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Table of Contents

​

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended July 31, 2025

OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 1-14204

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

​

​ | ​ | ​
Delaware | ​ | 06-0853042
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | ​ | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
​ | ​ | ​
3 Great Pasture Road Danbury, Connecticut | ​ | 06810
(Address of principal executive offices) | ​ | (Zip Code)

​

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (203) 825-6000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

​

| ​ |  | ​ |
Title of each class | ​ | Trading Symbol(s) | ​ | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share | ​ | FCEL | ​ | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (Nasdaq Global Market)

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

​

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ | ​ | ​

​

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Number of shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of September 5, 2025: 32,295,476

​

​

​

Table of Contents

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

FORM 10-Q

Table of Contents

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ |  | ​ |  | Page
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 1. | ​ | Financial Statements. | ​ | 3
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Consolidated Balance Sheets as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024. | ​ | 3
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024. | ​ | 4
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024. | ​ | 5
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025. | ​ | 6
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2024. | ​ | 7
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024. | ​ | 8
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. | ​ | 9
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 2. | ​ | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. | ​ | 26
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 3. | ​ | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. | ​ | 59
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 4. | ​ | Controls and Procedures. | ​ | 60
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 1. | ​ | Legal Proceedings. | ​ | 61
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 1A. | ​ | Risk Factors. | ​ | 61
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 2. | ​ | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds. | ​ | 62
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 3. | ​ | Defaults Upon Senior Securities. | ​ | 62
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 4. | ​ | Mine Safety Disclosures. | ​ | 62
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 5. | ​ | Other Information. | ​ | 62
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Item 6. | ​ | Exhibits. | ​ | 63
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Signatures | ​ | ​ | ​ | 65

​

​

​

2

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | July 31, | ​ | ​ | October 31,
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024
ASSETS | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and cash equivalents, unrestricted | ​ | $ | 174,662 | ​ | $ | 148,133
Restricted cash and cash equivalents - short-term | ​ | ​ | 16,092 | ​ | ​ | 12,161
Investments - short-term | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 109,123
Accounts receivable, net | ​ | ​ | 9,950 | ​ | ​ | 11,751
Unbilled receivables | ​ | ​ | 44,718 | ​ | ​ | 36,851
Inventories | ​ | ​ | 104,598 | ​ | ​ | 113,703
Other current assets | ​ | ​ | 20,377 | ​ | ​ | 12,736
Total current assets | ​ | ​ | 370,397 | ​ | ​ | 444,458
Restricted cash and cash equivalents - long-term | ​ | ​ | 46,100 | ​ | ​ | 48,589
Inventories - long-term | ​ | ​ | 2,743 | ​ | ​ | 2,743
Project assets, net | ​ | ​ | 224,482 | ​ | ​ | 242,131
Property, plant and equipment, net | ​ | ​ | 97,761 | ​ | ​ | 130,686
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | ​ | ​ | 10,935 | ​ | ​ | 8,122
Goodwill | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 4,075
Intangible assets, net | ​ | ​ | 4,215 | ​ | ​ | 14,779
Other assets | ​ | ​ | 73,902 | ​ | ​ | 48,541
Total assets (1) | ​ | $ | 830,535 | ​ | $ | 944,124
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current portion of long-term debt | ​ | $ | 16,710 | ​ | $ | 15,924
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 798 | ​ | ​ | 807
Accounts payable | ​ | ​ | 16,399 | ​ | ​ | 22,585
Accrued liabilities | ​ | ​ | 29,866 | ​ | ​ | 30,362
Deferred revenue | ​ | ​ | 5,254 | ​ | ​ | 4,226
Total current liabilities | ​ | ​ | 69,027 | ​ | ​ | 73,904
Long-term deferred revenue | ​ | ​ | 5,401 | ​ | ​ | 3,010
Long-term operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 11,710 | ​ | ​ | 8,894
Long-term debt and other liabilities | ​ | ​ | 119,320 | ​ | ​ | 130,850
Total liabilities (1) | ​ | ​ | 205,458 | ​ | ​ | 216,658
Redeemable Series B preferred stock (liquidation preference of $64,020 as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024) | ​ | ​ | 59,857 | ​ | ​ | 59,857
Total equity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stockholders’ equity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Common stock ($0.0001 par value); 1,000,000,000 shares authorized as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024; 29,645,294 and 20,375,932 shares issued and outstanding as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 2
Additional paid-in capital | ​ | ​ | 2,357,630 | ​ | ​ | 2,300,031
Accumulated deficit | ​ | ​ | (1,799,581) | ​ | ​ | (1,641,550)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ​ | ​ | (1,881) | ​ | ​ | (1,561)
Treasury stock, Common, at cost (40,594 and 12,543 shares as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively) | ​ | ​ | (1,360) | ​ | ​ | (1,198)
Deferred compensation | ​ | ​ | 1,360 | ​ | ​ | 1,198
Total stockholders’ equity | ​ | ​ | 556,171 | ​ | ​ | 656,922
Noncontrolling interests | ​ | ​ | 9,049 | ​ | ​ | 10,687
Total equity | ​ | ​ | 565,220 | ​ | ​ | 667,609
Total liabilities, redeemable Series B preferred stock and total equity | ​ | $ | 830,535 | ​ | $ | 944,124

| (1) | As of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, the combined assets of the variable interest entities (“VIEs”) were $322,428 and $311,723, respectively, that can only be used to settle obligations of the VIEs. These assets include cash of $2,512, accounts receivable of $693, unbilled accounts receivable of $11,599, operating lease right of use assets of $1,647, other current assets of $156,627, restricted cash and cash equivalents of $722, project assets of $145,502 and other assets of $3,125 as of July 31, 2025, and cash of $2,891, accounts receivable of $674, unbilled accounts receivable of $9,479, operating lease right of use assets of $1,663, other current assets of $135,756, restricted cash and cash equivalents of $639, project assets of $157,604 and other assets of $3,018 as of October 31, 2024. The combined liabilities of the VIEs as of July 31, 2025 include short-term operating lease liabilities of $204, accounts payable of $194,976, accrued liabilities of $489, long-term operating lease liability of $2,127, derivative liability of $1,969, deferred revenue of $259 and other non-current liabilities of $298 and, as of October 31, 2024, include short-term operating lease liabilities of $204, accounts payable of $181,274, accrued liabilities of $341, deferred revenue of $20, derivative liabilities of $3,693, long-term operating lease liability of $2,142 and other non-current liabilities of $240.

​

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

​

3

Table of Contents

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended July 31,
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 | ​
Revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Product | ​ | $ | 26,000 | ​ | $ | 250 | ​
Service | ​ | ​ | 3,130 | ​ | ​ | 1,411 | ​
Generation | ​ | ​ | 12,355 | ​ | ​ | 13,402 | ​
Advanced Technologies | ​ | ​ | 5,258 | ​ | ​ | 8,632 | ​
Total revenues | ​ | ​ | 46,743 | ​ | ​ | 23,695 | ​
Costs of revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Product | ​ | ​ | 29,083 | ​ | ​ | 4,181 | ​
Service | ​ | ​ | 3,642 | ​ | ​ | 1,146 | ​
Generation | ​ | ​ | 15,330 | ​ | ​ | 18,761 | ​
Advanced Technologies | ​ | ​ | 3,822 | ​ | ​ | 5,809 | ​
Total costs of revenues | ​ | ​ | 51,877 | ​ | ​ | 29,897 | ​
Gross loss | ​ | ​ | (5,134) | ​ | ​ | (6,202) | ​
Operating expenses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Administrative and selling expenses | ​ | ​ | 14,066 | ​ | ​ | 14,599 | ​
Research and development expenses | ​ | ​ | 7,646 | ​ | ​ | 12,816 | ​
Restructuring expense | ​ | ​ | 4,051 | ​ | ​ | - | ​
Impairment expense | ​ | ​ | 64,467 | ​ | ​ | - | ​
Total costs and expenses | ​ | ​ | 90,230 | ​ | ​ | 27,415 | ​
Loss from operations | ​ | ​ | (95,364) | ​ | ​ | (33,617) | ​
Interest expense | ​ | ​ | (2,548) | ​ | ​ | (2,555) | ​
Interest income | ​ | ​ | 2,144 | ​ | ​ | 3,269 | ​
Other income (expense), net | ​ | ​ | 3,912 | ​ | ​ | (2,218) | ​
Loss before provision for income taxes | ​ | ​ | (91,856) | ​ | ​ | (35,121) | ​
Provision for income taxes | ​ | ​ | (40) | ​ | ​ | (2) | ​
Net loss | ​ | ​ | (91,896) | ​ | ​ | (35,123) | ​
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ​ | ​ | (240) | ​ | ​ | (2,463) | ​
Net loss attributable to FuelCell Energy, Inc. | ​ | ​ | (91,656) | ​ | ​ | (32,660) | ​
Series B preferred stock dividends | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​
Net loss attributable to common stockholders | ​ | $ | (92,456) | ​ | $ | (33,460) | ​
Loss per share basic and diluted: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders | ​ | $ | (3.78) | ​ | $ | (1.99) | ​
Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding | ​ | ​ | 24,441,294 | ​ | ​ | 16,772,791 | ​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended July 31, | ​
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | ​
Net loss | ​ | $ | (91,896) | ​ | $ | (35,123) | ​ | ​
Other comprehensive (loss) income: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign currency translation adjustments | ​ | ​ | (374) | ​ | ​ | 141 | ​ | ​
Total comprehensive loss | ​ | $ | (92,270) | ​ | $ | (34,982) | ​ | ​
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ​ | ​ | (240) | ​ | ​ | (2,463) | ​ | ​
Comprehensive loss attributable to FuelCell Energy, Inc. | ​ | $ | (92,030) | ​ | $ | (32,519) | ​ | ​

​

​

​

​

​

​

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

4

Table of Contents

​

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Consolidated Statements of O perations and Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31,
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Product | ​ | $ | 39,099 | ​ | $ | 250 | ​
Service | ​ | ​ | 13,122 | ​ | ​ | 4,397 | ​
Generation | ​ | ​ | 35,825 | ​ | ​ | 38,013 | ​
Advanced Technologies | ​ | ​ | 15,100 | ​ | ​ | 20,146 | ​
Total revenues | ​ | ​ | 103,146 | ​ | ​ | 62,806 | ​
Costs of revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Product | ​ | ​ | 48,380 | ​ | ​ | 9,510 | ​
Service | ​ | ​ | 14,377 | ​ | ​ | 4,301 | ​
Generation | ​ | ​ | 49,035 | ​ | ​ | 61,079 | ​
Advanced Technologies | ​ | ​ | 11,130 | ​ | ​ | 12,917 | ​
Total costs of revenues | ​ | ​ | 122,922 | ​ | ​ | 87,807 | ​
Gross loss | ​ | ​ | (19,776) | ​ | ​ | (25,001) | ​
Operating expenses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Administrative and selling expenses | ​ | ​ | 45,566 | ​ | ​ | 48,659 | ​
Research and development expenses | ​ | ​ | 28,623 | ​ | ​ | 43,796 | ​
Restructuring expense | ​ | ​ | 5,593 | ​ | ​ | - | ​
Impairment expense | ​ | ​ | 64,467 | ​ | ​ | - | ​
Total costs and expenses | ​ | ​ | 144,249 | ​ | ​ | 92,455 | ​
Loss from operations | ​ | ​ | (164,025) | ​ | ​ | (117,456) | ​
Interest expense | ​ | ​ | (7,703) | ​ | ​ | (7,168) | ​
Interest income | ​ | ​ | 6,357 | ​ | ​ | 10,726 | ​
Other income (expense), net | ​ | ​ | 3,464 | ​ | ​ | (3,278) | ​
Loss before provision for income taxes | ​ | ​ | (161,907) | ​ | ​ | (117,176) | ​
Provision for income taxes | ​ | ​ | (124) | ​ | ​ | (2) | ​
Net loss | ​ | ​ | (162,031) | ​ | ​ | (117,178) | ​
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ​ | ​ | (4,000) | ​ | ​ | (32,585) | ​
Net loss attributable to FuelCell Energy, Inc. | ​ | ​ | (158,031) | ​ | ​ | (84,593) | ​
Series B preferred stock dividends | ​ | ​ | (2,400) | ​ | ​ | (2,400) | ​
Net loss attributable to common stockholders | ​ | $ | (160,431) | ​ | $ | (86,993) | ​
Loss per share basic and diluted: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders | ​ | $ | (7.22) | ​ | $ | (5.56) | ​
Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding | ​ | ​ | 22,233,074 | ​ | ​ | 15,646,242 | ​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31,
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Net loss | ​ | $ | (162,031) | ​ | $ | (117,178) | ​
Other comprehensive (loss) income: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign currency translation adjustments | ​ | ​ | (320) | ​ | ​ | 96 | ​
Total comprehensive loss | ​ | $ | (162,351) | ​ | $ | (117,082) | ​
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ​ | ​ | (4,000) | ​ | ​ | (32,585) | ​
Comprehensive loss attributable to FuelCell Energy, Inc. | ​ | $ | (158,351) | ​ | $ | (84,497) | ​

​

​

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5

Table of Contents

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except share amounts)

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Common Stock |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Shares |  | ​ | Amount | ​ | ​ | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Deferred Compensation |  | ​ | Total Stockholders' Equity |  | ​ | Noncontrolling Interests |  | ​ | Total Equity
Balance, October 31, 2024 | ​ | 20,375,932 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 2,300,031 | ​ | $ | (1,641,550) | ​ | $ | (1,561) | ​ | $ | (1,198) | ​ | $ | 1,198 | ​ | $ | 656,922 | ​ | $ | 10,687 | ​ | $ | 667,609
Sale of common stock, net of fees | ​ | 690,711 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,892 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,892 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,892
Common stock issued, non-employee compensation | ​ | 8,335 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 82 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 82 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 82
Stock issued under benefit plans, net of taxes paid upon vesting of restricted stock awards | ​ | 75,834 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (468) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (468) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (468)
Share based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,142 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,142 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,142
Preferred dividends — Series B | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800)
Effect of foreign currency translation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (232) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (232) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (232)
Adjustment for deferred compensation | ​ | (7,040) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (70) | ​ | ​ | 70 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Contributions received for the sale of noncontrolling interest | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,000 | ​ | ​ | 4,000
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (600) | ​ | ​ | (600)
Net Loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (28,326) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (28,326) | ​ | ​ | (4,060) | ​ | ​ | (32,386)
Balance, January 31, 2025 | ​ | 21,143,772 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 2,306,879 | ​ | $ | (1,669,876) | ​ | $ | (1,793) | ​ | $ | (1,268) | ​ | $ | 1,268 | ​ | $ | 635,212 | ​ | $ | 10,027 | ​ | $ | 645,239
Sale of common stock, net of fees | ​ | 1,626,319 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,665 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,665 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,665
Common stock issued, non-employee compensation | ​ | 12,013 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 46 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 46 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 46
Stock issued under benefit plans, net of taxes paid upon vesting of restricted stock awards | ​ | 6,102 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (7)
Share based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,824 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,824 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,824
Preferred dividends — Series B | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800)
Effect of foreign currency translation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 286 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 286 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 286
Adjustment for deferred compensation | ​ | (12,013) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (46) | ​ | ​ | 46 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (565) | ​ | ​ | (565)
Net loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (38,049) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (38,049) | ​ | ​ | 300 | ​ | ​ | (37,749)
Balance, April 30, 2025 | ​ | 22,776,193 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 2,318,607 | ​ | $ | (1,707,925) | ​ | $ | (1,507) | ​ | $ | (1,314) | ​ | $ | 1,314 | ​ | $ | 609,177 | ​ | $ | 9,762 | ​ | $ | 618,939
Sale of common stock, net of fees | ​ | 6,846,992 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 38,068 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 38,069 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 38,069
Common stock issued, non-employee compensation | ​ | 8,999 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 46 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 46 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 46
Stock issued under benefit plans, net of taxes paid upon vesting of restricted stock awards | ​ | 22,109 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 18 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 18 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 18
Share based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,691 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,691 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,691
Preferred dividends — Series B | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800)
Effect of foreign currency translation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (374) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (374) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (374)
Adjustment for deferred compensation | ​ | (8,999) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (46) | ​ | ​ | 46 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (473) | ​ | ​ | (473)
Net loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (91,656) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (91,656) | ​ | ​ | (240) | ​ | ​ | (91,896)
Balance, July 31, 2025 | ​ | 29,645,294 | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | $ | 2,357,630 | ​ | $ | (1,799,581) | ​ | $ | (1,881) | ​ | $ | (1,360) | ​ | $ | 1,360 | ​ | $ | 556,171 | ​ | $ | 9,049 | ​ | $ | 565,220

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FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Consolidated S tatements of Changes in Equity

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except share amounts)

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Deferred Compensation | ​ | ​ | Total Stockholders' Equity | ​ | ​ | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity
Balance, October 31, 2023 | ​ | 15,020,872 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 2,199,704 | ​ | $ | (1,515,541) | ​ | $ | (1,672) | ​ | $ | (1,078) | ​ | $ | 1,078 | ​ | $ | 682,493 | ​ | $ | 17,955 | ​ | $ | 700,448
Common stock issued, non-employee compensation | ​ | 1,480 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 51 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 51 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 51
Stock issued under benefit plans, net of taxes paid upon vesting of restricted stock awards | ​ | 41,173 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (926) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (926) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (926)
Share based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,876 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,876 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,876
Preferred dividends — Series B | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800)
Effect of foreign currency translation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 33 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 33 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 33
Adjustment for deferred compensation | ​ | (1,480) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (51) | ​ | ​ | 51 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Contributions received from sale of noncontrolling interest | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 25,122 | ​ | ​ | 25,122
Distribution to noncontrolling interests | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (236) | ​ | ​ | (236)
Net Loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (19,793) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (19,793) | ​ | ​ | (24,606) | ​ | ​ | (44,399)
Balance, January 31, 2024 | ​ | 15,062,045 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 2,200,905 | ​ | $ | (1,535,334) | ​ | $ | (1,639) | ​ | $ | (1,129) | ​ | $ | 1,129 | ​ | $ | 663,934 | ​ | $ | 18,235 | ​ | $ | 682,169
Sale of common stock, net of fees | ​ | 215,457 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,893 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,893 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,893
Common stock issued, non-employee compensation | ​ | 1,545 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 47 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 47 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 47
Stock issued under benefit plans, net of taxes paid upon vesting of restricted stock awards | ​ | 2,287 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (52) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (52) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (52)
Share based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,002 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,002 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,002
Preferred dividends — Series B | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800)
Effect of foreign currency translation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (78) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (78) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (78)
Adjustment for deferred compensation | ​ | (1,132) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (35) | ​ | ​ | 35 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Distribution to non-controlling interest | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (425) | ​ | ​ | (425)
Net Loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (32,140) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (32,140) | ​ | ​ | (5,516) | ​ | ​ | (37,656)
Balance, April 30, 2024 | ​ | 15,280,202 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 2,208,995 | ​ | $ | (1,567,474) | ​ | $ | (1,717) | ​ | $ | (1,164) | ​ | $ | 1,164 | ​ | $ | 639,806 | ​ | $ | 12,294 | ​ | $ | 652,100
Sale of common stock, net of fees | ​ | 3,174,005 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 65,848 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 65,848 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 65,848
Common stock issued, non-employee compensation | ​ | 2,345 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 47 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 47 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 47
Stock issued under benefit plans, net of taxes paid upon vesting of restricted stock awards | ​ | 6,506 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 30 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 30 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 30
Share based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,350 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,350 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,350
Preferred dividends — Series B | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (800)
Adjustment for deferred compensation | ​ | (1,718) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (34) | ​ | ​ | 34 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Effect of foreign currency translation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 141 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 141 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 141
Distribution to non-controlling interest | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (485) | ​ | ​ | (485)
Net Loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (32,660) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (32,660) | ​ | ​ | (2,464) | ​ | ​ | (35,124)
Balance, July 31, 2024 | ​ | 18,461,340 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 2,277,470 | ​ | $ | (1,600,134) | ​ | $ | (1,576) | ​ | $ | (1,198) | ​ | $ | 1,198 | ​ | $ | 675,762 | ​ | $ | 9,345 | ​ | $ | 685,107

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31,
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 | ​
Cash flows from operating activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss | ​ | $ | (162,031) | ​ | $ | (117,178) | ​
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Share-based compensation | ​ | ​ | 8,657 | ​ | ​ | 9,227 | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | ​ | 30,582 | ​ | ​ | 27,389 | ​
Non-cash interest expense on finance obligations | ​ | ​ | 1,773 | ​ | ​ | 1,633 | ​
Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative contracts | ​ | ​ | (1,862) | ​ | ​ | 8,267 | ​
Operating lease costs | ​ | ​ | 1,005 | ​ | ​ | 1,052 | ​
Operating lease payments | ​ | ​ | (1,030) | ​ | ​ | (931) | ​
Impairment expense | ​ | ​ | 64,467 | ​ | ​ | 1,107 | ​
Other, net | ​ | ​ | 180 | ​ | ​ | 229 | ​
Decrease (increase) in operating assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts receivable | ​ | ​ | 1,801 | ​ | ​ | (7,352) | ​
Unbilled receivables | ​ | ​ | (33,110) | ​ | ​ | (7,976) | ​
Inventories | ​ | ​ | (2,058) | ​ | ​ | (44,893) | ​
Other assets | ​ | ​ | (10,019) | ​ | ​ | (33,337) | ​
(Decrease) increase in operating liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts payable | ​ | ​ | (3,943) | ​ | ​ | (5,985) | ​
Accrued liabilities | ​ | ​ | (258) | ​ | ​ | 507 | ​
Deferred revenue | ​ | ​ | 3,419 | ​ | ​ | 9,490 | ​
Net cash used in operating activities | ​ | ​ | (102,427) | ​ | ​ | (158,751) | ​
Cash flows from investing activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capital expenditures | ​ | ​ | (17,586) | ​ | ​ | (37,176) | ​
Project asset expenditures | ​ | ​ | (3,845) | ​ | ​ | (11,769) | ​
Maturity of held-to-maturity debt securities | ​ | ​ | 772,370 | ​ | ​ | 506,770 | ​
Purchases of held-to-maturity debt securities | ​ | ​ | (660,969) | ​ | ​ | (476,803) | ​
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | ​ | ​ | 89,970 | ​ | ​ | (18,978) | ​
Cash flows from financing activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Repayment of debt and finance obligations | ​ | ​ | (10,424) | ​ | ​ | (8,782) | ​
Proceeds from the issuance of debt | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 13,000 | ​
Payment for deferred financing costs | ​ | ​ | (171) | ​ | ​ | (343) | ​
Common stock issued for stock plans and related expenses | ​ | ​ | 51 | ​ | ​ | 120 | ​
Contributions received from sale of noncontrolling interest | ​ | ​ | 4,000 | ​ | ​ | 25,122 | ​
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | ​ | ​ | (1,638) | ​ | ​ | (1,146) | ​
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards | ​ | ​ | (507) | ​ | ​ | (1,072) | ​
Common stock issuance, net of fees | ​ | ​ | 51,626 | ​ | ​ | 71,739 | ​
Payment of preferred dividends | ​ | ​ | (2,400) | ​ | ​ | (2,400) | ​
Net cash provided by financing activities | ​ | ​ | 40,537 | ​ | ​ | 96,238 | ​
Effects on cash from changes in foreign currency rates | ​ | ​ | (109) | ​ | ​ | 96 | ​
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | ​ | 27,971 | ​ | ​ | (81,395) | ​
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash-beginning of period | ​ | ​ | 208,883 | ​ | ​ | 299,576 | ​
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash-end of period | ​ | $ | 236,854 | ​ | $ | 218,181 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and cash equivalents, unrestricted | ​ | $ | 174,662 | ​ | $ | 159,347 | ​
Restricted cash and cash equivalents - short-term | ​ | ​ | 16,092 | ​ | ​ | 9,686 | ​
Restricted cash and cash equivalents - long-term | ​ | ​ | 46,100 | ​ | ​ | 49,148 | ​
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | $ | 236,854 | ​ | $ | 218,181 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Supplemental cash flow disclosures: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash interest paid | ​ | $ | 5,504 | ​ | $ | 4,988 | ​
Noncash financing and investing activity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Addition of operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 3,523 | ​ | ​ | - | ​
Addition of operating lease right-of-use assets | ​ | ​ | 3,523 | ​ | ​ | - | ​
Noncash reclassifications from inventory to project assets | ​ | ​ | 2,148 | ​ | ​ | 4,586 | ​
Accrued purchases of fixed assets, cash to be paid in subsequent period | ​ | ​ | 913 | ​ | ​ | 2,295 | ​
Accrued purchases of project assets, cash to be paid in subsequent period | ​ | ​ | 72 | ​ | ​ | 261 | ​

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 1. Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Headquartered in Danbury, Connecticut, FuelCell Energy, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company,” “FuelCell Energy,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a global leader in delivering environmentally responsible distributed baseload energy platform solutions through our proprietary fuel cell technology. Today, we offer commercial technology that produces clean electricity, heat, clean hydrogen, and water and is also capable of recovering and capturing carbon for utilization and/or sequestration, depending on product configuration and application. We also continue to make targeted investments in product development and commercializing technologies that are expected to add new capabilities to our platforms’ abilities to deliver hydrogen and long duration hydrogen-based energy storage through our solid oxide technologies, as well as further enhance our existing platforms’ carbon capture solutions.

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FuelCell Energy is focused on advancing sustainable clean energy technologies that address some of the world’s most critical challenges around energy access, security, resilience, reliability, affordability, safety and environmental stewardship. As a leading global manufacturer of proprietary fuel cell technology platforms, FuelCell Energy is uniquely positioned to serve customers worldwide with sustainable products and solutions for industrial and commercial businesses, utilities, governments, municipalities, and communities.

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Basis of Presentation

​

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not contain all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments necessary to fairly present the Company’s financial position as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 and results of operations as of and for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 have been included. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

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On November 8, 2024, we effected a 1-for-30 reverse stock split, reducing the number of our common shares outstanding on that date from 611,278,662 shares to approximately 20,375,932 shares. The number of authorized shares of common stock remains unchanged at 1,000,000,000 shares and the number of authorized shares of preferred stock remains unchanged at 250,000 shares. The number of shares of common stock issuable upon settlement of outstanding restricted stock unit, performance stock unit and deferred stock unit awards were reduced proportionately in connection with the reverse stock split. Additionally, the conversion rate of our Series B Preferred Stock (as defined elsewhere herein), the exercise price of all outstanding options, the number of shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of all outstanding options, and the number of shares reserved for future issuance pursuant to our equity compensation plans and employee stock purchase plan were all adjusted proportionately in connection with the reverse stock split. All share and per share amounts, exercise prices, conversion rates and conversion prices presented herein that relate to dates, or were established, prior to the reverse stock split have been adjusted retroactively to reflect these changes.

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Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The balance sheet as of October 31, 2024 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but it does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, which are contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K previously filed with the SEC. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full fiscal year.

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Principles of Consolidation

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The unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect our accounts and operations and those of our subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest. We use a qualitative approach in assessing the consolidation requirement for each of our variable interest entities ("VIEs"), which are tax equity partnerships further described in Note 3. “Tax Equity Financings.” This approach focuses on determining whether we have the power to direct those activities of the tax equity

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partnerships that most significantly affect their economic performance and whether we have the obligation to absorb losses, or the right to receive benefits, that could potentially be significant to the tax equity partnerships. For all periods presented, we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary in all of our tax equity partnerships. We evaluate our tax equity partnerships on an ongoing basis to ensure that we continue to be the primary beneficiary.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other things, revenue recognition, lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, loss accruals on service agreements, excess, slow-moving and obsolete inventories, product warranty accruals, loss accruals on service agreements, share-based compensation expense, allowance for credit losses, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and in-process research and development intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets (including project assets), valuation of derivatives, and contingencies. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results in future periods may differ from those estimates.

Liquidity

Our principal sources of cash have been proceeds from the sale of our products and projects, electricity generation revenues, research and development and service agreements with third parties, sales of our common stock through public equity offerings, and proceeds from debt, project financing and tax monetization transactions. We have utilized this cash to accelerate the commercialization of our solid oxide platforms, develop new capabilities to separate and capture carbon, develop and construct project assets, invest in capital improvements and expansion of our operations, perform research and development, pay down existing outstanding indebtedness, and meet our other cash and liquidity needs.

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As of July 31, 2025, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaled $174.7 million compared to $148.1 million as of October 31, 2024. During the year ended October 31, 2024 and the nine months ended July 31, 2025, the Company invested in United States (U.S.) Treasury Securities. The amortized cost of the U.S. Treasury Securities outstanding totaled $109.1 million as of October 31, 2024 and were classified as Investments - short-term on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. There were no outstanding U.S. Treasury Securities as of July 31, 2025 as all U.S. Treasury Securities that were outstanding during the nine month period ended July 31, 2025 matured prior to July 31, 2025.

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During the first nine months of fiscal year 2025, the Company received the second annual funding from East West Bancorp, Inc. (“East West Bank”) under the tax equity financing transaction between the Company and East West Bank and, as a result, the Company received a $4.0 million contribution during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 which is recorded as noncontrolling interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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On April 10, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Open Market Sale Agreement, dated July 12, 2022 (the “2022 Sales Agreement”), with Jefferies LLC, B. Riley Securities, Inc., Barclays Capital Inc., BMO Capital Markets Corp., BofA Securities, Inc., Canaccord Genuity LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Loop Capital Markets LLC (each, an “Agent” and together, the “Agents”) (the 2022 Sales Agreement as amended, the “Amended Sales Agreement”), with respect to an at the market offering program under which the Company may, from time to time, offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $300,000,000 (exclusive of any amounts previously sold under the 2022 Sales Agreement prior to its amendment). On December 27, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Amended Sales Agreement, which removed certain representations and warranties relating to the Company’s status as a well-known seasoned issuer. During the three months ended July 31, 2025, approximately 6.8 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement at an average sale price of $5.70 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $39.0 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $38.1 million after deducting sales commissions totaling approximately $0.8 million and fees totaling approximately $0.1 million. During the first nine months of fiscal year 2025, approximately 9.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement at an average sale price of $5.84 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $53.5 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $51.6 million after deducting sales commissions totaling approximately $1.1 million and fees totaling approximately $0.8 million. See Note 12. “Stockholders’ Equity” for additional information regarding the 2022 Sales Agreement and the Amended Sales Agreement.

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On December 27, 2024, the Company filed Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 and Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-274971) (the “Registration Statement”), each including a base prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale by the Company of up to $405,000,000 of common stock, warrants and units (or any combination thereof) from time to time in one or more offerings and a prospectus supplement covering the offering, issuance and sale by the Company from time to time of up to $204,922,876.65 of the Company’s common stock, which was the amount remaining under the Amended Sales Agreement as of December 27, 2024. On March 5, 2025, the Company filed Post-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement to update certain information, to provide an updated consent of its independent registered public accounting firm, and to provide an update about the amount of shares then remaining available for offer and sale by the Company under the Amended Sales Agreement. The Registration Statement, as amended by the Post-Effective Amendments, was declared effective by the SEC on March 10, 2025. In the event that the Amended Sales Agreement is terminated, any portion of the aggregate amount of shares of common stock included in the prospectus supplement that is not sold pursuant to the Amended Sales Agreement will be available for sale in other offerings pursuant to the base prospectus and a corresponding prospectus supplement.

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In addition, the Company has a universal shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-286842) that was declared effective by the SEC on May 8, 2025. Under this universal shelf Registration Statement, the Company may offer and sell from time to time in one or more offerings up to $200,000,000 in the aggregate of (1) shares of the Company’s common stock; (2) shares of the Company’s preferred stock; (3) debt securities; (4) warrants exercisable for common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, units, or other securities of the Company; and (5) units consisting of one or more shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, debt securities, and/or warrants.

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We believe that our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, expected receipts from our contracted backlog and release of short-term restricted cash less expected disbursements over the next twelve months will be sufficient to allow the Company to meet its obligations for at least one year from the date of issuance of these financial statements.

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To date, we have not achieved profitable operations or sustained positive cash flow from operations. The Company’s future liquidity, for the remainder of fiscal year 2025 and in the long-term, will depend on its ability to (i) timely complete current projects in process within budget, (ii) increase cash flows from its generation operating portfolio, including by meeting conditions required to timely commence operation of new projects, operating its generation operating portfolio in compliance with minimum performance guarantees and operating its generation operating portfolio in accordance with revenue expectations, (iii) obtain financing for project construction and manufacturing expansion, (iv) obtain permanent financing for its projects once constructed, (v) increase order and contract volumes, which would lead to additional product sales, service agreements and generation revenues, (vi) obtain funding for and receive payment for research and development under current and future Advanced Technologies contracts, (vii) successfully advance the commercialization of its solid oxide and carbon capture platforms through partnerships with third parties, (viii) implement capacity expansion for our carbonate products when required, (ix) seek partnerships for solid oxide product commercialization and manufacturing, (x) implement the product cost reductions necessary to achieve profitable operations, (xi) manage working capital and the Company’s unrestricted cash balance and (xii) access the capital markets to raise funds through the sale of debt and equity securities, convertible notes, and other equity-linked instruments.

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We are continually assessing different means by which to accelerate the Company’s growth, enter new markets, commercialize new products, and enable capacity expansion. Therefore, from time to time, the Company may consider and enter into agreements for one or more of the following: negotiated financial transactions, minority investments, collaborative ventures, technology sharing, transfer or other technology license arrangements, joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions or other business transactions for the purpose(s) of geographic or manufacturing expansion and/or new product or technology development and commercialization, including hydrogen production through our carbonate and solid oxide platforms and storage and carbon capture, sequestration and utilization technologies.

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Our business model requires substantial outside financing arrangements and satisfaction of the conditions of such arrangements to construct and deploy our projects to facilitate the growth of our business. The Company has invested capital raised from sales of its common stock to build out its project portfolio. The Company has also utilized and expects to continue to utilize a combination of long-term debt and tax equity financing (e.g., sale-leaseback transactions, partnership flip transactions and the monetization and/or transfer of eligible investment and production tax credits) to finance its project asset portfolio as these projects commence commercial operations. The Company may also seek to undertake private placements of debt securities to finance its project asset portfolio. The Company is also pursuing financing to support its commercial efforts, which include deployment of modules to the repowering opportunities in the

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Korean market including the GGE project (as defined elsewhere herein). The proceeds of any such financing, if obtained, may allow the Company to reinvest capital back into the business and to fund other projects. We also expect to seek additional financing in both the debt and equity markets in the future. If financing is not available to us on acceptable terms if and when needed, or on terms acceptable to us or our lenders, if we do not satisfy the conditions of our financing arrangements, if we spend more than the financing approved for projects, if project costs exceed an amount that the Company can finance, or if we do not generate sufficient revenues or obtain capital sufficient for our corporate needs, we may be required to further reduce or slow planned spending, further reduce staffing, sell assets, seek alternative financing and take other measures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operations.

Note 2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

There is no recently adopted accounting guidance.

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Effective

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the guidance enhances interim disclosure requirements, clarifies circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provides new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment and contains other disclosure requirements. The purpose of the guidance is to enable investors to better understand an entity’s overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We will adopt this guidance in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending October 31, 2025, but, other than enhanced disclosure, we do not expect this guidance to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

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In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance to enhance income tax disclosures by providing information to better assess how an entity’s operations, related tax risks, tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. Additional disclosures will be required to the annual effective tax rate reconciliation including specific categories and further disaggregated reconciling items that meet the quantitative threshold. Additionally, disclosures will be required relating to income tax expense and payments made to federal, state, local and foreign jurisdictions. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact that the new guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.

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In November 2024, the FASB issued new guidance which requires enhanced disclosure of specified categories of expenses included in certain expense captions presented on the face of the income statement. This guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine its adoption approach and the impact on the presentation and disclosures of its consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company anticipates its processes will be enhanced to address the disaggregation and disclosure requirements, though it does not expect adoption to impact its overall results from operations.

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Note 3. Tax Equity Financings

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Derby Tax Equity Financing Transaction

Since the 14.0 megawatt (“MW”) Derby Fuel Cell Project and the 2.8 MW SCEF Fuel Cell Project, both located in Derby, Connecticut (collectively, the “Derby Projects”), became operational during the first quarter of fiscal year 2024, we have begun to allocate profits and losses to noncontrolling interests under the hypothetical liquidation at book value ("HLBV") method.

During the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025, priority return distributions were made to Franklin Park 2023 FCE Tax Equity Fund, LLC (“Franklin Park”) of $0.3 million and $1.0 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended July 31, 2024, priority return distributions were made to Franklin Park of $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025, the net income attributable to noncontrolling interests totaled $0.4

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million and $1.2 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended July 31, 2024, the net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests totaled $(1.8) million and $(28.6) million, respectively.

Groton Tax Equity Financing Transaction

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The Company closed on a tax equity financing transaction in August 2021 with East West Bank for the 7.4 MW fuel cell project (the “Groton Project”) located on the U.S. Navy Submarine Base in Groton, CT. East West Bank’s tax equity commitment totaled $15.0 million.

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During the three months ended July 31, 2025, there were no priority return distributions, and during the nine months ended July 31, 2025, priority return distributions of $0.2 million were made to East West Bank. During each of the three and nine month periods ended July 31, 2024, the Company made priority return distributions to East West Bank of $0.1 million. For the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025, the net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests for Groton Station FuelCell Holdco, LLC (the partnership that acquired the equity interests in the project company that owns the Groton Project) totaled $(0.01) million and $(3.5) million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended July 31, 2024, the net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests totaled $(0.2) million and $(3.5) million, respectively.

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Yaphank Tax Equity Financing Transaction

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The Company closed on a tax equity financing transaction in November 2021 with Renewable Energy Investors, LLC (“REI”), a subsidiary of Franklin Park Infrastructure, LLC, for the 7.4 MW fuel cell project (the “LIPA Yaphank Project”) located in Yaphank Long Island. REI’s tax equity commitment totaled $12.4 million.

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During the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025, priority return distributions were made to REI of $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended July 31, 2024, priority return distributions were made to REI of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025, net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest for YTBFC Holdco, LLC (the partnership that acquired the equity interests in the project company that owns the LIPA Yaphank Project) totaled $(0.6) million and $(1.7) million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended July 31, 2024, net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest totaled $(0.4) million and $(0.5) million, respectively.

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Note 4. Revenue Recognition

Contract Balances

Contract assets as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 were $98.1 million ($53.4 million long-term) and $65.1 million ($28.3 million long-term), respectively. The contract assets relate to the Company’s rights to consideration for work completed but not yet billed. These amounts are included on a separate line item as Unbilled receivables, and balances expected to be billed later than one year from the balance sheet date are included within Other assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. We bill customers for power platform and power platform component sales based on certain contractual milestones being reached. We bill service agreements based on the contract price and billing terms of the contracts. Generally, our Advanced Technologies contracts are billed based on actual revenues recorded, typically in the subsequent month. Some Advanced Technologies contracts are billed based on contractual milestones or costs incurred.

Contract liabilities as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 were $10.7 million and $7.2 million, respectively. These amounts are included on a separate line item as Deferred revenue, and balances expected to be recognized as revenue beyond one year from the balance sheet date are included within Long-term deferred revenue on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The contract liabilities relate to the advance billings to customers for services that will be recognized over time and in some instances for deferred revenue relating to variable consideration for previously sold products. The net change in contract liabilities represents customer billings offset by revenue recognized.

Consideration Payable to a Customer

As of October 31, 2023, the Company had recorded $6.3 million ($6.0 million long-term) as consideration payable to Toyota Motor North America (“Toyota”), which is included within Accrued liabilities and Long-term debt and other liabilities on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company received payment for the sale of an investment tax credit with respect to the Toyota project at the Port of Long Beach during the year ended October 31, 2023. The net amount of $6.3 million is being recorded as a reduction to revenue during the period of measurement, which is the 20-year

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term of the hydrogen production and power purchase agreement between Toyota and the Company (“Toyota HPPA”) that commenced in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024. The balance was $6.0 million ($4.5 million long-term) as of each of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024.

Advanced Technologies Revenue – EMTEC Joint Development Agreement and Rotterdam Pilot Project Purchase Order

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In May 2023, the Company entered into a second letter agreement with ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company (formerly known as ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company) (“EMTEC”), pursuant to which the parties agreed that the conditions to the Company’s agreement to invest in the future demonstration of the technology for capturing carbon at an ExxonMobil refinery located in Rotterdam, Netherlands (such demonstration, the “Rotterdam Project”) were met in April 2023 and, as a result, the Company recognized $2.5 million of the $5.0 million milestone payment received in fiscal year 2022 under the Company’s Joint Development Agreement with EMTEC as revenue across deliverables to EMTEC. Of this $2.5 million, the Company recognized aggregate revenue of $2.0 million during fiscal years 2024 and 2023 and the remaining $0.5 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2025. The other $2.5 million of the $5.0 million milestone payment received in fiscal year 2022 under the Company’s Joint Development Agreement with EMTEC was applied during fiscal year 2023 to discount EMTEC’s purchase of the Company’s fuel cell module and detailed engineering design for the Rotterdam Project.

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On January 31, 2024, the Company received a purchase order valued at $11.6 million from Esso Nederland B.V. (“Esso”), an affiliate of Exxon Mobil Corporation and EMTEC, for fuel cell modules as well as engineering, procurement, fabrication, testing and delivery services required for the construction and implementation of the modular point source carbon capture pilot plant at the Rotterdam Project. During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, the Company and Esso executed two change orders totaling $4.0 million to the original purchase order, which increased the total purchase order value to $15.6 million. The Company expects that this pilot plant will be completed and commissioned in calendar year 2026.

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On and effective as of March 31, 2024, the Company and EMTEC entered into Amendment No. 5 (“Amendment No. 5”) to the Joint Development Agreement between the Company and EMTEC (as amended, the “Joint Development Agreement”). In Amendment No. 5, the Company and EMTEC further extended the term of the Joint Development Agreement such that it will end on December 31, 2026 (unless terminated earlier), so that the Company and EMTEC may pursue continued work to allow for technical readiness of the Generation 2 Technology fuel cell module as well as additional continuous technology development. In parallel with the Joint Development Agreement, the Company and EMTEC will pursue pioneer commercial deployments of the Generation 2 Technology with third parties, with the Company as the fuel cell module manufacturer for such deployments. Amendment No. 5 also removed the cap on the maximum amount of research costs to be reimbursed by EMTEC, and instead includes an expected annual budget for the anticipated work through the remaining term of the Joint Development Agreement of at least $10.0 million per year, subject to approval by EMTEC.

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In addition, Amendment No. 5 provides the Company with the ability to pursue new carbon capture projects with third parties for the remaining duration of the term of the Joint Development Agreement using Generation 1 Technology or Generation 2 Technology (provided that the use of Generation 2 Technology must be limited to the use of Generation 2 physical fuel cell properties and design elements in Generation 1 Technology modules), with any new sales of such activities, authorized work, and carbon capture projects, when summed together, having the capability of capturing no more than 250,000 tons of CO2 on a cumulative annual basis. Under Amendment No. 5, following expiration of the term of the Joint Development Agreement, the Company will also have the opportunity to continue to service continuing obligations for such projects entered into during the term of the Joint Development Agreement (e.g., completion of contracted builds, service and repair/replacement of components, etc.). To allow the Company to pursue such projects, in Amendment No. 5, EMTEC also granted to the Company a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, irrevocable (during the term of the Joint Development Agreement), non-sub-licensable license to EMTEC’s Generation 1 Technology as well as to EMTEC’s Generation 2 Technology physical fuel cell properties and design elements.

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Long-Term Service Agreement with Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd.

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On May 28, 2024, the Company and Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd. (“GGE”) entered into a long-term service agreement (the “LTSA”) with respect to GGE’s 58.8 MW fuel cell power platform in Hwaseong-si, Korea (the “GGE Platform”). The GGE Platform is comprised of 21 SureSource 3000 molten carbonate fuel cells (each a “Plant”). Each Plant is comprised of two 1.4-MW carbonate fuel cell modules. Pursuant to the LTSA, GGE and the Company have agreed

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that (i) GGE will purchase from the Company 42 1.4-MW carbonate fuel cell modules to replace existing fuel cell modules at the GGE Platform, (ii) the Company will provide certain balance of plant replacement components if and to the extent the parties reasonably determine existing components should be replaced, and (iii) the Company will provide long term operations and maintenance services for the GGE Platform. The total amount payable by GGE under the LTSA for the 42 replacement fuel cell modules, balance of plant replacement components, and service is $159.6 million USD, with payments made and to be made over time as such replacement fuel cell modules are commissioned and the service obligations under the LTSA for such Plants commence.

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Pursuant to the LTSA, the Company will provide various performance guarantees for each Plant related to power generation, fuel consumption, water consumption and heat production. If a Plant fails to achieve such performance requirements, the Company may be required to compensate GGE for such underperformance.

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The Company’s service obligations under the LTSA commence with respect to individual Plants as the Company replaces each Plant’s existing fuel cell modules and commissions the replacement fuel cell modules. The term of the LTSA with respect to each Plant will continue for seven years from the date of commissioning of the replacement fuel cell modules for such Plant. Commissioning of the first six 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules was completed in the fall of calendar year 2024, and commissioning of an additional 12 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules was completed in the nine months ended July 31, 2025. An additional eight 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules are expected to be commissioned throughout the remainder of fiscal year 2025, and the remaining 16 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules are expected to be commissioned in fiscal year 2026.

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Remaining Performance Obligations

Remaining performance obligations are the aggregate amount of total contract transaction price that is unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied. As of July 31, 2025, the Company’s total remaining performance obligations were: $169.4 million for service agreements (expected to be recognized as revenue over approximately three to fifteen years which is based on the remaining term of the service agreements), $378.9 million for generation power purchase agreements (“PPAs”) (expected to be recognized as revenue over approximately nineteen to twenty years based on the PPA terms remaining), $7.1 million for Advanced Technologies contracts (expected to be recognized within approximately two years) and $96.2 million for product purchase agreements (expected to be recognized within the next two fiscal years).

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Note 5. Impairment and Restructuring

Restructuring

In September and November 2024, the Company undertook restructuring actions, which included reductions in force that collectively represented approximately 17% of the Company’s global workforce and also included reduced spending for product development, overhead and other costs. These restructuring actions sought to reduce operating costs and better align the Company’s workforce with the needs of the Company’s business and its customers. The workforce was reduced across our global operations including Calgary, Canada and at our North American production facility in Torrington, Connecticut, at our corporate offices in Danbury, Connecticut and at other remote locations.

On June 4, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) approved a global restructuring plan to further reduce operating costs, realign resources toward advancing the Company's core carbonate technologies, and protect the Company's competitive position amid slower-than-expected market investments in clean energy. This plan includes: (i) a workforce reduction of 122 employees, or approximately 22% of our workforce across the U.S., Canada and Germany (which reduction was implemented on June 5, 2025), (ii) a significant reduction of discretionary overhead spending, (iii) recalibration of the Torrington manufacturing facility production schedule to align with contracted demand, rather than forecasted demand, which, without continued growth in our closed order book, would result in a decrease in our annualized production rate, (iv) the deferral of certain compensation and benefit obligations, (v) the cessation of the majority of development efforts with respect to our solid oxide technology, and (vi) other targeted cost-saving measures.

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Restructuring expense relating to severance for eliminated positions of $4.1 million and $5.6 million was recognized in the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025, respectively, which has been presented under a separate caption in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of July 31, 2025, $3.4 million of restructuring expense which had yet to be paid out is included within Accrued liabilities on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table summarizes the activity in accrued severance costs (in thousands):

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Accrued severance costs
Balance as of October 31, 2024 | ​ | $ | 2,235
Restructuring expense recognized | ​ | ​ | 5,593
Restructuring expense payouts | ​ | ​ | (4,445)
Balance as of July 31, 2025 | ​ | $ | 3,383

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Impairment

In conjunction with the restructuring plan approved by the Board in June 2025, the Company ceased certain commercialization and capacity expansion activities related to its solid oxide technology performed by our subsidiaries, Versa Power Systems, Ltd. and Versa Power Systems, Inc. (collectively, the “Versa reporting unit”). As a result, the Company identified goodwill, in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) intangible assets, related inventory and property, plant and equipment (“PP&E”), in each case related to the Company’s prior investments in the Versa reporting unit that might be impaired. The Company tested the fair value of the IPR&D intangible assets using the replacement cost method to establish a fair value according to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, Intangibles, Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), and determined that the carrying value of the IPR&D intangible assets was in excess of its fair value and that an impairment of the IPR&D intangible assets existed as of July 31, 2025. The Company also tested the fair value of the Versa reporting unit using the adjusted net asset value method according to ASC 350 to establish a fair value, and determined that the carrying value of the equity in the Versa reporting unit was in excess of its fair value and that an impairment of goodwill existed as of July 31, 2025. As part of the Adjusted Net Asset Value method to establish the fair value of the equity in the Versa reporting unit, impairments of certain inventory and PP&E assets were also identified as of July 31, 2025, as the carrying values of these assets exceeded their fair values.

In connection with the impairment testing of the Versa reporting unit, the Company estimated the fair values of IPR&D intangible assets, inventory, and PP&E using valuation techniques consistent with ASC Topic 820 – Fair Value Measurement. The IPR&D intangible assets were valued using the replacement cost method, selected due to the absence of reliable cash flow projections and market comparable information. Inputs included internal development costs and benchmarked developer profit and obsolescence factors. Inventory was written down to zero based on internal assessments of recoverability, lack of alternative use, and the strategic decision to cease commercialization efforts on solid oxide technology. PP&E was valued using a combination of the cost and market approaches, depending on asset type and data availability. The cost approach was applied to specialized assets with limited market activity, while market data and supplier quotes supported valuation of general-use assets. Goodwill was impaired using the adjusted net asset value method, as the reporting unit lacked historical revenue and viable projections to support income or market-based approaches. While certain observable inputs were considered, the valuations primarily relied on internal assumptions and management estimates. Accordingly, all fair value measurements were classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

In addition, the Company has solid oxide inventory located in Torrington, Connecticut, and, due to the cessation of certain commercialization and capacity expansion activities related to its solid oxide technology, this solid oxide inventory was identified and tested for whether net recoverable value (“NRV”) was lower than cost, according to ASC Topic 330, Inventory. The Company determined that the carrying value of this inventory was in excess of its NRV and that an impairment of the inventory existed as of July 31, 2025. The Company estimated NRV of this solid oxide inventory by considering its current ability to sell or use the inventory through existing sales/service channels, its ability to sell the inventory at a discounted price through existing sales/service channels, and its ability to use the inventory in other future projects.

Further, the Company previously made certain capacity expansion investments in PP&E with long lead times for its Torrington, Connecticut manufacturing facility and, as a result of the slower-than-expected pace of market developments, certain of this PP&E was identified and tested for recoverability in accordance with ASC Topic 360-10, Impairment and Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, using the market method. As a result, the Company determined that the carrying value of this PP&E was in excess of its fair value and that an impairment existed as of July 31, 2025.

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Due to the impairments identified above, the Company recognized a total impairment expense of $64.5 million in each of the three and nine month periods ended July 31, 2025, which is presented as Impairment expense within the operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Of the $64.5 million, approximately $42.1 million was related to PP&E, approximately $9.0 million was related to inventory, approximately $9.3 million was related to IPR&D intangible assets, and approximately $4.1 million was related to goodwill.

To the extent there are further changes in market conditions or the performance of the Company’s long-lived assets, the Company may incur additional impairment expenses in the future.

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Note 6. Investments – Short-Term

The Company began to invest in U.S. Treasury Securities during fiscal year 2023. Outstanding U.S. Treasury Securities were classified as held-to-maturity and were recorded at amortized cost. The contractual maturities of the outstanding investments as of October 31, 2024 were within one year and the weighted average yield to maturity was 4.78%. These investments matured during the nine month period ended July 31, 2025. The following table summarizes the amortized cost basis and fair value (based on quoted market prices) of U.S. Treasury Securities as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 (in thousands):

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Gross unrealized | ​ | Gross unrealized | ​
​ |  | cost |  | gains | ​ | losses | Fair value
U.S. Treasury Securities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
As of July 31, 2025 | ​ | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | -
As of October 31, 2024 | ​ | $ | 109,123 | $ | 2 | $ | - | $ | 109,125

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Note 7. Inventories

Inventories (current and long-term) as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | July 31, | ​ | October 31,
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Raw materials | ​ | $ | 36,360 | ​ | $ | 35,989
Work-in-process (1) | ​ | ​ | 70,981 | ​ | ​ | 80,457
Inventories | ​ | ​ | 107,341 | ​ | ​ | 116,446
Inventories – current | ​ | ​ | (104,598) | ​ | ​ | (113,703)
Inventories – long-term (2) | ​ | $ | 2,743 | ​ | $ | 2,743

(1) | Work-in-process includes the standard components of inventory used to build the typical modules or module components that are intended to be used in future project asset construction or power plant orders or for use under the Company’s service agreements.

(2) | Long-term inventory includes modules that are contractually required to be segregated for use as exchange modules for specific project assets.

Raw materials consist mainly of various nickel powders and steels, various other components used in producing cell stacks and purchased components for balance of plant. Work-in-process inventory is comprised of material, labor, and overhead costs incurred to build fuel cell stacks and modules, which are subcomponents of a power platform.

During the three month period ended July 31, 2025, the Company recognized an impairment expense of $9.0 million related to certain solid oxide inventories as a result of certain actions taken by the Company pursuant to the restructuring plan undertaken by the Company in June 2025. See Note 5. “Impairment and Restructuring” for additional information regarding the restructuring plan and the impairment expense.

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Note 8. Project Assets

Project assets as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | July 31, | ​ | October 31, | ​ | Estimated
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Useful Life
Project Assets – Operating | ​ | $ | 306,747 | ​ | $ | 308,503 | ​ | 4-20 years
Accumulated depreciation | ​ | ​ | (82,964) | ​ | ​ | (66,542) | ​ | ​
Project Assets – Operating, net | ​ | ​ | 223,783 | ​ | ​ | 241,961 | ​ | ​
Project Assets – Construction in progress | ​ | ​ | 699 | ​ | ​ | 170 | ​ | 7-20 years
Project Assets, net | ​ | $ | 224,482 | ​ | $ | 242,131 | ​ | ​

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The estimated useful lives of these project assets are 20 years for balance of plant and site construction, and four to seven years for modules. Project assets as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 included twelve completed, commissioned installations generating power with respect to which the Company has a PPA with the end-user of power and site host with a net aggregate value of $223.8 million and $242.0 million as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively. Certain of these assets are the subject of sale-leaseback arrangements with Crestmark Equipment Finance (“Crestmark”).

Project assets as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 also include installations with carrying values of $0.7 million and $0.2 million, respectively, which are being developed and constructed by the Company in connection with a project for which we have entered into a PPA.

Project construction costs incurred for long-term project assets are reported as investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Note 9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

As of October 31, 2024, the Company had goodwill of $4.1 million and intangible assets of $14.8 million that were recorded in connection with the Company’s 2012 acquisition of Versa Power Systems, Inc. (“Versa Inc.”) and the 2019 Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project acquisition. During the three month period ended July 31, 2025, the Company recognized impairment expenses related to the goodwill in Versa Inc. of $4.1 million and impairment expenses related to IPR&D intangible assets in Versa Inc. of $9.3 million, as a result of certain actions taken by the Company pursuant to the restructuring plan undertaken by the Company in June 2025. As of July 31, 2025, the Company had intangible assets of $4.2 million that were recorded in connection with the 2019 Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project acquisition. See Note 5. “Impairment and Restructuring” for additional information regarding the restructuring plan and the impairment expenses.

The Versa Inc. acquisition intangible asset represented an indefinite-lived IPR&D asset for cumulative research and development efforts associated with the development of solid oxide fuel cell stationary power generation. Amortization expense for the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project-related intangible asset for each of the three month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0.3 million, and for each of the nine month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 was $1.0 million.

The following tables summarize the carrying value of the Company’s intangible assets as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
As of July 31, 2025 |  | Gross Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Amount
In-Process Research and Development | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | -
Bridgeport PPA | ​ | ​ | 12,320 | ​ | ​ | (8,105) | ​ | ​ | 4,215
Total | ​ | $ | 12,320 | ​ | $ | (8,105) | ​ | $ | 4,215
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
As of October 31, 2024 |  | Gross Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Amount
In-Process Research and Development | ​ | $ | 9,592 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | 9,592
Bridgeport PPA | ​ | ​ | 12,320 | ​ | ​ | (7,133) | ​ | ​ | 5,187
Total | ​ | $ | 21,912 | ​ | $ | (7,133) | ​ | $ | 14,779

​

​

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Note 10. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | July 31, | ​ | October 31,
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Accrued payroll and employee benefits (1) | ​ | $ | 6,999 | ​ | $ | 9,808
Consideration payable to a customer (2) | ​ | ​ | 2,515 | ​ | ​ | 2,515
Accrued service agreement and PPA costs (3) | ​ | ​ | 11,872 | ​ | ​ | 10,574
Accrued legal, taxes, professional and other | ​ | ​ | 5,097 | ​ | ​ | 5,230
Accrued severance costs (4) | ​ | ​ | 3,383 | ​ | ​ | 2,235
Accrued liabilities | ​ | $ | 29,866 | ​ | $ | 30,362

(1) | The balance in this account represents accrued payroll, payroll taxes and accrued bonus for both periods.

(2) | The balance represents the net amount due to Toyota as an accrued liability, which will be reduced over time against billings to Toyota for hydrogen sales under the terms of the Toyota HPPA.

(3) | Accrued service agreement costs include loss accruals on service agreements of $9.8 million and $9.0 million as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively. The accruals for performance guarantees on service agreements and PPAs were $1.8 million and $1.5 million as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively.

(4) | Accrued severance costs represent amounts accrued relating to restructuring activities and workforce reductions that occurred in September of fiscal year 2024, and in November and June of fiscal year 2025. Refer to Note 5. “Impairment and Restructuring” for more information about the restructuring plan.

​

Note 11. Leases

The Company enters into operating lease agreements for the use of real estate, vehicles, information technology equipment, and certain other equipment. We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception, which is the date on which the terms of the contract are agreed to and the agreement creates enforceable rights and obligations. The impacts of accounting for operating leases are included in Operating lease right-of-use assets, Operating lease liabilities, and Long-term operating lease liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company currently has no finance leases.

Operating lease expense for the three month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively, and was $1.0 million and $1.1 million for the nine month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of July 31, 2025, the weighted average remaining lease term (in years) was approximately 18 years and the weighted average discount rate was 7.8%. Lease payments made during the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Lease payments made during the nine month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were $1.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

Undiscounted maturities of operating lease liabilities as of July 31, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Operating Leases |
Due Year 1 | ​ | $ | 1,313 | ​
Due Year 2 | ​ | ​ | 1,431 | ​
Due Year 3 | ​ | ​ | 1,748 | ​
Due Year 4 | ​ | ​ | 1,221 | ​
Due Year 5 | ​ | ​ | 1,119 | ​
Thereafter | ​ | ​ | 17,617 | ​
Total undiscounted lease payments | ​ | ​ | 24,449 | ​
Less imputed interest | ​ | ​ | (11,941) | ​
Total discounted lease payments | ​ | $ | 12,508 | ​

​

​

Note 12. Stockholders’ Equity

2022 Open Market Sale Agreement and Amended Sales Agreement

On July 12, 2022, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement (the “2022 Sales Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC, B. Riley Securities, Inc., Barclays Capital Inc., BMO Capital Markets Corp., BofA Securities, Inc., Canaccord Genuity LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Loop Capital Markets LLC (each, an

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“Agent” and together, the “Agents”) with respect to an at the market offering program under which the Company could, from time to time, offer and sell up to 3.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock. Pursuant to the 2022 Sales Agreement, the Company paid each Agent a commission equal to 2.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of shares made by such Agent under the 2022 Sales Agreement.

​

On April 10, 2024, the Company and the Agents entered into Amendment No. 1 to the 2022 Sales Agreement (as amended, the “Amended Sales Agreement”), with respect to an at the market offering program under which the Company may, from time to time, offer and sell shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $300.0 million (exclusive of any amounts previously sold under the 2022 Sales Agreement prior to its amendment). On December 27, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Amended Sales Agreement, which removed certain representations and warranties relating to the Company’s status as a well-known seasoned issuer. Pursuant to the Amended Sales Agreement, the Company is required to pay and has paid each Agent a commission equal to 2.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of shares made by such Agent under the Amended Sales Agreement.

​

During the three months ended July 31, 2025, approximately 6.8 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement at an average sale price of $5.70 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $39.0 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $38.1 million after deducting sales commissions totaling approximately $0.8 million and fees totaling approximately $0.1 million. During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, approximately 9.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement at an average sale price of $5.84 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $53.5 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $51.6 million after deducting sales commissions totaling approximately $1.1 million and fees totaling approximately $0.8 million.

​

As of July 31, 2025, approximately $151.4 million of shares remained available for sale under the Amended Sales Agreement.

​

​

Note 13. Redeemable Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue up to 250,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, in one or more series, of which 105,875 shares were designated as 5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”) in March 2005.

Series B Preferred Stock

As of July 31, 2025, the Company had 105,875 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, with a liquidation preference of $1,000.00 per share, authorized for issuance. As of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, there were 64,020 shares of Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, with a carrying value of $59.9 million. Dividends of $0.8 million were paid in cash during each of the three month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, and dividends of $2.4 million were paid in cash during each of the nine month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024.

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Note 14. Loss Per Share

The calculation of basic and diluted loss per share was as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Three Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31,
​ | 2025 | ​ | 2024 | ​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Numerator | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss attributable to FuelCell Energy, Inc. | $ | (91,656) | ​ | $ | (32,660) | ​ | ​ | $ | (158,031) | ​ | $ | (84,593)
Series B preferred stock dividends | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | (800) | ​ | ​ | ​ | (2,400) | ​ | ​ | (2,400)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (92,456) | ​ | $ | (33,460) | ​ | ​ | $ | (160,431) | ​ | $ | (86,993)
Denominator | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic | ​ | 24,441,294 | ​ | ​ | 16,772,791 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 22,233,074 | ​ | ​ | 15,646,242
Effect of dilutive securities (1) | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted | ​ | 24,441,294 | ​ | ​ | 16,772,791 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 22,233,074 | ​ | ​ | 15,646,242
Net loss to common stockholders per share – basic | $ | (3.78) | ​ | $ | (1.99) | ​ | ​ | $ | (7.22) | ​ | $ | (5.56)
Net loss to common stockholders per share – diluted (1) | $ | (3.78) | ​ | $ | (1.99) | ​ | ​ | $ | (7.22) | ​ | $ | (5.56)

(1) | Due to the net loss to common stockholders in each of the periods presented above, diluted loss per share was computed without consideration to potentially dilutive instruments as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. As of July 31, 2025 and 2024, potentially dilutive securities excluded from the diluted loss per share calculation are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | July 31, | ​ | July 31, | ​
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 | ​
Outstanding options to purchase common stock | ​ | ​ | 523 | ​ | ​ | 577 | ​
Unvested Restricted Stock Units | ​ | ​ | 929,358 | ​ | ​ | 559,081 | ​
5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock | ​ | ​ | 1,261 | ​ | ​ | 1,261 | ​
Total potentially dilutive securities | ​ | ​ | 931,142 | ​ | ​ | 560,919 | ​

​

​

Note 15. Restricted Cash

As of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, there was $62.2 million and $60.8 million, respectively, of restricted cash and cash equivalents pledged as performance security, reserved for future debt service requirements, and reserved for letters of credit for certain banking requirements and contracts. The allocation of restricted cash is as follows (in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | July 31, | ​ | October 31,
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Cash Restricted for Outstanding Letters of Credit (1) | ​ | $ | 14,152 | ​ | $ | 14,152
Cash Restricted for Crestmark Sale-Leaseback Transactions | ​ | ​ | 2,914 | ​ | ​ | 2,908
Debt Service and Performance Reserves related to OpCo Financing Facility | ​ | ​ | 20,868 | ​ | ​ | 24,721
Debt Service and Performance Reserves related to the Senior and Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facilities | ​ | ​ | 15,756 | ​ | ​ | 12,869
Other | ​ | ​ | 8,502 | ​ | ​ | 6,100
Total Restricted Cash | ​ | ​ | 62,192 | ​ | ​ | 60,750
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents – Short-Term (2) | ​ | ​ | (16,092) | ​ | ​ | (12,161)
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents – Long-Term | ​ | $ | 46,100 | ​ | $ | 48,589

(1) | Letters of credit outstanding as of July 31, 2025 expire on various dates through October 2029.

(2) | Short-term restricted cash and cash equivalents are amounts expected to be released and classified as unrestricted cash within twelve months of the balance sheet date.

​

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Note 16. Debt

Debt as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | July 31, | ​ | October 31,
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Export-Import Bank of the United States Financing Facility | ​ | $ | 9,409 | ​ | $ | 10,104
Liberty Bank Term Loan Agreement (Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility) | ​ | ​ | 5,340 | ​ | ​ | 5,825
Connecticut Green Bank Term Loan Agreement (Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility) | ​ | ​ | 2,465 | ​ | ​ | 2,689
Connecticut Green Bank Loan (Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility) | ​ | ​ | 3,500 | ​ | ​ | 3,500
Connecticut Green Bank Loan (Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility) | ​ | ​ | 8,000 | ​ | ​ | 8,000
Liberty Bank Term Loan Agreement (Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility) | ​ | ​ | 5,086 | ​ | ​ | 5,437
Amalgamated Bank Loan (Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility) | ​ | ​ | 5,059 | ​ | ​ | 5,420
Finance obligation for sale-leaseback transactions | ​ | ​ | 18,781 | ​ | ​ | 18,811
State of Connecticut Loan | ​ | ​ | 5,350 | ​ | ​ | 6,024
OpCo Financing Facility | ​ | ​ | 63,563 | ​ | ​ | 70,067
Deferred finance costs | ​ | ​ | (3,481) | ​ | ​ | (4,215)
Total debt and finance obligations | ​ | ​ | 123,072 | ​ | ​ | 131,662
Current portion of long-term debt and finance obligations | ​ | ​ | (16,710) | ​ | ​ | (15,924)
Long-term debt and finance obligations | ​ | $ | 106,362 | ​ | $ | 115,738

​

OpCo Financing Facility Interest Rate Swap – Fair Value Adjustment

The Company’s interest rate swap related to the OpCo Financing Facility (as defined elsewhere herein) is recorded at its fair value each reporting period, with the resulting gains/losses recorded to other income/expense. The interest rate swap is a Level 2 asset/liability since the value can be determined based on the observed values for underlying interest rates. The fair value adjustment for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025 resulted in gains (losses) of $0.6 million and $(0.2) million, respectively. The fair value adjustment for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2024 resulted in a loss of $2.4 million and a loss of $3.2 million, respectively. The Company has recorded a derivative asset within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which had an estimated fair value of $0.1 million and $0.3 million as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively.

​

Note 17. Benefit Plans

Long-Term Incentive Plans

The Board and its Compensation and Leadership Development Committee periodically approve Long-Term Incentive Plans which include performance-based awards tied to the Company’s common stock price as well as time-vesting awards. None of the awards granted as part of Long-Term Incentive Plans include any dividend equivalent or other stockholder rights. To the extent the awards are earned, they may be settled in shares or cash of an equivalent value at the Company’s option.

Long-Term Incentive Plan Awards for Fiscal Year 2025:

​

On December 30, 2024, the Board and its Compensation and Leadership Development Committee approved certain awards to be made under the Company’s Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTI Plan”) for fiscal year 2025. The LTI Plan is a sub-plan consisting of awards made under the Company’s 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended and restated from time to time, the “2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan”). The participants in the LTI Plan are members of senior management. The awards under the LTI Plan consist of two components:

​

| 1) | Relative Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) Performance Share Units (“PSU”). The PSUs granted during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 will be earned over the performance period ending on October 31, 2027, but will remain subject to a continued service-based vesting requirement until the third anniversary of the date of grant. The performance measure for the relative TSR PSUs is the TSR of the Company relative to the TSR of the Russell 2000 from October 31, 2024 through October 31, 2027. The Compensation and Leadership Development Committee established the performance assessment criteria for the relative TSR PSUs as the TSR of the Company relative to the TSR of the Russell 2000, with the award calibration being 100% plus or minus 0.5 x the difference between the Company’s TSR and the Russell 2000 Index composite TSR. The award is capped at 200% of the

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|  | target number of PSUs, and the award is further capped at 100% of the target number of PSUs if the Company’s absolute TSR over the performance period is negative. The Company’s TSR is calculated by subtracting the Company’s beginning stock price (defined as the average closing price of the Company’s common stock over the 20 consecutive trading days ending on October 31, 2024) from the ending stock price (defined as the average closing price of the Company’s common stock over the 20 consecutive trading days ending on October 31, 2027), adding any dividends during the period, and then dividing the result by the Company’s beginning stock price. Given that the performance period is still open, the Company has reserved shares equal to 200% of the target number of PSUs, subject to performance during the remaining performance period as well as vesting based on continued service until December 30, 2027 (the third anniversary of the grant date). A portion of the PSUs awarded during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 may be settled in cash in lieu of shares if actual performance achieved with respect to the PSUs is such that the number of PSUs earned exceeds the number of shares then available under the 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

| 2) | Time-vesting Restricted Stock Units (“RSU”). The time-vesting RSUs granted during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 will vest at a rate of one-half of the total number of RSUs on each of the first two anniversaries of the date of grant.

On December 30, 2024, 186,507 PSUs and 186,501 time-based vesting RSUs were awarded to senior management under the LTI Plan.

PSUs are issued assuming participants achieve 100% target performance. The Company also reserves additional shares assuming the maximum performance targets are met. A portion of the PSUs awarded during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 may be settled in cash in lieu of shares if actual performance achieved with respect to the PSUs is such that the number of PSUs earned exceeds the number of shares then available under the 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

In addition to the awards granted to senior management on December 30, 2024, during the nine months ended July 31, 2025, the Board also granted a total of 305,137 time-based vesting RSUs to certain salaried employees and 16,047 time-based vesting RSUs to certain hourly employees to promote ownership of the Company’s equity and retention. The time-based vesting RSUs granted during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 vest at a rate of one-half of the total number of RSUs granted on each of the first two anniversaries of the date of grant.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation was reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as follows (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31,
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 | ​ | 2025 |  | 2024
Cost of revenues | ​ | $ | 207 | ​ | $ | 463 | ​ | $ | 620 | ​ | $ | 1,211
Administrative and selling expense | ​ | ​ | 1,271 | ​ | ​ | 2,304 | ​ | ​ | 7,399 | ​ | ​ | 6,498
Research and development expense | ​ | ​ | 158 | ​ | ​ | 483 | ​ | ​ | 482 | ​ | ​ | 1,257
​ | ​ | $ | 1,636 | ​ | $ | 3,250 | ​ | $ | 8,501 | ​ | $ | 8,966

​

​
Restricted Stock Units Including Performance Share Units

The following table summarizes our RSU activity for the nine months ended July 31, 2025:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Restricted Stock Units |  | Shares |  | Weighted-Average Fair Value
Outstanding as of October 31, 2024 | ​ | ​ | 516,561 | ​ | $ | 64.53
Granted - time-vesting RSUs | ​ | ​ | 507,685 | ​ | ​ | 8.11
Granted - PSUs | ​ | ​ | 186,507 | ​ | ​ | 14.38
Vested | ​ | ​ | (146,207) | ​ | ​ | 63.36
Forfeited | ​ | ​ | (135,188) | ​ | ​ | 39.84
Outstanding as of July 31, 2025 | ​ | ​ | 929,358 | ​ | $ | 26.53

​

​

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Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies

Service Agreements

Under the provisions of its service agreements, the Company provides services to maintain, monitor, and repair customer power plants to meet minimum operating levels. Under the terms of such service agreements, the particular power plant must meet a minimum operating output during defined periods of the term. If minimum output falls below the contract requirement, the Company may be subject to performance penalties and/or may be required to repair or replace the customer’s fuel cell module(s).

Power Purchase Agreements

Under the terms of the Company’s PPAs, customers agree to purchase power from the Company’s fuel cell power plants at negotiated rates. Electricity rates are generally a function of the customers’ current and estimated future electricity pricing available from the grid. As owner or lessee of the power plants, the Company is responsible for all operating costs necessary to maintain, monitor and repair the power plants. Under certain agreements, the Company is also responsible for procuring fuel, generally natural gas or biogas, to run the power plants. In addition, under the terms of some of the PPAs, the Company may be subject to a performance penalty if the Company does not meet certain performance requirements.

Project Fuel Exposure

Certain of our PPAs for project assets in our generation operating portfolio expose us to fluctuating fuel price risks as well as the risk of being unable to procure the required amounts of fuel and the lack of alternative available fuel sources. We seek to mitigate our fuel risk using strategies including: (i) fuel cost reimbursement mechanisms in our PPAs to allow for pass through of fuel costs (full or partial) where possible, which we have done with our 14.9 MW operating project in Bridgeport, CT; (ii) procuring fuel under fixed price physical supply contracts with investment grade counterparties, which we have done for twenty years for our Tulare BioMAT project, for the initial seven years of the twenty year PPA for our LIPA Yaphank Project (through September 2028), for six years of the twenty year PPA for our 14.0 MW and 2.8 MW Derby Projects (through October 2029), and through May 2026 for the twenty year Toyota HPPA; and (iii) potentially entering into future financial hedges with investment grade counterparties to offset potential negative market fluctuations. The Company does not take a fundamental view on natural gas or other commodity pricing and seeks commercially available means to reduce commodity exposure. If the Company is unable to secure fuel on favorable economic terms, it may result in impairment charges.

The Company net settled certain natural gas purchases under previous normal purchase normal sale contract designations during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023 for one contract and in the second quarter of fiscal year 2024 for other contracts, which resulted in a change to mark-to-market accounting. The Company recorded mark-to-market net gains of $1.0 million and $2.0 million associated with the natural gas contract derivatives for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025, respectively. The Company recorded mark-to-market net losses of $0.9 million and $5.1 million associated with the natural gas contract derivatives for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2024, respectively. The Company recorded derivative assets within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which had an estimated fair value of $1.4 million and $1.2 million as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively. The Company recorded derivative liabilities within long-term debt and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which had an estimated fair value of $2.1 million and $4.0 million as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively. The natural gas contract derivatives are classified as Level 2 financial assets/liabilities since the values can be determined based on readily observable inputs for underlying natural gas forward prices.

Other

As of July 31, 2025, the Company had unconditional, aggregate purchase commitments of $66.9 million for materials, supplies and services in the normal course of business.

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Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is involved in legal proceedings, including, but not limited to, regulatory proceedings, claims, mediations, arbitrations and litigation, arising out of the ordinary course of its business (“Legal Proceedings”). Although the Company cannot assure the outcome of such Legal Proceedings, management presently believes that the result of such Legal Proceedings, either individually, or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and no material amounts have been accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements with respect to these matters.

Note 19. Subsequent Events

Following the end of the quarter, approximately 2.7 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement (as defined elsewhere herein), at an average sale price of $4.55 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $12.1 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $11.8 million after deducting sales commissions and fees totaling approximately $0.3 million. Approximately $139.4 million of shares remained available for sale under the Amended Sales Agreement following these sales.

​

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains statements that the Company believes to be “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”). All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Form 10-K, including statements regarding the Company’s future financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, expectations, future performance, business operations and business prospects, are forward-looking statements. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “goals,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “predicts,” “should,” “seeks,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “may,” “forecast,” and similar expressions and variations of such words are intended to identify forward-looking statements and are included, along with this statement, for purposes of complying with the safe harbor provisions of the PSLRA. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts, nor assurances of future performance. Instead, such statements are based only on our beliefs, expectations, and assumptions regarding the future. As such, the realization of matters expressed in forward-looking statements involves inherent risks and uncertainties. Such statements relate to, among other things, the following: (i) the development and commercialization by FuelCell Energy, Inc. and its subsidiaries of fuel cell technology and products and the market for such products; (ii) the expected timing of completion of our ongoing projects; (iii) our business plans and strategies; (iv) the markets in which we expect to operate; (v) expected operating results such as revenue growth and earnings; (vi) our belief that we have sufficient liquidity to fund our business operations for the next 12 months; (vii) future funding under Advanced Technologies contracts; (viii) future financing for projects, including equity and debt investments by investors and commercial bank financing, as well as overall financial market conditions; (ix) the expected cost competitiveness of our technology; (x) our ability to successfully implement our restructuring plans during the expected timeframe and the expected effects and impacts of the Company’s restructuring plans; and (xi) our ability to achieve our sales plans, our plans to increase our annualized production rate in the future in connection with sales growth, market access and market expansion goals, and cost reduction targets.

​

The forward-looking statements contained in this report are subject to risks and uncertainties, known and unknown, that could cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those set forth in or contemplated by the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, the risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024 and in the section below entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and the following risks and uncertainties: general risks associated with product development and manufacturing; general economic conditions; changes in interest rates, which may impact project financing; supply chain disruptions; changes in the utility regulatory environment; changes in the utility industry and the markets for distributed generation, distributed hydrogen, and fuel cell power plants configured for carbon capture or carbon separation; potential volatility of commodity prices that may adversely affect our projects; availability of government subsidies and economic incentives for alternative energy technologies; risks that our restructuring plans will not result in the intended benefits or savings or will result in unanticipated costs, including but not limited to additional charges and/or higher than expected costs or will yield unintended consequences to our remaining workforce and results of operations; our ability to remain in compliance with U.S. federal and state and foreign government laws and regulations; our ability to maintain compliance with the listing rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market; rapid technological change; competition; the risk that our bid awards will not convert to contracts or that our contracts will not convert to revenue; market acceptance of our products; changes in accounting policies or practices adopted voluntarily or as required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”); factors affecting our liquidity position and financial condition; government appropriations; the ability of the government and third parties to terminate their development contracts at any time; the ability of the government to exercise “march-in” rights with respect to certain of our patents; our ability to successfully market and sell our products internationally; our ability to develop additional commercially viable products; our ability to implement our strategy; our ability to reduce our levelized cost of energy and deliver on our cost reduction strategy generally; our ability to protect our intellectual property; litigation and other proceedings; the risk that commercialization of our new products will not occur when anticipated or, if it does, that we will not have adequate capacity to satisfy demand; our need for and the availability of additional financing; our ability to generate positive cash flow from operations; our ability to service our long-term debt; our ability to increase the output and longevity of our platforms and to meet the performance requirements of our contracts; and our ability to expand our customer base and maintain relationships with our largest customers and strategic business allies.

​

We cannot assure you that: we will be able to meet any of our development or commercialization schedules; any of our new products or technologies, once developed, will be commercially successful; our power plants will be commercially

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successful; we will be able to obtain financing or raise capital to achieve our business plans; the government will appropriate the funds anticipated by us under our government contracts; the government will not exercise its right to terminate any or all of our government contracts; or we will be able to achieve any other result anticipated in any other forward-looking statement contained herein.

Investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our ability to control, and that actual results may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors discussed herein. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this report is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is provided as a supplement to the accompanying financial statements and footnotes to help provide an understanding of our financial condition, changes in our financial condition and results of operations. The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, as well as management’s assessment of the Company’s ability to meet its obligations as they come due over the next twelve months. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other things, revenue recognition, lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, loss accruals on service agreements, excess, slow-moving and obsolete inventories, product warranty accruals, loss accruals on service agreements, share-based compensation expense, allowance for credit losses, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and in-process research and development intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets (including project assets), valuation of derivatives, and contingencies. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results in future periods may differ from those estimates. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with information included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Company”, “FuelCell Energy”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to FuelCell Energy, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All tabular dollar amounts are in thousands.

OVERVIEW

At FuelCell Energy, our purpose is to enable a world powered by clean energy. We are a global leader in delivering a variety of clean energy solutions to address some of the world’s most critical challenges around energy access, resilience, reliability, affordability, safety and security. Since our inception, FuelCell Energy has been innovating and developing commercial technologies that produce clean electricity, heat, clean hydrogen, and water. We are also proud to be at the forefront of what we believe to be one of the most critical technologies required to achieve the world’s overall emissions objectives: carbon capture. Today, we offer commercial technology that produces clean electricity, heat, clean hydrogen, and water and is also capable of recovering and capturing carbon for utilization and/or sequestration, depending on product configuration and application. We also continue to make targeted investments in product development and commercializing technologies that are expected to add new capabilities to our platforms’ abilities to deliver hydrogen and long duration hydrogen-based energy storage through our solid oxide technologies, as well as further enhance our existing platforms’ carbon capture solutions.

​

We target a range of markets and applications with our products, including utilities and independent power producers, data centers, wastewater treatment, commercial and hospitality, food and beverage, and microgrids, among others. We market our products primarily in the United States, Europe and Korea, and we are also pursuing opportunities in other countries around the world. We target for expansion and development markets and geographic regions that benefit from and value clean distributed generation; are located where there are high energy costs, poor grid reliability, and/or challenged transmission and distribution lines; can leverage the multiple value streams delivered by our platforms (electricity, hydrogen, thermal, water, and carbon recovery); are aligned with regulatory frameworks that harmonize energy, economic and environmental policies; and are committed to reducing their Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions.

​

FuelCell Energy, headquartered in Danbury, Connecticut, was founded in 1969 as a New York corporation to provide applied research and development services on a contract basis. We completed our initial public offering in 1992 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1999. We began selling stationary fuel cell power plants commercially in 2003.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management evaluates our results of operations and cash flows using a variety of key performance indicators, including revenues compared to prior periods and internal forecasts, costs of our products and results of our cost reduction initiatives, and operating cash use. These are discussed throughout the “Results of Operations” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” sections. Results of Operations are presented in accordance with GAAP.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended July 31, 2025 and 2024

Revenues and Costs of revenues

Our revenues and cost of revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Change
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Total revenues | ​ | $ | 46,743 | ​ | $ | 23,695 | ​ | $ | 23,048 | ​ | 97%
Total costs of revenues | ​ | ​ | 51,877 | ​ | ​ | 29,897 | ​ | ​ | 21,980 | ​ | 74%
Gross loss | ​ | $ | (5,134) | ​ | $ | (6,202) | ​ | $ | 1,068 | ​ | 17%
Gross margin | ​ | ​ | (11.0)% | ​ | ​ | (26.2)% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Total revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2025 of $46.7 million reflects an increase of $23.0 million from $23.7 million for the same period in the prior year. Cost of revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2025 of $51.9 million reflects an increase of $22.0 million from $29.9 million for the same period in the prior year. A discussion of the changes in product revenues, service agreements revenues, generation revenues and Advanced Technologies contract revenues follows.

Product revenues

Our product revenues and related costs for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Change
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Product revenues | ​ | $ | 26,000 | ​ | $ | 250 | ​ | $ | 25,750 | ​ | 10300%
Cost of product revenues | ​ | ​ | 29,083 | ​ | ​ | 4,181 | ​ | ​ | 24,902 | ​ | 596%
Gross loss from product revenues | ​ | $ | (3,083) | ​ | $ | (3,931) | ​ | $ | 848 | ​ | 22%
Product revenues gross margin | ​ | ​ | (11.9)% | ​ | ​ | (1572.4)% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Product revenues were $26.0 million during the three months ended July 31, 2025 and $0.3 million in the comparable prior year period. The increase in product revenues during the three months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily driven by $24.0 million of revenue recognized under the Company’s long-term service agreement (“LTSA”) with Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd. (“GGE”) for the delivery and commissioning of eight fuel cell modules for GGE’s 58.8 MW fuel cell power plant platform in Hwaseong-si, Korea, and $2.0 million of revenue recognized under the Company's sales contract with Ameresco, Inc., which was entered into during the second quarter of fiscal year 2024, pursuant to which the Company is to provide a 2.8 MW carbonate fuel cell platform to the Sacramento Area Sewer District.

Cost of product revenues increased $24.9 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 to $29.1 million, compared to $4.2 million in the same period in the prior year, primarily due to the higher product sales in the three months ended July 31, 2025. Manufacturing variances, primarily related to production volumes and unabsorbed overhead costs, totaled approximately $2.9 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025, compared to approximately $3.5 million for the three months ended July 31, 2024.

For the three months ended July 31, 2025, we operated at an annualized production rate of approximately 33.2 MW in our Torrington, CT manufacturing facility, compared to an annualized production rate of 29.3 MW for the three months ended July 31, 2024.

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Service agreements revenues

Service agreements revenues and related costs for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Change
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Service agreements revenues | ​ | $ | 3,130 | ​ | $ | 1,411 | ​ | $ | 1,719 | ​ | 122%
Cost of service agreements revenues | ​ | ​ | 3,642 | ​ | ​ | 1,146 | ​ | ​ | 2,496 | ​ | 218%
Gross (loss) profit from service agreements revenues | ​ | $ | (512) | ​ | $ | 265 | ​ | $ | (777) | ​ | (293)%
Service agreements revenues gross margin | ​ | ​ | (16.4)% | ​ | ​ | 18.8% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Service agreements revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2025 increased $1.7 million to $3.1 million from $1.4 million for the three months ended July 31, 2024. The increase in service agreements revenues during the three months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily driven by revenue recognized under the Company’s LTSA with GGE for service provided by the Company to GGE’s 58.8 MW fuel cell power plant platform in Hwaseong-si, Korea. There were no module exchanges during the three months ended July 31, 2025, and no module exchanges during the three months ended July 31, 2024.

Cost of service agreements revenues increased $2.5 million to $3.6 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 from $1.1 million for the three months ended July 31, 2024, primarily driven by the cost of providing service under the Company’s LTSA with GGE.

Overall gross loss from service agreements revenues was $(0.5) million for the three months ended July 31, 2025, compared to a gross profit of $0.3 million for the three months ended July 31, 2024. The overall gross margin was (16.4)% for the three months ended July 31, 2025 compared to a gross margin of 18.8% in the comparable prior year period. Gross margin was lower during the three months ended July 31, 2025 primarily due to the fact that work performed during the three months ended July 31, 2025 was performed pursuant to service agreements with lower margins.

Generation revenues

Generation revenues and related costs for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Change
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Generation revenues | ​ | $ | 12,355 | ​ | $ | 13,402 | ​ | $ | (1,047) | ​ | (8)%
Cost of generation revenues | ​ | ​ | 15,330 | ​ | ​ | 18,761 | ​ | ​ | (3,431) | ​ | (18)%
Gross loss from generation revenues | ​ | $ | (2,975) | ​ | $ | (5,359) | ​ | $ | 2,384 | ​ | 44%
Generation revenues gross margin | ​ | ​ | (24.1)% | ​ | ​ | (40.0)% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Revenues from generation for the three months ended July 31, 2025 totaled $12.4 million, which represents a decrease of $1.0 million from the $13.4 million of revenue recognized for the three months ended July 31, 2024. The decrease in generation revenues reflects lower output from plants in our generation operating portfolio resulting from routine maintenance activities during the quarter. Generation revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 reflect revenue from electricity generated under our power purchase agreements (“PPAs”) and the sale of renewable energy credits from our generation operating portfolio.

Cost of generation revenues totaled $15.3 million in the three months ended July 31, 2025, compared to $18.8 million in the three months ended July 31, 2024. The overall decrease in cost of generation revenues is primarily related to a mark-to-market net gain of $1.0 million related to natural gas purchase contracts recognized during the three months ended July 31, 2025, compared to a mark-to-market net loss of $0.9 million during the three months ended July 31, 2024. Cost of generation revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2024 also included an impairment charge of $1.1 million relating to project assets then under construction relating to the PPAs for Trinity College and for UConn (as defined elsewhere herein). Cost of generation revenues included depreciation and amortization of approximately $7.7 million and $7.3 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

We currently have four projects with fuel sourcing risk, which are the Toyota Project, the 14.0 MW Derby Fuel Cell Project and the 2.8 MW SCEF Fuel Cell Project, both located in Derby, Connecticut (collectively, the “Derby Projects”), and our 7.4 MW project in Yaphank Long Island (the “LIPA Yaphank Project”), all of which require natural gas for which

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there is no pass-through mechanism. A one-year fuel supply contract (through May of 2026) has been executed for the Toyota Project. Six-year (through October 2029) fuel supply contracts have been executed for the 14.0 MW and 2.8 MW Derby Projects. We are currently in the midst of a seven-year contract (through September 2028) for our 7.4 MW LIPA Yaphank Project. The Company will look to extend the duration of these contracts should market and credit conditions allow. If the Company is unable to secure fuel on favorable economic terms, it may result in impairment charges to the Derby Project assets or the LIPA Yaphank Project asset and further impairment charges for the Toyota Project asset.

We had 62.8 MW of operating power plants in our generation operating portfolio as of July 31, 2025, which was unchanged from July 31, 2024.

Advanced Technologies contract revenues

Advanced Technologies contract revenues and related costs for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Change
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Advanced Technologies contract revenues | ​ | $ | 5,258 | ​ | $ | 8,632 | ​ | $ | (3,374) | ​ | (39)%
Cost of Advanced Technologies contract revenues | ​ | ​ | 3,822 | ​ | ​ | 5,809 | ​ | ​ | (1,987) | ​ | (34)%
Gross profit from Advanced Technologies contracts | ​ | $ | 1,436 | ​ | $ | 2,823 | ​ | $ | (1,387) | ​ | (49)%
Advanced Technologies contract gross margin | ​ | ​ | 27.3% | ​ | ​ | 32.7% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Advanced Technologies contract revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2025 decreased to $5.3 million from $8.6 million for the three months ended July 31, 2024. Advanced Technologies contract revenues recognized under our Joint Development Agreement with ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company (“EMTEC”) were approximately $3.1 million, revenues arising from the purchase order received from Esso Nederland B.V. (“Esso”), an affiliate of EMTEC and Exxon Mobil Corporation, related to the Rotterdam project were approximately $1.4 million and revenue recognized under government contracts and other contracts were approximately $0.8 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025. This compares to Advanced Technologies contract revenues recognized under our Joint Development Agreement with EMTEC of approximately $1.8 million, revenue recognized under the Esso purchase order of approximately $3.5 million and revenue recognized under government contracts and other contracts of approximately $3.3 million for the three months ended July 31, 2024.

Cost of Advanced Technologies contract revenues decreased to $3.8 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025, compared to $5.8 million for the three months ended July 31, 2024.

Advanced Technologies contracts for the three months ended July 31, 2025 generated a gross profit of $1.4 million, compared to a gross profit of $2.8 million for the same period in the prior year. The decrease was due primarily to lower margins on some of the contracts under which revenues were recognized during the three months ended July 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended July 31, 2024.

Administrative and selling expenses

Administrative and selling expenses were $14.1 million and $14.6 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Administrative and selling expenses were lower during the three months ended July 31, 2025 than during the three months ended July 31, 2024 primarily due to lower compensation expense as a result of the restructuring actions in September of fiscal year 2024, and in November and June of fiscal year 2025.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses decreased to $7.6 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 compared to $12.8 million for the three months ended July 31, 2024. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in spending on the Company’s commercial development efforts related to our solid oxide power generation and electrolysis platforms and carbon separation and carbon recovery solutions compared to the comparable prior year period.

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Restructuring expense

Restructuring expense of $4.1 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 related to the Company’s workforce reductions in June 2025.

Impairment expense

Impairment expense of $64.5 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 related to the Company's prior investments in solid oxide technology, including related goodwill and in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and solid oxide inventory. Of the $64.5 million, approximately $42.1 million was related to property, plant and equipment, approximately $9.0 million was related to inventory, approximately $9.3 million was related to IPR&D intangible assets, and approximately $4.1 million was related to goodwill.

Loss from operations

Loss from operations for the three months ended July 31, 2025 was $95.4 million compared to $33.6 million for the three months ended July 31, 2024. This increase was driven primarily by the impairment and restructuring expenses recognized during the three months ended July 31, 2025, partially offset by decreases in Administrative and selling expenses and Research and development expenses compared to the comparable prior year period and a $1.1 million decrease in gross loss.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 was $2.5 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Interest expense for both periods includes interest on the Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility (in each case, as defined elsewhere herein), which were entered into in April 2024, the OpCo Financing Facility (as defined elsewhere herein), which was entered into in May 2023, and interest on the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility (in each case, as defined elsewhere herein), which were entered into in August 2023. Interest expense for the three months ended July 31, 2025 also includes interest on the facility with EXIM (as defined elsewhere herein), which was entered into in October 2024.

Interest income

Interest income was $2.1 million and $3.3 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in interest income during the three months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily driven by lower money market investments compared to the three months ended July 31, 2024, partially offset by interest of $0.5 million earned on employee retention credits from the Internal Revenue Service. These employee retention credits were earned during the COVID-19 pandemic and accrued interest until such credits were received by the Company during the three months ended July 31, 2025. Interest income for the three months ended July 31, 2025 represents interest earned on money market investments, interest earned on investments in U.S. Treasury Securities and interest earned on employee retention credits. Interest income for the three months ended July 31, 2024 represents interest earned on money market investments and interest earned on investments in U.S. Treasury Securities.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net was $3.9 million and $(2.2) million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Other income, net for the three months ended July 31, 2025 relates primarily to $3.4 million of employee retention credits earned during the COVID-19 pandemic that were received during the three months ended July 31, 2025, as well as an unrealized gain of $0.6 million on the OpCo Financing Facility interest rate swap derivative. Other expense, net for the three months ended July 31, 2024 relates primarily to an unrealized loss on the OpCo Financing Facility interest rate swap derivative of $2.4 million.

Provision for income taxes

We have not paid federal or state income taxes in several years due to our history of net operating losses, although we have paid foreign income and withholding taxes, primarily in Korea. Provision for income tax recorded for the three month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 was $40.0 thousand and $2.0 thousand, respectively.

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Series B preferred stock dividends

Dividends recorded on our 5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”) were $0.8 million for each of the three month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024.

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests is the result of allocating profits and losses to noncontrolling interests under the hypothetical liquidation at book value (“HLBV”) method. HLBV is a balance sheet-oriented approach for applying the equity method of accounting when there is a complex structure, such as the flip structure of our tax equity financings with East West Bancorp, Inc. (“East West Bank”), Renewable Energy Investors, LLC (“REI”), and Franklin Park 2023 FCE Tax Equity Fund, LLC (“Franklin Park”).

For the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest totaled $(0.01) million and $(0.2) million, respectively, for the Groton Project tax equity financing transaction with East West Bank.

For the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest totaled $(0.6) million and $(0.4) million, respectively, for the LIPA Yaphank Project tax equity financing transaction with REI.

​

For the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest totaled $0.4 million and $(1.8) million, respectively, for the Derby Projects tax equity financing transaction with Franklin Park. The loss in the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily a result of accelerated depreciation allocated to the noncontrolling interest under the HLBV method.

Net loss attributable to common stockholders and net loss per common share

Net loss attributable to common stockholders represents the net loss for the period less the preferred stock dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock. For the three month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, net loss attributable to common stockholders was $92.5 million and $33.5 million, respectively, and net loss per common share was $3.78 and $1.99, respectively. The increase in net loss attributable to common stockholders and net loss per common share was primarily due to the impairment and restructuring expenses recognized during the three months ended July 31, 2025. The net loss per share for the three months ended July 31, 2025 benefitted from the higher number of weighted average shares outstanding due to share issuances since July 31, 2024.

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Comparison of the Nine Months Ended July 31, 2025 and 2024

Revenues and Costs of revenues

Our revenues and cost of revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Change
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Total revenues | ​ | $ | 103,146 | ​ | $ | 62,806 | ​ | $ | 40,340 | ​ | 64%
Total costs of revenues | ​ | ​ | 122,922 | ​ | ​ | 87,807 | ​ | ​ | 35,115 | ​ | 40%
Gross loss | ​ | $ | (19,776) | ​ | $ | (25,001) | ​ | $ | 5,225 | ​ | 21%
Gross margin | ​ | ​ | (19.2)% | ​ | ​ | (39.8)% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Total revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 of $103.1 million reflects an increase of $40.3 million from $62.8 million for the same period in the prior year. Cost of revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 of $122.9 million reflects an increase of $35.1 million from $87.8 million for the same period in the prior year. A discussion of the changes in product revenues, service agreements revenues, generation revenues and Advanced Technologies contract revenues follows.

Product revenues

Our product revenues and related costs for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Change
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Product revenues | ​ | $ | 39,099 | ​ | $ | 250 | ​ | $ | 38,849 | ​ | 15540%
Cost of product revenues | ​ | ​ | 48,380 | ​ | ​ | 9,510 | ​ | ​ | 38,870 | ​ | 409%
Gross loss from product revenues | ​ | $ | (9,281) | ​ | $ | (9,260) | ​ | $ | (21) | ​ | 0%
Product revenues gross margin | ​ | ​ | (23.7)% | ​ | ​ | (3704.0)% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

Product revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 were $39.1 million, compared to $0.3 million of product revenue for the nine months ended July 31, 2024. Product revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 were driven primarily by $36.0 million of revenue recognized under the Company’s LTSA with GGE for the delivery and commissioning of twelve fuel cell modules for GGE’s 58.8 MW fuel cell power plant platform in Hwaseong-si, Korea. Product revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 also include $3.1 million of product revenues recognized under the Company’s sales contract with Ameresco, Inc., which was entered into during the second quarter of fiscal year 2024, pursuant to which the Company is to provide a 2.8 MW carbonate fuel cell platform to the Sacramento Area Sewer District.

Cost of product revenues totaled $48.4 million in the nine months ended July 31, 2025, compared to $9.5 million in the nine months ended July 31, 2024. The increase in cost of product revenues in the nine months ended July 31, 2025 is primarily due to the cost of delivering and commissioning twelve fuel cell modules for GGE’s 58.8 MW fuel cell power plant platform in Hwaseong-si, Korea and the costs of product revenues recognized under the Company’s sales contract with Ameresco, Inc. Manufacturing variances, primarily related to production volumes and unabsorbed overhead costs, decreased to approximately $8.5 million for nine months ended July 31, 2025, compared to approximately $8.6 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2024.

​

For the nine months ended July 31, 2025, we operated at an annualized production rate of approximately 30.5 MW in our Torrington, CT manufacturing facility, compared to an annualized production rate of 31.1 MW for the nine months ended July 31, 2024.

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Service agreements revenues

Service agreements revenues and related costs for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Change
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Service agreements revenues | ​ | $ | 13,122 | ​ | $ | 4,397 | ​ | $ | 8,725 | ​ | 198%
Cost of service agreements revenues | ​ | ​ | 14,377 | ​ | ​ | 4,301 | ​ | ​ | 10,076 | ​ | 234%
Gross (loss) profit from service agreements revenues | ​ | $ | (1,255) | ​ | $ | 96 | ​ | $ | (1,351) | ​ | (1,407)%
Service agreements revenues gross margin | ​ | ​ | (9.6)% | ​ | ​ | 2.2% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Service agreements revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 increased $8.7 million to $13.1 million from $4.4 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2024. The increase in service agreements revenues during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily driven by revenues recognized for module exchanges under the Company’s LTSA with United Illuminating in New Haven, Connecticut, and partially from revenue recognized under the Company’s LTSA with GGE for service provided by the Company to GGE’s 58.8 MW fuel cell power plant platform in Hwaseong-si, Korea. During the nine months ended July 31, 2024, there were no module exchanges.

​

Cost of service agreements revenues increased $10.1 million to $14.4 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 from $4.3 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2024. Cost of service agreements revenues includes maintenance and operating costs and costs of module exchanges. The increase reflects higher costs due to the module exchanges during the nine months ended July 31, 2025, while there were no module exchanges during the nine months ended July 31, 2024.

​

Overall gross loss from service agreements revenues was $1.3 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025, compared to a gross profit of $0.1 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2024. The overall gross margin was (9.6)% for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 compared to a gross margin of 2.2% in the nine months ended July 31, 2024. This decrease in gross margin was primarily due to the fact that work performed during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 was performed pursuant to service agreements with lower margins.

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Generation revenues

Generation revenues and related costs for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Change
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Generation revenues | ​ | $ | 35,825 | ​ | $ | 38,013 | ​ | $ | (2,188) | ​ | (6)%
Cost of generation revenues | ​ | ​ | 49,035 | ​ | ​ | 61,079 | ​ | ​ | (12,044) | ​ | (20)%
Gross loss from generation revenues | ​ | $ | (13,210) | ​ | $ | (23,066) | ​ | $ | 9,856 | ​ | 43%
Generation revenues gross margin | ​ | ​ | (36.9)% | ​ | ​ | (60.7)% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Revenues from generation for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 totaled $35.8 million, which represents a decrease of $2.2 million from generation revenues recognized of $38.0 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2024. The decrease in generation revenues reflects lower output from plants in our generation operating portfolio resulting from routine maintenance activities, partially offset by revenue generated by the Derby Projects, both of which became operational in December 2023. Generation revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 reflect revenue from electricity generated under our PPAs and the sale of renewable energy credits from our generation operating portfolio.

​

Cost of generation revenues totaled $49.0 million in the nine months ended July 31, 2025, compared to $61.1 million in the nine months ended July 31, 2024. The overall decrease in cost of generation revenues is primarily due to a decrease in expensed construction costs related to the Toyota Project, which were $0.6 million in the nine months ended July 31, 2025 compared to $6.3 million in the nine months ended July 31, 2024 (which also included expensed gas costs). During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, the Company incurred a mark-to-market net gain of $2.0 million related to natural gas purchase contracts. During the nine months ended July 31, 2024, the Company incurred a mark-to-market net loss of $5.1 million related to natural gas purchase contracts. Cost of generation revenues also decreased due to downtime from maintenance activities performed during the nine months ended July 31, 2025. Cost of generation revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2024 also included an impairment charge of $1.1 million relating to project assets then under construction relating to the PPAs for Trinity College and for UConn (as defined elsewhere herein). Cost of generation

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revenues included depreciation and amortization of approximately $24.4 million and $21.3 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

​

We currently have four projects with fuel sourcing risk, which are the Toyota Project, our 14.0 MW and 2.8 MW Derby Projects and our 7.4 MW LIPA Yaphank Project, all of which require natural gas for which there is no pass-through mechanism. A one-year fuel supply contract (through May of 2026) has been executed for the Toyota Project. Six-year (through October 2029) fuel supply contracts have been executed for the 14.0 MW and 2.8 MW Derby Projects. We are currently in the midst of a seven-year contract (through September 2028) for our 7.4 MW LIPA Yaphank Project. The Company will look to extend the duration of these contracts should market and credit conditions allow. If the Company is unable to secure fuel on favorable economic terms, it may result in impairment charges to the Derby Project assets or the LIPA Yaphank Project asset and further impairment charges for the Toyota Project asset.

Advanced Technologies contract revenues

Advanced Technologies contract revenues and related costs for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31, | ​ | Change
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Advanced Technologies contract revenues | ​ | $ | 15,100 | ​ | $ | 20,146 | ​ | $ | (5,046) | ​ | (25)%
Cost of Advanced Technologies contract revenues | ​ | ​ | 11,130 | ​ | ​ | 12,917 | ​ | ​ | (1,787) | ​ | (14)%
Gross profit from Advanced Technologies contracts | ​ | $ | 3,970 | ​ | $ | 7,229 | ​ | $ | (3,259) | ​ | (45)%
Advanced Technologies contract gross margin | ​ | ​ | 26.3% | ​ | ​ | 35.9% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Advanced Technologies contract revenues decreased to $15.1 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 from $20.1 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2024. Compared to the nine months ended July 31, 2024, Advanced Technologies contract revenues recognized under our Joint Development Agreement with EMTEC were approximately $0.4 million lower, revenues arising from the purchase order received from Esso related to the Rotterdam project were approximately $0.6 million lower, and revenue recognized under government contracts and other contracts were approximately $4.0 million lower for the nine months ended July 31, 2025.

​

Cost of Advanced Technologies contract revenues were $11.1 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025, compared to $12.9 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2024.

​

Advanced Technologies contracts for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 generated a gross profit of $4.0 million, compared to a gross profit of $7.2 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2024. The decrease in gross profit was due primarily to lower margins on some of the contracts under which revenues were recognized during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 compared to the nine months ended July 31, 2024.

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Administrative and selling expenses

Administrative and selling expenses were $45.6 million and $48.7 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Administrative and selling expenses were lower during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 than during the nine months ended July 31, 2024 primarily due to lower compensation expense as a result of the restructuring actions in September of fiscal year 2024, and in November and June of fiscal year 2025.

​

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses decreased to $28.6 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 compared to $43.8 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2024. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in spending on the Company’s commercial development efforts related to our solid oxide power generation and electrolysis platforms and carbon separation and carbon recovery solutions compared to the comparable prior year period.

Restructuring expense

Restructuring expense of $5.6 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 was a result of the Company’s workforce reductions in November 2024 and June 2025, which represented approximately 13% and 22% of the Company’s global workforce, respectively, and were intended to reduce operating costs, realign resources toward advancing the Company's

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core carbonate technologies, and protect the Company's competitive position amid slower-than-expected market investments in clean energy. The workforce was reduced across our global operations including Calgary, Canada and at our North American production facility in Torrington, Connecticut, at our corporate offices in Danbury, Connecticut and at other remote locations.

Impairment expense

Impairment expense of $64.5 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 related to the Company's prior investments in solid oxide technology, including related goodwill and IPR&D intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and solid oxide inventory. Of the $64.5 million, approximately $42.1 million was related to property, plant and equipment, approximately $9.0 million was related to inventory, approximately $9.3 million was related to IPR&D intangible assets, and approximately $4.1 million was related to goodwill.

Loss from operations

Loss from operations for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 was $164.0 million compared to $117.5 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2024. This increase was driven primarily by the impairment and restructuring expenses recognized during the nine months ended July 31, 2025, partially offset by decreases in Administrative and selling expenses and Research and development expenses compared to the comparable prior year period and a $5.2 million decrease in gross loss.

​

Interest expense

Interest expense for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 was $7.7 million and $7.2 million, respectively. Interest expense for both periods includes interest on the OpCo Financing Facility (as defined elsewhere herein), which was entered into in May 2023, and interest on the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility (in each case, as defined elsewhere herein), which were entered into in August 2023. Interest expense increased for the nine months ended July 31, 2025, as this period also includes interest on the Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility (in each case, as defined elsewhere herein), which were entered into in April 2024, and on the facility with EXIM (as defined elsewhere herein), which was entered into in October 2024.

​

Interest income

Interest income was $6.4 million and $10.7 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in interest income during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily driven by lower money market investments compared to the nine months ended July 31, 2024, partially offset by interest of $0.5 million earned on employee retention credits from the Internal Revenue Service. These employee retention credits were earned during the COVID-19 pandemic and accrued interest until such credits were received by the Company during the nine months ended July 31, 2025. Interest income for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 represents interest earned on money market investments, interest earned on investments in U.S. Treasury Securities and interest earned on employee retention credits. Interest income for the nine months ended July 2024 represents interest earned on money market investments and interest earned on investments in U.S. Treasury Securities.

​

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net was $3.5 million and $(3.3) million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Other income, net for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 primarily relates to employee retention credits earned during the COVID-19 pandemic of $3.4 million that were received during the three months ended July 31, 2025, as well as an unrealized loss of $0.2 million on the OpCo Financing Facility interest rate swap derivative. Other expense, net for the nine months ended July 31, 2024 primarily relates to an unrealized loss on the OpCo Financing Facility interest rate swap derivative of $3.2 million.

​

Provision for income taxes

We have not paid federal or state income taxes in several years due to our history of net operating losses, although we have paid foreign income and withholding taxes, primarily in Korea. Provision for income tax recorded for the nine months

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ended July 31, 2025 was $0.1 million, and provision for income tax recorded for the nine months ended July 31, 2024 was $2.0 thousand.

​

Series B preferred stock dividends

​

Dividends recorded on our Series B Preferred Stock were $2.4 million for each of the nine month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024.

​

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

​

For each of the nine month periods ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest totaled $(3.5) million for the Groton Project tax equity financing transaction with East West Bank.

​

For the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest totaled $(1.7) million and $(0.5) million, respectively, for the LIPA Yaphank Project tax equity financing transaction with REI.

​

For the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest totaled $1.2 million and $(28.6) million, respectively, for the Derby Projects tax equity financing transaction with Franklin Park. The loss in the nine months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily driven by the Investment Tax Credit (“ITC”) attributable to the noncontrolling interest for the 2023 tax year. The ITC reduces the noncontrolling interest’s claim on hypothetical liquidation proceeds in the HLBV waterfall and is nonrecurring. The loss in the nine months ended July 31, 2024 was also a result of accelerated depreciation allocated to the noncontrolling interest under the HLBV method.

​

Net loss attributable to common stockholders and net loss per common share

​

Net loss attributable to common stockholders represents the net loss for the period less the preferred stock dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock. For the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, net loss attributable to common stockholders was $160.4 million and $87.0 million, respectively, and net loss per common share was $7.22 and $5.56, respectively. The increase in net loss attributable to common stockholders is primarily due to impairment and restructuring expenses recognized during the nine months ended July 31, 2025. The net loss per share for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 benefitted from the higher number of weighted average shares outstanding due to share issuances since July 31, 2024.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Overview, Cash Position, Sources and Uses

Our principal sources of cash have been proceeds from the sale of our products and projects, electricity generation revenues, research and development and service agreements with third parties, sales of our common stock through public equity offerings, and proceeds from debt, project financing and tax monetization transactions. We have utilized this cash to accelerate the commercialization of our solid oxide platforms, develop new capabilities to separate and capture carbon, develop and construct project assets, invest in capital improvements and expansion of our operations, perform research and development, pay down existing outstanding indebtedness, and meet our other cash and liquidity needs.

​

As of July 31, 2025, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaled $174.7 million compared to $148.1 million as of October 31, 2024. During the year ended October 31, 2024 and the nine months ended July 31, 2025, the Company invested in United States (U.S.) Treasury Securities. The amortized cost of the U.S. Treasury Securities outstanding totaled $109.1 million as of October 31, 2024 and were classified as Investments - short-term on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. There were no outstanding U.S. Treasury Securities as of July 31, 2025 as all U.S. Treasury Securities that were outstanding during the nine month period ended July 31, 2025 matured prior to July 31, 2025.

​

During the first nine months of fiscal year 2025, the Company received the second annual funding from East West Bank under the tax equity financing transaction between the Company and East West Bank and, as a result, the Company received a $4.0 million contribution during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 which is recorded as noncontrolling interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

​

On April 10, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Open Market Sale Agreement, dated July 12, 2022 (the “2022 Sales Agreement”), with Jefferies LLC, B. Riley Securities, Inc., Barclays Capital Inc., BMO Capital Markets Corp., BofA Securities, Inc., Canaccord Genuity LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Loop Capital Markets LLC (each, an “Agent” and together, the “Agents”) (the 2022 Sales Agreement as amended, the “Amended Sales Agreement”), with respect to an at the market offering program under which the Company may, from time to time, offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $300,000,000 (exclusive of any amounts previously sold under the 2022 Sales Agreement prior to its amendment). On December 27, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Amended Sales Agreement, which removed certain representations and warranties relating to the Company’s status as a well-known seasoned issuer. During the three months ended July 31, 2025, approximately 6.8 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement at an average sale price of $5.70 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $39.0 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $38.1 million after deducting sales commissions totaling approximately $0.8 million and fees totaling approximately $0.1 million. During the first nine months of fiscal year 2025, approximately 9.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement at an average sale price of $5.84 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $53.5 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $51.6 million after deducting sales commissions totaling approximately $1.1 million and fees totaling approximately $0.8 million. As of July 31, 2025, approximately $151.4 million of shares remained available for sale under the Amended Sales Agreement.

​

Following the end of the quarter, approximately 2.7 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement, at an average sale price of $4.55 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $12.1 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $11.8 million after deducting sales commissions and fees totaling approximately $0.3 million. Approximately $139.4 million of shares remained available for sale under the Amended Sales Agreement following these sales.

See Note 12. “Stockholders’ Equity” for additional information regarding the 2022 Sales Agreement and the Amended Sales Agreement.

On December 27, 2024, the Company filed Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 and Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-274971) (the “Registration Statement”), each including a base prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale by the Company of up to $405,000,000 of common stock, warrants and units (or any combination thereof) from time to time in one or more offerings and a prospectus supplement covering the offering, issuance and sale by the Company from time to time of up to $204,922,876.65 of the Company’s common stock, which was the amount remaining under the Amended Sales Agreement as of December 27, 2024. On March 5, 2025, the Company filed Post-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement to update certain information, to

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provide an updated consent of its independent registered public accounting firm, and to provide an update about the amount of shares then remaining available for offer and sale by the Company under the Amended Sales Agreement. The Registration Statement, as amended by the Post-Effective Amendments, was declared effective by the SEC on March 10, 2025. In the event that the Amended Sales Agreement is terminated, any portion of the aggregate amount of shares of common stock included in the prospectus supplement that is not sold pursuant to the Amended Sales Agreement will be available for sale in other offerings pursuant to the base prospectus and a corresponding prospectus supplement.

​

In addition, the Company has a universal shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-286842) that was declared effective by the SEC on May 8, 2025. Under this universal shelf Registration Statement, the Company may offer and sell from time to time in one or more offerings up to $200,000,000 in the aggregate of (1) shares of the Company’s common stock; (2) shares of the Company’s preferred stock; (3) debt securities; (4) warrants exercisable for common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, units, or other securities of the Company; and (5) units consisting of one or more shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, debt securities, and/or warrants.

We believe that our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, expected receipts from our contracted backlog, and release of short-term restricted cash less expected disbursements over the next twelve months will be sufficient to allow the Company to meet its obligations for at least one year from the date of issuance of the financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

To date, we have not achieved profitable operations or sustained positive cash flow from operations. The Company’s future liquidity, for the remainder of fiscal year 2025 and in the long-term, will depend on its ability to (i) timely complete current projects in process within budget, (ii) increase cash flows from its generation operating portfolio, including by meeting conditions required to timely commence operation of new projects, operating its generation operating portfolio in compliance with minimum performance guarantees and operating its generation operating portfolio in accordance with revenue expectations, (iii) obtain financing for project construction and manufacturing expansion, (iv) obtain permanent financing for its projects once constructed, (v) increase order and contract volumes, which would lead to additional product sales, service agreements and generation revenues, (vi) obtain funding for and receive payment for research and development under current and future Advanced Technologies contracts, (vii) successfully advance the commercialization of its solid oxide and carbon capture platforms through partnerships with third parties, (viii) implement capacity expansion for our carbonate products when required, (ix) seek partnerships for solid oxide product commercialization and manufacturing, (x) implement the product cost reductions necessary to achieve profitable operations, (xi) manage working capital and the Company’s unrestricted cash balance and (xii) access the capital markets to raise funds through the sale of debt and equity securities, convertible notes, and other equity-linked instruments.

We are continually assessing different means by which to accelerate the Company’s growth, enter new markets, commercialize new products, and enable capacity expansion. Therefore, from time to time, the Company may consider and enter into agreements for one or more of the following: negotiated financial transactions, minority investments, collaborative ventures, technology sharing, transfer or other technology license arrangements, joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions or other business transactions for the purpose(s) of geographic or manufacturing expansion and/or new product or technology development and commercialization, including hydrogen production through our carbonate and solid oxide platforms and storage and carbon capture, sequestration and utilization technologies.

Our business model requires substantial outside financing arrangements and satisfaction of the conditions of such arrangements to construct and deploy our projects to facilitate the growth of our business. The Company has invested capital raised from sales of its common stock to build out its project portfolio. The Company has also utilized and expects to continue to utilize a combination of long-term debt and tax equity financing (e.g., sale-leaseback transactions, partnership flip transactions and the monetization and/or transfer of eligible investment and production tax credits) to finance its project asset portfolio as these projects commence commercial operations. The Company may also seek to undertake private placements of debt securities to finance its project asset portfolio. The Company is also pursuing financing to support its commercial efforts, which include deployment of modules to the repowering opportunities in the Korean market including the GGE project (as defined elsewhere herein). The proceeds of any such financing, if obtained, may allow the Company to reinvest capital back into the business and to fund other projects. We also expect to seek additional financing in both the debt and equity markets in the future. If financing is not available to us on acceptable terms if and when needed, or on terms acceptable to us or our lenders, if we do not satisfy the conditions of our financing arrangements, if we spend more than the financing approved for projects, if project costs exceed an amount that the Company can finance, or if we do not generate sufficient revenues or obtain capital sufficient for our corporate needs, we

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may be required to further reduce or slow planned spending, further reduce staffing, sell assets, seek alternative financing and take other measures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operations.

Generation Operating Portfolio, Project Assets, and Backlog

To grow our generation operating portfolio, the Company may continue to invest in developing and building turn-key fuel cell projects, which will be owned by the Company and classified as project assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. This strategy requires liquidity and the Company expects to continue to have increasing liquidity requirements as project sizes increase and more projects are added to backlog. We may commence building project assets upon the award of a project or execution of a multi-year PPA with an end-user that has a strong credit profile. Project development and construction cycles, which span the time between securing a PPA and commercial operation of the platform, vary substantially and can take years. As a result of these project cycles and strategic decisions to finance the construction of certain projects, we may need to make significant up-front investments of resources in advance of the receipt of any cash from the sale or long-term financing of such projects. To make these up-front investments, we may use our working capital, seek to raise funds through the sale of equity or debt securities, or seek other financing arrangements. Delays in construction progress and completing current projects in process within budget, or in completing financing or the sale of our projects may impact our liquidity in a material way.

We believe retaining ownership of our generation operating portfolio generally contributes to higher long-term cash flows to the Company than if these projects had been sold. Our generation operating portfolio totaled 62.8 MW as of July 31, 2025. We expect generation revenue to continue to grow as additional projects achieve commercial operation, but this revenue amount may also fluctuate from year to year depending on platform output, operational performance and management and site conditions. The Company actively markets its products in order to grow this portfolio; however, the Company may also sell certain projects to investors from time to time. As of July 31, 2025, the Company had one project representing an additional 7.4 MW in development, which is expected to generate operating cash flows in future periods, if completed. We have worked with and are continuing to work with lenders and financial institutions to secure construction financing, long-term debt, tax equity and sale-leasebacks for our project asset portfolio, but there can be no assurance that such financing can be attained, or that, if attained, it will be retained and sufficient.

As of July 31, 2025, net debt outstanding related to project assets was $109.0 million. Future required payments, inclusive of principal and interest, totaled $126.5 million as of July 31, 2025. The outstanding finance obligations under our sale-leaseback transactions totaled $18.8 million as of July 31, 2025, of which $11.6 million represents the current carrying value of finance obligations less future required payments.

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Generation Operating Portfolio

Our generation operating portfolio provides us with the full benefit of future cash flows, net of any debt service requirements.

The following table summarizes our generation operating portfolio as of July 31, 2025:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Project Name |  | Location |  | Power Off - Taker |  | Rated Capacity (MW) (1) |  | Actual Commercial Operation Date (FuelCell Energy Fiscal Quarter) |  | PPA Term (Years)
Central CT State University (“CCSU”) | ​ | New Britain, CT | ​ | CCSU (CT University) | ​ | 1.4 | ​ | Q2 ‘12 | ​ | 15
Riverside Regional Water Quality Control Plant | ​ | Riverside, CA | ​ | City of Riverside (CA Municipality) | ​ | 1.4 | ​ | Q4 '16 | ​ | 20
Pfizer, Inc. | ​ | Groton, CT | ​ | Pfizer, Inc. | ​ | 5.6 | ​ | Q4 '16 | ​ | 20
Santa Rita Jail | ​ | Dublin, CA | ​ | Alameda County, California | ​ | 1.4 | ​ | Q1 '17 | ​ | 20
Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project | ​ | Bridgeport, CT | ​ | Connecticut Light and Power Company (CT Utility) | ​ | 14.9 | ​ | Q1 '13 | ​ | 15
Tulare BioMAT | ​ | Tulare, CA | ​ | Southern California Edison (CA Utility) | ​ | 2.8 | ​ | Q1 '20 | ​ | 20
San Bernardino | ​ | San Bernardino, CA | ​ | City of San Bernardino Municipal Water Department | ​ | 1.4 | ​ | Q3 '21 | ​ | 20
LIPA Yaphank Project | ​ | Long Island, NY | ​ | PSEG / LIPA, LI NY (Utility) | ​ | 7.4 | ​ | Q1 '22 | ​ | 20
Groton Project | ​ | Groton, CT | ​ | CMEEC (CT Electric Co-op) | ​ | 7.4 | (2)​ | Q1 '23 | ​ | 20
Toyota | ​ | Long Beach, CA | ​ | Southern California Edison; Toyota | ​ | 2.3 | ​ | Q1 '24 | ​ | 20
Derby - CT RFP-2 | ​ | Derby, CT | ​ | Eversource/United Illuminating (CT Utilities) | ​ | 14.0 | ​ | Q1 '24 | ​ | 20
SCEF - Derby | ​ | Derby, CT | ​ | Eversource/United Illuminating (CT Utilities) | ​ | 2.8 | ​ | Q1 '24 | ​ | 20
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total MW Operating: | ​ | 62.8 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

| (1) | Rated capacity is the platform’s design rated output as of the date of initiation of commercial operations, except with respect to the Groton Project.

| (2) | The Groton Project was previously operating (including as of the date of initiation of commercial operations) at a reduced output of approximately 6.0 MW. During the first quarter of fiscal year 2024, the Groton Project reached its design rated output of 7.4 MW.

Generation Project in Process

In January 2025, we entered into a PPA with Eversource and United Illuminating in Hartford, Connecticut, for a 7.4 MW carbonate fuel cell power generation system. Power from this project will be sold to Eversource and United Illuminating through the 20-year term of the PPA. The current expectation is that we will complete construction in calendar year 2026 and commence commercial operations in December 2026, subject in each case to completing customary development steps and obtaining financing for the project.

Generation Projects No Longer in Process

During fiscal year 2022, we entered into a PPA with Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, for a 250 kW solid oxide fuel cell power generation system, and in March 2024, we entered into a PPA with the University of Connecticut (“UConn”), in Storrs, Connecticut, for four 250 kW solid oxide fuel cell power generation systems totaling 1 MW. As a result of our restructuring plans and the slowdown in the adoption of clean energy technology for the production of zero-carbon hydrogen and other energy transition solutions, we have ceased all work and spending on the Trinity and UConn projects and removed them from contracted backlog during the second quarter of fiscal year 2025. In addition, the

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Company and Trinity College mutually agreed to terminate the PPA for the 250 kW solid oxide fuel cell power generation system in May 2025, and the Company is currently in discussions with UConn regarding a modification of the PPA for the four 250 kW solid oxide fuel cell power generation systems to potentially convert this project into a carbonate fuel cell project. For more information about our restructuring plans, please see Note 5 — Impairment and Restructuring to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Backlog

Backlog by revenue category is as follows:

| ● | Service agreements backlog totaled $169.4 million as of July 31, 2025, compared to $178.4 million as of July 31, 2024. Service agreements backlog includes future contracted revenue from maintenance and scheduled module exchanges for power plants under service agreements. During the three months ended July 31, 2025, the Company entered into a LTSA with CGN-Yulchon Generation Co., Ltd. (“CGN”) for CGN’s Yulchon facility in Korea (the “CGN Platform”). The contract value totaled approximately $31.7 million, of which approximately $7.7 million was allocated to service backlog at the time of the execution of the LTSA and will be recognized as revenue as the Company performs service at the CGN Platform over the term of the LTSA. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024, the Company entered into a LTSA with GGE with respect to GGE’s 58.8 MW fuel cell power platform in Hwaseong-si, Korea (the “GGE Platform”). The contract value totaled approximately $159.6 million, of which approximately $33.6 million was allocated to service backlog at the time of the execution of the LTSA and is being recognized as revenue as the Company performs service at the GGE Platform over the term of the LTSA.

| ● | Generation backlog totaled $955.0 million as of July 31, 2025, compared to $839.5 million as of July 31, 2024. Generation backlog represents future contracted energy sales under contracted PPAs or approved utility tariffs. During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, the Company entered into a 20-year PPA with Eversource and United Illuminating, pursuant to which the Company will build and operate a 7.4 MW carbonate fuel cell power plant in Hartford, Connecticut (the “Hartford Project”). The electricity generated by the plant will be sold to Eversource and United Illuminating. The revenue over the contract term is expected to total approximately $167.4 million, which has been added to Generation backlog.

| ● | Product backlog totaled $96.2 million as of July 31, 2025, compared to $136.7 million as of July 31, 2024. Product backlog decreased during the period ended July 31, 2025 primarily as a result of the product backlog that was recognized as revenue as the Company completed commissioning of replacement modules for the GGE Platform. Under the LTSA with GGE, commissioning of the first six 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules was completed in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024, and commissioning of an additional twelve 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules was completed in the first nine months of fiscal year 2025. An additional eight 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules are expected to be commissioned throughout the remainder of fiscal year 2025, and the remaining 16 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules are expected to be commissioned in fiscal year 2026. Partially offsetting this decrease was the LTSA with CGN, which added $24.0 million to product backlog during the third quarter of fiscal year 2025.

| ● | Advanced Technologies contract backlog totaled $24.3 million as of July 31, 2025, compared to $42.5 million as of July 31, 2024. Advanced Technologies contract backlog primarily represents remaining revenue under our Joint Development Agreement with EMTEC, revenue under a purchase order from Esso valued at $15.6 million (which includes a $4.0 million increase due to two change orders executed during the first nine months of fiscal year 2025), and remaining revenue under our government contracts.

Overall, backlog increased by approximately 4.0% to $1.24 billion as of July 31, 2025, compared to $1.20 billion as of July 31, 2024, primarily as a result of the Hartford Project, the LTSA with CGN with respect to the CGN Platform, and the LTSA with GGE with respect to the GGE Platform.

The CGN Platform is comprised of four SureSource 3000 molten carbonate fuel cells (each a “CGN Plant”). Each CGN Plant is comprised of two carbonate fuel cell modules. Pursuant to the LTSA between CGN and the Company (the “CGN LTSA”), CGN and the Company have agreed that (i) CGN will purchase from the Company eight carbonate fuel cell modules to replace existing fuel cell modules at the CGN Platform, (ii) the Company will provide certain balance of plant replacement components if and to the extent the parties reasonably determine existing components should be replaced, and (iii) the Company will provide long term operations and maintenance services for the CGN Platform. The total amount

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payable by CGN under the CGN LTSA for the eight replacement fuel cell modules, balance of plant replacement components, and service is $31.7 million USD, with payments to be made over time as such replacement fuel cell modules are commissioned and the service obligations under the CGN LTSA for such CGN Plants commence. This amount was recorded as backlog concurrent with the execution of the CGN LTSA on July 30, 2025.

The GGE Platform is comprised of 21 SureSource 3000 molten carbonate fuel cells (each a “GGE Plant”). Each GGE Plant is comprised of two 1.4-MW carbonate fuel cell modules. Pursuant to the LTSA between GGE and the Company (the “GGE LTSA”), GGE and the Company have agreed that (i) GGE will purchase from the Company 42 1.4-MW carbonate fuel cell modules to replace existing fuel cell modules at the GGE Platform, (ii) the Company will provide certain balance of plant replacement components if and to the extent the parties reasonably determine existing components should be replaced, and (iii) the Company will provide long term operations and maintenance services for the GGE Platform. The total amount payable by GGE under the GGE LTSA for the 42 replacement fuel cell modules, balance of plant replacement components, and service was $159.6 million USD, with payments being made and to be made over time as such replacement fuel cell modules are commissioned and the service obligations under the GGE LTSA for such GGE Plants commence. This amount was recorded as backlog concurrent with the execution of the GGE LTSA on May 28, 2024, and has since been reduced as revenue has been recognized under the GGE LTSA which commenced in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024.

Backlog represents definitive agreements executed by the Company and our customers. Projects for which we have an executed PPA are included in generation backlog, which represents future revenue under long-term PPAs. The Company’s ability to recognize revenue in the future under a PPA is subject to the Company’s completion of construction of the project covered by such PPA. Should the Company not complete the construction of the project covered by a PPA, it will forgo future revenues with respect to the project and may incur penalties and/or impairment charges related to the project. Projects sold to customers (and not retained by the Company) are included in product sales and service agreements backlog, and the related generation backlog is removed upon sale. Together, the service and generation portion of backlog had a weighted average term of approximately 16 years as of July 31, 2025, with weighting based on the dollar amount of backlog and utility service contracts of up to 20 years in duration at inception.

Factors that may impact our liquidity

Factors that may impact our liquidity in fiscal year 2025 and beyond include:

● | The Company’s cash on hand and access to additional liquidity. As of July 31, 2025, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaled $174.7 million. There were no outstanding U.S. Treasury Securities as of July 31, 2025 as all U.S. Treasury Securities that were outstanding during the nine month period ended July 31, 2025 matured prior to July 31, 2025.

● | We bid on large projects in diverse markets that can have long decision cycles and uncertain outcomes.

● | We manage production rate based on contracted demand and project schedules. Changes to production rate take time to implement. We operated at an annualized production rate of 30.5 MW for the nine months ended July 31, 2025, compared to an annualized production rate of approximately 31.1 MW for the nine months ended July 31, 2024. This decrease in annualized production rate is primarily due to managing our production levels in our Torrington facility based on contracted demand.

● | As project sizes and the number of projects evolve, project cycle times may increase. We may need to make significant up-front investments of resources in advance of the receipt of any cash from the financing or sale of our projects. These amounts include development costs, interconnection costs, costs associated with posting of letters of credit, bonding or other forms of security, and engineering, permitting, legal, and other expenses.

● | The amount of accounts receivable and unbilled receivables as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 was $108.1 million ($53.4 million of which is classified as “Other assets”) and $76.9 million ($28.3 million of which is classified as “Other assets”), respectively. Unbilled accounts receivable represent revenue that has been recognized in advance of billing the customer under the terms of the underlying contracts. Such costs have been funded with working capital and the unbilled amounts are expected to be billed and collected from customers once we meet the billing criteria under the contracts. Our accounts receivable balances may fluctuate as of any balance sheet date depending on the timing of individual contract milestones and progress on completion of our projects.

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During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, the Company entered into the GGE LTSA with respect to the GGE Platform. The contract value totaled approximately $159.6 million, of which approximately $33.6 million was allocated to service at the time of the execution of the GGE LTSA and is being recognized as revenue as the Company performs service at the GGE Platform over the term of the GGE LTSA. The portion of the contract allocated to product sales was approximately $126.0 million at the time of the execution of the GGE LTSA, which equates to approximately $3.0 million per module for each of the 42 modules. The GGE LTSA was structured such that the total consideration for each module is payable over the seven-year term of the GGE LTSA with respect to such module. As a result, an unbilled asset value is created upon each module installation until such time as full payment is received over the seven-year term of the GGE LTSA with respect to such module. Thus, we expect the unbilled receivables to increase as the modules are installed. In return for extended payment terms related to the module product sales, the Company received security rights on each module which provides the opportunity for working capital financing.

In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024, we received working capital financing from the Export-Import Bank of the United States to support the Company’s obligations under the GGE LTSA, and we entered into a promissory note and related security agreements securing the loan with equipment liens, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $10.1 million. As we continue to fulfill our obligations under the GGE LTSA, we continue to seek additional working capital financing from certain financing institutions. There can be no assurance that we will obtain such working capital financing on acceptable terms, when needed, or at all.

● | The amount of total inventory as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 was $107.3 million ($2.7 million is classified as long-term inventory) and $116.4 million ($2.7 million is classified as long-term inventory), respectively, which includes work in process inventory totaling $71.0 million and $80.5 million, respectively. Work in process inventory can generally be deployed rapidly while the balance of our inventory requires further manufacturing prior to deployment. To execute on our business plan, we must produce fuel cell modules and procure balance of plant (“BOP”) components in required volumes to support our planned construction schedules and potential customer contractual requirements. As a result, we may manufacture modules or acquire BOP components in advance of receiving payment for such activities. This may result in fluctuations in inventory and cash as of any given balance sheet date.

During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, we utilized short term cash to build our inventory of modules to be shipped to Korea under the GGE LTSA. We have recognized revenue for the twelve modules shipped during the nine months ended July 31, 2025, and we expect to continue to recognize revenue from additional module shipments during the remainder of fiscal year 2025 and fiscal year 2026. During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, we also used short term cash to build our inventory of modules to be shipped to Korea under the CGN LTSA and to build project inventory as part of our safe harbor strategy for certain U.S. projects.

● | The amount of total project assets as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 was $224.5 million and $242.1 million, respectively. Project assets consist of capitalized costs for fuel cell projects that are operating and producing revenue or are under construction. Project assets as of July 31, 2025 consisted of $223.8 million of completed, operating installations and $0.7 million of projects in development. As of July 31, 2025, we had 62.8 MW of operating project assets that generated $35.8 million of revenue for the nine months ended July 31, 2025.

● | As of July 31, 2025, the Company had one project - the 7.4 MW Hartford Project - under development, which is expected to be completed by the end of calendar year 2026. As of July 31, 2025, we estimate the total remaining investment in project assets to build out the Hartford Project to be in the range of approximately $34.0 million to $36.0 million through calendar year 2026. To fund expected remaining project expenditures, the Company expects to use unrestricted cash on hand and to seek sources of construction financing. In addition, once the project becomes operational, the Company will seek to obtain permanent financing (tax equity and debt), or to sell this project to a third party. For the nine months ended July 31, 2025, capitalized project asset expenditures were $3.8 million.

● | Certain of our PPAs for project assets in our generation operating portfolio expose us to fluctuating fuel price risks as well as the risk of being unable to procure the required amounts of fuel and the lack of alternative available fuel sources. We seek to mitigate our fuel risk using strategies including: (i) fuel cost reimbursement mechanisms in our PPAs to allow for pass through of fuel costs (full or partial) where possible, which we have done with our 14.9 MW operating project in Bridgeport, CT (the “Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project”); (ii) procuring fuel under fixed price physical supply contracts with investment grade counterparties, which we have done for twenty years for our Tulare BioMAT project, for the initial seven years of the twenty year PPA for our LIPA Yaphank Project (through

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| September 2028), for six years of the twenty year PPA for our 14.0 MW and 2.8 MW Derby Projects (through October 2029), and for the initial three years of the twenty year hydrogen production and power purchase agreement for our Toyota Project (through May 2026); and (iii) potentially entering into future financial hedges with investment grade counterparties to offset potential negative market fluctuations. The Company does not take a fundamental view on natural gas or other commodity pricing and seeks commercially available means to reduce commodity exposure. If the Company is unable to secure fuel on favorable economic terms, it may result in impairment charges.

● | Expenditures for property, plant and equipment are expected to range between $15.0 million and $20.0 million for fiscal year 2025. Our expected expenditures for the fiscal year have been reduced (from a range of $20.0 million to $25.0 million as of the beginning of fiscal year 2025) as a result of our June 2025 restructuring plan. The expected expenditures for fiscal year 2025 are in addition to certain capital expenditures and commitments made by the Company in fiscal year 2024 to upgrade our manufacturing facilities, including payments for certain equipment procured for our Calgary facility. We are also increasing the carbonate manufacturing capabilities in our Torrington facility for expected growth in carbon capture and recovery.

During the first nine months of fiscal year 2025, cash payments for capital expenditures totaled approximately $17.6 million.

Our current plans with respect to our carbonate platform and solid oxide platforms are as follows:

Carbonate Platform: At this time, the maximum annualized capacity (module manufacturing, final assembly, testing and conditioning) is 100 MW per year under the Torrington facility’s current configuration when fully utilized. The Torrington facility is sized to accommodate the eventual annualized production capacity of up to 200 MW per year with additional capital investment in machinery, equipment, tooling, labor and inventory.

The Company continues to invest in capability with the goal of reducing production bottlenecks and driving productivity, including investments in automation, laser welding, and the construction of additional integrated conditioning capacity. The Company also constructed a SureSource 1500 in Torrington during fiscal year 2022, which operates as a testing facility for qualifying new supplier components and performance testing and validation of continued platform innovations, including carbon recovery. During fiscal years 2023 and 2024, the Company made investments to add engineered carbon separation capability to the onsite SureSource 1500. This addition is expected to be completed in calendar year 2025. We expect that this product enhancement will allow potential customers to observe the operating plant and, given the targeted market of food and beverage companies, will allow for the sampling and testing of separated CO2 to verify quantity, quality or purity requirements. In addition, the Company recently began manufacturing carbonate modules optimized for direct flue gas carbon capture at the Torrington facility.

​

Solid Oxide Platforms: Through fiscal year 2024, the Company invested in product development and manufacturing scale up for two solid oxide platforms: power generation and electrolysis. With the restructuring actions announced in November 2024 and June 2025, the Company has ceased development of the power generation platform and is focusing on demonstrating the capabilities of our electrolysis platform.

​

In November 2024 and June 2025, the Company announced global restructuring plans relating to our operations in the U.S., Canada, and Germany that aim to reduce operating costs, realign resources toward advancing the Company’s core carbonate technologies, and protect the Company’s competitive position amid slower-than-expected market investments in clean energy. These restructuring plans also include the deferment and cancelation of certain previously planned capital and project expenditures related to solid oxide manufacturing in our facility in Calgary, Canada. As a result of these restructuring plans, we have deferred the capital spending required to complete the Calgary expansion and do not currently expect to complete this project. For more information about our restructuring plans, please see Note 5 — Impairment and Restructuring to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

​

Lastly, the Company is in the process of examining or actively applying for various financial programs offered by the United States to provide subsidies, investment tax credits and other assistance with the goal of expanding capacity for clean energy manufacturing.

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● | Company-funded research and development expenses are expected to be in the range between $35.0 million and $40.0 million for fiscal year 2025. Our expected expenses for the fiscal year have been reduced (from a range of $40.0 million to $45.0 million as of the beginning of fiscal year 2025) as a result of our June 2025 restructuring plan. During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, we incurred a total of $28.6 million of Company-funded research and development expenses as we continued to focus on accelerating the commercialization of our distributed power generation, distributed hydrogen generation and carbon capture solutions. The Company continues to advance its solid oxide technology platform in collaboration with Idaho National Laboratory (“INL”) on the high-efficiency electrolysis system demonstration. This demonstration program is being undertaken in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Energy and is intended as a stepping stone for a system level field demonstration of the Company’s high efficiency solid oxide technology platform. The demonstration unit was shipped to and arrived at INL in January 2025 and is currently undergoing installation and testing. The Company continues to advance the development of its solid oxide electrolysis platform to support growing applications in the hydrogen generation market segment. Finally, the Company will continue investing in product enhancements of our carbonate platform including advancing commercial demonstrations of carbon capture and carbon recovery platforms.

● | Under the terms of certain contracts, the Company will provide performance security for future contractual obligations. As of July 31, 2025, we had pledged approximately $62.2 million of our cash and cash equivalents as collateral for performance security and for letters of credit for certain banking requirements and contracts. This balance may increase with a growing backlog and installed fleet.

● | The Company’s ability to continue to implement cost saving measures if sales activities do not occur when expected. The Company made in fiscal year 2024 and has continued to make in 2025 certain downward adjustments to expected spending as a result of the slower-than-expected pace of market developments, and in September and November 2024 and June 2025, as part of its cost saving measures, the Company also made job eliminations in certain areas, reducing its workforce by approximately 39% in the aggregate. The Company expects to continue to focus its strategy to respond to market conditions, which may result in additional spending and headcount reductions in future periods.

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Depreciation and Amortization

As the Company builds project assets and makes capital expenditures, depreciation and amortization expenses are expected to increase. For the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, depreciation and amortization totaled $9.7 million and $9.2 million, respectively (of these totals, approximately $7.7 million and $7.3 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, relate to depreciation of project assets in our generation operating portfolio and amortization of a generation intangible asset). For the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, depreciation and amortization totaled $30.6 million and $27.4 million, respectively (of these totals, approximately $24.4 million and $21.3 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, relate to depreciation of project assets in our generation operating portfolio and amortization of a generation intangible asset).

Cash Flows

Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents totaled $236.9 million as of July 31, 2025 compared to $208.9 million as of October 31, 2024. As of July 31, 2025, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaled $174.7 million compared to $148.1 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents as of October 31, 2024. As of July 31, 2025, restricted cash and cash equivalents totaled $62.2 million, of which $16.1 million was classified as current and $46.1 million was classified as non-current, compared to $60.8 million of restricted cash and cash equivalents as of October 31, 2024, of which $12.2 million was classified as current and $48.6 million was classified as non-current.

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The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended July 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 | ​ | 2024 |
Consolidated Cash Flow Data: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net cash used in operating activities | ​ | $ | (102,427) | ​ | $ | (158,751) | ​
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | ​ | ​ | 89,970 | ​ | ​ | (18,978) | ​
Net cash provided by financing activities | ​ | ​ | 40,537 | ​ | ​ | 96,238 | ​
Effects on cash from changes in foreign currency rates | ​ | ​ | (109) | ​ | ​ | 96 | ​
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | $ | 27,971 | ​ | $ | (81,395) | ​

​

The key components of our cash inflows and outflows were as follows:

Operating Activities – Net cash used in operating activities was $102.4 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2025, compared to $158.8 million of net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended July 31, 2024.

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily a result of the net loss of $162.0 million, decrease in accounts payable of $3.9 million, increases in inventory of $2.1 million, unbilled receivables of $33.1 million and other assets of $10.0 million, partially offset by a decrease in accounts receivable of $1.8 million and non-cash adjustments of $104.8 million.

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily a result of the net loss of $117.2 million, increases in inventory of $44.9 million, unbilled receivables of $8.0 million, accounts receivable of $7.4 million, other assets of $33.3 million and decreases in accounts payable of $6.0 million, partially offset by an increase in accrued liabilities of $0.5 million and in deferred revenue of $9.5 million and non-cash adjustments of $48.7 million.

Investing Activities – Net cash provided by investing activities was $90.0 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $19.0 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2024.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 included funds received from the maturity of U.S. Treasury Securities of $772.4 million, offset by cash used of $661.0 million for the purchase of U.S. Treasury Securities, $3.8 million of project asset expenditures and $17.6 million of capital expenditures.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2024 included funds received from the maturity of U.S. Treasury Securities of $506.8 million, partially offset by cash used of $476.8 million for the purchase of U.S. Treasury Securities, $11.8 million of project asset expenditures and $37.2 million of capital expenditures.

Financing Activities – Net cash provided by financing activities was $40.5 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2025, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $96.2 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2024.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended July 31, 2025 resulted from $4.0 million of contributions received from a noncontrolling interest in our tax equity partnership for the Groton Project and $51.6 million of net proceeds from sales of common stock, partially offset by debt repayments of $10.4 million, payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards of $0.5 million, payment of $2.4 million in preferred dividends, distribution to noncontrolling interest of $1.6 million and payment of debt issuance costs of $0.2 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended July 31, 2024 resulted from $25.1 million of contributions received from a noncontrolling interest in our tax equity partnerships for the Derby and Groton Projects, $71.7 million of net proceeds from sales of common stock, and $13.0 million in debt proceeds, partially offset by debt repayments of $8.8 million, payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards of $1.1 million, payment of $2.4 million in preferred dividends, distribution to noncontrolling interest of $1.1 million and payment of debt issuance costs of $0.3 million.

Sources and Uses of Cash and Investments

In order to consistently produce positive cash flow from operations, we need to increase order flow to support higher production levels, leading to lower costs on a per unit basis. We also continue to invest in new product and market development and, as a result, we are not generating positive cash flow from our operations. Our principal sources of cash have been proceeds from the sale of our products and projects, electricity generation revenues, research and development

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and service agreements with third parties, sales of our common stock through public equity offerings, and proceeds from debt, project financing and tax monetization transactions.

Commitments and Significant Contractual Obligations

A summary of our significant commitments and contractual obligations as of July 31, 2025 and the related payments by fiscal year are as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Payments Due by Period
(dollars in thousands) |  | Total |  | Less than 1 Year |  | 1 – 3 Years |  | 3 – 5 Years |  | More than 5 Years
Purchase commitments (1) | ​ | $ | 66,861 | ​ | $ | 58,464 | ​ | $ | 4,274 | ​ | $ | 2,825 | ​ | $ | 1,298
Term loans (principal and interest) | ​ | ​ | 136,315 | ​ | ​ | 18,543 | ​ | ​ | 31,567 | ​ | ​ | 60,930 | ​ | ​ | 25,275
Operating lease commitments (2) | ​ | ​ | 24,449 | ​ | ​ | 1,313 | ​ | ​ | 3,179 | ​ | ​ | 2,340 | ​ | ​ | 17,617
Sale-leaseback finance obligations (3) | ​ | ​ | 7,133 | ​ | ​ | 1,394 | ​ | ​ | 2,583 | ​ | ​ | 2,562 | ​ | ​ | 594
Natural gas and biomethane gas supply contracts (4) | ​ | ​ | 35,727 | ​ | ​ | 9,504 | ​ | ​ | 17,672 | ​ | ​ | 8,551 | ​ | ​ | -
Series B Preferred dividends payable (5) | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | -
Totals | ​ | $ | 270,485 | ​ | $ | 89,218 | ​ | $ | 59,275 | ​ | $ | 77,208 | ​ | $ | 44,784

(1) | Purchase commitments with suppliers for materials, supplies and services incurred in the normal course of business.

(2) | Future minimum lease payments on operating leases.

(3) | Represents payments due under sale-leaseback transactions and related financing agreements between certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries and Crestmark Equipment Finance (“Crestmark”). Lease payments for each lease under these financing agreements are generally payable in fixed quarterly installments over a 10-year period.

(4) | During fiscal year 2020, the Company entered into a 7-year natural gas contract for the Company’s LIPA Yaphank Project with an estimated annual cost per year of $2.0 million, under which service began on December 7, 2021. During fiscal year 2023, the Company entered into a 2-year Biomethane gas contract for the Company’s Toyota Project, under which service began on May 1, 2023. Also, during fiscal year 2023, the Company entered into (a) a 6-year natural gas contract for the Company’s 14.0 MW Derby Project, under which service began on June 1, 2023, and (b) a 6-year natural gas contract for the Company’s 2.8 MW SCEF Derby Project, under which service began in November 2023. During fiscal year 2025, the Company entered into a 1-year natural gas contract for the Company’s Toyota Project (due to the expiration of the initial 2-year Biomethane gas contract described above), under which service began on May 1, 2025. The costs of the contracts are expected to be offset by generation revenues.

(5) | We pay $3.2 million in annual dividends on our Series B Preferred Stock, if and when declared. The $3.2 million annual dividend payment, if dividends are declared, has not been included in this table as we cannot reasonably determine when or if we will be able to convert the Series B Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock. We may, at our option, convert these shares into the number of shares of our common stock that are issuable at the then prevailing conversion rate if the closing price of our common stock exceeds 150% of the then prevailing conversion price ($50,760 per share at July 31, 2025) for 20 trading days during any consecutive 30 trading day period.

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Outstanding Loans as of July 31, 2025

EXIM Financing

​

On October 31, 2024, the Company closed on a project debt financing transaction with the Export-Import Bank of the United States (“EXIM”) to support the Company’s obligations under the LTSA with GGE, pursuant to which the Company is to supply GGE with forty-two 1.4-MW upgraded carbonate fuel cell modules to replace existing units at GGE’s Hwaseong Baran Industrial Complex. In conjunction with this financing, the Company entered into a promissory note and related security agreements securing the loan with equipment liens, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $10.1 million. Interest accrues at a fixed interest rate of 5.81%, and the note is repayable in monthly installments consisting of interest and principal over 7 years from the date of the first debt payment, which was due in January 2025. After payment of customary fees and transaction costs, net proceeds were approximately $9.2 million.

​

The credit agreement between the Company and EXIM contains certain reporting requirements and other affirmative and negative covenants which are customary for transactions of this type. In addition, the Company is required to maintain, throughout the term of the credit agreement, a minimum cash balance of $100.0 million. For the purposes of this credit agreement, cash is defined as the sum of unrestricted cash plus all short-term (but no longer than three months), marketable United States Treasury instruments (as measured based on the maturity amount of each instrument).

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Derby Back Leverage Financing

On April 25, 2024, FuelCell Energy Derby Finance Holdco, LLC (“Derby Holdco Borrower”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FuelCell Energy Finance, LLC (“FCEF”), which, in turn, is a wholly owned subsidiary of FuelCell Energy, Inc. (“Parent”), entered into: (i) a Credit Agreement (the “Derby Senior Back Leverage Credit Agreement”) with, by and among Liberty Bank, in its capacities as a lender (“Liberty Lender”), administrative agent (the “Senior Administrative Agent”), and lead arranger, and Connecticut Green Bank, in its capacity as a lender (“Green Bank Lender” and, collectively with Liberty Lender, the “Derby Senior Back Leverage Lenders”), for a term loan facility in an amount not to exceed an aggregate of $9.5 million to be provided 68% by Liberty Lender and 32% by Green Bank Lender (such facility, the “Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility,” each such term loan, a “Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan” and such term loans together, the “Derby Senior Back Leverage Loans”); and (ii) a Credit Agreement (the “Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Credit Agreement”) with Connecticut Green Bank, as administrative agent (the “Subordinated Administrative Agent”) and lender (“Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Lender”), for a term loan facility in an amount not to exceed $3.5 million (such facility, the “Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility” and such term loan, the “Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan”). The Derby Senior Back Leverage Lenders and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Lender are referred to collectively as the “Derby Back Leverage Lenders.”

Derby Holdco Borrower’s obligations under the Derby Senior Back Leverage Credit Agreement and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Credit Agreement are secured by a lien on all of Derby Holdco Borrower’s assets, consisting principally of its Class B Member Interests (the “Derby Class B Interests”) in Derby Fuel Cell Holdco, LLC (the “Derby Tax Equity Holdco”). The Class A Membership Interests (the “Derby Class A Interests”) in the Derby Tax Equity Holdco are held by Franklin Park (see Note 1 for further discussion of the tax equity financing transaction structure). Derby Holdco Borrower is also the Managing Member of the Derby Tax Equity Holdco. The Derby Tax Equity Holdco’s primary asset is ownership of all of the outstanding equity interests in Derby Station Fuel Cell, LLC and SCEF1 Fuel Cell, LLC (the “Derby Project Companies”). The Derby Project Companies, in turn, are the owners of the fuel cell power plants located in Derby, Connecticut (which are referred to herein as the “Derby Projects”). As additional context concerning the relationship among the parties with respect to the Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility more fully described below, on October 19, 2018, the Derby Project Companies and Parent entered into an Amended and Restated Power Purchase Agreement (the “Derby Amended and Restated PPA”) with The Connecticut Light and Power Company d/b/a Eversource Energy (“CLPC”), pursuant to which the Derby Project Companies agreed to sell to CLPC, and CLPC agreed to purchase from the Derby Project Companies, all of the electricity output produced by the Derby Projects pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Derby Amended and Restated PPA.

At the closing (the “Derby Closing”) of each of the Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility, which occurred simultaneously on April 25, 2024 (the “Derby Closing Date”), the entire amount of each of the Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility was drawn down in the aggregate amount of $13.0 million. After payment of fees and transaction costs (including fees to the Derby Back Leverage Lenders and legal costs) of approximately $0.2 million in the aggregate, the remaining proceeds

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of approximately $12.8 million were used as follows: (i) approximately $0.9 million was used to fund debt service and module replacement reserve accounts (“DSCR Reserve Accounts”) for the Derby Senior Back Leverage Lenders in amounts of approximately $0.6 million for Liberty Lender and approximately $0.3 million for Green Bank Lender; (ii) approximately $0.4 million was used to fund a DSCR Reserve Account for the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Lender; and (iii) the remaining amount of approximately $11.5 million was released to Parent from the Derby Back Leverage Lenders. Additionally, the Company incurred legal fees of approximately $0.2 million in relation to the financing that was not deducted from the debt proceeds.

The Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan will accrue interest on the unpaid principal amount calculated from the date of such Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan until the maturity date at a rate per annum equal to 7.25%. Quarterly principal amortization and interest payments are required to be made by Derby Holdco Borrower on the Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan based on a seven-year amortization period. The Derby Senior Back Leverage Loans have a seven-year term, maturing on March 31, 2031.

The Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan will accrue interest on the unpaid principal amount calculated from the date of such Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan until the maturity date at a rate per annum equal to 8%. Pursuant to the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility, during the “Derby Interest Only Period” (as defined below), Derby Holdco Borrower is required to make quarterly payments of interest only until June 30, 2031. Following the end of the “Derby Interest Only Period,” principal and interest payments are required to be made quarterly in quarterly level payments (“mortgage style”) of principal and interest until the maturity date on March 31, 2038.

Each of the Derby Senior Back Leverage Credit Agreement and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Credit Agreement contains certain reporting requirements and other affirmative and negative covenants which are customary for transactions of this type. Included in the covenants are covenants that: (i) Derby Holdco Borrower maintain a “Senior” debt service coverage ratio (which is computed taking into account debt service obligations on the Derby Senior Back Leverage Loans) of not less than 1.25:1.00 (based on the trailing 12 months and tested every quarter) and a “Total” debt service coverage ratio (which is computed taking into account debt service obligations on both the Derby Senior Back Leverage Loans and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan) of not less than 1.10:1.00 (based on the trailing 12 months and tested on a quarterly basis); (ii) Derby Holdco Borrower may make distributions or dividends only if the foregoing debt to equity coverage ratios have been satisfied and Derby Holdco Borrower is not in default under any provisions of either the Derby Senior Back Leverage Credit Agreement or the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Credit Agreement, including having made all required deposits into reserve accounts; (iii) Derby Holdco Borrower is required to exercise its right under the Derby Tax Equity Holdco limited liability company agreement to acquire the Derby Class A Interests from Franklin Park during the ninety day period beginning on the “Flip Point” (which, pursuant to the Derby Tax Equity Holdco limited liability company agreement, is the date on which the holder of Derby Class A Interests has realized a certain return on investment and, accordingly, Derby Holdco Borrower, as holder of the Derby Class B Interests, has the right to purchase the Derby Class A Interests); and (iv) the consent of the Senior Administrative Agent is required prior to Derby Holdco Borrower’s taking certain material actions under the Derby Tax Equity Holdco limited liability company agreement. Each of the Derby Senior Back Leverage Credit Agreement and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Credit Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties and customary events of default that cause, or entitle the Derby Back Leverage Lenders to cause, the outstanding loans to become immediately due and payable. In addition to customary events of default for transactions of this kind, the events of default include if a Change of Control occurs (meaning Parent no longer directly or indirectly owns Derby Holdco Borrower), a cross default (meaning that a default under the Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility shall be deemed a default under the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility and vice versa) or if CLPC should become insolvent, is in bankruptcy or commits a specified number of payment defaults with regard to its payment obligations to the Derby Project Companies.

The Derby Senior Back Leverage Loans may be prepaid at any time at the option of Derby Holdco Borrower provided that (i) each prepayment on or prior to the second anniversary of the Derby Closing Date shall require a prepayment fee of 3% of the principal amount being prepaid; (ii) each prepayment after the second anniversary of the Derby Closing Date but on or prior to the fourth anniversary of the Derby Closing Date shall require a prepayment fee of 2% of the principal amount being prepaid; and (iii) each prepayment after the fourth anniversary of the Derby Closing Date but on or prior to the seventh anniversary of the Derby Closing Date shall require a prepayment fee of 1% of the principal amount being prepaid. The Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan may be prepaid at any time without premium or penalty.

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OpCo Financing Facility

On May 19, 2023, FuelCell Energy Opco Finance 1, LLC (“OpCo Borrower”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FCEF, which, in turn, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent, entered into a Financing Agreement (as amended, the “Financing Agreement”) with, by and among Investec Bank plc in its capacities as a lender (“Investec Lender”), administrative agent (“Administrative Agent”), and collateral agent (“Collateral Agent”); Investec, Inc. as coordinating lead arranger and sole bookrunner; Bank of Montreal (Chicago Branch) in its capacity as a lender (“BMO Lender”) and as mandated lead arranger; and each of Liberty Bank, Amalgamated Bank and Connecticut Green Bank as lenders (collectively with Investec Lender and BMO Lender, the “Lenders”) for a term loan facility in an amount not to exceed $80.5 million (the “Term Loan Facility” and such term loan, the “Term Loan”) and a letter of credit facility in an amount not to exceed $6.5 million (the “LC Facility” and together with the Term Loan Facility, the “OpCo Financing Facility”).

OpCo Borrower’s obligations under the Financing Agreement are secured by Parent’s interest in six operating fuel cell generation projects: (i) the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project, located in Bridgeport, Connecticut; (ii) the Central CT State University Project, located in New Britain, Connecticut; (iii) the Pfizer Project, located in Groton, Connecticut; (iv) the LIPA Yaphank Project, located in Long Island, New York; (v) the Riverside Regional Water Quality Control Plant Project, located in Riverside, California; and (vi) the Santa Rita Jail Project, located in Alameda County, California (each, a “Project” and collectively, the “Projects”).

​

Immediately prior to the closing on the OpCo Financing Facility, which closing occurred on May 19, 2023, Parent caused to be transferred to OpCo Borrower all of the outstanding equity interests in: (i) Bridgeport Fuel Cell, LLC (the “Bridgeport Project Company”), the entity that owns the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project; (ii) New Britain Renewable Energy, LLC (the “CCSU Project Company”), the entity that owns the Central CT State University Project; (iii) Groton Fuel Cell 1, LLC (the “Pfizer Project Company”), the entity that owns the Pfizer Project; (iv) Riverside Fuel Cell, LLC (the “Riverside Project Company”), the entity that owns the Riverside Regional Water Quality Control Plant Project; (v) SRJFC, LLC (the “Santa Rita Project Company”), the entity that owns the Santa Rita Jail Project; and (vi) Fuel Cell YT Holdco, LLC (the “Class B Member”), the entity that owns Parent’s Class B membership interest in YTBFC Holdco, LLC (the “Yaphank Tax Equity Partnership”), the tax equity partnership with Renewable Energy Investors, LLC (the “Class A Member”), as tax equity investor, which Yaphank Tax Equity Partnership, in turn, owns Yaphank Fuel Cell Park, LLC (the “Yaphank Project Company”), the entity that owns the LIPA Yaphank Project.

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At the time of closing on the OpCo Financing Facility: (i) the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project was encumbered by senior and subordinated indebtedness to Liberty Bank, Fifth Third Bank and Connecticut Green Bank in the aggregate amount of approximately $11.4 million; and (ii) the Pfizer Project, the Riverside Regional Water Quality Control Plant Project and the Santa Rita Jail Project were subject to sale and leaseback transactions and agreements with PNC Energy Capital, LLC (“PNC”) in which the lease buyout amounts, including sales taxes, were approximately $15.7 million, $3.7 million and $2.8 million, respectively. In connection with closing on the OpCo Financing Facility, all of the foregoing indebtedness and lease buyout amounts were repaid and extinguished with proceeds of the Term Loan and funds of approximately $7.3 million that were released from restricted and unrestricted reserve accounts held at PNC at the time of closing, resulting in the applicable project companies re-acquiring ownership of the three leased projects from PNC, the termination of the agreements with PNC related to the sale-leaseback transactions, and the termination of the senior and subordinated credit agreements with, the related promissory notes issued to, and the related pledge and security agreements with, Liberty Bank, Fifth Third Bank and Connecticut Green Bank related to the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project. Further, in connection with the closing on the OpCo Financing Facility and the termination of the senior and subordinated credit agreements with Liberty Bank, Fifth Third Bank and Connecticut Green Bank related to the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project, Fifth Third Bank and the Bridgeport Project Company agreed that the obligations arising out of the swap transactions contemplated by their related interest rate swap agreement were terminated and waived and the swap agreement was effectively terminated. In addition, in connection with closing on the OpCo Financing Facility, proceeds of the Term Loan were used to repay a portion of Parent’s long-term indebtedness to Connecticut Green Bank in the amount of approximately $1.8 million.

At the closing, $80.5 million, the entire amount of the Term Loan portion of the OpCo Financing Facility, was drawn down. After payment of fees and transaction costs (including fees to the Lenders and legal costs) of approximately $2.9 million in the aggregate, the remaining proceeds of approximately $77.6 million were used as follows: (i) approximately $15.0 million was used (in addition to the approximately $7.3 million released from restricted and unrestricted reserve accounts held at PNC) to pay the lease buyout amounts and sales taxes referred to above and to re-acquire the three projects owned by PNC as referred to above; (ii) approximately $11.4 million was used to extinguish the indebtedness to Liberty Bank, Fifth Third Bank, and Connecticut Green Bank relating to the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project; (iii) approximately $1.8

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million was used to repay a portion of Parent’s long-term indebtedness to Connecticut Green Bank; (iv) $14.5 million was used to fund a capital expenditure reserve account required to be maintained pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Financing Agreement (which is classified as restricted cash on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets); and (v) approximately $34.9 million was distributed to Parent for use as Parent determines in its sole discretion. In addition, in connection with the extinguishment of the Company’s indebtedness to Liberty Bank and Fifth Third Bank referred to above, approximately $11.2 million of restricted cash was released to the Company from Liberty Bank and Fifth Third Bank. Taking into consideration the release of such funds, the total net proceeds to the Company from these transactions were approximately $46.1 million.

The Term Loan portion of the OpCo Financing Facility will accrue interest on the unpaid principal amount calculated from the date of such Term Loan until the maturity date thereof at a rate per annum during each Interest Period (as defined in the Financing Agreement) for such Term Loan equal to (A) with respect to SOFR Rate Loans, (i) the Adjusted Daily Compounded SOFR for such Interest Period with respect to SOFR Rate Loans plus (ii) the Applicable Margin, and (B) with respect to Base Rate Loans, (i) the Base Rate from time to time in effect plus (ii) the Applicable Margin (in each case as defined in the Financing Agreement). The Applicable Margin for SOFR Rate Loans is 2.5% for the first four years of the term and thereafter, 3%. The Applicable Margin for Base Rate Loans is 1.5% for the first four years of the term and thereafter, 2%. At the closing, in connection with the draw down of the entire amount of the Term Loan, OpCo Borrower elected to make such draw down a SOFR Rate Loan with an initial Interest Period of three months. After the initial Interest Period of three months, OpCo Borrower may elect both the applicable Interest Period (i.e., one month, three months or six months) and whether the Term Loan will be treated as a SOFR Rate Loan or a Base Rate Loan for such Interest Period. Interest payments are required to be made quarterly.

Quarterly principal amortization obligations are also required to be made (based on 17-year principal amortization designed to be fully repaid in 2039), with quarterly amortization payments based on a 1.30x debt service coverage ratio sizing based on contracted cash flows (before giving effect to module replacement expenses and module replacement drawdown releases). The Term Loan has a seven-year term, maturing on May 19, 2030.

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Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Financing Agreement, OpCo Borrower is required to maintain a capital expenditures reserve to pay for expected module replacements. The total reserve balance is required to reach $29.0 million, $14.5 million of which was funded out of the closing advance of the Term Loan and the remainder of which is to be funded pursuant to an agreed upon funding schedule through cash flows generated by the Projects set forth in the Financing Agreement for the period of June 30, 2023 through December 31, 2029.

Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Financing Agreement, OpCo Borrower is required to maintain a debt service reserve of not less than six months of the scheduled principal and interest payments. The letter of credit component of the OpCo Financing Facility is for the purpose of obtaining letters of credit to satisfy such obligation; at the closing, an Irrevocable Letter of Credit was issued by Investec Bank plc as the issuing bank in favor of the Collateral Agent for the benefit of the Lenders in the amount of $6.5 million to satisfy the debt service reserve funding obligation.

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Pursuant to the Financing Agreement, within 30 days of the financial close of the Financing Agreement, OpCo Borrower was required to enter into one or more hedge transactions, with a Lender or an affiliate thereof pursuant to one or more interest rate agreements, to hedge OpCo Borrower’s interest rate exposure relating to the Term Loan from floating to fixed. Such hedge transactions are required to be in effect at all times during the entire amortization period and have an aggregate notional amount subject to the hedge transactions at any time equal to at least 75% and no more than 105% of the aggregate principal balance of the Term Loan outstanding (taking into account scheduled amortization of the Term Loan).

Upon closing, on May 19, 2023, OpCo Borrower entered into an ISDA 2002 Master Agreement and an ISDA Schedule to the 2002 Master Agreement with Investec Bank plc as a hedge provider, and an ISDA 2002 Master Agreement and an ISDA Schedule to the 2002 Master Agreement with Bank of Montreal (Chicago Branch) as a hedge provider. On May 22, 2023, OpCo Borrower executed the related trade confirmations for these interest rate swap agreements with these hedge providers to protect against adverse price movements in the floating SOFR rate associated with 100% of the aggregate principal balance of the Term Loan outstanding. Pursuant to the terms of such agreements, OpCo Borrower will pay a fixed rate of interest of 3.716%. The net interest rate across the Financing Agreement and the swap transaction is 6.366% in the first four years and 6.866% thereafter. The obligations of OpCo Borrower to the hedge providers under the interest rate swap agreements are treated as obligations under the Financing Agreement and, accordingly, are secured, on a pari passu basis, by the same collateral securing the obligations of OpCo Borrower under the Financing Agreement, which collateral is described below. The Company has not elected hedge accounting treatment and, as a result, the derivative will

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be remeasured to fair value quarterly, with the resulting gains/losses recorded to other income/expense. The fair value adjustments for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025 resulted in gains (losses) of $0.6 million and $(0.2) million, respectively.

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The Financing Agreement contains certain reporting requirements and other affirmative and negative covenants which are customary for transactions of this type. Included in the covenants are covenants that: (i) the Yaphank Project Company obtain ongoing three year extensions of its current gas agreement; (ii) any annual operating expense budget that exceeds 115% of the Base Case Model (as defined in the Financing Agreement) for that year be approved by the Required Lenders (i.e., Lenders constituting more than 50% of the amounts loaned); (iii) OpCo Borrower maintain a debt service coverage ratio of not less than 1.20:1.00 (based on the trailing 12 months and tested every six months); and (iv) the Class B Member is required to exercise its option to purchase the Class A Member’s interest in the Yaphank Tax Equity Partnership during the six month period following the “Flip Point” as set forth in the limited liability company agreement for the Yaphank Tax Equity Partnership. The Financing Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties and customary events of default that cause, or entitle the Lenders to cause, the outstanding loans under the Financing Agreement to become immediately due and payable.

The Term Loan may be prepaid at any time at the option of OpCo Borrower without premium or penalty other than any “liquidation costs” if such prepayment occurs other than at the end of an Interest Period. In addition, there are certain mandatory repayments required under the Financing Agreement, including in connection with any sale or disposition of all of the Projects or of any of the LIPA Yaphank Project, the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project or the Pfizer Project. If the Company disposes of any of the Riverside Regional Water Quality Control Plant Project, the Santa Rita Jail Project or the Central CT State University Project, OpCo Borrower is required to prepay an amount of the Term Loan based on the then stipulated value of the disposed Project.

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Simultaneously with OpCo Borrower entering into the Financing Agreement, FCEF (as pledgor), OpCo Borrower and each of the Bridgeport Project Company, the Pfizer Project Company, the Riverside Project Company, the Santa Rita Project Company, the CCSU Project Company and the Class B Member, each as a subsidiary grantor party and guarantor, entered into an Omnibus Guarantee, Pledge and Security Agreement (the “Security Agreement”) with Investec Bank plc as Collateral Agent, pursuant to which, as collateral for the Term Loan Facility, the LC Facility and the hedge agreements (i) FCEF granted to Collateral Agent a security interest in all of FCEF’s equity interest in OpCo Borrower; (ii) OpCo Borrower granted to Collateral Agent a security interest in all of OpCo Borrower’s assets consisting of its equity interests in the Bridgeport Project Company, the Pfizer Project Company, the Riverside Project Company, the Santa Rita Project Company, the CCSU Project Company and the Class B Member; (iii) each of the Bridgeport Project Company, the Pfizer Project Company, the Riverside Project Company, the Santa Rita Project Company and the CCSU Project Company granted to Collateral Agent a security interest in all of each such entity’s assets consisting principally of the respective generation facilities and project agreements; and (iv) the Class B Member granted to Collateral Agent a security interest in all of such Class B Member’s assets, consisting principally of its equity interest in the Yaphank Tax Equity Partnership. Pursuant to the Security Agreement, each of the subsidiary grantor parties jointly and severally guaranteed payment of all of the obligations secured by the Security Agreement.

Simultaneously with the execution of the Financing Agreement, OpCo Borrower, Investec Bank plc as Collateral Agent and Administrative Agent and Liberty Bank as Depositary Agent entered into a Depositary Agreement (the “Depositary Agreement”) pursuant to which OpCo Borrower established certain accounts at Liberty Bank, all of which were pledged to Collateral Agent as security for the Term Loan Facility, the LC Facility and the hedge agreements, including a Revenue Account; a Debt Service Reserve Account; a Redemption Account (for prepayments); a Capital Expenditure Reserve Account; and a Distribution Reserve Account (in each case as defined in the Depositary Agreement). Pursuant to the terms of the Financing Agreement and the Depositary Agreement, OpCo Borrower may make quarterly distributions to FCEF and Parent provided that: (i) no Event of Default or Default (in each case as defined in the Financing Agreement) exists under the OpCo Financing Facility; (ii) all reserve accounts have been funded; (iii) no letter of credit loans or unpaid drawings are outstanding with regard to any drawn down letter of credit under the LC Facility; (iv) OpCo Borrower has maintained a greater than 1.20:1.00 debt service coverage ratio for the immediate 12 month period; and (v) no Cash Diversion Event (i.e., certain events that would adversely impact distributions to the Class B Member in connection with the LIPA Yaphank Project, as further defined in the Financing Agreement) has occurred. Beginning with the quarter ending June 2025 and continuing until the quarter ending March 2026, prior to making contributions to the Debt Service Reserve Account or the Capital Expenditure Reserve Account or having funds available for distribution, out of operating cash flow, OpCo Borrower is required to make a quarterly payment to the Administrative Agent (on behalf of the Lenders) in the amount of $675,000 per quarter to be applied to outstanding principal.

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Groton Back Leverage Financing

On August 18, 2023, FuelCell Energy Finance Holdco, LLC (“Groton Holdco Borrower”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FCEF, which, in turn, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent, entered into: (i) a Credit Agreement (the “Groton Senior Back Leverage Credit Agreement”) with, by and among Liberty Bank, in its capacities as a lender (“Liberty Lender”), administrative agent (the “Senior Administrative Agent”), and lead arranger, and Amalgamated Bank, in its capacity as a lender (“Amalgamated Lender” and, collectively with Liberty Lender, the “Groton Senior Back Leverage Lenders”), for a term loan facility in an amount not to exceed an aggregate of $12.0 million to be provided 50% by Liberty Lender and 50% by Amalgamated Lender (such facility, the “Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility,” each such term loan, a “Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan” and such term loans together, the “Groton Senior Back Leverage Loans”); and (ii) a Credit Agreement (the “Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Credit Agreement”) with Connecticut Green Bank, as administrative agent (the “Subordinated Administrative Agent”) and lender (“Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Lender”), for a term loan facility in an amount not to exceed $8.0 million (such facility, the “Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility” and such term loan, the “Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan”). The Groton Senior Back Leverage Lenders and the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Lender are referred to collectively as the “Groton Back Leverage Lenders.”

Groton Holdco Borrower’s obligations under the Groton Senior Back Leverage Credit Agreement and the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Credit Agreement are secured by a lien on all of Groton Holdco Borrower’s assets, consisting principally of its Class B Member Interests (the “Class B Interests”) in Groton Station Fuel Cell Holdco, LLC (the “Groton Tax Equity Holdco”). Class A Membership Interests (the “Class A Interests”) in the Groton Tax Equity Holdco are held by East West Bank. Groton Holdco Borrower is also the Managing Member of the Groton Tax Equity Holdco. The Groton Tax Equity Holdco’s primary asset is ownership of all of the outstanding equity interests in Groton Station Fuel Cell, LLC (the “Groton Project Company”). The Groton Project Company, in turn, is the owner of the fuel cell power plant at the U.S. Navy Submarine Base New London located in Groton, Connecticut (the “Groton Project”). As additional context concerning the relationship among the parties with respect to the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility more fully described below, on December 16, 2022, the Groton Project Company and Parent entered into an Amended and Restated Power Purchase Agreement (the “Groton Amended and Restated PPA”) with Connecticut Municipal Electric Energy Cooperative (“CMEEC”), pursuant to which the Groton Project Company agreed to sell to CMEEC, and CMEEC agreed to purchase from the Groton Project Company, all of the electricity output produced by the Groton Project pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Groton Amended and Restated PPA.

At the closing (the “Groton Closing”) of each of the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility, which occurred simultaneously on August 18, 2023 (the “Groton Closing Date”), the entire amount of each of the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility was drawn down in the aggregate amount of $20.0 million. After payment of fees and transaction costs (including fees to the Groton Back Leverage Lenders and legal costs) of approximately $0.4 million in the aggregate, the remaining proceeds of approximately $19.6 million were used as follows: (i) approximately $1.7 million was used to fund debt service reserve accounts (“DSCR Reserve Accounts”) for the Groton Senior Back Leverage Lenders in equal amounts of approximately $0.83 million for Liberty Lender and approximately $0.83 million for Amalgamated Lender; (ii) approximately $6.5 million was used to fund operations and maintenance and module replacement reserve accounts for the Groton Senior Back Leverage Lenders in equal amounts of approximately $3.25 million for Liberty Lender and approximately $3.25 million for Amalgamated Lender; (iii) approximately $0.3 million was used to fund a DSCR Reserve Account for the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Lender; and (iv) the remaining amount of approximately $11.1 million was released to Parent from the Groton Back Leverage Lenders. As discussed in additional detail below, simultaneous with the Groton Closing, a portion of the proceeds were used to: (a) make Output Shortfall Payments (which are cash payments required to be made by the Groton Project Company in the event that the Groton Project produces electricity in any year less than the minimum required amount for such year) totaling approximately $1.3 million, which were deposited into a payment reserve account, and (b) pay approximately $3.0 million to Connecticut Green Bank, which represented payment, in full, of all outstanding obligations under Parent’s loan agreement with Connecticut Green Bank. After taking into account such Output Shortfall Payments and such payment to Connecticut Green Bank, approximately $6.8 million was classified as unrestricted cash on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The portion of the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan provided by Liberty Lender will accrue interest on the unpaid principal amount calculated from the date of such Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan until the maturity date at a rate per annum equal to 6.75%. The portion of the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan provided by Amalgamated Lender will

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accrue interest on the unpaid principal amount calculated from the date of such Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan until the maturity date thereof at 6.07% during all times at which a “Carbon Offset Event” is not continuing and 7.32% at all times at which a “Carbon Offset Event” has occurred and is continuing. A “Carbon Offset Event” is deemed to occur if Groton Holdco Borrower, Parent or any direct or indirect subsidiary thereof does not purchase carbon offsets from an Acceptable Carbon Offset Provider (as defined below) each fiscal year in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) the Annual Carbon Offset Requirement for such fiscal year, which is derived based on a formula equal to the outstanding balance of the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan provided by Amalgamated Lender multiplied by the Groton Project’s annual carbon emissions for such year and divided by the total project costs of the Groton Project, and (ii) the Annual Carbon Offset Cap for such fiscal year, which is $12.66 multiplied by the Annual Carbon Offset Requirement and divided by the Carbon Offset Price for such fiscal year. The “Carbon Offset Price” means the price, per metric ton of carbon dioxide, of the carbon offsets available for purchase from an Acceptable Carbon Offset Provider. An “Acceptable Carbon Offset Provider” is either Climate Vault or any other seller of carbon offsets acceptable to Amalgamated Lender.

Quarterly principal amortization and interest payments are required to be made by Groton Holdco Borrower on the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loans based on a ten-year amortization period. The Groton Senior Back Leverage Loans have a seven-year term, maturing on August 18, 2030, at which time all outstanding principal is due.

The Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan will accrue interest at a rate per annum equal to 8% for the period of time prior to the “Step Down Date” and, after the “Step Down Date,” at the lesser of 8% or the interest rate on a 10 year U.S. Treasury Note plus 275 basis points (subject to a minimum floor of 5% per annum). The “Step Down Date” is the date on which both of the following events have occurred: Groton Holdco Borrower has purchased East West Bank’s Class A Interests in the Groton Tax Equity Holdco and the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loans have been repaid in full. Interest is payable each quarter based on an agreed upon schedule.

Pursuant to the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility, during the “Groton Interest Only Period” (as defined below), Groton Holdco Borrower is required to make quarterly payments of principal in amounts equal to 50% of excess cash flow available to Groton Holdco Borrower. For purposes of the foregoing, excess cash flow is all excess cash flow of Groton Holdco Borrower after the payment of required principal and interest on the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loans, required deposits in the various reserve accounts, the payment of interest on the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan and payment of Groton Holdco Borrower’s operating expenses. Following the end of the “Groton Interest Only Period,” principal and interest payments are required to be made quarterly in quarterly level payments (“mortgage style”) of principal and interest until the maturity date, which is the first to occur of 20 years following the Groton Project’s commercial operations date and termination of the Groton Amended and Restated PPA. The maturity date of the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility is currently contemplated to be September 30, 2038. The “Groton Interest Only Period” is the period beginning on the Groton Closing Date and ending the first to occur of (i) eighty-four months after the Groton Closing Date; or (ii) the date the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility has been fully repaid.

Each of the Groton Senior Back Leverage Credit Agreement and the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Credit Agreement contains certain reporting requirements and other affirmative and negative covenants which are customary for transactions of this type. Included in the covenants are covenants that: (i) Groton Holdco Borrower maintain a “Senior” debt service coverage ratio (which is computed taking into account debt service obligations on the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loans) of not less than 1.20:1.00 (based on the trailing 12 months and tested every quarter) and a “Total” debt service coverage ratio (which is computed taking into account debt service obligations on both the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loans and the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan) of not less than 1.10:1.00 (based on the trailing 12 months and tested on a quarterly basis); (ii) Groton Holdco Borrower may make distributions or dividends only if the foregoing debt to equity coverage ratios have been satisfied and Groton Holdco Borrower is not in default under any provisions of either the Groton Senior Back Leverage Credit Agreement or the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Credit Agreement, including having made all required deposits into reserve accounts; (iii) Groton Holdco Borrower is required to exercise its right under the Groton Tax Equity Holdco limited liability company agreement to acquire the Class A Interests from East West Bank during the ninety day period beginning on the “Flip Point” (which, pursuant to the Groton Tax Equity Holdco limited liability company agreement, is the date on which the holder of Class A Interests has realized a certain return on investment and, accordingly, Groton Holdco Borrower, as holder of the Class B Interests, has the right to purchase the Class A Interests); and (iv) the consent of the Senior Administrative Agent is required prior to Groton Holdco Borrower’s taking certain material actions under the Groton Tax Equity Holdco limited liability company agreement. Each of the Groton Senior Back Leverage Credit Agreement and the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Credit Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties and customary events of default that cause, or entitle the Groton Back Leverage Lenders to cause, the outstanding loans to become immediately due and payable. In

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addition to customary events of default for transactions of this kind, the events of default include if a Change of Control occurs (meaning Parent no longer directly or indirectly owns Groton Holdco Borrower), a cross default (meaning that a default under the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility shall be deemed a default under the Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility and vice versa) or if CMEEC should become insolvent, is in bankruptcy or commits a specified number of payment defaults with regard to its payment obligations to the Groton Project Company.

The Groton Senior Back Leverage Loans may be prepaid at any time at the option of Groton Holdco Borrower provided that (i) each prepayment on or prior to the second anniversary of the Groton Closing Date shall require a prepayment fee of 3% of the principal amount being prepaid; (ii) each prepayment after the second anniversary of the Groton Closing Date but on or prior to the fourth anniversary of the Groton Closing Date shall require a prepayment fee of 2% of the principal amount being prepaid; and (iii) each prepayment after the fourth anniversary of the Groton Closing Date but on or prior to the seventh anniversary of the Groton Closing Date shall require a prepayment fee of 1% of the principal amount being prepaid. The Groton Subordinated Back Leverage Loan may be prepaid at any time without premium or penalty.

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Finance obligations for sale-leaseback agreements

Several of the Company’s project subsidiaries previously entered into sale-leaseback agreements with PNC and Crestmark for commissioned projects where the Company had entered into a PPA with the site host/end-user of produced power. The Company did not recognize as revenue any of the proceeds received from the lessor that contractually constitute payments to acquire the assets subject to these arrangements. Instead, the sale proceeds received were accounted for as finance obligations. The outstanding finance obligation balance as of both July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 was $18.8 million. The outstanding finance obligation for the remaining leases as of July 31, 2025 includes $11.6 million in excess of future required payments which represents imputed interest, not including amounts for the potential repurchase price of the project assets which is based on fair value. The sale-leaseback arrangements with Crestmark include a purchase right for the greater of fair market value or 31% of the purchase price.

State of Connecticut Loan

In November 2015, the Company closed on a definitive Assistance Agreement with the State of Connecticut (the “Assistance Agreement”) and received a disbursement of $10.0 million, which was used for the first phase of the expansion of the Company’s Torrington, Connecticut manufacturing facility. In conjunction with this financing, the Company entered into a $10.0 million promissory note and related security agreements securing the loan with equipment liens and a mortgage on its Danbury, Connecticut location. Interest accrues at a fixed interest rate of 2.0%, and the loan is repayable in monthly installments over 15 years from the date of the first advance, which occurred in November of 2015. Principal payments were deferred for four years from disbursement and began on December 1, 2019. Under the Assistance Agreement, the Company was eligible for up to $5.0 million in loan forgiveness if the Company created 165 full-time positions and retained 538 full-time positions for two consecutive years (as amended from time to time, the “Employment Obligation”) as measured on October 28, 2017 (as amended from time to time, the “Target Date”). The Assistance Agreement was subsequently amended in April 2017 to extend the Target Date by two years to October 28, 2019.

In January 2019, the Company and the State of Connecticut entered into a Second Amendment to the Assistance Agreement (the “Second Amendment”). The Second Amendment extended the Target Date to October 31, 2022 and amended the Employment Obligation to require the Company to continuously maintain a minimum of 538 full-time positions for 24 consecutive months. If the Company met the Employment Obligation, as modified by the Second Amendment, and created an additional 91 full-time positions, the Company would have received a credit in the amount of $2.0 million to be applied against the outstanding balance of the loan. The Second Amendment deleted and canceled the provisions of the Assistance Agreement related to the second phase of the expansion project and the loans related thereto, but the Company had not drawn any funds or received any disbursements under those provisions.

​

In April 2023, the Company signed a Third Amendment to the Assistance Agreement (the “Third Amendment”). The Third Amendment was approved by the State of Connecticut Office of Attorney General on May 18, 2023, and the State of Connecticut Office of Attorney General released, and the Company received, the countersigned Third Amendment on May 24, 2023, at which time the Third Amendment became effective. The Third Amendment further extended the Target Date to October 31, 2024 and amended the Employment Obligation to require the Company to retain 538 full-time positions in Connecticut on or before October 31, 2024 and to maintain such positions for 24 consecutive months. The 24 consecutive month period ending on or before the Target Date (as extended by the Third Amendment) that yielded the highest annual average positions was used to determine compliance with the amended Employment Obligation, provided that no portion of such 24 consecutive months could begin before the date of the Third Amendment. The Third Amendment

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also required the Company to furnish a job audit (the “Job Audit”) to the Commissioner of Economic and Community Development (the “Commissioner”) no later than 90 days following the 24-month period described above.

​

If, as a result of the Job Audit, the Commissioner determines that the Company has failed to meet the Employment Obligation (as amended by the Third Amendment), the Company will be required to immediately repay a penalty of $14,225.00 per each full-time employment position below the amended Employment Obligation. The amount repaid will be applied first to any outstanding fees, penalties or interest due, and then against the outstanding balance of the loan. Based on the Company’s headcount as of October 31, 2024, it did not meet the amended Employment Obligation which subjects the Company to make repayment under these terms.

​

If, as a result of the Job Audit, the Commissioner were to determine that the Company had met the amended Employment Obligation and had created an additional 91 full-time employment positions, for a total of 629 full-time employees, the Company would be eligible to receive a credit in the amount of $2.0 million, which would be applied against the then-outstanding principal balance of the loan. Upon application of such credit, the Commissioner would recalculate the monthly payments of principal and interest such that such monthly payments would amortize the then remaining principal balance over the remaining term of loan. Based on the Company’s headcount as of October 31, 2024, it did not meet the amended Employment Obligation and will not receive this credit.

A Job Audit was to be performed within 90 days of the Target Date of October 31, 2024. Because the Company did not meet the amended Employment Obligation, an accelerated payment penalty will be assessed in an amount equal to $14,225.00 multiplied by the number of full-time employment positions below the number of positions required by the amended Employment Obligation. Such penalty will be immediately payable upon the determination by the Commissioner that the Company has failed to meet the amended Employment Obligation and will be applied first to accelerate the payment of any outstanding fees, penalties or interest due and then to accelerate the payment of the outstanding principal balance of the loan. The Company estimates that it had an average of 389 employees over the applicable 24 consecutive month period. As a result, the Company has calculated a $2.1 million repayment obligation in connection with the loan, which has been reclassified to current and represents the expected accelerated payment penalty amount. As of July 31, 2025, the Company had not been formally assessed a penalty, but since there are no fees, penalties or interest due, any accelerated payment penalty assessed will be applied to the outstanding principal balance of the loan and will not result in any charges to the Statement of Operations. As of July 31, 2025, the Company was in discussions with the State of Connecticut regarding a potential amendment to the terms of the Third Amendment to the Assistance Agreement. There can be no assurance that an amendment agreement will be reached with the State of Connecticut or that the terms of any such amendment would include more favorable repayment terms than those to which the Company is subject under the Third Amendment as a result of the failure to meet the Employment Obligation.

In April of 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the State of Connecticut agreed to defer three months of principal and interest payments under the Assistance Agreement, beginning with the May 2020 payment. These deferred payments will be added at the end of the loan, thus extending out the maturity date by three months.

Restricted Cash

As of July 31, 2025, we have pledged approximately $62.2 million of our cash and cash equivalents as performance security and for letters of credit for certain banking requirements and contracts. As of July 31, 2025, outstanding letters of credit totaled $14.2 million. These expire on various dates through October 2029. Under the terms of certain contracts, we will provide performance security for future contractual obligations. The restricted cash balance as of July 31, 2025 also included $2.9 million primarily to support obligations under the power purchase and service agreements related to Crestmark sale-leaseback transactions, $14.0 million relating to future obligations associated with the Groton Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility, $1.8 million relating to future obligations associated with the Derby Senior Back Leverage Loan Facility and the Derby Subordinated Back Leverage Loan Facility and $20.9 million relating to future obligations associated with the OpCo Financing Facility.

Power purchase agreements

Under the terms of our PPAs, customers agree to purchase power or other value streams delivered such as hydrogen, steam, water, and/or carbon from the Company’s fuel cell power platforms at negotiated rates. Electricity rates are generally a function of the customers’ current and estimated future electricity pricing available from the grid. We are responsible for all operating costs necessary to maintain, monitor and repair our fuel cell power platforms. Under certain agreements, we are also responsible for procuring fuel, generally natural gas or biogas, to run our fuel cell power platforms. In addition,

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under certain agreements, we are required to produce minimum amounts of power under our PPAs and we have the right to terminate PPAs by giving written notice to the customer, subject to certain exit costs. As of July 31, 2025, our generation operating portfolio was 62.8 MW.

Service and warranty agreements

We warranty our products for a specific period of time against manufacturing or performance defects. Our standard U.S. warranty period is generally 15 months after shipment or 12 months after acceptance of the product. In addition to the standard product warranty, we have contracted with certain customers to provide services to ensure the power plants meet minimum operating levels for terms of up to 20 years. Pricing for service contracts is based upon estimates of future costs, which could be materially different from actual expenses. Refer to “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” for additional details.

Advanced Technologies contracts

We have contracted with various government agencies and certain companies from private industry to conduct research and development as either a prime contractor or sub-contractor under multi-year, cost-reimbursement and/or cost-share type contracts or cooperative agreements. Cost-share terms require that participating contractors share the total cost of the project based on an agreed upon ratio. In many cases, we are reimbursed only a portion of the costs incurred or to be incurred under the contract. While government research and development contracts may extend for many years, funding is often provided incrementally on a year-by-year basis if contract terms are met and Congress authorizes the funds. As of July 31, 2025, Advanced Technologies contract backlog totaled $24.3 million, of which $17.5 million is non-U.S. Government-funded and $6.8 million is U.S. Government-funded.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet debt or similar obligations, which are not classified as debt. We do not guarantee any third-party debt. See Note 18. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025 included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other things, revenue recognition, lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, loss accruals on service agreements, excess, slow-moving and obsolete inventories, product warranty accruals, loss accruals on service agreements, share-based compensation expense, allowance for credit losses, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and in-process research and development intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets (including project assets), valuation of derivatives, and contingencies. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results in future periods may differ from those estimates.

Our critical accounting policies are those that are both most important to our financial condition and results of operations and require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments on the part of management in their application, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. For a complete description of our critical accounting policies that affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2024 filed with the SEC.

ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE UPDATE

See Note 2. “Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a summary of recently adopted accounting guidance.

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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Exposure Risk

We have historically invested in U.S. Treasury Securities with maturities of less than three months. We expect to hold these investments until maturity and accordingly, these investments are carried at amortized cost and not subject to mark-to-market accounting. As of July 31, 2025, all of our previously-held U.S. Treasury Securities had matured and the funds received upon maturity were not reinvested.

Cash is invested overnight with high credit quality financial institutions and therefore we are not exposed to market risk on our cash holdings from changing interest rates. Based on our overall interest rate exposure as of July 31, 2025, including all interest rate sensitive instruments, a change in interest rates of 1% would not have a material impact on our results of operations.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

As of July 31, 2025, approximately 1% of our total cash and cash equivalents were in currencies other than U.S. dollars (primarily the Euro, Canadian dollars and Korean Won) and we have no plans of repatriation. We make purchases from certain vendors and receive payment from certain customers in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Although we have not experienced significant foreign exchange rate losses to date, we may in the future, especially to the extent that we do not engage in currency hedging activities. The economic impact of currency exchange rate movements on our operating results is complex because such changes are often linked to variability in real growth, inflation, interest rates, governmental actions and other factors. These changes, if material, may cause us to adjust our financing and operating strategies.

Derivative Fair Value Exposure Risk

Interest Rate Swap

On May 19, 2023, in connection with the closing of the OpCo Financing Facility, the Company entered into an ISDA 2002 Master Agreement and an ISDA Schedule to the 2002 Master Agreement with Investec Bank plc as a hedge provider, and an ISDA 2002 Master Agreement and an ISDA Schedule to the 2002 Master Agreement with Bank of Montreal (Chicago Branch) as a hedge provider. On May 22, 2023, OpCo Borrower executed the related trade confirmations for these interest rate swap agreements with these hedge providers to protect against adverse price movements in the floating SOFR rate associated with 100% of the aggregate principal balance of the Term Loan outstanding. Pursuant to the terms of such agreements, OpCo Borrower will pay a fixed rate of interest of 3.716%. The net interest rate across the Financing Agreement and the swap transaction is 6.366% in the first four years and 6.866% thereafter. The obligations of OpCo Borrower to the hedge providers under the interest rate swap agreements are treated as obligations under the Financing Agreement and, accordingly, are secured, on a pari passu basis, by the same collateral securing the obligations of OpCo Borrower under the Financing Agreement. The Company has not elected hedge accounting treatment and, as a result, the derivative will be remeasured to fair value quarterly with the resulting gains/losses recorded to other income/expense. The fair value adjustments for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025 resulted in gains (losses) of $0.6 million and $(0.2) million, respectively.

​

Project Fuel Price Exposure Risk

Certain of our PPAs for project assets in our generation operating portfolio expose us to fluctuating fuel price risks as well as the risk of being unable to procure the required amounts of fuel and the lack of alternative available fuel sources. We seek to mitigate our fuel risk using strategies including: (i) fuel cost reimbursement mechanisms in our PPAs to allow for pass through of fuel costs (full or partial) where possible, which we have done with our 14.9 MW operating project in Bridgeport, CT; (ii) procuring fuel under fixed price physical supply contracts with investment grade counterparties, which we have done for twenty years for our Tulare BioMAT project, the initial seven years of the twenty year PPA for our LIPA Yaphank Project (through September 2028), six years of the twenty year PPA for our 14.0 MW and 2.8 MW Derby Projects (through October 2029), and the initial three years of the twenty year hydrogen production and power purchase agreement for our Toyota project (through May 2026); and (iii) potentially entering into future financial hedges with investment grade counterparties to offset potential negative market fluctuations. The Company does not take a fundamental view on natural gas or other commodity pricing and seeks commercially available means to reduce commodity exposure. If the Company is unable to secure fuel on favorable economic terms, it may result in impairment charges.

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We currently have four projects with fuel sourcing risk, which are the Toyota Project, our 14.0 MW and 2.8 MW Derby Projects and our 7.4 MW LIPA Yaphank Project, all of which require natural gas for which there is no pass-through mechanism. A fuel supply contract has been executed for the Toyota project through May 2026. Six-year (through October 2029) fuel supply contracts have been executed for the 14.0 MW and 2.8 MW Derby Projects. We are currently in the midst of a seven-year contract (through September 2028) for our 7.4 MW LIPA Yaphank Project. The Company will look to extend the duration of these contracts should market and credit conditions allow. If the Company is unable to secure fuel on favorable economic terms, it may result in impairment charges to the Derby Project assets or the LIPA Yaphank Project asset and further impairment charges for the Toyota Project asset.

Historically, this risk has not been material to our financial statements as our operating projects prior to July 31, 2025 either did not have fuel price risk exposure, had fuel cost reimbursement mechanisms in our related PPAs to allow for pass through of fuel costs (full or partial), or had established long term fixed price physical supply contracts. To provide a meaningful assessment of the fuel price risk arising from price movements of natural gas, the Company performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the impact a change in natural gas commodity pricing would have on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (assuming that all projects with fuel price risk were operating). A $1/Metric Million British Thermal Unit (“MMBTu”) increase in market pricing compared to our underlying project models would result in a cost impact of approximately $26,000 to our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss on an annual basis. We have also conducted a sensitivity analysis on the impact of renewable natural gas pricing and a $10/MMBTu increase in market pricing compared to our underlying project models would result in an impact of approximately $2.0 million to our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss on an annual basis.

The Company net settled certain natural gas purchases under previous normal purchase normal sale contract designations during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023 for one contract and the second quarter of fiscal year 2024 for other contracts, and recorded mark-to-market net gains of $1.0 million and $2.0 million during the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025, respectively.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s periodic SEC reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s periodic SEC reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There has been no change in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, the Company is involved in legal proceedings, including, but not limited to, regulatory proceedings, claims, mediations, arbitrations and litigation, arising out of the ordinary course of its business (“Legal Proceedings”). Although the Company cannot assure the outcome of such Legal Proceedings, management presently believes that the result of such Legal Proceedings, either individually, or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and no material amounts have been accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements with respect to these matters.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 27, 2024 (the “2024 Annual Report”), sets forth information relating to important risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Those risk factors continue to be relevant to an understanding of our business, financial condition and operating results and, accordingly, you should review and consider such risk factors in making any investment decision with respect to our securities. The following risk factor is being provided to supplement and update the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of the 2024 Annual Report.

Our workforce reduction may cause unintended consequences and our results of operations may be harmed.

On June 5, 2025, we implemented a workforce reduction of approximately 22%, or 122 employees across our U.S., Canadian and German operations. While we believe this workforce reduction was necessary to help realign the Company’s cost structure, this reduction may yield unintended consequences, such as attrition beyond our intended reduction in workforce and reduced employee morale, which may cause our employees who were not affected by the reduction in workforce to seek alternate employment. Additional attrition could impede our ability to meet our operational goals, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance. In addition, as a result of the reductions in our workforce, we may face an increased risk of employment litigation. Furthermore, employees whose positions were eliminated may seek employment with our competitors. Although all our employees are required to sign a confidentiality and non-competition agreement with us at the time of hire, we cannot assure you that the confidential nature of our proprietary information will be maintained in the course of such future employment.

If our restructuring plan and workforce reduction do not result in the intended benefits or savings or result in unanticipated costs, including, but not limited to, additional charges and/or higher than expected severance and employee termination benefits costs, or if we are unable to successfully implement our restructuring plan, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. We cannot assure you that we will not undertake additional reduction and/or restructuring activities, that any of our efforts will be successful, or that we will be able to realize the cost savings and other anticipated benefits from our current or any future restructuring or reduction plans. In addition, if we continue to reduce our workforce, it may adversely impact our ability to respond rapidly to any new product, growth or revenue opportunities and to execute on our backlog and business plans.

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Item 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

| (a) | None.

| (b) | Not applicable.

| (c) | Stock Repurchases

The following table sets forth information with respect to purchases made by us or on our behalf of our common stock during the periods indicated:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
May 1, 2025 - May 31, 2025 | ​ | 4,765 | ​ | $ | 4.05 | ​ | — | ​ | —
June 1, 2025 - June 30, 2025 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | —
July 1, 2025 - July 31, 2025 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | —
Total | ​ | 4,765 | ​ | $ | 4.05 | ​ | — | ​ | —

(1) | Includes only shares that were surrendered by employees to satisfy statutory tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of stock-based compensation awards.

Item 3. DEFAULT UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

Item 5. OTHER INFORMATION

(c) Director and Section 16 Officer Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended July 31, 2025, no director or Section 16 officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. |  | Description
--- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​
3.1 | ​ | Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, as amended, July 12, 1999 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 21, 1999).
3.2 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated November 21, 2000 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K dated January 12, 2017).
3.3 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated October 31, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 3, 2003).
3.4 | ​ | Certificate of Designation for the Company’s 5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 22, 2004).
3.5 | ​ | Amended Certificate of Designation of 5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated March 14, 2005 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K dated January 12, 2017).
3.6 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated April 8, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K dated January 12, 2017).
3.7 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated April 5, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K dated January 12, 2017).
3.8 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated December 3, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 3, 2015).
3.9 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated April 18, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.9 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended April 30, 2016).
3.10 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated April 7, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.10 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended April 30, 2017).
3.11 | ​ | Certificate of Designations for the Company’s Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 5, 2017).
3.12 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated December 14, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 14, 2017).
3.13 | ​ | Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights for the Company’s Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 27, 2018).
3.14 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of FuelCell Energy, Inc., dated May 8, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 8, 2019).
3.15 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of FuelCell Energy, Inc., dated May 11, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2020).
3.16 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of FuelCell Energy, Inc. dated April 8, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on April 14, 2021).
3.17 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation of FuelCell Energy, Inc., dated October 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 11, 2023).
3.18 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of FuelCell Energy, Inc., effective November 8, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 7, 2024).
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Exhibit No. |  | Description
--- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​
3.19 | ​ | Third Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Company, effective as of September 3, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2024).
4.1 | ​ | Specimen of Common Share Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year ended October 31, 1999).
10.1* | ​ | Employment Agreement, effective as of May 5, 2025, by and between FuelCell Energy, Inc. and Michael Hill (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2025).
10.2* | ​ | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of June 4, 2025, by and between FuelCell Energy, Inc. and Jason B. Few (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 6, 2025).
10.3* | ​ | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of June 4, 2025, by and between FuelCell Energy, Inc. and Michael S. Bishop (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 6, 2025).
10.4* | ​ | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of June 4, 2025, by and between FuelCell Energy, Inc. and Joshua Dolger (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 6, 2025).
10.5* | ​ | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of June 4, 2025, by and between FuelCell Energy, Inc. and Michael Hill (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 6, 2025).
10.6* | ​ | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of June 4, 2025, by and between FuelCell Energy, Inc. and Shankar Achanta (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on June 6, 2025).
10.7* | ​ | Employment Separation Agreement, dated as of June 13, 2025, by and between FuelCell Energy, Inc. and Michael Lisowski (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 13, 2025).
31.1 | ​ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 | ​ | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 | ​ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 | ​ | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS# | ​ | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH# | ​ | Inline XBRL Schema Document
101.CAL# | ​ | Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF# | ​ | Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB# | ​ | Inline XBRL Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE# | ​ | Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document
104 | ​ | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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* | Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement

# | Filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-Q are the following documents formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, (v) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and (vi) the information included in Part II, Item 5(c).

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

​ | ​ | FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.
​ | ​ | (Registrant)
​ | ​ | ​
September 9, 2025 | ​ | /s/ Michael S. Bishop
Date | ​ | Michael S. Bishop Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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