The Company is authorized to issue up to 250,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, in one or more series, of which (i) 30,680 shares were designated as Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (which is referred to herein as Series D Preferred Stock and the shares of which are referred to herein as Series D Preferred Shares) in August 2018, (ii) 33,500 shares were designated as Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (which is referred to herein as Series C Preferred Stock, and the shares of which are referred to herein as Series C Preferred Shares) in September 2017, and (iii) 105,875 shares were designated as 5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock (referred to herein as Series B Preferred Stock) in March 2005. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019, all of the shares of Series D Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock were converted into shares of common stock of the Company. Pursuant to our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, our undesignated shares of preferred stock now include all of our shares of preferred stock that were previously designated as Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock, as all such shares have been retired and therefore have the status of authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock undesignated as to series.

In August 2018, the Company issued 30,680 shares of Series D Preferred Stock, which were initially convertible into 1,852,657 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial conversion price of $16.56 per share (“Series D Conversion Price”), subject to certain adjustments.

The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Series D Preferred Stock, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses payable by the Company, were $25.3 million.

As of October 31, 2018, there were 30,680 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, with a carrying value of $27.4 million. Upon conversion of the last outstanding Series D Preferred Shares on October 1, 2019, there were no further Series D Preferred Shares outstanding.

Based on a review of pertinent accounting literature, including ASC 470 – Debt, ASC 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 815 - Derivative and Hedging, the Series D Preferred Shares were classified outside of permanent equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were recorded at fair value on the issuance date (proceeds from the issuance, net of direct issuance cost). An assessment of the probability of the exercise of the potential redemption features in the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of the Series D Preferred Stock of the Company (the “Series D Certificate of Designation”) was performed at each reporting date to determine whether any changes in classification were required. As discussed below, as of October 31, 2018, the Company had not obtained stockholder approval to issue a number of shares of common stock equal to 20% or more of the Company’s outstanding voting stock prior to the date of issuance of the Series D Preferred Stock and therefore was accreting, as part of the stated value, the estimated value of the potential common stock shortfall if stockholder approval was not obtained. As of October 31, 2018, the Company determined that none of the other contingent redemption features were probable.

A description of certain terms and provisions of the Series D Preferred Shares that affected the accounting for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 and that were in effect prior to the conversion of all of the Series D Preferred Shares during fiscal 2019 follows.

Conversion Right. The Series D Preferred Shares were convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d) and the beneficial ownership limitation provided in the Series D Certificate of Designation, at a conversion price equal to $16.56 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment as provided in the Series D Certificate of Designation, including adjustments if the Company sold shares of common stock or equity securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of common stock, at prices below $16.56 per share, in certain types of transactions. The holders were prohibited from converting Series D Preferred Shares into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would own more than 4.99% of the total number of shares of common stock then issued and outstanding. Each holder had the right to increase its maximum percentage up to 9.99% upon 60 days’ notice to the Company.

The Series D Conversion Price was subject to adjustment under certain circumstances in accordance with the Series D Certificate of Designation, including the following:

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The conversion price was to be proportionately reduced in the event of a subdivision of the Company’s common stock into a greater number of shares or proportionately increased in the event of a combination of the Company’s common stock into a smaller number of shares.

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In the event that the Company in any manner issued or sold or entered into any agreement to issue or sell Variable Price Securities (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation), which generally included any common stock, options or convertible securities that were issuable at a price which varies or may vary with the market price of the shares of common stock, including by way of one or more reset(s) to a fixed price, but excluding customary anti-dilution provisions (each of the formulations for such variable price being referred to as, the “Variable Price”), each holder of Series D Preferred Shares would have had the right (in its sole discretion) to substitute the Variable Price for the Conversion Price upon conversion of the Series D Preferred Shares. Sales of common stock pursuant to the Company’s Previous Sales Agreement would have been deemed Variable Price Securities with a Variable Price equal to the lowest price per share at which common stock was sold pursuant to that agreement. Under the Series D Certificate of Designation, the term “options” meant any rights, warrants or options to subscribe for or purchase shares of common stock or convertible securities, and the term “convertible securities” meant any stock or other security (other than options) that is at any time and under any circumstances, directly or indirectly, convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for, or which otherwise entitles the holder thereof to acquire, any shares of common stock.

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At any time any Series D Preferred Shares remained outstanding, the Company could reduce the then current conversion price to any amount for any period of time deemed appropriate by the Company’s board of directors.

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The Series D Conversion Price or redemption amounts paid by the Company were also subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain triggering events as set forth in the Series D Certificate of Designation and summarized below under “Conversion Upon a Triggering Event” and “Redemption Upon a Triggering Event.”

Conversion Upon a Triggering Event. Subject to the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d) and the beneficial ownership limitations provided in the Series D Certificate of Designation, in the event of a triggering event (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation and summarized below), the holders of Series D Preferred Shares could elect to convert such shares into shares of common stock at a conversion price equal to the lower of the Series D Conversion Price in effect on the Trading Day (as such term is defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation) immediately preceding the delivery of the conversion notice and 85% of the lowest volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the common stock on any of the five consecutive Trading Days ending on the Trading Day immediately prior to delivery of the applicable conversion notice. This conversion right would commence on the date of the triggering event and end on the later of (i) the date the triggering event was cured and (ii) ten Trading Days after the Company delivered notice of the triggering event.

A triggering event (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation) included, without limitation:

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the suspension of the Company’s common stock from trading or failure to be trading or listed on The Nasdaq Global Market, without obtaining a listing on another national securities exchange, for a period of five consecutive Trading Days;

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subject to limited exceptions, the Company’s failure for more than ten consecutive days to keep reserved for issuance 150% of the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the outstanding Series D Preferred Shares;

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the failure to pay certain indebtedness, a breach or violation of an agreement for monies owed in excess of $750,000 that permitted the other party to such agreement to declare a default or accelerate amounts due, or the existence of a circumstance or event that would, with or without the passage of time or the giving of notice, result in a default under an agreement that would or was reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect; and

Redemption. Commencing on December 1, 2018, and on the 16th day and 1st day of each calendar month thereafter until March 1, 2020, subject to extension in certain circumstances (the “Series D Maturity Date”), the Company was to redeem the stated value of Series D Preferred Stock in 31 equal installments of approximately $989,677 (each installment amount, a “Series D Installment Amount” and the date of each such payment, a “Series D Installment Date”). The holders had the ability to defer installment payments, but not beyond the Series D Maturity Date. In addition, during each period commencing on the 11th Trading Day prior to a Series D Installment Date and prior to the immediately subsequent Series D Installment Date, the holders could elect to accelerate the conversion of Series D Preferred Shares at the then applicable installment conversion price, provided that the holders could not elect to effect any such acceleration during such installment period if either (a) in the aggregate, all the accelerations in such installment period would exceed the sum of three other Series D Installment Amounts, or (b) the number of Series D Preferred Shares subject to prior accelerations would exceed in the aggregate 12 Series D Installment Amounts.

Subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations, the Company could elect to pay the Series D Installment Amounts in cash or in shares of common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of common stock, except that the Company’s right to make payment in shares of common stock, or an installment conversion, was dependent upon satisfying certain equity conditions set forth in the Series D Certificate of Designation. The failure to satisfy such equity conditions is referred to herein as an equity conditions failure. Among other things, these equity conditions included the Company’s continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market or another permitted exchange, the Company reserving 150% of the number of shares of common stock necessary to effect the conversion of the Series D Preferred Shares that then remained outstanding (without regard to any limitations on conversions, such as beneficial ownership limitations) during the applicable measurement period, and the Company’s common stock maintaining certain minimum average prices and trading volumes during the applicable measurement period. Upon an equity conditions failure, a holder of Series D Preferred Shares could waive such failure (subject to certain exceptions) and receive the Series D Installment Amount in shares of our common stock based on the installment conversion price (calculated as described in the following paragraph). Alternatively, a holder of Series D Preferred Shares could elect to receive all or part of the Series D Installment Amount due in cash, which was to include an 8% premium to the Series D Installment Amount.

Series D Installment Amounts paid in shares were to be that number of shares of common stock equal to (a) the applicable Series D Installment Amount, to be paid in common stock divided by (b) the lesser of (i) the then existing conversion price, (ii) 87.5% of the VWAP of the common stock on the Trading Day immediately prior to the applicable Series D Installment Date, and (iii) 87.5% of the arithmetic average of the two lowest VWAPs of the common stock during the 10 consecutive Trading Day period ending on and including the Trading Day immediately prior to the applicable Series D Installment Date as applicable, provided that the Company met standard equity conditions. The Company was required to make such election no later than the 11th Trading Day immediately prior to the applicable Series D Installment Date.

If the Company elected or was required to pay a Series D Installment Amount in whole or in part in cash, the amount paid would have been equal to 108% of the applicable Series D Installment Amount.

Redemption Upon a Triggering Event. In the event of a triggering event (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation and summarized above), the holders of Series D Preferred Shares could require the Company to redeem such Series D Preferred Shares in cash at a price equal to the greater of (a) 125% of the stated value of the Series D Preferred Shares being redeemed plus accrued dividends, if any, and (b) the market value of the number of shares issuable on conversion of the Series D Preferred Shares, valued at the greatest closing sales price during the period from the date immediately before the triggering event through the date the Company made the redemption payment.

The Series D Preferred Stock redemption accretion of $3.8 million for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019 reflects the accretion of the difference between the carrying value and the amount that would have been redeemed if stockholder approval had not been obtained for the issuance of common stock equal to 20.0% or more of the Company’s outstanding voting stock prior to the issuance of the Series D Preferred Stock. Additionally, prior to receiving stockholder approval of the issuance of 20.0% or more of the Company’s outstanding voting stock prior to the issuance of the Series D Preferred Stock, the holders were prohibited from converting Series D Preferred Shares into shares of common stock if such conversion would have caused the Company to issue pursuant to the terms of the Series D Preferred Stock a number of shares in excess of the maximum number of shares permitted to be issued thereunder without breaching the Company’s obligations under the rules or regulations of the Nasdaq Global Market. The Company received stockholder approval of such issuance at the annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders on April 4, 2019.

During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019, holders of the Series D Preferred Stock converted all 30,680 Series D Preferred Shares into 62,040,496 shares of common stock, resulting in a reduction of $31.2 million to the carrying value being recorded to equity. Conversions in which the conversion price was below the fixed conversion price (the initial conversion price of the Series D Preferred Stock) resulted in a variable number of shares being issued to settle the conversion amounts and were treated as a partial redemption of the Series D Preferred Shares. Conversions during the year ended October 31, 2019 that were settled in a variable number of shares and treated as redemptions resulted in deemed dividends of $6.0 million. The deemed dividends represent the difference between the fair value of the shares of common stock issued to settle the conversion amounts and the carrying value of the Series D Preferred Shares.

As described above under the heading “Redemption Upon a Triggering Event,” a failure to pay any amounts due to the holders of the Series D Preferred Shares, as well as certain other triggering events, would have permitted the holders of the Series D Preferred Shares to require the Company to redeem such Series D Preferred Shares.

Alternatively, in the event of a triggering event, the holders of Series D Preferred Shares could elect to convert such shares into shares of common stock at a reduced conversion price, as described in additional detail above under the heading “Conversion Upon a Triggering Event.”

During the week of June 10, 2019, the holders of the Series D Preferred Stock asserted that certain triggering events had occurred under the Series D Certificate of Designation and indicated their intent to exercise their rights to convert certain of their shares at a reduced conversion price. While the Company did not agree with the basis for their assertions or their characterization of such events, there were provisions under the Series D Certificate of Designation which could be interpreted as giving the holders the right to demand such conversion at a reduced conversion price. Accordingly, during the period beginning on June 11, 2019 and ending on July 3, 2019, the Company effected conversions at reduced conversion prices ranging from $0.14 to $0.61.

During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017, the Company issued 33,500 shares of Series C Preferred Stock for net proceeds of $27.9 million.

As of October 31, 2018, there were 8,992 shares of Series C Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, with a carrying value of $7.5 million. Upon the conversion of the last outstanding Series C Preferred Shares on May 23, 2019, there were no further Series C Preferred Shares outstanding.

A summary of certain terms of the Series C Preferred Stock that were in effect prior to the conversion of all of the Series C Preferred Shares during fiscal 2019, including certain terms in effect prior to the date of the Waiver Agreement, dated February 21, 2019, between the Company and the holder of Series C Preferred Stock (the “Waiver Agreement”), and that affected the accounting for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 follows.

Conversion Rights. The Series C Preferred Shares were convertible into shares of common stock, subject to the beneficial ownership limitations provided in the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of the Series C Preferred Stock of the Company (the “Series C Certificate of Designations”), at a conversion price equal to $22.08 per share. The conversion price was subject to adjustment as provided in the Series C Certificate of Designations, including adjustments if the Company sold shares of common stock or equity securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of common stock, at variable prices below the conversion price then in effect. In the event of a triggering event (as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designations), the Series C Preferred Shares would have been convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price equal to the lower of the conversion price then in effect and 85% of the lowest VWAP of the common stock of the five trading days immediately prior to delivery of the applicable conversion notice. The holders were prohibited from converting Series C Preferred Shares into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would own more than 8.99% of the total number of shares of common stock then issued and outstanding. Each holder had the right to increase its maximum percentage up to 9.99% upon 60 days’ notice to the Company.

As described below, under the Waiver Agreement, the holder waived any triggering event occurring after the date of the Waiver Agreement, as well as its right to demand, require or otherwise receive cash payments under the Series C Certificate of Designations, which waiver would have terminated upon the occurrence of certain key triggering events, the occurrence of a fundamental transaction, a breach of the Waiver Agreement, or the occurrence of a bankruptcy triggering event.

Installment Payments Prior to Execution of Waiver Agreement. On November 1, 2017 and on the 16th day and 1st day of each calendar month thereafter until March 1, 2019, subject to extension in certain circumstances (the “Series C Maturity Date”), inclusive, the Company was required to redeem the stated value of Series C Preferred Shares in 33 equal installments of approximately $1.0 million (each bimonthly amount, a “Series C Installment Amount” and the date of each such payment, a “Series C Installment Date”). The holders had the ability to defer installment payments, but not beyond the Series C Maturity Date. In addition, during each period commencing on the 11th trading day prior to a Series C Installment Date and prior to the immediately subsequent Series C Installment Date, the holders could elect to accelerate the conversion of Series C Preferred Shares at the then applicable installment conversion price, provided that the holders could not elect to effect any such acceleration during such installment period if either (a) in the aggregate, all the accelerations in such installment period would exceed the sum of three other Series C Installment Amounts, or (b) the number of Series C Preferred Shares subject to prior accelerations would exceed in the aggregate 12 Series C Installment Amounts.

Subject to certain conditions as provided in the Series C Certificate of Designations, the Company could elect to pay the Series C Installment Amounts in cash or shares of common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of common stock.

Series C Installment Amounts paid in shares were to be that number of shares of common stock equal to (a) the applicable Series C Installment Amount, to be paid in common stock divided by (b) the least of (i) the then existing conversion price, (ii) 87.5% of the VWAP of the common stock on the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Series C Installment Date, and (iii) 87.5% of the arithmetic average of the two lowest VWAPs of the common stock during the 10 consecutive trading day period ending on and including the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Series C Installment Date, as applicable, provided that the Company met standard equity conditions. The Company was required to make such election no later than the 11^th trading day immediately prior to the applicable Series C Installment Date.

If the Company elected or was required to pay a Series C Installment Amount in whole or in part in cash, the amount paid would have been equal to 108% of the applicable Series C Installment Amount.

Under the Waiver Agreement, the Company was no longer obligated to make installment payments under Section 9 of the Series C Certificate of Designations, and the holder was permitted to convert at any time, in its discretion, subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations.

Redemption. In the event of a triggering event, as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designations, the holders of the Series C Preferred Shares could force redemption at a price equal to the greater of (a) the conversion amount to be redeemed multiplied by 125% and (b) the product of (i) the conversion rate with respect to the conversion amount in effect at such time as such holder delivers a triggering event redemption notice multiplied by (ii) the greatest closing sale price of the common stock on any trading day during the period commencing on the date immediately preceding such triggering event and ending on the date the Company makes the entire payment required.

As described below, under the Waiver Agreement, the holder waived, subject to certain conditions and limitations, all triggering events occurring after the date of the Waiver Agreement.

On February 21, 2019, the Company entered into the Waiver Agreement with the holder of the Series C Preferred Stock (such holder, the “Series C Holder”). Under the Waiver Agreement, the Series C Holder waived any equity conditions failures that may have occurred under the Series C Certificate of Designations. The Series C Holder further waived any triggering event occurring after the date of the Waiver Agreement, as well as its right to demand, require or otherwise receive cash payments under the Series C Certificate of Designations, which waiver would have terminated upon the occurrence of certain key triggering events (failure to provide freely tradable shares, suspension from trading on the Nasdaq Global Market or another eligible market, or failure to convert or deliver shares under certain circumstances), the occurrence of a fundamental transaction, a breach of the Waiver Agreement, or the occurrence of a bankruptcy triggering event. In addition, the Company agreed in the Waiver Agreement, pursuant to Section 8(d) of the Series C Certificate of Designations, to adjust the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock in connection with future conversions, such that, when the Series C Holder converted its Series C Preferred Stock into common stock, it would receive approximately 25% more shares than it would have received upon conversion prior to the execution of the Waiver Agreement. Under the Waiver Agreement, the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock was stated to be the lowest of (i) $4.45, (ii) 85% of the lowest closing bid price of the Company’s common stock during the period beginning on and including the fifth trading day prior to the date on which the applicable conversion notice was delivered to the Company and ending on and including the date on which the applicable conversion notice was delivered to the Company, and (iii) 85% of the quotient of (A) the sum of the five lowest VWAPs of the Company’s common stock during the 20 consecutive trading day period ending on and including the trading day immediately preceding the applicable conversion date divided by (B) five. To determine the number of shares of common stock to be issued upon conversion, 125% of the value of the Series C Preferred Shares being converted was divided by the applicable conversion price. The parties further agreed to waive the installment payment/conversion provisions in Section 9 of the Series C Certificate of Designations, which required installment conversions or payments to be made on the 1^st and 16^th of each month (as described in additional detail above). Under the Waiver Agreement, conversions of Series C Preferred Stock were permitted to occur and did occur after the original March 1, 2019 maturity date, and the Company further agreed to reserve specific numbers of shares for issuance to the Series C Holder and the holders of the Series D Preferred Stock until the Company effected a reverse stock split, which occurred on May 8, 2019, or increased its authorized shares of common stock.

The Waiver Agreement was treated for accounting purposes to be an extinguishment of the Series C Preferred Stock instrument as of February 21, 2019. The Series C Preferred Stock remained classified in mezzanine equity, however, the carrying value was adjusted to reflect the estimated fair value of the post-modification Series C Preferred Shares which incorporated the new terms outlined in the Waiver Agreement. The valuation utilized a Binomial Lattice Model (“Lattice Model”) which is a commonly used methodology to value path-dependent options or stock units in order to capture their potential early conversion. The Lattice Model produces an estimated fair value based on changes in the underlying stock price over successive periods of time. The assumptions used in the model such as stock price, conversion price and conversion ratio were consistent with date of execution and terms in the Waiver Agreement. Other assumptions included the volatility of the Company’s stock which was assumed to be 75% and a discount rate of 20% which was estimated based on various indices consistent with the Company’s profile, venture capital rates of return and the Company’s borrowing rate. The Lattice Model resulted in an estimated fair value as of February 21, 2019 of $13.5 million whereby the Series C Preferred Stock carrying value was adjusted to this amount. As discussed below, a beneficial conversion feature was recorded during the three months ended January 31, 2019 due to reductions in the conversion price. Upon extinguishment during the three months ended April 30, 2019, the Company first allocated $6.6 million to the reacquisition of the embedded conversion option equal to the intrinsic value that was previously recognized during the three months ended January 31, 2019 for the embedded conversion option. Because the remaining estimated fair value of the instrument on February 21, 2019 was less than the carrying amount of the Series C Preferred Stock, the amount of the shortfall resulted in a decrease in loss available to common stockholders for purposes of computing loss per share of $0.6 million.

In order to resolve different interpretations of the provisions of the Series C Certificate of Designations that governed adjustments to the conversion price in connection with sales of common stock under the Company’s at-the-market stock sales plan below the initial conversion price of $22.08 and whether such sales constituted sales of variable priced securities under the Series C Certificate of Designations, the Company’s Board of Directors agreed to reduce the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Shares from $22.08 to $18.00 effective August 27, 2018 in exchange for a waiver of certain anti-dilution and price adjustment rights under the Series C Certificate of Designations for future at-the-market sales of common stock. The conversion price of the Series C Preferred Shares was adjusted again on December 3, 2018 to $6.96, on December 17, 2018 to $6.00 and on January 2, 2019 to $5.16. During the period from February 1, 2019 to May 23, 2019, the conversion price was further adjusted to prices ranging from $4.45 to $1.27, the conversion price as of the last conversion, which occurred on May 23, 2019. Conversions occurring fiscal year ended October 31, 2019 resulted in a variable number of shares being issued to settle the conversion amounts and were treated as a partial redemption of the Series C Preferred Shares. Conversions during the year ended October 31, 2019 that were settled in a variable number of shares and treated as partial redemptions resulted in deemed contributions $1.5 million. The deemed contributions represent the difference between the fair value of the common shares issued to settle the conversion amounts and the carrying value of the Series C Preferred Shares. Additionally, as discussed in more detail above, the net loss attributable to common stockholders for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019 was impacted by a $0.5 million decrease in the loss resulting from accounting for the Waiver Agreement in February 2019, which was recorded during the three months ended April 30, 2019. The net loss attributable to common stockholders for the year ended October 31, 2019 also includes the $8.6 million redemption value adjustment recorded during the three months ended January 31, 2019.

Based on review of pertinent accounting literature including ASC 470 – Debt, ASC 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 815 - Derivative and Hedging, the Series C Preferred Shares were classified outside of permanent equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were recorded at fair value on the issuance date (proceeds from the issuance, net of direct issuance cost). The decline in the Company’s stock price during the three months ended January 31, 2019 and between January 31, 2019 and the execution of the Waiver Agreement in February 2019 resulted in equity conditions failures under the Series C Certificate of Designations, which were waived by the Series C Holder in the Waiver Agreement, as described above. Prior to the execution of such Waiver Agreement, the conversion price was adjusted in December 2018 and January 2019 as described above. This contingent beneficial conversion feature resulted in a $6.6 million reduction in the Series C Preferred Shares carrying value. Because the equity conditions failures were continuing as of January 31, 2019 (prior to the execution of the Waiver Agreement), the Series C Preferred Shares were adjusted to 108% of stated redemption value as of January 31, 2019 with a corresponding charge to common stockholders of $8.6 million.

During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019, holders of the Series C Preferred Stock converted 8,992 Series C Preferred Shares into 3,914,218 shares of common stock, resulting in a reduction in carrying value of $15.5 million. Upon the conversion of the last outstanding Series C Preferred Shares on May 23, 2019, there were no further Series C Preferred Shares outstanding.

During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, holders of the Series C Preferred Stock converted 24,308 Series C Preferred Shares into common shares through installment conversions resulting in a reduction of $20.2 million to the carrying value being recorded to equity. Installment conversions occurring prior to August 27, 2018 in which the conversion price was below the initial conversion price of $22.08 per share resulted in a variable number of shares being issued to settle the installment amount and were treated as a partial redemption of the Series C Preferred Shares. As discussed above, the Company’s Board of Directors agreed to reduce the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Shares from $22.08 to $18.00 effective August 27, 2018 in exchange for a waiver of certain anti-dilution and price adjustment rights under the Series C Certificate of Designations for future at-the-market sales. Installment conversions occurring between August 27, 2018 and October 31, 2018 in which the installment conversion price was below the adjusted conversion price of $18.00 per share resulted in a variable number of shares being issued to settle the installment amount and were treated as a partial redemption of the Series C Preferred Shares. Installment conversions during the year ended October 31, 2018 that were settled in a variable number of shares and treated as partial redemptions resulted in deemed dividends of $9.6 million.

The Company has designated 105,875 shares of its authorized preferred stock as Series B Preferred Stock (liquidation preference $1,000.00 per share). As of October 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 64,020 shares of Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, with a carrying value of $59.9 million. The shares of Series B Preferred Stock and the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock are covered by a registration rights agreement. The following is a summary of certain provisions of the Series B Preferred Stock.

Ranking. Shares of the Company’s Series B Preferred Stock rank with respect to dividend rights and rights upon the Company’s liquidation, winding up or dissolution:

Dividends. The Series B Preferred Stock pays cumulative annual dividends of $50.00 per share which are payable quarterly in arrears on February 15, May 15, August 15 and November 15. Dividends accumulate and are cumulative from the date of original issuance. Unpaid accumulated dividends do not bear interest.

The dividend rate is subject to upward adjustment as set forth in the Amended Certificate of Designation for the Series B Preferred Stock (the “Series B Certificate of Designation”) if the Company fails to pay, or to set apart funds to pay, any quarterly dividend on the Series B Preferred Stock. The dividend rate is also subject to upward adjustment as set forth in the Registration Rights Agreement entered into with the initial purchasers of the Series B Preferred Stock (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) if the Company fails to satisfy its registration obligations with respect to the Series B Preferred Stock (or the underlying common shares) under the Registration Rights Agreement.

No dividends or other distributions may be paid or set apart for payment on the Company’s common stock (other than a dividend payable solely in shares of a like or junior ranking), nor may any stock junior to or on parity with the Series B Preferred Stock be redeemed, purchased or otherwise acquired for any consideration (or any money paid to or made available for a sinking fund for such stock) by the Company or on its behalf (except by conversion into or exchange for shares of a like or junior ranking), unless all accumulated and unpaid Series B Preferred Stock dividends have been paid or funds or shares of common stock have been set aside for payment of accumulated and unpaid Series B Preferred Stock dividends.

The dividend on the Series B Preferred Stock may be paid in cash or, at the option of the holder, in shares of the Company’s common stock, which will be registered pursuant to a registration statement to allow for the immediate sale of these shares of common stock in the public market. Dividends of $3.2 million were paid in cash in each of the fiscal years ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, and dividends of $1.6 million were paid in cash during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019. There were no cumulative unpaid dividends as of October 31, 2018 and cumulative unpaid dividends as of October 31, 2019 were $1.6 million.

No dividends were declared or paid by the Company on the Series B Preferred Stock in connection with the May 15, 2019 and August 15, 2019 dividend payment dates. Based on the dividend rate in effect on May 15, 2019 and August 15, 2019, the aggregate amount of such dividend payments would have been $1.6 million. Because such dividends were not paid on May 15 or August 15, under the terms of the Series B Certificate of Designation, the holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock were entitled to receive, when, as and if, declared by the Board, dividends at a dividend rate per annum equal to the normal dividend rate of 5% plus an amount equal to the number of dividend periods for which the Company failed to pay or set apart funds to pay dividends multiplied by 0.0625%, for each subsequent dividend period until the Company has paid or provided for the payment of all dividends on the shares of Series B Preferred Stock for all prior dividend periods. On October 30, 2019, dividends were declared by the Board of Directors with respect to the May 15, 2019 and August 15, 2019 dividend payment dates as well as the November 15, 2019 dividend payment date. Such dividend payments were made subsequent to the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019.

Liquidation. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, in the event that the Company is liquidated, dissolved or wound up, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, $1,000.00 per share plus all accumulated and unpaid dividends up to but excluding the date of that liquidation, dissolution, or winding up (“Liquidation Preference”). Until the holders of Series B Preferred Stock receive their Liquidation Preference in full, no payment will be made on any junior shares, including shares of the Company’s common stock. After the Liquidation Preference is paid in full, holders of the Series B Preferred Stock will not be entitled to receive any further distribution of the Company’s assets. As of October 31, 2019 and 2018, the Series B Preferred Stock had a Liquidation Preference of $64.0 million.

Conversion Rights. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock may be converted at any time, at the option of the holder, into 0.591 shares of the Company’s common stock (which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of $1,692.00 per share) plus cash in lieu of fractional shares. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events, as described in the Series B Certificate of Designation. The conversion rate is not adjusted for accumulated and unpaid dividends. If converted, holders of Series B Preferred Stock do not receive a cash payment for all accumulated and unpaid dividends; rather, all accumulated and unpaid dividends are canceled.

The Company may, at its option, cause shares of Series B Preferred Stock to be automatically converted into that number of shares of common stock that are issuable at the then prevailing conversion rate. The Company may exercise its conversion right only if the closing price of its common stock exceeds 150% of the then prevailing conversion price ($1,692.00 per share as of October 31, 2019) for 20 trading days during any consecutive 30 trading day period, as described in the Series B Certificate of Designation.

If holders of Series B Preferred Stock elect to convert their shares in connection with certain fundamental changes, as defined in the Series B Certificate of Designation, the Company will in certain circumstances increase the conversion rate by a number of additional shares of common stock upon conversion or, in lieu thereof, the Company may in certain circumstances elect to adjust the conversion rate and related conversion obligation so that shares of Series B Preferred Stock are converted into shares of the acquiring or surviving company, in each case as described in the Series B Certificate of Designation.

The adjustment of the conversion price is to prevent dilution of the interests of the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock from certain dilutive transactions with holders of common stock.

Redemption. The Company does not have the option to redeem the shares of Series B Preferred Stock. However, holders of the Series B Preferred Stock can require the Company to redeem all or part of their shares at a redemption price equal to the Liquidation Preference of the shares to be redeemed in the case of a “fundamental change” (as described in the Series B Certificate of Designation). A fundamental change will be deemed to have occurred if any of the following occurs:

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any “person” or “group” is or becomes the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 50% or more of the total voting power of all classes of the Company’s capital stock then outstanding and normally entitled to vote in the election of directors;

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during any period of two consecutive years, individuals who at the beginning of such period constituted the board of directors (together with any new directors whose election by the Company’s board of directors or whose nomination for election by the stockholders was approved by a vote of two-thirds of the Company’s directors then still in office who were either directors at the beginning of such period or whose election or nomination for election was previously so approved) cease for any reason to constitute a majority of the directors then in office;

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the termination of trading of the Company’s common stock on The Nasdaq Stock Market and such shares are not approved for trading or quoted on any other U.S. securities exchange or established over-the-counter trading market in the U.S.; or

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the Company consolidates with or merges with or into another person or another person merges with or into the Company or the sale, assignment, transfer, lease, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets and certain of its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, to another person and, in the case of any such merger or consolidation, the Company’s securities that are outstanding immediately prior to such transaction and which represent 100% of the aggregate voting power of the Company’s voting stock are changed into or exchanged for cash, securities or property, unless pursuant to the transaction such securities are changed into securities of the surviving person that represent, immediately after such transaction, at least a majority of the aggregate voting power of the voting stock of the surviving person.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock will not have the right to require the Company to redeem their shares if:

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the last reported sale price of shares of the Company’s common stock for any five trading days within the 10 consecutive trading days ending immediately before the later of the fundamental change or its announcement equaled or exceeded 105% of the conversion price of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock immediately before the fundamental change or announcement;

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at least 90% of the consideration (excluding cash payments for fractional shares and in respect of dissenters’ appraisal rights) in the transaction or transactions constituting the fundamental change consists of shares of capital stock traded on a U.S. national securities exchange or quoted on the Nasdaq Stock Market, or which will be so traded or quoted when issued or exchanged in connection with a fundamental change, and as a result of the transaction or transactions, shares of Series B Preferred Stock become convertible into such publicly traded securities; or

Moreover, the Company will not be required to redeem any Series B Preferred Stock upon the occurrence of a fundamental change if a third party makes an offer to purchase the Series B Preferred Stock in the manner, at the price, at the times and otherwise in compliance with the requirements set forth above and such third party purchases all Series B Preferred Stock validly tendered and not withdrawn.

The Company may, at its option, elect to pay the redemption price in cash, in shares of the Company’s common stock valued at a discount of 5% from the market price of shares of the Company’s common stock, or in any combination thereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may only pay such redemption price in shares of the Company’s common stock that are registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and eligible for immediate sale in the public market by non-affiliates of the Company.

Voting Rights. Holders of Series B Preferred Stock currently have no voting rights; however, holders may receive certain voting rights, as described in the Series B Certificate of Designation, if (a) dividends on any shares of Series B Preferred Stock, or any other class or series of stock ranking on parity with the Series B Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends, shall be in arrears for dividend periods, whether or not consecutive, containing in the aggregate a number of days equivalent to six calendar quarters or (b) the Company fails to pay the redemption price, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, on the redemption date for shares of Series B Preferred Stock following a fundamental change.

So long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain outstanding, the Company will not, without the consent of the holders of at least two-thirds of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding at the time (voting separately as a class with all other series of preferred stock, if any, on parity with the Series B Preferred Stock upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable) issue or increase the authorized amount of any class or series of shares ranking senior to the outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock as to dividends or upon liquidation. In addition, the Company will not, subject to certain conditions, amend, alter or repeal provisions of the Company’s certificate of incorporation, including the Series B Certificate of Designation, whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise, so as to adversely amend, alter or affect any power, preference or special right of the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock or the holders thereof without the affirmative vote of not less than two-thirds of the issued and outstanding Series B Preferred Stock shares.

Class A Cumulative Redeemable Exchangeable Preferred Shares (the “Series 1 Preferred Shares”)

As of October 31, 2019, FCE FuelCell Energy Ltd. (“FCE Ltd.”), one of the Company's indirect subsidiaries, had 1,000,000 Class A Cumulative Redeemable Exchangeable Preferred Shares (the “Series 1 Preferred Shares”) issued and outstanding, which were and are held solely by Enbridge, Inc. ("Enbridge"). The Company guarantees the return of principal and dividend obligations of FCE Ltd. to the holder of the Series 1 Preferred Shares.

On March 31, 2011 and April 1, 2011, the Company entered into agreements with Enbridge to modify the provisions of the Series 1 Preferred Shares of FCE Ltd. Consistent with the previous Series 1 Preferred Share agreement, FuelCell Energy continues to guarantee the return of principal and dividend obligations of FCE Ltd. to the holders of Series 1 Preferred Shares under the modified agreement.

On January 20, 2020, the Company, FCE Ltd., and Enbridge entered into the January 2020 Letter Agreement pursuant to which they agreed to modify certain terms of the Series 1 Preferred Shares. Refer to Note 23. “Subsequent Events” for additional information regarding such letter agreement and such modified terms.

The following summary of the terms of the Series 1 Preferred Shares describes such terms as they existed on October 31, 2019 (prior to any modification covered by the January 2020 Letter Agreement).

The terms of the Series 1 Preferred Shares required (i) annual dividend payments of Cdn. $500,000 and (ii) annual return of capital payments of Cdn. $750,000. These payments, which were made on a quarterly basis, commenced on March 31, 2011 and were scheduled to end on December 31, 2020. Dividends accrued at a 1.25% quarterly rate on the unpaid principal balance, and additional dividends accrued on the cumulative unpaid dividends (inclusive of the Cdn. $12.5 million unpaid dividend balance as of the modification date) at a rate of 1.25% compounded quarterly. The amount of all accrued and unpaid dividends on the Series 1 Preferred Shares of Cdn. $21.1 million and the balance of the principal redemption price of Cdn. $4.4 million as of October 31, 2019 were scheduled to be paid to the holders of the Series 1 Preferred Shares on December 31, 2020. FCE Ltd. had the option, subject to the Company having sufficient authorized and unissued shares, of making dividend payments in the form of cash or shares of the Company’s common stock under the terms of the Series 1 Preferred Shares.

In addition to the above, the significant terms of the Series 1 Preferred Shares as they existed on October 31, 2019 (prior to any modification covered by the letter agreement referenced above) include the following:

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Dividends — Dividend payments could be made in cash or shares of common stock of the Company, at the option of FCE Ltd., and if common stock was issued, it could be unregistered. If FCE Ltd. elected to make such payments by issuing shares of common stock of the Company, the number of shares of common stock was to be determined by dividing the cash dividend obligation by 95% of the volume weighted average price in U.S. dollars at which board lots of the common shares were traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market during the 20 consecutive trading days preceding the end of the calendar quarter for which such dividend in common shares was to be paid, converted into Canadian dollars using the Bank of Canada’s noon rate of exchange on the day of determination.

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Redemption — The Series 1 Preferred Shares were redeemable by FCE Ltd. for Cdn. $25.00 per share less any amounts paid as a return of capital in respect of such share plus all unpaid dividends and accrued interest.

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Liquidation or Dissolution — In the event of the liquidation or dissolution of FCE Ltd., the holders of Series 1 Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive Cdn. $25.00 per share less any amounts paid as a return of capital in respect of such share plus all unpaid dividends and accrued interest. The Company has guaranteed any liquidation obligations of FCE Ltd.

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Exchange Rights — A holder of Series 1 Preferred Shares had the right, at its option, to exchange such shares for fully paid and non-assessable shares of common stock of the Company at the following exchange prices:

The exchange rates set forth above were subject to adjustment if the Company: (i) subdivided or consolidated the common stock; (ii) paid a stock dividend; (iii) issued rights, options or other convertible securities to the Company's common stockholders enabling them to acquire common stock at a price less than 95% of the then-current price; or (iv) fixed a record date to distribute to the Company's common stockholders shares of any other class of securities, indebtedness or assets.

For example, if, under the terms as they existed on October 31, 2019, the holder of the Series 1 Preferred Shares was to exercise its conversion rights after July 31, 2020, then, assuming the common stock price was $0.24 (the common stock closing price on October 31, 2019) and the exchange rate was U.S. $1.00 to Cdn. $1.32 (the exchange rate on October 31, 2019) at the time of conversion, the Company would have been required to issue approximately 1,234,279 shares of its common stock.

Because the Series 1 Preferred Shares represent a mandatorily redeemable financial instrument, they are presented as a liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The Company made payments of Cdn. $0.3 million, Cdn. $1.3 million and Cdn. $1.3 million during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company’s return of capital and dividend payments were not made for the calendar quarters ended on March 31, 2019, June 30, 2019 and September 30, 2019. Subsequent to the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019, the Company made the return of capital and dividend payments for the obligations due as of March 31, 2019, June 30, 2019 and September 30, 2019. The Company recorded interest expense, which reflects the amortization of the fair value discount of approximately Cdn. $3.0 million, Cdn. $2.8 million and Cdn. $2.6 million in the fiscal years ended October 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of October 31, 2019 and 2018, the carrying value of the Series 1 Preferred Shares was Cdn. $22.7 million ($17.2 million) and Cdn. $20.9 million ($15.9 million), respectively. and was classified as preferred stock obligation of subsidiary on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The conversion feature and variable dividend contained in the terms of the Series 1 Preferred Shares are not clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the Series 1 Preferred Shares. Accordingly, these features qualify as embedded derivative instruments and are required to be bifurcated and recorded as derivative financial instruments at fair value.

The conversion feature is valued using a lattice model. Based on the pay-off profiles of the Series 1 Preferred Shares as of October 31, 2019, it was assumed that we would exercise the call option to force conversion in 2020. Conversion after 2020 would have delivered a fixed pay-off to the investor and was modeled as a fixed payment in 2020. The cumulative dividend is modeled as a quarterly cash dividend component (to satisfy the minimum dividend payment requirement), and a one-time cumulative dividend payment in 2020.

The assumptions used in these valuation models include historical stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate and a credit spread based on the yield indexes of technology high yield bonds, foreign exchange volatility as the security is denominated in Canadian dollars, and the closing price of our common stock. The aggregate fair value of these derivatives included within long-term debt and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of October 31, 2019 and 2018 was $0.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively.