions and spending on sales and marketing technology;
•our ability to expand our sales and marketing capabilities and achieve growth;
•the impact of any cybersecurity-related attack, significant data breach or disruption of the information technology systems or networks on which we rely;
•disruptions, interruptions, outages or other issues with our technology or our use of third-party services, data connectors and data centers;
•the impact of the resumption of in-person marketing activities on our customer growth rate;
•our sales cycle, our international presence and our timing of revenue recognition from our sales;
•interoperability with other devices, systems and applications;
•compliance with data privacy, import and export controls, customs, sanctions and other laws and regulations;
•intellectual property matters, including any infringements of third-party intellectual property rights by us or infringement of our intellectual property rights by third parties; and
•the market for, trading price of and other matters associated with our common stock.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry
Our revenue has decreased in recent years following a period of rapid growth, and we may not be able to increase our revenue in future periods.
Our revenue has decreased in recent periods and our revenue could continue to decline for a number of reasons, including due to reduced budgets for our customers, increased emphasis on in-person marketing and competitive dynamics. Although we experienced significant revenue growth in 2021 and 2020, including a revenue increase of 30% in 2021 compared to 2020, in subsequent years we have seen declines. For example, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, our revenue decreased 5% and 7%, respectively, compared to the same periods of 2024. If our revenue does not increase in future periods, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed. Furthermore, if we cannot attract new customers to our platform or our existing customers do not continue their subscriptions, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed.
As a result of our limited operating history at our current scale, our ability to forecast our future results of operations is limited and subject to a number of uncertainties. You should not rely on our rapid growth in 2021 or 2020, our revenue decline in 2024, 2023 or 2022, or any other trend in a prior period, as an indication of our future performance. In future periods, our revenue may decline for a number of reasons, including any reduction in demand for our platform, increased competition, higher market penetration, a contraction of our overall market, our inability to accurately forecast demand for our platform and plan for capacity constraints or our failure, for any reason, to capitalize on growth opportunities. If our revenue does not grow, investors’ perceptions of our business and the trading price of our common stock may continue to be adversely affected.
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Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.
Our quarterly results of operations and financial condition may vary significantly in the future, and period-to-period comparisons may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our quarterly results of operations and financial condition may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. For example, our revenue decreased in the first two quarters of 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024 and we may face similar declines in future periods. Further, because we generally invoice our customers at the beginning of the contractual terms of their subscriptions to our solutions, our financial condition reflects deferred revenue that we recognize ratably as revenue over the contractual term. In recent years, we have observed fewer new subscriptions and renewals, and our cash and deferred revenue have decreased. Fluctuation in quarterly results may negatively impact the value of our securities. Factors that may cause fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations include:
•our ability to retain and expand customer usage;
•our ability to attract new customers;
•our ability to hire and retain employees, in particular those responsible for the selling or marketing of our platform and provide sales leadership in areas in which we are expanding our sales and marketing efforts;
•changes in the way we organize and compensate our sales teams;
•the timing of expenses and recognition of revenue;
•the length of sales cycles;
•seasonality of customer utilization and marketing budgets;
•the amount and timing of operating expenses related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure, as well as international expansion and entry into operating leases;
•timing and effectiveness of new sales and marketing initiatives;
•changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors;
•the timing and success of new products, features and functionality by us or our competitors;
•interruptions or delays in our service, network outages, or actual or perceived privacy or security breaches;
•changes in the competitive dynamics of our industry, including consolidation among competitors;
•changes in laws and regulations that impact our business;
•the timing or amount of any share repurchases, including any impact from the excise tax on stock repurchases created by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022;
•one or more large indemnification payments to our customers or other third parties;
•the timing of expenses related to any future acquisitions; and
•general economic, political and market conditions.
Failure to attract new customers or retain, expand the usage of, and upsell our products to existing customers would harm our business and growth prospects.
We derive, and expect to continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenue and cash flows from sales of subscriptions to our products. As such, our business depends upon our ability to attract new customers and to maintain and expand our relationships with our existing customers, including by expanding their usage and upselling additional solutions. Our business is largely subscription-based, and customers are not obligated to and may not renew their subscriptions after their existing subscriptions expire. As a result, customers may not renew their subscriptions at the same rate, increase their usage of our solutions or purchase subscriptions for additional solutions, if they renew at all.
Renewals of subscriptions may continue to decline or may fluctuate because of several factors, such as the loss or reduction of available budget, the perception that competitive products provide better or less expensive options, a change in key stakeholders or decision makers, dissatisfaction with our solutions or support, or a customer no longer having a need for our solutions. For example, some organizations that purchased our ON24 Virtual Conference product have returned to in-person events and no longer need the large-scale virtual event experience functionality provided by this product. In order to grow our business, we strive to add new customers and replace customers who choose not to continue to use our platform. Any decrease in user satisfaction with our solutions or support may result in negative online customer reviews and decreased word-of-mouth referrals, which would harm our brand and our ability to grow.
In addition to striving to attract new customers to our platform, we seek to expand the usage of our solutions by our existing customers by increasing the number of departments, divisions and teams that use our solutions within each of our customers. If we fail to expand the usage of our solutions by existing customers or if customers fail to purchase other solutions from us, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed.
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Competition in our markets is intense, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could be harmed.
We compete for customers with a number of different types of companies that offer a variety of products and services, including meeting tools, webinar software, virtual event software, video portal software, content management software, physical events, physical event software, marketing automation software, and digital marketing tools. Our competitors vary in size and in the breadth and scope of the products and services they offer. Many of our current and potential competitors have larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and significantly greater financial, marketing and other resources than we have. Our solutions face competition from a number of web-based meeting, webinar, physical event and marketing software products offered by companies such as Zoom, LogMeIn, Microsoft, Cisco, Cvent, Adobe, RingCentral and Kaltura. Many of these products have significantly lower prices. Although many of these companies do not currently offer products with real-time engagement features that gather the types and extent of actionable data that we gather, many of these companies have significantly greater resources and may be able to introduce similar products in the future. Additionally, we operate in a market which has experienced a rapid increase in the number of new and competitive entrants in the recent past and may again in the future. Furthermore, this market has seen rapid expansion, which may attract additional entrants, any of which could be our current business partners. As we introduce new solutions and services, and with the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future.
Many factors, including our pricing and marketing strategies, customer acquisition, and technology costs, as well as the pricing and marketing strategies of our competitors, can significantly affect our pricing strategies. Certain competitors offer, or may in the future offer, lower-priced or free products or services that compete with our entire platform or certain aspects of our platform, and they may offer a broader range of products and services than we do. Even if such competing products do not include all of the features and functionality that our solutions provide, we could face pricing pressure to the extent that customers find such alternative products to be sufficient to meet their needs. Similarly, certain competitors or potential competitors may use marketing strategies that enable them to acquire customers at a lower cost than we can. Moreover, larger organizations, which are a primary focus of our direct sales efforts, may demand substantial price concessions. As a result, we may be required to provide larger organizations with pricing below our targets in the future. As a result, we could lose market share to our competitors or be forced to engage in price-cutting initiatives or other discounts to attract and retain customers, each of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Adverse or weakened general economic, political and market conditions may cause a reduction in spending on sales and marketing technology, which could harm our revenue, results of operations, and cash flows.
Our revenue, results of operations, and cash flows depend on the overall demand for and use of technology for sales and marketing, which depends in part on the amount of spending allocated by our customers or potential customers on sales and marketing technology. This spending depends on worldwide economic and geopolitical conditions. The U.S. and other key international economies have experienced cyclical downturns from time to time in which economic activity was impacted by falling demand for a variety of goods and services, inflation (including wage inflation), labor market constraints, restricted credit, poor liquidity, reduced corporate profitability, volatility in credit, equity, and foreign exchange markets, bankruptcies, pandemics such as COVID-19, and overall economic uncertainty. These economic conditions can arise suddenly, including the recent rise in inflation and the overall macroeconomic environment, which has negatively impacted our customers’ marketing budgets. In addition, geopolitical developments and tensions in the U.S. and global markets, such as presidential elections, trade policies, potential trade wars, and actions or inactions of the U.S. or other major national governments (including the imposition of tariffs and retaliatory measures) can increase levels of political and economic unpredictability globally and increase the volatility of global financial markets as well as result in an economic downturn more generally. In prior periods, we have initiated multiple strategic cost reductions, which included significant headcount reductions in 2022, 2023 and 2024 to reduce our cost structure. Any additional or larger scale reductions in force if economic conditions worsen may harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Market volatility, decreased consumer confidence, and diminished growth expectations in the U.S. economy and abroad as a result of the foregoing events could affect the rate of sales and marketing spending and could adversely affect our customers’ ability or willingness to purchase our services, delay prospective customers’ purchasing decisions, reduce the value or duration of their subscription contracts, or affect attrition rates, all of which could adversely affect our future sales and operating results. Some of our customers may view a subscription to our platform as a discretionary purchase, and our customers may reduce their discretionary spending on our platform during an economic downturn. In addition, weak economic conditions, including during times of high inflation and tightening budgets, can result in customers seeking to utilize lower-cost solutions that are available from alternative sources. Prolonged economic slowdowns may result in requests to renegotiate existing contracts on less advantageous terms to us than those currently in place, payment defaults on existing contracts, or non-renewal at the end of a contract term.
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A decline in demand for our solutions or for live engagement technologies in general could harm our business.
We derive, and expect to continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenue and cash flows from sales of subscriptions to our solutions. As a result, widespread adoption and use of live engagement technologies, webinars and event software in general, and our platform in particular, are critical to our future growth and success. If this market fails to grow or grows more slowly than we currently anticipate, demand for our platform could be negatively affected. Demand for our platform is affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Some of these potential factors include:
•availability of products and services that compete, directly or indirectly, with ours;
•introduction of free or “do-it-yourself” products;
•awareness and adoption of the live engagement technologies category generally as a substitute for in-person events;
•ease of adoption and use;
•features and platform experience;
•reliability of our platform, including frequency of outages;
•performance and user support;
•our brand and reputation;
•security and privacy;
•our pricing and our competitors’ pricing; and
•new modes of live engagement that may be developed in the future.
If we fail to successfully predict and address these factors, meet customer demands or achieve more widespread market adoption of our platform, our business would be harmed.
We have a history of net losses, and we may increase our expenses in the future, which could prevent us from achieving or maintaining profitability.
We had a net loss of $7.3 million and $16.0 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $11.2 million and $21.9 million in the same periods of 2024, and we may incur net losses in the future. We intend to continue to expend funds on our direct sales force and marketing efforts to attract new customers and increase usage of our platform and products by our existing customers, to develop and enhance our platform and for general corporate purposes. To the extent we are successful in increasing our customer base, we may also incur increased losses because most of the costs associated with acquiring customers (other than sales commissions) are incurred up front, while the related subscription revenue is generally recognized ratably over the applicable subscription term. In addition, we may incur increased losses because most of the costs associated with acquiring customers, including sales commissions, require us to make cash outlays at the time we acquire a customer, and, similarly, the timing of our recognition of subscription revenue and sales commissions may not correspond with our cash position. Our subscriptions typically have terms of one year that automatically renew for successive one-year terms unless terminated. We also have certain customers with subscription terms for up to three years. Our efforts to grow our business may be costlier than we expect, and we may not be able to increase our revenue enough to offset our higher operating expenses and any increase in our cost of sales, including as a result of a shift to a hybrid cloud. If we are unable to achieve and sustain profitability, the value of our business and common stock may significantly decrease. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict the size and growth rate of our market, customer demand for our platform, user adoption and renewal of subscriptions to our platform, and the entry or the success of competitive products and services. As a result, we may not achieve or maintain profitability in future periods.
The failure to effectively develop and expand our marketing and sales capabilities could harm our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our platform.
Our ability to increase our customer base, expand the usage of our existing customers and achieve broader market acceptance of our solutions will depend to a significant extent on our ability to effectively manage our sales and marketing operations and activities. We are substantially dependent on our direct sales force and on our marketing efforts in order to obtain new customers. We have in the past expanded and may in the future expand our direct sales force both domestically and internationally. We believe that there is significant competition for experienced sales professionals with the sales skills and technical knowledge that we currently require or may require in the future. Our ability to achieve revenue growth will depend, in part, on our success in recruiting, training and retaining a sufficient number of qualified and experienced sales professionals. New hires require significant training and time before they achieve full productivity, particularly in new industries or geographies. New hires may not become as productive as quickly as we expect, or at all, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the future in the markets and segments where we do business. Our business may be harmed if our sales and marketing efforts do not generate a significant increase in revenue.
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Issues with the use of AI in our platform may result in reputational harm or liability, or could otherwise adversely affect our business.
We have built and are continuing to build AI-powered capabilities, which includes generative AI, natural language processing and machine learning, into our platform, leveraging the data collected by our customers through our platform to enable better engagement and create enhanced content. While we have incorporated these capabilities into several of our products, including ACE, and plan to further use AI in our platform, as with many innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect its availability and adoption, including current legal uncertainties around the use of AI and possible new laws and regulations, and therefore our business. We partially rely on third-party providers of AI technology, and those third-party providers may be required to change, suspend, or restrict access to their services. AI algorithms and training methods may be flawed. Datasets or outputs may be insufficient or contain errors. Generated content may contain copyrighted or infringing materials. Any deficiencies and other failures of the AI-powered capabilities in our platform could reduce the demand for our platform in the marketplace, result in user dissatisfaction and adversely affect our business. Ineffective or inadequate AI development or deployment practices by us or others could also result in incidents that impair the acceptance of AI solutions. These deficiencies and other failures of AI systems could require us to refund fees to customers or subject us to competitive harm, regulatory action, legal liability (including under new legislation regulating AI in jurisdictions such as the US and EU, the application of existing data protection, privacy, intellectual property, and other laws), and brand or reputational harm. Further, perceptions in society about the use of AI could impact the demand for products using AI.
We rely heavily on third parties for parts of our computing, storage, processing, application integration and similar services. Any disruption of or interference with our use of these third-party services could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
We have outsourced aspects of our infrastructure to third-party providers, and we currently use these providers to host and stream content and support our platform. For example, our content delivery networks and some of our interactive video functionality and integration services are provided by third parties, and we plan to continue our transition to a hybrid cloud infrastructure in the future. Accordingly, we are vulnerable to service interruptions experienced by these providers, and we expect to experience interruptions, delays, or outages in service availability in the future due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human, hardware or software errors, hosting disruptions, and capacity constraints. We expect that our transition to a hybrid cloud infrastructure will require significant investment and have a continuing effect on our cost of revenue and may not be effective in improving our capacity or redundancy. Outages and capacity constraints could also arise from a number of causes such as technical failures, natural disasters, fraud, or security attacks. The level of service provided by these providers, or regular or prolonged interruptions in that service, could also affect the use of, and our customers’ satisfaction with, our solutions and could harm our business and reputation. In addition, third-party costs will increase as subscriptions and customer use of our platform grows, which could harm our business if we are unable to grow our revenue faster than the cost of using these services or the services of similar providers.
Furthermore, our providers may change the terms of service and policies pursuant to which they provide services to us, and those actions may be unfavorable to our business operations. Our providers may also take actions beyond our control that could seriously harm our business, including discontinuing or limiting our access to one or more services, increasing pricing terms, terminating or seeking to terminate our contractual relationship altogether, or altering how we are able to process data in a way that is unfavorable or costly to us. For example, some businesses providing data connectors to our products may fail to properly integrate with our platform and third-party sales and marketing systems, stop servicing the data connectors or cease development and support, any of which may limit functionality of our products. In addition, some businesses that provide cloud services and data connectors are or may become our competitors and may take one or more of the foregoing actions in an effort to compete with our platform. Although we expect that we could obtain similar services from other third parties, if our arrangements with our current providers were terminated, we could experience interruptions on our platform and in our ability to make our content available to customers, as well as delays and additional expenses in arranging for alternative cloud infrastructure services.
Any of these factors could cause network disruptions, or even network failure, reduce our revenue, subject us to liability, and cause our customers to decline to renew their subscriptions, any of which could harm our business.
Cybersecurity-related attacks, significant data breaches or disruptions of the information technology systems or networks on which we rely could negatively affect our business.
Our operations rely on information technology systems for the use, storage and transmission of sensitive and confidential information with respect to our customers, our customers’ users, third-party technology platforms and our employees. In addition, our solutions gather more information from our customers and their users than many competing products, which may make us an attractive target for a malicious cybersecurity attack, intrusion or disruption, or other breach of our systems. Any such event could lead to unauthorized access to, use of, disclosure of or the loss of sensitive and confidential information, disruption of our platform, and resulting regulatory enforcement actions, litigation, indemnity obligations and other possible liabilities, as well as negative publicity, any of which could damage our reputation, impair sales and harm our business. For example, in June 2021 we were subject to a security incident involving ransomware, which impacted certain internal systems and a limited number of customer events. While the incident did not result in any material impact to us, our remedial measures may not be successful in preventing future security incidents, which may result in adverse impacts to our operations, ability to provide our services, results of operations or financial position. Additionally, as our market presence grows, we may face increased risks of cyber-related attacks or security threats in the future.
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Cyberattacks and other malicious internet-based activity continue to increase, and cloud-based providers of products and services have been and are expected to continue to be targeted. In addition to traditional computer “hackers,” malicious code (such as viruses and worms), phishing, ransomware, employee theft or misuse and other insider threats, and denial-of-service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors now engage in attacks (including advanced persistent threat intrusions). The development of AI technology may give threat actors new ways to launch cyber-attacks. As we grow, we may face increased risk of any such attacks. Despite efforts to create security barriers to such threats, it is not feasible, as a practical matter, for us to entirely mitigate these risks. If our security measures are compromised as a result of third-party action, employee, customer, or user error, malfeasance, stolen or fraudulently obtained log-in credentials or otherwise, our reputation would be damaged, our data, information or intellectual property, or those of our customers, may be destroyed, stolen or otherwise compromised, our business may be harmed and we could incur significant liability. We may be unable in the future to anticipate or prevent techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or compromise of our systems because they change frequently and are generally not detected until after an incident has occurred. We may not be able to prevent vulnerabilities in our software or address vulnerabilities that we may become aware of in the future. Further, as we rely on third-party cloud infrastructure, we depend in part on third-party security measures to protect against unauthorized access, cyberattacks and the mishandling of data and information.
Any cybersecurity event or any future vulnerability in our software, cyberattack, intrusion or disruption, could result in significant increases in costs, including costs for remediating the effects of such an event, lost revenue due to network downtime, a decrease in customer and user trust, increases in insurance premiums due to cybersecurity incidents, increased costs to address cybersecurity issues and attempts to prevent future incidents, and harm to our business and our reputation because of any such incident. In addition, such incidents and data breaches can give rise to penalties and fines under data protection and cybersecurity laws, rules and regulations, enforcement actions, contractual damages, class actions, customer audits and other liability.
Many jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring companies to provide notice of data security incidents involving certain types of personal data. Under some of these laws, such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), data breach is defined very broadly to include any accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorized disclosure of, or access to any personal data, regardless of the sensitivity of such data. In addition, certain platform information may be made available via unique links to publicly accessible webpages, which could be accessed by unauthorized individuals. While the information accessible via these pages is limited, it is possible that a regulator, customer or third party could view this negatively, in particular in light of the broad definition of personal data and data breach under certain laws. In addition, we have contractual obligations to notify our customers of any data breaches involving their personal data processed by us.
Any limitation of liability provisions in our subscription agreements may not be enforceable or adequate or may not otherwise protect us from any such liabilities or damages with respect to any claim related to a cybersecurity incident. Our existing general liability insurance coverage and coverage for errors or omissions may not continue to be available on acceptable terms or may not be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims. The insurer may deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, would harm our business.
Further, security compromises experienced by our competitors, by our customers or by us may lead to widespread negative publicity. Any security compromise in our industry, whether actual or perceived, could harm our reputation, erode confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures, negatively affect our ability to attract new customers, encourage consumers to restrict the sharing of their personal data with our customers or social media networks, cause existing customers to elect not to renew their subscriptions or subject us to lawsuits, regulatory fines or other action or liability, which could harm our business.
Interruptions, delays or outages in service from the hosting facilities we use for our technology or infrastructure could impair the delivery and the functionality of our solutions, which may harm our business.
Our growth, brand, reputation and ability to attract and retain customers depends in part on the ability of our customers to access our platform at any time and within an acceptable amount of time. We currently use hosting facilities in Colorado, California, the Netherlands and Ireland to host our service. While each of U.S. hosting facility provides fully redundant processing for the other U.S. hosting facility and each EU data hosting facility provides fully redundant processing for the other EU hosting facility, we estimate that failover may require as long as 120 minutes to complete, during which time our platform may not be fully available to customers in the event of catastrophic failure at one of those hosting facilities. In addition, the hosting facility redundancy does not ensure that all platform disruptions can be restored within 120 minutes in the absence of a catastrophic failure at one of these hosting facilities. For example, it is possible that ON24 platform services could be impacted by a cybersecurity incident that cannot be fully resolved by failover to another hosting facility.
We also do not control the operation of the hosting facilities we use, and they are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, intentional bad acts, natural disasters, war, terrorist attacks, cyber attacks and other cybersecurity incidents, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures and similar events, any of which could disrupt our service. In the event of significant physical damage to one of these hosting facilities, it may take a significant period of time to achieve full resumption of our platform, and our disaster recovery planning may not account for all eventualities.
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In addition, our platform is proprietary, and we depend on the expertise and efforts of members of our operations and software development teams for its continued performance. Our ability to retain, attract, hire and train staff in these groups may prove to be a challenge for a variety of factors and could have an adverse impact on the platform. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, service disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, zero-day vulnerabilities, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of users accessing our platform concurrently and denial-of-service attacks, ransomware attacks and other cybersecurity incidents by malicious actors. In some instances, we may not be able to rectify these performance issues within an acceptable period of time.
Our ability to attract and retain customers depends on our ability to provide our customers and their users with a highly reliable platform. If our platform is unavailable or if our customers and their users are unable to access our platform within a reasonable amount of time, or at all, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected. Additionally, if the hosting facilities we use are unable to keep up with our increasing need for capacity, our customers may experience delays as we seek to obtain additional capacity, which could harm our business.
We may not be able to respond to rapid technological changes, extend our platform or develop new features.
The markets in which we compete are characterized by rapid technological change and frequent new product and service introductions. Our ability to attract new customers and retain and expand the usage of existing customers depends on our ability to continue to enhance and improve our platform, to introduce new features and solutions and to interoperate across an increasing range of devices, operating systems and third-party applications. Our customers may require features and capabilities that our current platform does not have. While we are committed to investing in research and development and are focused on improving the quality and range of our product offerings, we have recently reduced our level of investment in research and development which may impact the rate at which we are able to enhance and improve our platform or introduce new features and solutions. Furthermore, we made significant headcount reductions in 2022, 2023 and 2024 to reduce our cost structure. Reductions in our workforce could result in the loss of valuable skills and knowledge and have a negative impact on morale, which can impact our ability to innovate. Our enhancements to our platform and our new product experiences, features or capabilities may not be compelling to our existing or potential customers and may not gain market acceptance. If our research and development investments do not accurately anticipate customer demand, or if we fail to develop our platform in a manner that satisfies customer preferences in a timely and cost-effective manner, we may fail to retain our existing customers or increase demand for our platform.
The introduction of competing products and services or the development of entirely new technologies to replace existing offerings could make our platform obsolete or adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. We may experience difficulties with software development, design or marketing that could delay or prevent our development, introduction, or implementation of new product experiences, features, or capabilities. New product experiences, features or capabilities may not be released according to schedule. Any delays could result in adverse publicity, loss of revenue or market acceptance, or claims by customers brought against us, all of which could harm our business. If customers do not widely adopt our new product experiences, features and capabilities, we may not be able to realize a return on our investment. If we are unable to develop, license or acquire new features and capabilities to our platform on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if such enhancements do not achieve market acceptance, our business would be harmed.
Our sales cycle with Enterprise customers can be long and unpredictable.
A substantial portion of our business is with large Enterprise customers. We define a customer as a unique organization, including its subsidiaries and affiliates, that has entered into an agreement for paid access to our platform. As of June 30, 2025, we had 304 $100k Customers, which are generally large organizations, representing 67% of our ARR. The timing of our sales with our Enterprise customers and related revenue recognition is difficult to predict because of the length and uncertainty of the sales cycle for these customers. We are often required to spend significant time and resources to educate and familiarize these potential customers with the value proposition of paying for our platform. The length of our sales cycle for these customers, from initial evaluation to payment for our platform, is often around three to six months or more and can vary substantially from customer to customer. As a result, it is difficult to predict whether and when a sale will be completed. An inability to increase our Enterprise customer base could harm our business.
Our results of operations have been and may be adversely impacted by market behavior as COVID-19 has subsided.
As the impact of COVID-19 has subsided, our current and prospective customers, and their users, have chosen to do more in-person marketing. This has contributed to reduced demand for our platform. Due to our subscription-based business model, the effect of COVID-19 may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. In addition, uncertainty regarding the impact of COVID-19 on our future operating results and financial condition has contributed to our decisions to pursue cost-cutting measures and reduce the level of our capital investments, and similar concerns may contribute to our delaying or canceling the implementation of strategic initiatives, any of which may negatively impact our business and reputation. The global macroeconomic effects of COVID-19 and related impacts on our customers’ business operations and their demand for our solutions may persist, even after any future spikes of COVID-19. In addition, the effects of COVID-19 may heighten many of the other risks we face, including those described in this Report.
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We have significant operations outside the United States, where we may be subject to increased business and economic risks that could harm our business.
We have significant operations outside of the United States. In the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, we generated 22% and 23%, respectively, of our revenue from customers outside of the United States. In prior periods, we have focused on expanding our international operations and we may return to doing so in future periods. For example, in 2020, we established a subsidiary in Japan to support our operations in the Asia-Pacific region and in 2022 we established a subsidiary in Germany to support our operations in the EMEA. Future efforts to expand our current international operations, including entering new markets or countries, may not be effective. For example, we may not be able to expand further in some markets if we are not able to satisfy certain government- and industry-specific requirements. In addition, our ability to manage our business and conduct our operations internationally in the future may require considerable management attention and resources and is subject to the particular challenges of supporting a rapidly growing business in an environment of multiple languages, cultures, customs, legal and regulatory systems and commercial markets. Any future international expansion will require investment of significant funds and other resources. Operating internationally subjects us to special risks, including risks associated with:
•recruiting and retaining talented and capable employees outside the United States and maintaining our company culture across all of our offices;
•providing our platform and operating our business across a significant distance, in different languages and among different cultures, including the potential need to modify our platform and features to ensure that they are culturally appropriate and relevant in different countries;
•determining the appropriate pricing strategy to enable us to compete effectively internationally, which may be different than the pricing strategies that have worked for us in the United States;
•compliance with applicable international laws and regulations, including laws and regulations with respect to privacy, data protection and marketing, and the risk of penalties to us and individual members of management or employees if our practices are deemed to be out of compliance;
•management of an employee base in jurisdictions that may not give us the same employment and retention flexibility as does the United States;
•difficulties in managing and staffing international operations including the proper classification of independent contractors and other contingent workers, differing employer/employee relationships, and local employment laws;
•operating in jurisdictions that do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as does the United States and the practical enforcement of such intellectual property rights outside of the United States;
•foreign government interference with our intellectual property that is developed outside of the United States, such as the risk that changes in foreign laws could restrict our ability to use our intellectual property outside of the jurisdiction in which we developed it;
•integration with partners outside of the United States;
•compliance by us and our business partners with anti-corruption laws, import and export control laws, tariffs, trade barriers, economic sanctions and other regulatory limitations on our ability to provide our platform in certain international markets;
•foreign business restrictions, foreign exchange controls and similar laws that might require significant lead time in setting up operations in certain geographic territories and might prevent us from repatriating cash earned outside the United States;
•political and economic instability;
•changes in diplomatic and trade relationships, including the imposition of new trade restrictions, trade protection measures, import or export requirements, trade embargoes and other trade barriers;
•generally longer payment cycles and greater difficulty in collecting accounts receivable;
•double taxation of our international earnings and potentially adverse tax consequences due to changes in the income and other tax laws of the United States or the international jurisdictions in which we operate; and
•higher costs of doing business internationally, including increased accounting, travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs.
In addition, the ongoing Ukraine- Russia war involves significant military forces in Eastern Europe, and the invasion of Ukraine has triggered unprecedented sanctions against Russia by the U.S., NATO, and other countries. These conditions have created global security concerns that have had a lasting impact on regional and global economies, any or all of which could adversely affect our business. Separately, since October 2023, an armed conflict began in Israel and the Gaza Strip, which has also involved hostilities in surrounding areas. We are actively monitoring these conflicts to assess their ongoing impact on our business, as well as on our customers and other parties with whom we do business. While it is not possible to determine the extent to which these conflicts may have impacted our business, in 2024 we experienced a decrease of 5% in total revenue from customers in the EMEA region as compared to 2023. It is also not possible to predict the broader consequences of these ongoing conflicts, which could include further sanctions, embargoes, regional instability, geopolitical
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shifts, or unfavorable developments in macroeconomic conditions, consumer spending habits, currency exchange rates, and financial markets, any of which could adversely impact us or our customers, causing our business to suffer.
Compliance with laws and regulations applicable to our global operations substantially increases our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions. We may be unable to keep current with changes in laws and regulations in each jurisdiction as they occur. Our policies and procedures designed to support compliance with these laws and regulations may not always result in our compliance or that of our employees, contractors, partners and agents. Any violations could result in enforcement actions, fines, civil and criminal penalties, damages, injunctions or reputational harm. If we are unable to comply with these laws and regulations or manage the complexity of our global operations successfully, we may need to relocate or cease operations in certain foreign jurisdictions.
W e recognize revenue from subscriptions to our platform over the terms of the subscriptions. Consequently, increases or decreases in new sales are generally not immediately reflected in our results of operations and may be difficult to discern.
We recognize revenue from subscriptions to our platform over the terms of the subscriptions. As a result, a substantial portion of the revenue we report in each quarter is derived from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to subscriptions entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscriptions in any single quarter may have a small impact on the revenue that we recognize for that quarter. However, such a decline will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and potential changes in our pricing policies or rate of customer expansion or retention may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. In addition, a significant portion of our costs are recognized as they are incurred, while revenue is recognized over the term of the subscription. As a result, growth in the number of new customers has in the past and may in the future result in our recognition of higher costs and lower revenue in the earlier periods of such growth. Finally, our subscription-based revenue model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers or from existing customers that increase their usage of our product offerings must be recognized over the applicable subscription term.
Our ability to sell subscriptions to our products could be harmed by real or perceived material defects or errors in our platform or by other matters that may interrupt the availability of our platform or cause performance issues.
The software underlying our platform is inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors, particularly when we first introduce new solutions or when we release new features or capabilities. We have from time to time found defects or errors in our platform, and we or our users may detect new defects or errors in our existing or future platform or solutions. Any real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our platform could result in negative publicity or lead to data security, access, retention or other performance issues, all of which could harm our business. We may incur substantial costs in correcting such defects or errors and such costs could harm our business. Moreover, the harm to our reputation and potential legal liability related to such defects or errors may be substantial and could harm our business.
Our platform also utilizes hardware that we purchase or lease and software and services that we procure from third parties. In some cases, this includes software we license from international companies that may in the future become subject to legal or regulatory limitations on their ability to provide software outside of their jurisdiction. Any defects in, or unavailability of, our third-party hardware, software or services that cause interruptions to the availability of our platform, loss of data or performance issues could, among other things:
•cause a reduction in our revenue or a delay in market acceptance of our platform;
•require us to issue refunds to our customers or expose us to claims for damages;
•cause us to lose existing customers and make it more difficult to attract new customers;
•divert our development resources or require us to make extensive changes to our platform, which would increase our expenses;
•increase our technical support costs; and
•harm our reputation and brand.
The contractual protections, such as warranty disclaimers and limitation of liability provisions, in our customer agreements may not fully or effectively protect us from claims by customers or other third parties. Any insurance coverage we may have may not adequately cover all claims asserted against us or may only cover a portion of such claims. A successful product liability, warranty, or other similar claim against us could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, even claims that ultimately are unsuccessful could result in our expenditure of funds in litigation and divert management’s time and other resources.
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The experience of our customers and their users depends upon the interoperability of our platform across devices, operating systems and third-party applications that we do not control, and if we are not able to maintain and expand our relationships with third parties in order to integrate our platform with their products, our business may be harmed.
Our products have broad interoperability with a range of diverse devices, operating systems and supported third-party applications. Our platform is accessible from the web and from devices running Windows, Mac OS, iOS and Android. We depend on the accessibility of our platform across these and other third-party operating systems and applications that we do not control. For example, given the broad adoption of Salesforce’s products, it is important that we are able to integrate with its software. Several potential competitors have inherent advantages by being able to develop products and services internally that more tightly integrate with their own software platforms or those of their business partners.
We may not be able to modify our platform or products to maintain their continued compatibility with that of third parties’ products and services that are constantly evolving. In addition, some of our competitors may be able to disrupt the ability of our platform and products to operate with their products or services, or they could exert strong business influence on our ability to, and the terms on which we, operate and provide access to our platform and products. Should any of these third parties modify their products or services in a manner that degrades the functionality of our platform or products, or that gives preferential treatment to their own or competitive products or services, whether to enhance their competitive position or for any other reason, the interoperability of our platform and products with these third-party products and services could decrease and our business could be harmed.
Our business depends on a strong brand, and if we are not able to maintain, enhance, and effectively promote our brand, our ability to expand our base of users will be impaired and our business will be harmed.
We believe that our brand identity and awareness have contributed to our success. We believe that the importance of our brand and market awareness of the benefits of our platform and products will increase as competition in our market further intensifies. Successful promotion of our brand will depend on a number of factors, including the effectiveness of our marketing efforts, thought leadership, our ability to provide a high-quality, reliable and cost-effective platform, the perceived value of our platform and products and our ability to provide quality customer success and support experience. The increasing use of AI-powered search engines, chatbots, and other similar tools may lead customers and prospects to rely on AI-generated information, which may not mention or be incomplete or inaccurate with respect to us, our brand, or our offerings, which may in turn harm our business. Brand promotion activities require us to make substantial investments. The promotion of our brand, however, may not generate brand interest from customers or increase revenue, and any increase in revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building and maintaining our brand.
Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at a similar rate, if at all.
Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts, including those we have generated ourselves, are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. Not every organization covered by our market opportunity estimates will necessarily purchase subscriptions for our solutions or similar products or services in the near-term or at all, and some or many of those organizations may choose to continue using products or services offered by our competitors. It is impossible to build every product feature that every customer wants, and our competitors may develop and offer features that our platform does not provide. In presenting our total addressable market, we are not making any claim that we can realistically serve that market. The variables used in the calculation of our market opportunity are subject to change over time, and there is no guarantee that any particular number or percentage of the organizations covered by our market opportunity estimates will generate any particular level of revenue for us, if any. Even if the market in which we compete meets our size estimates and growth forecasts, our business could fail to grow for a variety of reasons outside of our control, including competition in our industry, customer preferences or the other risks set forth in this Report and other documents we filed with the SEC from time to time. If any of these risks materialize, it could harm our business and prospects.
If we were to lose the services of our Chief Executive Officer or other members of our senior management team, we may not be able to execute our business strategy.
Our success depends in a large part upon the continued service of key members of our senior management team. In particular, our co-founder, President and Chief Executive Officer, Sharat Sharan, is critical to our overall management, as well as the continued development of our solutions, our culture, our strategic direction, our engineering and our operations. All of our executive officers are at-will employees, and we do not maintain any key person life insurance policies. The loss of any member of our senior management team could harm our business.
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The failure to attract and retain additional qualified personnel could harm our business and culture and prevent us from executing our business strategy.
To execute our business strategy, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for executives, software developers, sales personnel and other key employees in our industry is intense. In particular, we compete with many other companies for software developers with high levels of experience in designing, developing and managing software for live engagement technologies, as well as for skilled sales and operations professionals. At times, we have experienced, and we may continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications, and we may not be able to fill positions. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business could be harmed.
Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have, and some of these companies may offer greater compensation packages. Particularly, in the San Francisco Bay Area, job candidates and existing employees carefully consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our equity awards declines, or if the mix of equity and cash compensation that we offer is unattractive, it may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. Job candidates may also be threatened with legal action under agreements with their existing employers if we attempt to hire them, which could impact hiring and result in a diversion of our time and resources. Additionally, laws and regulations, such as restrictive immigration laws, may limit our ability to recruit internationally. We must also continue to retain and motivate existing employees through our compensation practices, company culture and career development opportunities. If we fail to attract new personnel or to retain our current personnel, our business would be harmed.
In addition, many of our employees may be able to receive significant proceeds from sales of our equity in the public markets, which may reduce their motivation to continue to work for us. Moreover, these proceeds could create disparities in wealth among our employees, which may harm our culture and relations among employees and our business.
We may not successfully plan for future growth.
The growth and expansion of our business in prior periods placed significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources. Our information technology systems and our internal controls and procedures may not adequately keep pace with any future growth. In addition, we face challenges of integrating, developing, motivating and retaining an employee base in various countries around the world. Managing any future growth would also require significant expenditures and allocation of valuable management resources.
Our ability to forecast our future results of operations is subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to effectively plan for and model future growth. We have encountered in the past, and may encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries. If we fail to achieve the necessary level of efficiency in our organization as it grows, or if we are not able to accurately forecast any future growth, our business would be harmed.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations of the applicable listing standards of the NYSE. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly and place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers. We are also continuing to improve our internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight.
Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. In addition, changes in accounting principles or interpretations could also challenge our internal controls and require that we establish new business processes, systems and controls to accommodate such changes. We have limited experience with implementing the systems and controls that will be necessary to operate as a public company, as well as adopting changes in accounting principles or interpretations mandated by the relevant regulatory bodies. Additionally, if these new systems, controls or standards and the associated process changes do not give rise to the benefits that we expect or do not operate as intended, it could adversely affect our financial reporting systems and processes, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial reports or the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Moreover, our business may be harmed if we experience problems with any new systems and controls that result in delays in their implementation or increased costs to correct any post-implementation issues that may arise.
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Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our business or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we will eventually be required to include in our periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the NYSE.
We are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC following the date we are no longer an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act, assuming we are then an “accelerated filer” or a “large accelerated filer,” as defined pursuant to the Exchange Act. We are required to disclose, to the extent material, changes made in our internal control over financial reporting on a quarterly basis. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal control over financial reporting is documented, designed or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could harm our business and could cause a decline in the trading price of our common stock.
Any failure to offer high-quality support may harm our relationships with our customers and, consequently, our business.
We have designed our platform to be easy to adopt and use with minimal support. However, if we experience increased demand for support, we may face increased support costs. In addition, as we grow our operations and support our global customer base, we must provide efficient support that meets our customers’ needs, including by integrating with or building solutions that allow streamlined support workflows, or by hiring additional support personnel if necessary. Our ability to acquire new customers significantly depends on our business reputation and on positive recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain, or a market perception that we do not maintain, high-quality support could harm our business.
Our business could be disrupted by catastrophic events.
Occurrence of any catastrophic event, including a pandemic such as COVID-19, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami or other weather event, power loss, telecommunications failure, software or hardware malfunction, cyberattack, war or terrorist attack, could result in lengthy interruptions in our service. In particular, our U.S. headquarters and one of the data centers we utilize are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity, and our insurance coverage may not compensate us for losses that may occur in the event of an earthquake or other significant natural disaster. In addition, acts of terrorism could cause disruptions to the internet, the electric grid or the economy as a whole. Even with our disaster recovery arrangements, our service could be interrupted. If our systems were to fail or be negatively impacted as a result of a natural disaster or other catastrophic event, our ability to deliver our solutions to our customers would be impaired or we could lose critical data. If we are unable to develop adequate plans to ensure that our business functions continue to operate during and after a disaster and to execute successfully on those plans in the event of a disaster or emergency, our business could be harmed.
Our actual or perceived failure to comply with privacy laws could harm our business.
Businesses use our platform to facilitate better engagement with their customers and prospects, derive insights about content and usage, and provide more meaningful and targeted experiences and content. These capabilities rely on collection and processing of personal information through our platform. As a result, compliance with laws and regulations regarding data privacy, cybersecurity, data protection, data breaches, and the collection, processing, storage, transfer and use of personal data, which we collectively refer to as privacy laws, are critical to our business. While we strive to comply with applicable privacy laws and legal obligations, the impact, requirements and enforcement risks associated with privacy laws vary, and in some cases may even conflict, across jurisdictions.
Our roles and obligations under privacy laws, and consequently our potential liability, may vary. In some cases, our customers may pass through privacy law compliance obligations and requirements to us contractually. We have customers in numerous jurisdictions worldwide, and our customers may try to impose broad obligations on us pursuant to all privacy laws applicable to them and may decide not to do business with us if we will not agree to their privacy terms. Certain significant privacy laws (such as the GDPR) impose obligations directly on many of our customers, as “data controllers,” as well as on us both as a “data processor” for personal data processed on behalf of our customers pursuant to our platform, which we refer to as the platform personal data, and as a “controller” for the personal data we collect related to employees and personnel, our B2B relationships, and our marketing, sales and other activities, which we refer to as the ON24 business data. Under these privacy laws, we typically have fewer direct obligations as a “data processor” or “service provider” than our
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customers do, with respect to platform personal data. However, we can still be subject to significant liability for noncompliance with such laws, including, for example, under the GDPR, which provides for penalties of up to the greater of €20 million or four percent of worldwide annual revenue. Certain other privacy laws do not clearly distinguish between “controller” and “processor” or similar roles. Where such privacy laws apply, we could be subject to increased risks if our customers fail to comply with notice, consent and other requirements under applicable privacy laws in their use of our platform. While we generally require and rely on our customers to ensure that their use of our platform and associated personal information processing complies with applicable privacy laws, our customers could fail to comply with these requirements, which could expose us to risks under certain privacy laws.
Further, even similar privacy laws may be subject to evolving or differing interpretations and enforcement risks. For example, across the EU, supervisory authorities of EU member states may issue data protection guidance and opinions regarding the GDPR that may vary. Also, under the current ePrivacy Directive and associated EU member state legislation, the rules governing marketing, “cookies” and online advertising vary among EU member states. In addition, across jurisdictions, privacy laws may include varied and inconsistent requirements. As a result, certain features of our platform and products could pose risks or need to be modified for certain jurisdictions, but not for others. Such requirements could reduce demand for our products, require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to collect, store, transfer and process data or, in some cases, impact our customers’ use of our platform.
Furthermore, general customer and buyer trust as to the responsible use of data may cause business buyers to resist providing the data necessary to allow our customers to use our platform effectively. Even the perception that the privacy and security of personal information are not satisfactorily protected or do not meet regulatory requirements could inhibit sales of our products or services and limit adoption of our products.
Evolving privacy laws may impact use and adoption of our platform and adversely affect our business.
Laws and regulations related to privacy, personal data and the provision of services over the Internet are evolving in the United States and globally, with the adoption of new and amended privacy laws. The impact, requirements and enforcement risks associated with these privacy laws vary, and in some cases may even conflict, across jurisdictions.
In addition, new U.S. and international privacy laws may impose new obligations on us and many of our customers. Both in the United States and globally, numerous jurisdictions have passed or are actively considering new or amended privacy laws. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, which took effect in January 2020 and was substantially amended by the California Privacy Rights Act effective January 1, 2023 (as amended, the “CCPA”), applies to us and to many our customers. Under the CCPA, we are both a “business,” as to the ON24 business data, and a “service provider,” as to the platform personal data. The CCPA introduced sweeping definitions and broad individual rights, and imposes substantial requirements and restrictions on the collection, use and disclosure of personal information. The CCPA also introduced a private right of action for certain data breaches, which gives rise to increased class action risk. Notably, since the CCPA was signed into law, it has been amended multiple times, has been subject to further implementing regulations, and may face further amendment, refinement or replacement.
As the CCPA continues to evolve, several U.S. states have recently adopted new privacy laws and various other U.S. states are also actively introducing and considering so-called “omnibus” privacy legislation. In 2023, omnibus privacy laws took effect in Colorado, Connecticut, Virginia and Utah, and several other states have passed in 2023 and 2024 or are considering omnibus privacy laws. Similarly, numerous foreign jurisdictions have enacted or are actively considering legislation introducing new or amended laws and regulations addressing data privacy, cybersecurity, marketing, data protection, data localization and personal data. Further, privacy laws such as the EU’s proposed e-Privacy Regulation are increasingly aimed at the use of personal information for marketing purposes and the tracking of individuals’ online activities, which could expose us to additional regulatory burdens, limit our marketing, advertising, business development and sales efforts, and impact features made available to our customers through our platform. In addition, Brexit has also created additional uncertainty with regard to UK privacy laws, as well as the treatment of data transfers to and from the United Kingdom, where we have operations and customers. The ongoing development of privacy laws gives rise to uncertainty regarding the impact of privacy laws on us and our customers, and we and our customers could be exposed to additional burdens.
In addition, decisions by courts and regulatory bodies relating to privacy laws can also have a significant impact on us and other businesses that operate across international jurisdictions. For example, in 2020 both the EU-U.S. and Swiss-EU privacy shield frameworks were invalidated as an “adequacy” mechanism for the transfer of personal data from the European Economic Area, or the EEA-Switzerland, to the United States in compliance with the GDPR and Swiss data protection laws, respectively. Following this, we took measures to implement alternative adequacy mechanisms by using the EU standard contractual clauses for transfers of personal data for processors established in third countries, and agreed to, additional safeguards with certain customers. In July 2023, the US and the EU agreed to the EU-US Data Privacy Framework, and the US and Switzerland agreed to the Swiss-US Data Privacy Framework, which frameworks will now replace the previous privacy shield frameworks. In October 2023, the UK extension to the EU-US Data Privacy Framework came into force. While we participate in these new frameworks, certain customers may also require that we continue to agree to alternative adequacy mechanisms, such as the EU standard contractual clauses, and additional safeguards, such as additional security controls and other contractual measures, which will need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. We expect continued guidance from applicable authorities, as well as legal challenges to the new frameworks.
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Other jurisdictions have also instituted specific requirements and restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal data, and certain countries have passed or are considering passing data localization laws and regulations, which in some cases would require personal data be maintained in the originating jurisdiction and in other cases may prohibit such personal data from being transferred outside of the originating jurisdiction. While our solutions allow customers to receive and store local copies of platform data on their or other third-party servers, we do not maintain local servers to enable customers to maintain personal data only on servers in the originating jurisdiction. As with most cloud-based solutions, restrictions on the transfer of platform data outside of the originating jurisdiction could pose particular challenges and result in additional costs or otherwise impact platform use.
New and proposed marketing, advertising and other privacy laws and guidelines have recently been enacted or proposed that could impose more restrictions and give individuals more rights regarding marketing, targeting, and analytics or “profiling” activities. Some of these regulations seek, among other things, to give consumers greater control over how their personal information is processed for these purposes, or impose prior, affirmative consent obligations on companies related to these activities. For example, in the EU, cookies and similar technologies used for personalization, advertising, and analytics may not be used without affirmative consent and the proposed ePrivacy Regulation may further restrict these activities and technologies and increase restrictions. Further, in the US, privacy litigation claims related to online tracking and cookies are on this rise. These litigation and enforcement developments could require us to change one or more aspects of the way we operate our business, limit our marketing, advertising, business development and sales efforts, impact certain features made available to customers through our platform or require us to introduce changes to our platform or solutions.
Although we monitor the regulatory environment and have invested in addressing these developments, including the GDPR, the EU ePrivacy Directive and the CCPA, the ongoing development of privacy laws means that we cannot predict with certainty the impact of these developments. These evolving privacy laws may require us to make additional changes to our practices and services to enable us or our customers to meet the new legal requirements, and may also increase our potential liability exposure through new or higher potential penalties for non-compliance. In addition, cyber incidents and data breaches present potential risks and could have financial, operational and reputational impacts on the Company. In addition, many of our customers and potential customers in the healthcare, financial services and other industries are subject to substantial regulation regarding their collection, use and protection of data and may be the subject of further regulation in the future. These laws or other privacy law developments may change the way these customers do business and may require us to implement additional features or offer additional contractual terms to satisfy customer and regulatory requirements. As a result of these privacy law developments, certain features of our platform and products could pose risks or need to be modified for certain jurisdictions, but not for others. They also could cause the demand for and sales of our platform to decrease and adversely impact our financial results.
The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, privacy laws may limit the use and adoption of our platform, reduce overall demand for our platform, make it more difficult to meet expectations from or commitments to our customers and their users, require us to implement additional features or offer additional contractual terms to satisfy customer and regulatory requirements, lead to significant fines, penalties or liabilities for noncompliance, impact our reputation, or slow the pace at which we close sales transactions, any of which could harm our business. In addition, these laws raise additional enforcement and liability risks and penalties. For example, statutory damages available through a private right of action for certain data breaches under CCPA, and potentially other U.S. and international laws, may increase our and our customers’ potential liability. In some cases, violations of privacy laws can lead to government enforcement or private litigation and could subject us to civil and criminal sanctions, including both monetary fines and injunctive action that could force us to change our business practices, all of which could adversely affect our financial performance and harm our reputation and our business.
We are subject to export and import controls, customs, sanctions, embargo, and anti-boycott laws and regulations that could seriously impair our ability to compete in international markets due to licensing requirements and subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Our platform and products are subject to various restrictions under U.S. export control and sanctions laws and regulations, including the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Export Administration Regulations, or EAR, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, as well as other U.S. government agencies. U.S. export control and economic sanctions laws include trade, commerce, and investment restrictions or prohibitions, including those on the sale, supply, import, or export of certain products and services to or from U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments, persons and entities, and also require authorization for the export of certain encryption and other items. Parties that facilitate transactions that violate or otherwise seek to evade export controls or sanctions can face liability. Also, in certain circumstances, sanctions require U.S. persons to block or freeze the property of sanctioned persons.
U.S. export controls and sanctions are complex and vary according to specific programs administered by relevant government agencies. Each program can be tied to a specific country or policy initiative. In certain cases, parties can request the U.S. government to issue a license to allow certain transactions. However, the scope and substance of those licenses can be fact specific and limited in scope.
The United States currently imposes comprehensive sanctions on Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria, and the Crimea, Donetsk People’s Republic (“DPR”) and Luhansk People’s Republic (“LPR”) regions of Ukraine. In addition, numerous other countries throughout the world are subject to partial or limited sanctions and restrictions imposed by the U.S. government. Sanctions also apply to persons that appear on, or are majority owned by a person that appears on, OFAC’s List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons, or the SDN List. The Department of Commerce and the Department of State
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also maintain their own sanctions and export control lists. The above list of countries that are the subject of U.S. sanctions and export controls can change at any time. In addition, the SDN List as well as other sanctions lists contain thousands of names and are updated on a regular basis. All of those changes can impact our business. The U.S. government generally applies a strict liability standard when it comes to compliance with sanctions, embargoes, and export controls. This means that we can face liability even if we did not intentionally violate those rules.
We are also subject to U.S. restrictions under the EAR and the Internal Revenue Code that prevent us from participating in boycotts imposed by other countries if those boycotts are not approved by the United States. Companies and individuals that violate these anti-boycott restrictions may face criminal consequences. In addition, companies that are asked to comply with such boycotts are obligated to report those requests to the U.S. government, even if they do not agree to abide by such boycotts.
In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain encryption and other technology, including through import permitting and licensing requirements and have enacted or could enact laws that could limit our ability to provide access to our platform. We maintain internal controls and procedures to facilitate compliance with applicable export control requirements, but our company has expanded, has detected past filing issues, and in the future may face material noncompliance that we fail to detect. If any precautions we take fail to prevent our platform and products from being accessed or used in violation of such laws, we may face fines and penalties, reputational harm, loss of access to certain markets, or other harm to our business.
Changes in our platform or changes in export, sanctions and import laws may delay the introduction and sale of subscriptions to our platform in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from using our platform or, in some cases, prevent the access or use of our platform to and from certain countries, governments, persons or entities altogether. Further, any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions or related laws, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations could result in decreased use of our platform or in our decreased ability to export or sell our platform to existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our platform or limitation on our ability to export or sell our platform would likely harm our business.
We are subject to a variety of U.S. and non-U.S. laws and regulations, compliance with which could impair our ability to compete in domestic and international markets and non-compliance with which may result in claims, fines, penalties, and other consequences, all of which could adversely impact our operations, business, or performance.
As a service provider, we do not regularly monitor our platform to evaluate the legality of content shared on it by our customers. While to date we have not been subject to legal or administrative actions as a result of this content, the laws in this area are evolving and vary widely between jurisdictions. Accordingly, it may be possible that in the future we and our business partners may be subject to legal actions involving our customers’ content or use of our platform.
Our platform depends on the ability of our customers and their users to access the internet. If we fail to anticipate developments in the law, or we fail for any reason to comply with relevant law, our platform could be blocked or restricted, and we could be exposed to significant liability that could harm our business.
From time to time, we may be involved in disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business involving labor and employment, wage and hour, commercial, securities or investment, intellectual property, data breach and other matters. For example, we were named in a consolidated securities class action as described further in the section titled “Legal Proceedings.” We expect that the number and significance of these potential disputes may increase as our business expands and our company grows larger. Contractual provisions and insurance coverage may not cover potential claims and may not be adequate to indemnify us for all liabilities we may face. Any claims against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management time, and result in the diversion of significant operational resources. Litigation is inherently unpredictable, and the results of any claims may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
We are an international company and may engage in business in jurisdictions that present material legal compliance risk. We are subject to various U.S. and non-U.S. laws and regulations prohibiting corruption, bribery, kickbacks, money laundering, terrorist financing, fraud and similar matters, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools to Restrict, Intercept, and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, the UK Bribery Act 2010, and the UK Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. These laws and regulations have historically been actively enforced and generally prohibit companies and their agents, employees, representatives, business partners, and intermediaries from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting, or accepting, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to or from government officials and other persons in the public or private sector for improper purposes.
We may engage resellers and other third parties from time to time to sell subscriptions to our solutions, obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals, or otherwise support our business or operations. Oftentimes, improper payments by these types of third parties can raise anti-corruption and other legal compliance risk for companies in our position. We also have direct and indirect interactions with officials and employees of U.S. and non-U.S. government agencies or government-affiliated organizations. These factors raise our legal risk exposure. There can be cases where enforcement authorities seek to hold us liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents,
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contractors, vendors, and other business partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities.
In addition to prohibiting bribery, the FCPA and other laws require us to maintain accurate and complete books and records and a system of internal controls. Enforcement agencies interpret these requirements very broadly and violations can occur if companies or their representatives knowingly or unknowingly conceal bribes or other fraudulent or illegal payments in their records or execute transactions or access company assets without management’s general or specific authorization. These requirements are so broad that in certain cases enforcement agencies may claim that violations are possible even if there is no evidence of bribery or corruption.
To the extent we expand our domestic and international presence, our exposure for violating these laws will increase. If we fail to comply with those legal standards, we may face substantial civil and criminal fines, penalties, profit disgorgement, reputational harm, loss of access to certain markets, disbarment from government business, the loss of export privileges, tax reassessments, breach of contract, fraud and other litigation, reputational harm, and other collateral consequences that could harm our business.
We use open source software in our platform, which may subject us to litigation or other actions that could harm our business.
We use open source software in our platform, and we may use more open source software in the future. In the past, companies that have incorporated open source software into their products have faced claims challenging the ownership or use of open source software or compliance with open source license terms. Accordingly, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software or claiming noncompliance with open source licensing terms. Some open source software licenses require users who use, distribute or make available across a network software or services that include open source software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software or make available any derivative works of the open source code on terms unfavorable to the developer or at no cost. Additionally, if a third-party software provider has incorporated open source software into software that we license from such provider, we could be required to disclose any of our source code that incorporates or is a modification of our licensed software. If we were to use open source software subject to such licenses, we could be required to release our proprietary source code, pay damages, re-engineer our platform or solutions, discontinue sales, or take other remedial action, any of which could harm our business. In addition, if the license terms for updated or enhanced versions of the open source software we utilize change, we may be forced to expend substantial time and resources to re-engineer affected components in our platform.
In addition, the use of third-party open source software typically exposes us to greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software because open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the functionality or origin of the software. Use of open source software may also present additional security risks because the public availability of such software may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to determine how to compromise our platform. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and could help our competitors develop products and services that are similar to or better than ours.
Our business may suffer if it is alleged or determined that our technology infringes the intellectual property rights of others.
The software industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual and proprietary rights. Like other companies operating in the software industry, we have been threatened with, and may in the future become party to, adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our current technology, whether or not we are actually infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the rights of third parties. Companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights may bring suits alleging infringement of such rights or otherwise assert their rights and urge us to take licenses. Our applications, software, and our use of AI technologies (both third-party and proprietary) could be found to infringe upon or otherwise violate a third party’s intellectual property rights. Companies in the software industry are often required to defend against litigation claims based on these allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Many of our competitors and other industry participants have been issued patents or have filed patent applications and may assert patent or other intellectual property rights within the industry. Moreover, non-practicing entities, commonly referred to as “patent trolls,” have reached out to us and numerous other companies to make claims of infringement in order to extract licenses or settlements.
We may from time to time in the future become a party to litigation and disputes related to our intellectual property and our platform. Patent litigation is inherently risky and uncertain, and current or future litigation may not result in a favorable outcome for us. The costs of supporting litigation and dispute resolution proceedings are considerable, and a favorable outcome may not be obtained. We may need to settle litigation and disputes on terms that are unfavorable to us, or we may be subject to an unfavorable judgment that may not be reversible upon appeal. The terms of any settlement or judgment may require us to cease some or all of our operations or pay substantial amounts to the other party. Even if we were to prevail in such a litigation or dispute, it could be costly and time consuming, and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations. Our technologies, including the use of AI in our platform, may not be able to withstand any third-party claims or rights against their use. Claims of intellectual property infringement might require us to redesign our platform, delay releases, enter into costly settlement or license agreements or pay costly damage awards, or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing or selling our platform. If we cannot or do not license
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the infringed technology on reasonable terms or at all, or substitute similar technology from another source, our revenue and operating results could be adversely impacted. Additionally, our customers may not purchase subscriptions to our platform if they are concerned that they may infringe third-party intellectual property rights. The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business.
In our customer agreements, we agree to defend and hold our customers harmless against claims, demands, suits, or proceedings made or brought against them by a third party alleging that their use of our platform infringes the intellectual property rights of a third party. Any existing limitations of liability provisions in our contracts may not be enforceable or adequate, and they may not otherwise protect us from any such liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim. Our customers who are accused of intellectual property infringement may in the future seek indemnification from us. If we are required to defend our customers against, or hold them harmless from, infringement or other claims, our business may be disrupted, our management’s attention may be diverted, and our operating results and financial condition may suffer.
Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights and proprietary information could diminish our brand and other intangible assets.
We primarily rely on a combination of patents, trade secrets, domain name protections, trademarks and copyrights, as well as confidentiality, license and subscription agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties, to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. In the United States and abroad, as of June 30, 2025, we have 27 issued patents and 9 pending patent applications. We make business decisions about when to seek patent protection for a particular technology and when to rely upon copyright or trade secret protection, and the approach we select may ultimately prove to be inadequate. Even in cases where we seek patent protection, the resulting patents may not effectively protect every significant feature of our solutions. For example, we have received a summary judgment ruling that a patent which is immaterial to our business is invalid. It is possible that our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights are unsuccessful.
In addition, we believe that the protection of our trademark rights is an important factor in product recognition, protecting our brand and maintaining goodwill. If we do not adequately protect our rights in our trademarks from infringement and unauthorized use, any goodwill that we have developed in those trademarks could be lost or impaired, which could harm our brand and our business. Third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our proprietary rights, third parties may challenge our proprietary rights, pending and future patent, trademark and copyright applications may not be approved, and we may not be able to prevent infringement without incurring substantial expense.
We have also devoted substantial resources to the development of our proprietary technologies and related processes. In order to protect our proprietary technologies and processes, we rely in part on trade secret laws and confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties. These agreements may not effectively protect our proprietary rights. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets, in which case we would not be able to assert trade secret rights, or may develop similar technologies and processes. We may not be able to protect our source code from copying if there is an unauthorized disclosure. Source code, the detailed program commands for our operating systems and other software programs, is critical to our business. We take significant measures to protect the secrecy of our source code. If our source code leaks, we might lose future trade secret protection for that code. It may then become easier for third parties to compete with our products by copying functionality, which could adversely affect our revenue and operating margins. Unauthorized disclosure of source code also could increase the security risks described elsewhere in these risk factors. Further, laws in certain jurisdictions may afford little or no trade secret protection, and any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, the intellectual property laws in any countries in which we operate may compromise our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights. To the extent we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our technology and proprietary information may increase. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights. If the protection of our proprietary rights is inadequate to prevent use or appropriation by third parties, the value of our platform, brand and other intangible assets may be diminished, and competitors may be able to more effectively replicate our platform and its features. Any of these events would harm our business.
Our reported results of operations may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, the SEC, and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported results of operations and may even affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement or effectiveness of a change. For example, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or Topic 606, utilizing the full retrospective method of adoption and ASC Topic 340, Other Assets and Deferred Costs, or Topic 340. The adoption of Topic 606 and Topic 340 changed the timing and manner in which we report our revenue and expenses, especially with respect to our sales commissions. It is also difficult to predict the impact of future changes to accounting principles or our accounting policies, any of which could harm our business.
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We may acquire other companies, products and technologies, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business or dilute stockholder value.
We may make acquisitions of other companies, products and technologies. We have limited experience in acquisitions. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve our goals, and any acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by our customers, users, industry analysts or investors. In addition, we may not be able to integrate acquired businesses successfully or effectively manage the combined company following an acquisition. If we fail to successfully integrate our acquisitions, or the people or technologies associated with those acquisitions, into our company, the results of operations of the combined company could be adversely affected. Any integration process will require significant time and resources, require significant attention from management and disrupt the ordinary functioning of our business, and we may not be able to manage the process successfully, which could harm our business. In addition, we may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges, operating costs or revenue.
We may have to pay cash, incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition, each of which could affect our financial condition or the value of our capital stock. The sale of equity to finance any such acquisitions could result in dilution to our stockholders. If we incur more debt, it would result in increased fixed obligations and could also subject us to covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to flexibly operate our business.
We may need additional capital, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all.
Historically, we have funded our operations and capital expenditures primarily through equity issuances and cash generated from our operations. Although we currently anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our cash needs for the foreseeable future, we may require additional financing. We evaluate financing opportunities from time to time, and our ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, on our development efforts, business plans, operating performance, levels of indebtedness and condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. Additional financing may not be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock, including with respect to dividends and other distributions, and our stockholders may experience dilution.
Covenants in our loan agreement governing our revolving line of credit may restrict our operations, and our failure to comply with these covenants may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are party to a loan and security agreement with Comerica Bank, or the Revolving Credit Facility, which is secured by a security interest on substantially all of our assets and contains various restrictive covenants, including restrictions on our ability to dispose of our assets, merge with or acquire other entities, incur other indebtedness, make investments and engage in transactions with our affiliates. Our Revolving Credit Facility also contains certain financial covenants. Our ability to meet these restrictive and financial covenants can be affected by events beyond our control. Our Revolving Credit Facility provides that our breach or failure to satisfy certain covenants constitutes an event of default thereunder. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, the lender under our Revolving Credit Facility could elect to declare any future amounts outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility to be immediately due and payable, exercise the remedies of a secured party in respect of the secured interest on substantially all of our assets and terminate all commitments to extend further credit under that facility. If we are unable to repay those amounts, our financial condition could be adversely affected.
We may incur indebtedness, which could adversely affect our business and limit our ability to expand our business or respond to changes, and we may be unable to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt service obligations.
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding indebtedness under the Revolving Credit Facility. We may incur indebtedness in the future, which may require us to secure such obligations with substantially all of our assets; to comply with various restrictive covenants, including restrictions on our ability to dispose of our assets, merge with or acquire other entities, incur other indebtedness, make investments and engage in transactions with our affiliates; and to meet certain financial covenants. Any substantial indebtedness, and the fact that a substantial portion of our cash flow from operating activities could be needed to make payments on this indebtedness, could restrict our business operations or have other adverse consequences, including the following:
•reducing the availability of our cash flow for our operations, capital expenditures, future business opportunities and other purposes;
•limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate, which could place us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors that may have less debt;
•limiting our ability to borrow additional funds; and
•increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions.
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Our ability to borrow any funds needed to operate and expand our business will depend in part on our ability to generate cash. If our business does not generate sufficient cash flow from operating activities or if future borrowings, under our Revolving Credit Facility or otherwise, are not available to us in amounts sufficient to enable us to fund our liquidity needs, our operating results, financial condition and ability to expand our business may be adversely affected.
Our results of operations, which are reported in U.S. dollars, could be adversely affected if currency exchange rates fluctuate substantially in the future.
We sell to customers globally and have international operations primarily in the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore and Japan. To the extent we expand our international operations, we will become more exposed to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Although the majority of our cash generated from revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars, a small amount is denominated in foreign currencies, and our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies of the jurisdictions in which we conduct our operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, 13% of our revenue and 13% of our expenses were denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, compared to 13% of our revenue and 10% of our expense for the same periods in 2024. Because we conduct business in currencies other than U.S. dollars but report our results of operations in U.S. dollars, we also face remeasurement exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could hinder our ability to predict our future results and earnings and could materially impact our results of operations. We do not currently maintain a program to hedge exposures to non-U.S. dollar currencies.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
Under legislative changes made in December 2017, U.S. federal net operating losses incurred in 2018 and in future years may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such net operating losses is limited. The deductibility of state net operating losses varies by state. As of December 31, 2024, we had $128.9 million of U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards available to reduce future taxable income, a portion of which will begin to expire in 2025 if unused. As a result of the legislative changes in December 2017, $76.1 million of the federal net operating loss carryovers will carry over indefinitely and are limited to 80% of taxable income. As of December 31, 2024, we had state net operating loss carryforward of $101.5 million, which will begin to expire in the year 2025 if unused. It is possible that we will not generate taxable income in time to use these net operating loss carryforwards before their expiration or at all. In addition, the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and certain tax credits may be subject to significant limitations under Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, respectively, and similar provisions of state law. Under those sections of the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income or tax may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” will occur if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5-percent shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. We may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control. If an ownership change occurs and our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits is materially limited, it would harm our business by effectively increasing our future tax obligations.
We may be subject to liabilities on past sales for taxes, surcharges and fees.
We currently collect and remit applicable indirect taxes in jurisdictions where we have determined, based on applicable laws and regulations, that sales of our platform are classified as taxable. We believe that we are not otherwise subject to, or required to collect, any additional taxes, fees or surcharges imposed by state and local jurisdictions because we do not have a sufficient physical presence or “nexus” in the relevant taxing jurisdiction or such taxes, fees, or surcharges do not apply to sales of our platform in the relevant taxing jurisdiction. However, there is uncertainty as to what constitutes sufficient physical presence or nexus for a state or local jurisdiction to levy taxes, fees and surcharges for sales made over the internet, and there is also uncertainty as to whether our characterization of our platform as not taxable in certain jurisdictions will be accepted by state and local taxing authorities.
Taxing authorities may challenge our position that we do not have sufficient nexus in a taxing jurisdiction or that our platform is not taxable in the jurisdiction and may decide to audit our business and operations with respect to sales, use, telecommunications, VAT, GST and other taxes, which could result in increased tax liabilities for us or our customers, which could harm our business.
The application of indirect taxes (such as sales and use tax, VAT, GST, business tax and gross receipt tax) to businesses that transact online, such as ours, is a complex and evolving area. Following the 2018 U.S. Supreme Court decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., states are now free to levy taxes on sales of goods and services based on an “economic nexus,” regardless of whether the seller has a physical presence in the state. As a result, it may be necessary to reevaluate whether our activities give rise to sales, use and other indirect taxes as a result of any nexus in those states in which we are not currently registered to collect and remit taxes. Additionally, we may need to assess our potential tax collection and remittance liabilities based on existing economic nexus laws’ dollar and transaction thresholds. The application of existing, new, or future laws, whether in the U.S. or internationally, could harm our business. There have been, and will continue to be, substantial ongoing costs associated with complying with the various indirect tax requirements in the numerous markets in which we conduct or will conduct business.
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We may have exposure to greater than anticipated tax liabilities, which could harm our business.
While to date we have not incurred significant income taxes in operating our business, we are subject to income taxes in the United States and various jurisdictions outside of the United States. Our effective tax rate could fluctuate due to changes in the proportion of our earnings and losses in countries with differing statutory tax rates. Some jurisdictions may seek to impose incremental or new sales, use or other tax collection obligations on us. Our tax expense could also be impacted by changes in non-deductible expenses, changes in excess tax benefits of stock-based compensation, changes in the valuation of, or our ability to use, deferred tax assets and liabilities, the applicability of withholding taxes and effects from acquisitions.
The provision for taxes on our financial statements could also be impacted by changes in accounting principles, changes in U.S. federal, state or international tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals such as the recent legislation enacted in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, other fundamental changes in law currently being considered by many countries and changes in taxing jurisdictions’ administrative interpretations, decisions, policies and positions.
We are subject to review and audit by U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax authorities. Such tax authorities may disagree with tax positions we take, and if any such tax authority were to successfully challenge any such position, our business could be harmed. We may also be subject to additional tax liabilities due to changes in non-income based taxes resulting from changes in federal, state or international tax laws, changes in taxing jurisdictions’ administrative interpretations, decisions, policies and positions, results of tax examinations, settlements or judicial decisions, changes in accounting principles, changes to our business operations, including acquisitions, as well as the evaluation of new information that results in a change to a tax position taken in a prior period.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
Our share repurchases may not enhance long-term stockholder value, may increase the volatility of our stock prices and, as we implement it, will diminish our cash reserves.
In February 2024, we completed our $125 million capital return program, and in March 2025 we completed our $25 million share repurchase program. In May 2025, our board of directors approved our 2025 Repurchase Program which allows us to repurchase $50 million in shares of common stock on a discretionary basis from time to time through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or other means, of which we had repurchased $4.3 million as of June 30, 2025. The 2025 Repurchase Program does not obligate us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares, or to do so in any particular manner. Further, our share repurchases could affect the trading price, increase the concentration of ownership, increase the volatility and reduce the market liquidity for our common stock, which may result in a lower market valuation of our company. Repurchasing our common stock will reduce the amount of cash we have available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, business opportunities, and other general corporate purposes. Even if we complete our 2025 Repurchase Program, we may not be successful in our goal of enhancing long-term stockholder value. As we use our cash resources in our 2025 Repurchase Program, we will have less cash to fund our operations and pursue other opportunities that may provide superior value to stockholders. We do not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future and we intend to retain any future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business. Our ability to pay dividends is restricted by the terms of our Revolving Credit Facility. As a result, stockholders should assume that sales of their common stock after price appreciation is the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.
The trading price of our common stock may be volatile or may decline steeply and suddenly regardless of our operating performance, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
The trading price of our common stock has been and will likely continue to be volatile and could be subject to fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include the following:
•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
•volatility in the trading prices and trading volumes of technology stocks;
•changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;
•sales or purchases of shares of our common stock, or anticipation of such sales, including our repurchases of shares;
•failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;
•the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections, or our failure to meet those projections;
•announcements by us or our competitors of new products, features, or services;
•the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;
•rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;
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•actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations or fluctuations in our results of operations, including as a result of reduced demand for our solutions;
•actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;
•litigation involving us, our industry, or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;
•developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;
•announced or completed acquisitions of businesses, products, services or technologies by us or our competitors;
•new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;
•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;
•any significant change in our management; and
•general economic conditions, including increased inflation, and slow or negative growth of our markets.
In addition, ownership by certain types of investors, such as index funds and exchange-traded funds, may affect the market price and trading volume of our common stock. If the index to which our common stock belongs has been rebalanced, or our common stock is added to and/or removed from an index (due to changes in our market capitalization, for example), it could adversely affect the value of your investment and your ability to sell your shares.
Extreme price and volume fluctuations in the stock markets have affected and continue to affect the stock prices of many companies. Often, their stock prices have fluctuated in ways unrelated or disproportionate to their operating performance. In the past, stockholders have filed securities class action litigation against companies following periods of market volatility. Such securities litigation, if instituted against us, could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business and seriously harm our business.
The concentration of our stock ownership presents risks, including lack of liquidity in the trading market for our common stock and limitations on any individual stockholder's ability to influence corporate matters.
As of February 28, 2025, our executive officers, directors, and holders of 5% or more of our outstanding common stock, in the aggregate, beneficially owned and have the ability to exercise some voting control over approximately 55% of our outstanding shares of common stock as of February 28, 2025. As a result, these stockholders could exert significant influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and determination of significant corporate actions. The interests of these stockholders may not always coincide with the interests of other stockholders, and these stockholders may act in a manner that advances their interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders, which might affect the trading price of our common stock. The concentration of stock ownership may also be exacerbated by our 2025 Repurchase Program, serve to limit the trading volume of our common stock and lead to greater volatility in our stock price. If the concentration of our common stock ownership were to significantly shift, we cannot predict the impact that any resulting change to the trading volume might have on our stock price.
Substantial future sales of shares of our common stock by existing stockholders, or the perception that those sales may occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock.
Provisions in our organizational documents and certain rules imposed by regulatory authorities may delay or prevent our acquisition by a third party.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our Certificate of Incorporation, and our amended and restated bylaws, or our Bylaws, contain several provisions that may make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire control of us without the approval of our board of directors. These provisions, which may delay, prevent or deter a merger, acquisition, tender offer, proxy contest, or other transaction that stockholders may consider favorable, include the following:
•the division of our board of directors into three classes until the declassification is completed by 2026;
•advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and director nominations;
•provisions limiting our stockholders’ ability to call special meetings of stockholders and to take action by written consent;
•restrictions on business combinations with interested stockholders;
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•in certain cases, the approval of holders representing at least 66.7% of the total voting power of the shares entitled to vote generally in the election of directors will be required for stockholders to adopt, amend or repeal our Bylaws, or amend or repeal certain provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation, including those relating to who may call special meetings of our stockholders, our stockholders’ ability to act by written consent, our board of directors (including the removal of one or more directors), indemnification of our directors and officers and exculpation of our directors, supermajority voting, amendments to our Bylaws and the exclusive forum for litigating specified matters;
•no cumulative voting;
•the required approval of holders representing at least 66.7% of the total voting power of the shares entitled to vote at an election of the directors to remove directors; and
•the ability of our board of directors to designate the terms of and issue new series of preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used, among other things, to institute a rights plan that would have the effect of significantly diluting the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, likely preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our governing body.
Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware and our Certificate of Incorporation does not contain a provision opting out Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or Section 203, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203, which prohibit a person, individually or as a group, who owns, or owned in the preceding three years, 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.
The terms of our authorized preferred stock selected by our Board at any point could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to holders of our common stock or adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of holders of our common stock without any further vote or action by the stockholders. As a result, the rights of holders of our common stock will be subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any preferred stock that may be issued by us in the future, which could have the effect of decreasing the market price of our common stock.
Any provision of our Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws or Delaware corporate law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit opportunities for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of common stock, and it could also reduce the price that investors are willing to pay for our common stock.
The provision of our Certificate of Incorporation designating the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States as the exclusive forums for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.
Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware be the sole and exclusive forum for: (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, agent or other employee or stockholder of our company to us or our stockholders, (3) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the DGCL, our Certificate of Incorporation or our Bylaws or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (4) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to such Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. Our Certificate of Incorporation further provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolutions of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. The exclusive forum clauses described above shall not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of, and consented to, the exclusive forum provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation.
Although we believe these provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of applicable law in the types of lawsuits to which they apply, the provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers, which may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees or cause stockholders to incur additional costs to bring claims in the forums designated in our Certificate of Incorporation. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a jurisdiction other than those designated in the exclusive forum provision, and the provision may not be enforced by a court in that jurisdiction. In addition, investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. It is possible that, in connection with any applicable action brought against us, a court could find the choice of forum provisions contained in our Certificate of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action. If so, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
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Our common stock market price and trading volume could decline if securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or our market, if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our common stock or if our operating results do not meet their expectations or any financial guidance we may provide.
The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our competitors and our market. The analysts’ estimates are based upon their own opinions and are often different from our estimates or expectations. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our securities would likely decline. If few securities analysts commence coverage of us, or if one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our securities could decrease, which might cause the price and trading volume of our common stock to decline. In addition, if we do not meet any financial guidance that we may provide to the public or if we do not meet expectations of securities analysts or investors, the trading price of our common stock could decline significantly.
Actions of activist stockholders could impact the pursuit of our business strategies and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and/or share price.
We value constructive input from investors and regularly engage in dialogue with our stockholders regarding strategy and performance. Our board of directors and management team are committed to acting in the best interests of all of our stockholders. The actions taken by our board of directors and management in seeking to maintain constructive engagement with certain stockholders, however, may not be successful.
Campaigns by activist stockholders to effect changes at publicly traded companies are sometimes led by investors seeking to increase short-term stockholder value by means of financial restructuring, increased debt, special dividends, share repurchases, sales of assets or other transactions. Campaigns may also be initiated by activist stockholders advocating for particular governance, environmental or social causes. Activist stockholders who disagree with the composition of a publicly traded company’s board of directors, or with its strategy and/or management seek to involve themselves in the governance and strategic direction of a company through various activities that range from private engagement to publicity campaigns, proxy contests, efforts to force transactions not supported by the company’s board of directors, and in some instances, litigation.
We have been, and may in the future be, subject to activities initiated by activist stockholders. For example, in March 2025, we came to an arrangement with Indaba Capital Management L.P. (the “Arrangement”) that if the Board (i) renominated Ronald Mitchell for election at the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”) and recommended, supported and solicited proxies for the election of Mr. Mitchell at the Annual Meeting in the same manner as for all other director nominees, and (ii) maintains Mr. Mitchell as a member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of the Board, in exchange, Indaba agreed that it would not conduct a proxy fight at the Annual Meeting and it will not conduct any public campaign or make any public statements regarding the Company before the earlier of: (i) August 15, 2025; or (ii) the day after the public release of our earnings for the second quarter of 2025. Indaba continues to hold approximately 10% of our common stock, and they, individually or with other large stockholders, may request actions that may not align with your preferences or that impact our ability to pursue opportunities that we believe are in the best interests of stockholders.
Responding to proxy contests and other actions by activist stockholders may be costly and time-consuming, divert the attention of our board of directors and employees from the management of our operations and the pursuit of our business strategies, and result in reduced capital resources to pursue those strategies. Accordingly, activist stockholder campaigns could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition or share price.
We have incurred and will continue to incur costs as a result of being a public company and our management faces the demand of complying with the laws and regulations affecting public companies in the United States, which may harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As a public company listed in the United States, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including regulations implemented by the SEC and the NYSE, may increase legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, and as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. We will also need to continue developing our investor relations function. If, notwithstanding our efforts, we fail to comply with new laws, regulations and standards, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed.
Failure to comply with these rules might also make it more difficult for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we might be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events would also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, on committees of our board of directors or as members of senior management.
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We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including not being required to comply with the independent auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, being required to provide fewer years of audited financial statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We intend to take advantage of these provisions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We will cease to be an “emerging growth company” upon the earliest to occur of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have more than $1.235 billion in annual revenue; (ii) the date we qualify as a large accelerated filer, with at least $700 million of equity securities held by non-affiliates; (iii) the issuance, in any three-year period, by us of more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; and (iv) December 31, 2026. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced reporting burdens. We have taken advantage of certain reduced reporting burdens in our reports with the SEC. Accordingly, the information contained herein and in our other SEC reports may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.
In addition, the JOBS Act also provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We have elected to take advantage of such extended transition period, and, as a result, we will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies or that have opted out of using such extended transition period. Our consolidated financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of the effective dates applicable to public companies.
Investors may find our common stock less attractive because we intend to rely on these exemptions, which may result in a less active trading market, increased volatility, or lower market prices for our common stock.
item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
The following table summarizes the repurchases of our shares of common stock in the second quarter of 2025.

Period |  | Total number of shares purchased |  | Average price paid per shares(1) |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or program |  | Maximum number (or approximate dollar value) of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (in millions)(2)
May 1, 2025 to May 31, 2025 |  | 387,261 |  |  | 5.45 |  |  | 387,261 |  |  | $ | 47.9 |
June 1, 2025 to June 30, 2025 |  | 406,685 |  |  | 5.50 |  |  | 406,685 |  |  | 45.7 |
Total |  | 793,946 |  |  | $ | 5.48 |  |  | 793,946 |  |  | $ | 45.7 |

(1)Includes commission of $0.02 per share paid to broker.
(2)In May 2025, our board of directors authorized the 2025 Repurchase Program for up to $50 million in share repurchases.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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Item 5. Other Information.
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
On May 14, 2025, Sharat Sharan, Chief Executive Officer, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan. Mr. Sharan’s plan provides for the sale of a specified portion of the net shares received on settlement of option exercises and a specified portion of the net shares received on settlement of RSUs and PSUs after sales to cover taxes, subject to certain limitations, by February 28, 2026. The total number of shares that may be sold pursuant to the plan is not yet determinable. This plan was entered into during an open insider trading window and is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act and our policies regarding transactions in our securities. On May 14, 2025, Mr. Sharan entered into a sell-to-cover instruction that provides for sales of only such number of shares of our common stock as is necessary to satisfy the applicable tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of RSUs and PSUs granted to him. The total number of shares that may be sold pursuant to the sell-to-cover instruction letter is not yet determinable. The instruction terminates on March 31, 2026. This instruction was entered into during an open insider trading window and is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act and our policies regarding transactions in our securities.
Item 6. Exhibits.

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Title |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed/ Furnished with This Report
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-39965 |  | 3.1 |  | 8/9/2023 |  |
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws. |  | 8-K |  | 001-39965 |  | 3.2 |  | 2/8/2021 |  |
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a‑14(a) or Rule 15d‑14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to Rule 13a‑14(a) or Rule 15d‑14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document with Embedded Linkbase. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| ON24, Inc.
Date: August 8, 2025 | By: | /s/ Sharat Sharan
|  | Sharat Sharan
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 8, 2025 | By: | /s/ Steven Vattuone
|  | Steven Vattuone
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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