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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania S. R. Snodgrass, P.C.--12-31 FY 2021
(Mark One)

| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
|  | For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

or

| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
|  | For the transition period from ___________ to ___________ .

Commission file number 001-36613

Middlefield Banc Corp.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Ohio |  | 34-1585111
State or Other Jurisdiction of |  | I.R.S. Employer Identification No.
Incorporation or Organization |  |
15985 East High Street, Middlefield, Ohio |  | 44062-0035
Address of Principal Executive Offices |  | Zip Code

| 440-632-1666 |
Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code

Securities Registered Pursuant To Section 12(b) Of The Act:

Title of Each Class |  | MBCN |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, Without Par Value |  | Trading Symbol |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC (NASDAQ Capital Market)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer ☐ |  |  | Accelerated filer ☐
| Non-accelerated filer ☒ |  |  | Smaller reporting company ☒
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting 1-Feb
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value on June 30, 2021 of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $139.7 million, based on the closing price of $23.60 per share of common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market.
As of March 15, 2022, there were 5,879,972 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.
Documents Incorporated by Reference Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statements for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this report. Portions of the Annual Report to Shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2021 are incorporated by reference into Part I and Part II of this report.

MIDDLEFIELD BANC CORP.
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021
INDEX TO FORM 10-K

|  | Page
Part I
Item 1. | Business | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 22
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 30
Item 2. | Properties | 30
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 31
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 31
Part II
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 31
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 32
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 32
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 32
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 32
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 32
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 32
Item 9B. | Other Information | 32
Part III
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance | 32
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 33
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 33
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 33
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 33
Part IV
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 33
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 38
SIGNATURES

2

Part I
Item 1 — Business
Forward-looking Statements This document contains forward-looking statements (as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) about the Company and its subsidiaries. The information incorporated in this document by reference, future filings by the Company on Form 10-Q and Form 8-K, and future oral and written statements by the Company and its management may also contain forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements about anticipated operating and financial performance, such as loan originations, operating efficiencies, loan sales, charge-offs and loan loss provisions, growth opportunities, interest rates, and deposit growth. Words such as “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “project,” “plan,” and similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements are necessarily subject to many risks and uncertainties. Several things could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements. These include the factors we discuss immediately below, those addressed under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” other factors discussed elsewhere in this document or identified in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and those presented elsewhere by our management from time to time. Many of the risks and uncertainties are beyond our control. The following factors could cause our operating and financial performance to differ materially from the plans, objectives, assumptions, expectations, estimates, and intentions expressed in forward-looking statements:
• the strength of the United States economy in general and the strength of the local economies in which we conduct our operations; general economic conditions, either nationally or regionally, may be less favorable than we expect, resulting in a deterioration in the credit quality of our loan assets, among other things
• the effects of, and changes in, trade, monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board
• the effects of the continuing global coronavirus outbreak and disruptions in global or national supply chains.
• inflation, interest rate, market, and monetary fluctuations
• the development and acceptance of new products and services of the Company and subsidiaries and the perceived overall value of these products and services by customers, including the features, pricing, and quality compared to competitors’ products and services
• the willingness of customers to substitute our products and services for those of competitors
• the impact of changes in financial services laws and regulations (including laws concerning taxes, banking, securities, and insurance)
• changes in consumer spending and saving habits
Forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, assumptions, expectations, estimates, and intentions as of the date the statements are made. Investors should exercise caution because the Company cannot give any assurance that its beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, assumptions, expectations, estimates, and intentions will be realized. The Company disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements based on the occurrence of future events, the receipt of new information, or otherwise.
Middlefield Banc Corp. Incorporated in 1988 under the Ohio General Corporation Law, Middlefield Banc Corp. (“Company”) is a bank holding company registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. The Company’s subsidiaries are:
1. The Middlefield Banking Company (“MBC”, or the “Bank”), an Ohio-chartered commercial bank that began operations in 1901. MBC engages in a general commercial banking business in northeastern and central Ohio. MBC’s principal executive office is located at 15985 East High Street, Middlefield, Ohio 44062-0035, and the telephone number is (440) 632-1666.
2. EMORECO Inc., an Ohio asset resolution corporation headquartered in Middlefield, Ohio. EMORECO exists to resolve and dispose of troubled assets. EMORECO’s principal executive office is located at 15985 East High Street, Middlefield, Ohio 44062-0035.
The Company makes available free of charge on its internet website, www.middlefieldbank.bank, the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
The Middlefield Banking Company MBC was chartered under Ohio law in 1901. MBC offers customers a broad range of banking services, including checking, savings, negotiable order of withdrawal (“NOW”) accounts, money market accounts, time certificates of deposit, commercial loans, real estate loans, a variety of consumer loans, safe deposit facilities, and travelers’ checks. MBC offers online banking and bill payment services to individuals and online cash management services to business customers through its website at www.middlefieldbank.bank.
3

Engaged in general commercial banking in northeastern and central Ohio, MBC offers these services principally to small and medium-sized businesses, professionals, small business owners, and retail customers. MBC has developed a marketing program to attract and retain consumer accounts and to match banking services and facilities with the needs of customers.
MBC’s loan products include operational and working capital loans, loans to finance capital purchases, term business loans, residential construction loans, selected guaranteed or subsidized loan programs for small businesses, professional loans, residential and mortgage loans, and consumer installment loans to make home improvements and to purchase automobiles, boats, and other personal expenditures.
On March 13, 2019, MBC established a wholly-owned subsidiary named Middlefield Investments, Inc. (MI), headquartered in Middlefield, Ohio. This operating subsidiary exists to hold and manage an investment portfolio. On December 31, 2021, MI’s assets consist of a cash account, investments, and related accrued interest accounts. MI may only hold and manage investments and may not engage in any other activity without prior approval of the Ohio Division of Financial Institutions. All significant intercompany items have been eliminated between MBC and this subsidiary.
EMORECO Organized in 2009 as an Ohio corporation under the name EMORECO, Inc. and wholly owned by the Company, the purpose of the asset resolution subsidiary is to maintain, manage, and dispose of nonperforming loans and other real estate owned (“OREO”) acquired by the subsidiary bank as the result of borrower default on real estate-secured loans. On December 31, 2021, EMORECO’s assets consist of one cash account. According to federal law governing bank holding companies, real estate must be disposed of within two years of acquisition, although limited extensions may be granted by the Federal Reserve Bank. A holding company subsidiary has limited real estate investment powers. EMORECO may only manage and maintain property and may not improve or develop property without the advance approval of the Federal Reserve Bank.
Market Area MBC’s footprint across nine counties is home to 3.9 million people – roughly one third of Ohio’s population – and 38.7% of Ohio’s gross domestic product (“GDP”). MBC’s product offering is geared toward traditional banking business delivered to both consumers and businesses located in its footprint of Northeast Ohio and the Columbus metro area. MBC’s current strategy is aimed at using a strong deposit relationship in the more rural markets of Northeast Ohio to fund loan growth and build scale in MBC’s newer metro markets of Cleveland/Akron and Columbus.
MBC’s eleven Northeast Ohio branches are located in Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Portage, Summit, and Trumbull Counties. MBC’s five Central Ohio branches are located in Delaware County, Franklin County, and Madison County. MBC has a loan production office in Mentor located in Lake County. Lake County is contiguous to Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, and Geauga Counties in our Northeast Ohio market. The most recent FDIC market share data available from June 30, 2021 shows we had a deposit market share of approximately 18.67% in Geauga County, which represented the second largest market share in Geauga County, 5.57% in Ashtabula County, 0.14% in Cuyahoga County, 0.30% in Delaware County, 0.12% in Franklin County, 1.35% in Madison County, 5.03% in Portage County, 0.48 % in Summit County, and 1.63% in Trumbull County. According to the most recent information available from the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis, seven of these nine counties are ranked in the top half of Ohio counties measured by per capita personal income by county for 2018 through 2020.
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The economy of MBC’s Northeast Ohio market is centered around manufacturing and agriculture and includes a large Amish population. MBC’s headquarters, main banking office, and three additional branches are located in Geauga County. Geauga County is the center of the 4th largest Amish population in the world. With a 2020 per capita personal income of $73,958, Geauga County is ranked second highest among Ohio’s 88 counties.
MBC’s market area in Northeast Ohio benefits from the area’s proximity to Cleveland in Cuyahoga County. Cuyahoga County is Ohio’s second most populous county and boasts the second largest economy in Ohio measured by GDP. The most recent data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis indicates Cuyahoga County’s 2020 GDP is $84.3 billion. In 2019 Cuyahoga County’s GDP of $88 billion was greater than the total GDP of 13 states and ranked 31st of 3,108 counties nationally. In analysis of county-level GDP data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the Cleveland State University College of Urban Affairs analyzed per capita gross domestic product for the Cleveland metro area (an area covering Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain and Medina Counties) compared to 14 large metro areas including the seven fastest-growing of the large metro areas nationally from 2001 through 2018. Cuyahoga County ranked 88th for annual GDP growth per capita from 2000 to 2018, ahead of the home counties of cities experiencing greater population growth such as Charlotte, Indianapolis, and Phoenix. In that same time period from 2000 to 2018, Cuyahoga County ranked 474th out of the 500 largest counties in the U.S. for population change.
MBC’s market area in Central Ohio benefits from the area’s proximity to Columbus in Franklin County. Franklin County is Ohio’s most populous county and has the highest GDP of Ohio’s 88 counties. Columbus is the state capital, the largest city in Ohio, and the 14th largest city in the U.S. The Columbus metro area has experienced strong population growth since 2007, with a 1.2 percent average annual rate compared to 0.1 percent in Ohio and 0.8 percent nationally. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Columbus saw the eleventh largest numeric population increase between July 1, 2017 and July 1, 2018 in the U.S. – making Columbus the only city in the Midwest on the top 15 list. According to information reported by the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland as of November, 2019, the employment growth rate for the Columbus metro area has been greater than Ohio’s employment growth rate, responsible for one in every three new jobs in Ohio. Since 2015, construction has been the fastest-growing sector in the Columbus metro area. Per capita personal income in the Columbus metro area continues to be above the statewide level for Ohio. According to data from Claritas as of November, 2021, the Columbus MSA is projected to have the highest population growth in Ohio over the next five years at 4.15%, and the Columbus MSA is projected to grow by 11.56% over the next five years.
Based on the most recent data available for 2020, Delaware County had the highest per capita personal income at $79,382 among Ohio’s 88 counties, and Delaware County has one of the fastest growing housing markets in the country according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s data on the 100 fastest growing counties with 5,000 or more housing units from July 1, 2018 to July 1, 2019. Union County, which is contiguous to Delaware County, had the 13th fastest-growing housing market in the U.S. during this time period. From 2018 to 2019, the number of housing units in Union County jumped 4%, in part due to growth in Dublin, Plain City and Jerome Township, as well as Honda’s facilities in Marysville.
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As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the nine Ohio counties in which we operate retail banking centers, Ohio, and the United States generally have experienced a significant increase in unemployment. Ohio’s unemployment rate peaked in April 2020 at 17.3% (non-seasonally adjusted). Since December 2021, unemployment rates have fallen closer to pre-pandemic levels, and in the nine counties where MBC operates retail banking centers, the average unemployment rate remains at 3.3%; a rate lower than the employment rate for the State of Ohio (3.4%) and United States (3.7%). The following table summarizes unemployment percentage rates in the counties where we operate retail banking centers, Ohio, and the US average on a comparative basis as of December 31, 2019, December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021.

Area |  | Dec-19 |  |  | Dec-20 |  |  | Dec -21 |  |  | 2020- 2021 Change |
Ashtabula County |  |  | 4.9 |  |  |  | 5.7 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | -1.7 |
Cuyahoga County |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 8.3 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | -4.2 |
Delaware County |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | -1.0 |
Franklin County |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | -1.8 |
Geauga County |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | -2.6 |
Madison County |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | -1.2 |
Portage County |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  | -1.4 |
Summit County |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 5.2 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | -1.7 |
Trumbull County |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  | -2.0 |
9 Counties Average |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 5.3 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | -2.0 |
Ohio |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 5.2 |  |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | -1.8 |
United States |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 6.5 |  |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  | -2.8 |

Ohio Department of Job and Family Services Bureau of Labor Market Information non-seasonally adjusted unemployment rates as of December 2019, December 2020, and December 2021.The December 2021 unemployment rate is classified as preliminary as of January 2022.
The average unemployment rate of MBC’s nine-county market area is slightly below the state of Ohio’s unemployment rate. Prior to 2021, Ohio and the bank’s market area had unemployment rates lesser than the national average. As of December 2021, Ohio and the bank’s market area continue to have unemployment rates that are less than the national average. Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, and Trumbull are the only counties in MBC’s market area with unemployment rates above the national average as of December 2021. With a 4.2% decrease on a year-over-year basis, Cuyahoga County experienced the most significant change in the unemployment rate from December 2020 to December 2021.
MBC is not dependent upon any one significant customer or specific industry. Business is not seasonal to any material degree.
Lending — Loan Portfolio Composition and Activity. The Bank makes residential and commercial mortgage, home equity lines of credit, secured and unsecured consumer installment, commercial and industrial, and real estate construction loans for owner-occupied, non-owner occupied, multifamily, and income-producing properties. The Bank’s Credit Policy aspires to a loan composition mix consisting of approximately 25% to 50% consumer purpose transactions, including residential real estate loans, home equity loans, and other consumer loans. The Policy is also designed to provide for 55% to 70% of total loans as business-purpose commercial loans and business and consumer credit card accounts of up to 5% of total loans.
Lending Limit Although Ohio law imposes no material restrictions on the types of loans the Bank may make, real estate-based lending has historically been the Bank’s primary focus. For prudential reasons, we avoid lending on the security of real estate located outside our market area. Ohio law does restrict the amount of loans an Ohio-chartered bank may make, generally limiting credit to any single borrower to less than 15% of capital. An additional margin of 10% of capital is allowed for loans fully secured by readily marketable collateral. This 15% legal lending limit has not been a material restriction on lending. We can accommodate loan volumes exceeding the legal lending limit by selling loan participations to other banks. As of December 31, 2021, MBC’s 15%-of-capital limit on loans to a single borrower was approximately $21.5 million.
6

The Bank offers specialized loans for business and commercial customers, including equipment and inventory financing, real estate construction loans, and Small Business Administration loans for qualified businesses. A portion of the Bank’s commercial loans is designated as real estate loans for regulatory reporting purposes because they are secured by mortgages on real property. Loans of that type may be made for purposes of financing commercial activities, such as accounts receivable, equipment purchases, and leasing. These loans are still secured by real estate to provide the Bank with an extra security measure. Although these loans might be secured in whole or in part by real estate, they are treated in the discussions to follow as commercial and industrial loans. The Bank’s consumer installment loans include secured and unsecured loans to individual borrowers for various purposes, including personal, home improvements, revolving credit lines, autos, boats, and recreational vehicles.
The following table presents maturity information for the loan portfolio. The table does not include prepayments or scheduled principal repayments. All loans are shown as maturing based on contractual maturities.

|  |  |  |  |  | Due after one |  |  | Due after five |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Due in one |  |  | years through |  |  | years through |  |  | Due after |  |  |  |  |
|  | year or less |  |  | five years |  |  | fifteen years |  |  | fifteen years |  |  | Total |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 7,668 |  |  | $ | 20,568 |  |  | $ | 61,699 |  |  | $ | 21,535 |  |  | $ | 111,470 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 23,999 |  |  |  | 76,549 |  |  |  | 145,395 |  |  |  | 37,675 |  |  |  | 283,618 |
Multifamily |  |  | 5,588 |  |  |  | 7,296 |  |  |  | 12,129 |  |  |  | 6,176 |  |  |  | 31,189 |
Residential real estate |  |  | 545 |  |  |  | 4,375 |  |  |  | 38,472 |  |  |  | 196,697 |  |  |  | 240,089 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 18,090 |  |  |  | 72,643 |  |  |  | 39,027 |  |  |  | 19,052 |  |  |  | 148,812 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 796 |  |  |  | 6,142 |  |  |  | 19,344 |  |  |  | 78,073 |  |  |  | 104,355 |
Construction and other |  |  | 6,799 |  |  |  | 18,205 |  |  |  | 16,887 |  |  |  | 12,257 |  |  |  | 54,148 |
Consumer installment |  |  | 5,678 |  |  |  | 2,099 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,010 |
|  | $ | 69,163 |  |  | $ | 207,877 |  |  | $ | 333,186 |  |  | $ | 371,465 |  |  | $ | 981,691 |

Loans due on demand and overdrafts are included in the amount due in one year or less. The Company has no loans without a stated schedule of repayment or a stated maturity.
The following table shows the dollar amount of all loans due after December 31, 2022 that have predetermined interest rates and the dollar amount of all loans due after December 31, 2022 that have floating or adjustable rates.

|  | Fixed |  |  | Adjustable |  |  |  |  |
|  | Rate |  |  | Rate |  |  | Total |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 34,941 |  |  | $ | 68,861 |  |  | $ | 103,802 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 112,781 |  |  |  | 146,838 |  |  |  | 259,619 |
Multifamily |  |  | 7,242 |  |  |  | 18,359 |  |  |  | 25,601 |
Residential real estate |  |  | 81,905 |  |  |  | 157,639 |  |  |  | 239,544 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 93,921 |  |  |  | 36,801 |  |  |  | 130,722 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 103,541 |  |  |  | 103,559 |
Construction and other |  |  | 4,347 |  |  |  | 43,002 |  |  |  | 47,349 |
Consumer installment |  |  | 2,332 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,332 |
|  | $ | 337,487 |  |  | $ | 575,041 |  |  | $ | 912,528 |

Residential Real Estate Loans A significant portion of the Bank’s lending consists of origination of residential loans secured by 1-4 family real estate located in Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Delaware, Franklin, Geauga, Madison, Portage, Summit, and Trumbull counties. Residential real estate loans approximated $240.1 million or 24.5% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio on December 31, 2021.
The Bank makes loans of up to 80% of the value of the real estate and improvements securing a loan (“LTV” ratio) on 1-4 family real estate. The Bank generally does not lend in excess of the lower of 80% of the appraised value or sales price of the property. The Bank offers residential real estate loans with terms of up to 30 years.
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Approximately 76.1% of the residential mortgage loan portfolio has an adjustable rate and is secured by 1-4 family real estate on December 31, 2021. The Bank originates variable-rate and fixed-rate, single-family mortgage loans. Generally, the fixed-rate mortgage loans are underwritten according to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) guidelines and sold to the agency. Upon the sale to Freddie Mac, the servicing rights are retained and are done so in furtherance of the Bank’s goal of better matching the maturities and interest rate sensitivity of its assets and liabilities. The Bank generally retains responsibility for collecting and remitting loan payments, inspecting the properties, making certain insurance and tax payments on behalf of borrowers, and otherwise servicing the loans it sells and receives a fee for performing these services. Sales of loans also provide funds for additional lending and other purposes.
On December 31, 2021, residential real estate loans of approximately $1.6 million were non-accruing, representing 0.7% of the residential real estate loan portfolio. On December 31, 2020, residential real estate loans of approximately $2.5 million were non-accruing on that date, representing 1.1% of the residential mortgage loan portfolio.
Home Equity Lines of Credit Home equity lines of credit comprise variable-rate home equity lines of credit as well as closed-end home equity installment loans. The Bank’s home equity credit policy generally allows for a loan of up to 85% of the combined loan-to-value ratio (CLTV) when we have the first lien or the HELOC is in the first position, less the principal balance of the outstanding first mortgage loan. The policy also allows a maximum 80% CLTV for a HELOC, where we do not have the first lien position. The Bank’s home equity loans generally have terms of 20 years. The credit performance of most of the home equity lines of credit portfolio where we hold the first lien position is superior to the portion of the portfolio where we have the second lien position but do not hold the first lien. Lien position information is generally determined at the time of origination and monitored ongoing for risk management purposes.
On December 31, 2021, the Bank had approximately $104.4 million in its home equity lines of credit portfolio, representing 10.6% of total loans. On December 31, 2021, home equity lines of credit of approximately $121,000 were non-accruing and represented 0.1% of the home equity lines of credit portfolio. On December 31, 2020, the Bank had approximately $112.5 million in its home equity lines of credit portfolio, representing 10.2% of total loans. On December 31, 2020, home equity lines of credit of approximately $422,000 were non-accruing and represented 0.4% of the home equity lines of credit portfolio
Commercial and Commercial Real Estate Loans
The Bank’s commercial and commercial real estate loan services include:

• |  | accounts receivable, inventory and |  | • |  | short-term notes
|  | working capital loans |  | • |  | selected guaranteed or subsidized loan programs
• |  | renewable operating lines of credit |  |  |  | for small businesses
• |  | loans to finance capital equipment |  | • |  | loans to professionals
• |  | term business loans |  | • |  | commercial real estate loans
• |  | demand lines of credit |  |  |  |

Commercial real estate loans include commercial properties occupied by the proprietor of the business conducted on the premises, non-owner occupied business properties, multi-family residential properties, and income-producing or farm properties. Although the Bank makes agricultural loans, it currently does not have a significant amount of agricultural loans. The primary risks of commercial real estate loans are loss of income of the owner or lessee of the property and the inability of the market to sustain rent levels. Although commercial loans generally bear more risk than single-family residential mortgage loans, they tend to be higher-yielding, have shorter terms and provide for interest-rate adjustments. Accordingly, commercial loans enhance a lender’s interest rate risk management and, in management’s opinion, promote more rapid asset and income growth than a loan portfolio composed strictly of residential real estate mortgage loans.
Although a risk of nonpayment exists for all loans, certain specific risks are associated with various kinds of loans. One of the primary risks associated with commercial loans is the possibility that the commercial borrower will not generate cash flow sufficient to repay the loan. The Bank’s Credit Policy provides that commercial loan applications must be supported by documentation indicating cash flow sufficient for the borrower to service the proposed loan. Financial statements or tax returns for at least three years must be submitted, and annual reviews are required for business purpose relationships of $750,000 or more. Ongoing financial information is generally required for any commercial relationship where the exposure is $250,000 or more.
The fair value of commercial loan collateral must exceed the Bank’s exposure. For this purpose, fair value is determined by independent appraisal or the loan officer’s estimate, employing guidelines established by the Credit Policy. Loans not secured by real estate generally have terms of five years or fewer unless guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration or other governmental agencies, and term loans secured by collateral having a useful life exceeding five years may have longer terms. The Bank’s Credit Policy allows for terms of up to 20 years for loans secured by commercial real estate and one year for business lines of credit. The maximum LTV ratio for commercial real estate loans is 80% of the appraised value or cost, whichever is less.
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Real estate is commonly a material component of collateral for the Bank’s loans, including commercial loans. Although the expected source of repayment is generally the operations of the borrower’s business or personal income, real estate collateral provides an additional security measure. Risks associated with loans secured by real estate include fluctuating land values, changing local economic conditions, changes in tax policies, a concentration of loans within a limited geographic area, and pandemic-related effects.
On December 31, 2021, commercial and commercial real estate loans totaled $575.1 million, or 58.6% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio. Commercial and industrial loans include $34.1 million in Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans, which provide relief to small businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. On December 31, 2021, commercial and commercial real estate loans of approximately $3.0 million were non-accruing and represented 0.5% of the commercial and commercial real estate loan portfolios. On December 31, 2020, commercial and commercial real estate loans totaled $684.2 million, or 62.0% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio. Commercial and industrial loans include $116.1 million in Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans, which provide relief to small businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. On December 31, 2020, commercial and commercial real estate loans of approximately $4.7 million were non-accruing and represented 0.7% of the commercial and commercial real estate loan portfolios.
Construction and Other
The Bank originates several different types of loans that it categorizes as construction loans, including:

| • |  | residential construction loans to borrowers who will occupy the premises upon completion of construction,
| • |  | residential construction loans to builders,
| • |  | commercial construction loans, and
| • |  | real estate acquisition and development loans.

Because of the complex nature of construction lending, these loans are generally recognized as having a higher degree of risk than other forms of real estate lending. The Bank’s fixed-rate and adjustable-rate construction loans do not provide for the same interest rate terms on the construction loan and on the permanent mortgage loan that follows the completion of the construction phase of the loan. It is the norm for the Bank to make residential construction loans without an existing written commitment for permanent financing. The Bank’s Credit Policy provides that the Bank may make construction loans with terms for up to one year, with a maximum LTV ratio for residential construction of 80%. The Bank also offers residential construction-to-permanent loans with a twelve-month construction period followed by 30 years of permanent financing.
On December 31, 2021, real estate construction loans totaled $54.1 million, or 5.5% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio. There were no loans in the construction and other portfolio that were 90 days delinquent or non-accruing on that date. On December 31, 2020, real estate construction and other loans totaled $63.6 million, or 5.8% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio. There were no loans in the construction and other portfolio that were 90 days delinquent or non-accruing on that date.
Consumer Installment Loans The Bank’s consumer installment loans include secured and unsecured loans to individual borrowers for various purposes, including personal, home improvement, revolving credit lines, automobiles, boats, and recreational vehicles. The Bank does not currently do any indirect lending. Unsecured consumer loans carry significantly higher interest rates than secured loans. The Bank maintains a higher loan loss allowance for consumer loans while maintaining strict credit guidelines when considering consumer loan applications.
According to the Bank’s Credit Policy, consumer loans secured by collateral other than real estate generally may have terms of up to five years, and unsecured consumer loans may have terms up to three years. Real estate security is typically required for consumer loans having terms exceeding five years.
On December 31, 2021, the Bank had approximately $8.0 million in its consumer installment loan portfolio, representing 0.8% of total loans. On December 31, 2021, consumer installment loans of approximately $182,000 were non-accruing and represented 2.3% of the consumer installment loan portfolio. On December 31, 2020, the Bank had approximately $9.8 million in its consumer installment loan portfolio, representing 0.9% of total loans. On December 31, 2020, consumer installment loans of approximately $224,000 were non-accruing and represented 2.3% of the consumer installment loan portfolio
Loan Solicitation and Processing Loan originations are developed from several sources, including continuing business with depositors, other borrowers, real estate builders, solicitations by Bank personnel, and walk-in customers.
When a loan request is made, the Bank reviews the application, credit bureau reports, property appraisals or evaluations, financial information, verifications of income, and other documentation concerning the borrower's creditworthiness, as applicable to each loan type. The Bank’s underwriting guidelines are set by senior management and approved by the Board of Directors. The Credit Policy specifies each officer’s loan approval authority. Loans exceeding an individual officer’s approval authority are submitted to an Officer’s Loan Committee, which can approve loans up to $4,000,000. The Board of Directors’ Loan Committee acts as approval authority for exposures over $4,000,000 and up to $7,500,000. Loans exceeding $7,500,000 require approval from the entire Board of Directors.
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Income from Lending Activities The Bank earns interest and fee income from its lending activities. Net of origination costs, loan origination fees are amortized over the life of a loan. The Bank also receives loan fees related to existing loans, including late charges. Income from loan origination and commitment fees varies with the volume and type of loans and commitments made and with competitive and economic conditions. Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements discusses how loan fees and income are recognized for financial reporting purposes.
Mortgage Banking Activity The Bank originates residential loans secured by first-lien mortgages on one-to-four family residential properties located within its market area for either portfolio or sale into the secondary market. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Bank recorded gains of $1.2 million on the sale of $35.1 million in loans receivable originated for sale. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Bank recorded gains of $1.5 million on the sale of $44.3 million in loans receivable originated for sale. These loans were sold on a servicing-retained basis to Freddie Mac.
In addition to interest earned on loans and income recognized on the sale of loans, the Bank receives fees for servicing loans that it has sold. Because the Bank has data processing capacity that will allow it to expand its portfolio of serviced loans without incurring significant incremental expenses, the Bank intends in the future to augment its portfolio of loans serviced by continuing to originate and sell such fixed-rate single-family residential mortgage loans to Freddie Mac while retaining servicing.
Income from these activities will vary from period to period with the volume and type of loans originated and sold, which depends on prevailing mortgage interest rates and their effect on the demand for loans in the Bank’s market area.
Nonperforming Loans Late charges on residential mortgages and consumer loans are assessed if a payment is not received by the due date plus a grace period. When an advanced stage of delinquency appears on a single-family loan and repayment cannot be expected within a reasonable time, or a repayment agreement is not entered into, required notice of foreclosure or repossession proceedings may be prepared by the Bank’s attorney and delivered to the borrower so that foreclosure proceedings may be initiated promptly, if necessary. The Bank also collects late charges on commercial loans.
When the Bank acquires real estate through foreclosure, voluntary deed, or similar means, it is classified as OREO until it is sold. When a property is acquired in this manner, it is recorded at the lower of cost (the unpaid principal balance at the date of acquisition) or fair value, less anticipated cost to sell. If fair value, less cost to sell, is less than carrying value, then carrying value is reduced through the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) immediately before booking as OREO. Any subsequent write-down is charged to expense. All costs incurred from the date of acquisition to maintain the property are expensed. OREO is appraised during the foreclosure process, before acquisition when possible. Losses are recognized for the amount by which the book value of the related mortgage loan exceeds the estimated net realizable value of the property.
The Bank undertakes a regular review of the loan portfolio to assess its risks, particularly the risks associated with the commercial loan portfolio.
Classified Assets FDIC regulations governing classification of assets require nonmember commercial banks — including the Bank — to classify their own assets and to establish appropriate general and specific allowances for losses, subject to FDIC review. The regulations are designed to encourage management to evaluate assets on a case-by-case basis, discouraging automatic classifications. Under this classification system, problem assets of insured institutions are classified as “substandard,” “doubtful,” or “loss.” An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged if any. Substandard assets include those characterized by the distinct possibility that the insured institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make the collection of principal in full — based on currently existing facts, conditions, and values — highly questionable and improbable. Assets classified as “loss” are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. Assets that do not expose the Bank to risk sufficient to warrant classification in one of the above categories but that possess some potential weakness are required to be designated “special mention” by management.
When an FDIC-insured institution classifies assets as either “substandard” or “doubtful,” it may establish allowances for loan losses in an amount deemed prudent by management. When an insured institution classifies assets as “loss,” it is required either to establish an allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the assets so classified or to charge off that amount. An Ohio nonmember bank’s determination about the classification of its assets and the amount of its allowances is subject to review by the FDIC and the Ohio Division of Financial Institutions (the “ODFI”), which may order the establishment of additional loss allowances. Management also employs an independent third party to semi-annually review and validate the internal loan review process and loan classifications.
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Investments Investment securities provide a return on residual funds after lending activities. Investments may be in federal funds sold, corporate securities, U.S. Government and agency obligations, state and local government obligations, government-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities, or subordinated debt of other financial institutions. The Bank generally does not invest in securities rated less than investment grade by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. Ohio law prescribes the kinds of investments an Ohio-chartered bank may make. Permitted investments include local, state, and federal government securities, mortgage-backed securities, and securities of federal government agencies. An Ohio-chartered bank also may invest up to 10% of its assets in corporate debt and equity securities or a higher percentage in certain circumstances. Ohio law also limits to 15% of capital, the amount an Ohio-chartered bank may invest in the securities of any one issuer, other than local, state, and federal government and federal government agency issuers and mortgage-backed securities issuers. These provisions have not been a material constraint upon the Bank’s investment activities.
All securities-related activity is reported to the Bank’s Board of Directors. General changes in investment strategy are required to be reviewed and approved by the board. Senior management can purchase and sell securities per the Bank’s stated investment policy.
Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. At this time, the Bank has no securities classified as held to maturity. Securities to be held for indefinite periods and not intended to be held to maturity or on a long-term basis are classified as available for sale. Available-for-sale securities are reflected on the balance sheet at their fair value.
The contractual maturity of investment debt securities is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2021 |
|  | One year or less |  |  | More than one to five years |  |  | More than five to ten years |  |  | More than ten years |  |  | Total investment securities |
|  | Amortized cost |  |  | Average yield |  |  | Amortized cost |  |  | Average yield |  |  | Amortized cost |  |  | Average yield |  |  | Amortized cost |  |  | Average yield |  |  | Amortized cost |  |  | Average yield |  |  | Fair value |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subordinated debt |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 32,300 |  |  |  | 4.79 | % |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 32,300 |  |  |  | 4.79 | % |  | $ | 32,537 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 5.30 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 5.30 | % |  |  | 502 |
Tax-exempt ** |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,179 |  |  |  | 4.43 | % |  |  | 6,793 |  |  |  | 3.86 | % |  |  | 114,905 |  |  |  | 2.96 | % |  |  | 122,877 |  |  |  | 3.03 | % |  |  | 126,843 |
Mortgage-backed securities in |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
government-sponsored entities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 2.98 | % |  |  | 1,869 |  |  |  | 2.00 | % |  |  | 8,235 |  |  |  | 2.00 | % |  |  | 10,140 |  |  |  | 2.00 | % |  |  | 10,317 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 1,715 |  |  |  | 4.65 | % |  | $ | 40,962 |  |  |  | 4.51 | % |  | $ | 123,140 |  |  |  | 2.90 | % |  | $ | 165,817 |  |  |  | 3.32 | % |  | $ | 170,199 |

** Tax-equivalent yield calculated using a 21% tax rate

Expected maturities of investment securities could differ from contractual maturities because the borrower, or issuer, could have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Yields on tax-exempt securities (tax-exempt for federal income tax purposes) are shown on a fully tax-equivalent basis. The average yield is determined based on the current book price and projected yield of each investment category, assuming the yield to call or maturity.
As of December 31, 2021, the Bank held 43,994 shares of $100 par value Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Cincinnati stock, which is a restricted security. FHLB stock represents an equity interest in the FHLB, but it does not have a readily determinable market value. The stock can be sold at its par value only to the FHLB or to another member institution. Member institutions must maintain a minimum stock investment in the FHLB based on total assets, total mortgages, and total mortgage-backed securities. The Bank’s minimum investment in FHLB stock on December 31, 2021, was $4.4 million.
Sources of Funds —Deposit accounts are a significant source of funds for the Bank. The Bank offers many deposit products to attract commercial and regular consumer checking and savings customers, including standard and money market savings accounts, NOW accounts, a variety of fixed-maturity, fixed-rate certificates with maturities ranging from 3 to 60 months, and brokered deposits. These accounts earn interest at rates established by management based on liquidity, competitive market factors, and management’s desire to increase certain types or maturities. The Bank also provides travelers’ checks, official checks, money orders, ATM services, and IRA accounts.
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The following table shows on a consolidated basis the amount of uninsured time deposits as of December 31, 2021, including certificates of deposit, by the time remaining until maturity.

(Dollar amounts in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Percent of Total |
Within three months |  | $ | 7,506 |  |  |  | 22.46 | %
Beyond three but within six months |  |  | 4,778 |  |  |  | 14.30 | %
Beyond six but within twelve months |  |  | 10,463 |  |  |  | 31.31 | %
Beyond one year |  |  | 10,672 |  |  |  | 31.94 | %
Total |  | $ | 33,419 |  |  |  | 100.00 | %

The following table shows on a consolidated basis the amount of uninsured deposits as of December 31, 2021 by category:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | $ change |  |  | % change |
Noninterest-bearing demand |  | $ | 118,231 |  |  | $ | 102,544 |  |  | $ | 15,687 |  |  |  | 15.3 | %
Interest-bearing demand |  |  | 67,541 |  |  |  | 74,163 |  |  |  | (6,622 | ) |  |  | -8.9 | %
Money market |  |  | 108,771 |  |  |  | 125,403 |  |  |  | (16,632 | ) |  |  | -13.3 | %
Savings |  |  | 36,150 |  |  |  | 48,771 |  |  |  | (12,621 | ) |  |  | -25.9 | %
Time |  |  | 33,419 |  |  |  | 74,891 |  |  |  | (41,472 | ) |  |  | -55.4 | %
Total deposits |  | $ | 364,112 |  |  | $ | 425,772 |  |  | $ | (61,660 | ) |  |  | -14.5 | %

Borrowings, deposits, and repayment of loan principal are the Bank’s primary sources of funds for lending activities and other general business purposes. However, when the supply of funds cannot satisfy the demand for loans or general business purposes, the Bank can obtain funds from the FHLB of Cincinnati. Interest and principal are payable monthly, and the line of credit is secured by a pledge collateral agreement on some investments and loan balances. On December 31, 2021, MBC had no FHLB borrowings outstanding. The Bank also has access to credit through the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland and other funding sources.
Competition
The banking and financial services industry is highly competitive. We compete with many financial institutions within our markets, including local, regional, and national commercial banks and credit unions. We also compete with brokerage firms, consumer finance companies, mutual funds, securities firms, insurance companies, fintech companies, and other financial intermediaries for some of our products and services. Some of our competitors are not currently subject to the regulatory restrictions and the level of regulatory supervision applicable to us.
Interest rates on loans and deposits, as well as prices on fee-based services, are typically significant competitive factors within the banking and financial services industry. Many of our competitors are much larger, have more significant resources than we do, and compete aggressively. These competitors attempt to gain market share through their financial product mix, pricing strategies, and banking center locations.
Other important standard competitive factors in our industry and markets include office locations and hours, quality of customer service, community reputation, continuity of personnel and services, capacity and willingness to extend credit, and ability to offer sophisticated banking products and services. While we seek to remain competitive, concerning fees charged, interest rates, and pricing, we believe that the Bank’s commitment to personal service, innovation, and involvement in the communities that the Bank serves, are factors that contribute to the Bank’s competitive advantage and will enable us to compete successfully within our markets and enhance our ability to attract and retain customers.
Personnel and Human Capital Resources
We encourage and support the growth and development of our employees and, wherever possible, seek to fill positions by promotion and transfer from within the organization. Continual learning and career development are advanced through ongoing performance and development conversations with employees, internally developed training programs, customized corporate training engagements, and educational reimbursement programs. Reimbursement is available to employees enrolled in a pre-approved degree or certification programs at accredited institutions that teach skills or knowledge relevant to our business, in compliance with Section 127 of the Internal Revenue Code, and for seminars, conferences, and other training events employees attend in connection with their job duties.
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The safety, health, and wellness of our employees is a top priority. The Company continued to prioritize the health and safety of clients and associates in 2021, although without the significant disruptions to our workforce that occurred in 2020. Banking centers offered drive- through services without interruption, while lobbies were fully open and accessible to clients. On an ongoing basis, we further promote the health and wellness of our employees by strongly encouraging work-life balance, offering flexible work schedules, keeping the employee portion of health care premiums to a minimum, and sponsoring various wellness programs.
Employee retention helps us operate efficiently and achieve one of our business objectives, which is being a low-cost provider. We believe our commitment to living out our core values, actively prioritizing concern for our employees’ well-being, supporting our employees’ career goals, offering competitive wages, and providing valuable fringe benefits aids in the retention of our top-performing employees.
As of December 31, 2021, the Bank had 185 full-time equivalent employees. None of the employees are represented by a collective bargaining group.
Supervision and Regulation
The following discussion of bank supervision and regulation is qualified in its entirety by reference to the statutory and regulatory provisions discussed. Changes in applicable law or in the policies of various regulatory authorities could materially affect the business and prospects of the Company.
The Company is a bank holding company within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. The Company is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, acting primarily through the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. The Company must file annual reports and other information with the Federal Reserve. The bank subsidiary is an Ohio-chartered commercial bank. As a state-chartered, nonmember bank, the bank is primarily regulated by the FDIC and the Ohio Division of Financial Institutions.
The Company and The Middlefield Banking Company are subject to federal banking laws, and the Company is also subject to Ohio bank law. These federal and state laws are intended to protect depositors, not stockholders. Federal and state laws applicable to holding companies and their financial institution subsidiaries regulate the range of permissible business activities, investments, reserves against deposits, capital levels, lending activities and practices, the nature and amount of collateral for loans, establishment of branches, mergers, dividends, and a variety of other important matters. The Bank is subject to detailed, complex, and sometimes overlapping federal and state statutes and regulations affecting routine banking operations. These statutes and regulations include but are not limited to state usury and consumer credit laws, the Truth in Lending Act and Regulation Z, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and Regulation B, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Savings Act, and the Community Reinvestment Act. The Bank must comply with Federal Reserve Board regulations requiring depository institutions to maintain reserves against their transaction accounts (principally NOW and regular checking accounts). Because required reserves are commonly held in the form of vault cash or a noninterest-bearing account (or pass-through account) at a Federal Reserve Bank, the effect of the reserve requirement is to reduce an institution’s earning assets.
The Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC have extensive authority to prevent and remedy unsafe and unsound practices and violations of applicable laws and regulations by institutions and holding companies. The agencies may assess civil money penalties, issue cease-and-desist or removal orders, seek injunctions, and publicly disclose those actions. In addition, the Ohio Division of Financial Institutions possesses enforcement powers to address violations of Ohio banking law by Ohio-chartered banks.
Regulation of Bank Holding Companies — Bank and Bank Holding Company Acquisitions The Bank Holding Company Act requires every bank holding company to obtain approval of the Federal Reserve before:

| • |  | directly or indirectly acquiring ownership or control of any voting shares of another bank or bank holding company, if after the acquisition the acquiring company would own or control more than 5% of the shares of the other bank or bank holding company (unless the acquiring company already owns or controls a majority of the shares),
| • |  | acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of another bank, or
| • |  | merging or consolidating with another bank holding company.

The Federal Reserve will not approve an acquisition, merger, or consolidation that would have a substantially anticompetitive result unless the anticompetitive effects of the proposed transaction are outweighed by a greater public interest in satisfying the convenience and needs of the community to be served. The Federal Reserve also considers capital adequacy and other financial and managerial factors in its review of acquisitions and mergers.
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Additionally, the Bank Holding Company Act, the Change in Bank Control Act, and the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation Y require advance approval of the Federal Reserve to acquire “control” of a bank holding company. Control is conclusively presumed to exist if an individual or company acquires 25% or more of a class of voting securities of the bank holding company. If the holding company has securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as the Company does, or if no other person owns a greater percentage of the class of voting securities, control is presumed to exist if a person acquires 10% or more, but less than 25%, of any class of voting securities. Approval of the Ohio Division of Financial Institutions is also necessary to acquire control of an Ohio-chartered bank.
Nonbanking Activities With some exceptions, the Bank Holding Company Act generally prohibits a bank holding company from acquiring or retaining direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company that is not a bank or bank holding company or from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks, or providing services for its subsidiaries. The principal exceptions to these prohibitions involve nonbank activities that, by statute or by Federal Reserve Board regulation or order, are held to be closely related to the business of banking or of managing or controlling banks. In making its determination that a particular activity is closely associated with the business of banking, the Federal Reserve considers whether the performance of the actions by a bank holding company can be expected to produce benefits to the public — such as greater convenience, increased competition, or gains in efficiency in resources — that will outweigh the risks of possible adverse effects such as decreased or unfair competition, conflicts of interest, or unsound banking practices. Some of the activities determined by Federal Reserve Board regulation to be closely related to the business of banking are: making or servicing loans or leases; engaging in insurance and discount brokerage activities; owning thrift institutions; performing data processing services; acting as a fiduciary or investment or financial advisor; and making investments in corporations or projects designed primarily to promote community welfare.
Financial Holding Companies On November 12, 1999, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act became law, repealing much of the 1933 Glass-Steagall Act’s separation of the commercial and investment banking industries. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act expands the range of nonbanking activities in which a bank holding company may engage while preserving existing authority for bank holding companies to engage in activities closely related to banking. The legislation creates a new category of holding company called a “financial holding company.” Financial holding companies may engage in any activity that is:

| • |  | financial in nature or incidental to that financial activity, or
| • |  | complementary to a financial activity and that does not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally.

Activities that are financial include:

| • |  | acting as principal, agent, or broker for insurance,
| • |  | underwriting, dealing in, or making a market in securities, and
| • |  | providing financial and investment advice.

The Federal Reserve Board and the Secretary of the Treasury have the authority to decide that other activities are also financial or incidental to financial activity, taking into account, among others, changes in technology, changes in the banking marketplace, and competition for banking services. The Company is engaged solely in activities that were permissible for a bank holding company before the enactment of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. Federal Reserve Board rules require that all depository institution subsidiaries of a financial holding company be and remain well capitalized and well managed. If all depository institution subsidiaries of a financial holding company do not remain well capitalized and well managed, the financial holding company must enter into an agreement acceptable to the Federal Reserve Board, undertaking to comply with all capital and management requirements within 180 days. In the meantime, the financial holding company may not use its expanded authority to engage in nonbanking activities without Federal Reserve Board approval, and the Federal Reserve may impose other limitations on the holding company’s or affiliates’ activities. If a financial holding company fails to restore the well-capitalized and well-managed status of a depository institution subsidiary, the Federal Reserve may order divestiture of the subsidiary.
Holding Company Capital and Source of Strength The Federal Reserve considers the adequacy of a bank holding company’s capital on essentially the same risk-adjusted basis as capital adequacy is determined by the FDIC at the bank subsidiary level.
The Federal Reserve has issued regulations under the Bank Holding Company Act requiring a bank holding company to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank. It is the policy of the Federal Reserve that, pursuant to this requirement, a bank holding company should stand ready to use its resources to provide adequate capital funds to its subsidiary bank during periods of financial stress or adversity. Under this requirement, we are expected to commit resources to support our Bank, including when we may not be in a financial position to provide such help.
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Our Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from its bank subsidiary. As a bank holding company, we are subject to certain restrictions on our ability to pay dividends under applicable banking laws and regulations. Federal bank regulators are authorized to determine under certain circumstances relating to the financial condition of a bank holding company or a bank that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice and to prohibit payment thereof. Federal Reserve policy provides that a bank holding company should not pay dividends unless (1) the bank holding company’s net income over the last four quarters (net of dividends paid) is sufficient to fund the dividends fully, (2) the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with the capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition of the bank holding company and its subsidiaries and (3) the bank holding company will continue to meet minimum required capital adequacy ratios. The policy also provides that a bank holding company should inform the Federal Reserve reasonably in advance of declaring or paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid or that could result in a material adverse change to the bank holding company’s capital structure. Bank holding companies also are required to consult with the Federal Reserve before materially increasing dividends. The Federal Reserve could prohibit or limit the payment of dividends by a bank holding company if it determines that payment of the dividend would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice.
Since all of our income comes from dividends from our Bank, which is also the primary source of our liquidity, our ability to pay dividends and repurchase shares depends upon our receipt of dividends from our Bank.
Capital — Risk-Based Capital Requirements The Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC employ similar risk-based capital guidelines in their examination and regulation of bank holding companies and financial institutions. If capital falls below the minimum levels established by the guidelines, the bank holding company or bank may be denied approval to acquire or establish additional banks or nonbank businesses or to open new facilities. Failure to satisfy capital guidelines could subject a banking institution to a variety of restrictions or enforcement actions by federal bank regulatory authorities, including the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC and a prohibition on the acceptance of brokered deposits.
A bank’s capital hedges its risk exposure, absorbing losses that can be predicted as well as losses that cannot be predicted. According to the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council’s explanation of the capital component of the Uniform Financial Institutions Rating System, commonly known as the “CAMELS” rating system, a rating system employed by the Federal bank regulatory agencies, a financial institution must “maintain capital commensurate with the nature and extent of risks to the institution and the ability of management to identify, measure, monitor, and control these risks. The effect of credit, market, and other risks on the institution’s financial condition should be considered when evaluating the adequacy of capital.”
Under regulations promulgated by the federal bank regulators, U.S. banking organizations are subject to comprehensive capital standards that require the maintenance of common equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital, and total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, 6% and 8%, respectively, and a leverage ratio of at least 4% Tier 1 capital. Common equity Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common stockholders’ equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common equity Tier 1 and Additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital generally includes certain noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (common equity Tier 1 capital plus Additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital is composed of capital instruments and related surplus meeting specified requirements. It may include cumulative preferred stock and long-term, perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred stock, and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the allowance for loan and lease losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets and, for institutions that have exercised an opt-out election regarding the treatment of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”), up to 45% of net unrealized gains on available-for-sale equity securities with readily determinable fair market values. Institutions that have not exercised the AOCI opt-out have AOCI incorporated into common equity Tier 1 capital (including unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities). During the first quarter of 2015, the Company exercised the opt-out election regarding the treatment of AOCI. Calculation of all types of regulatory capital is subject to deductions and adjustments specified in the regulations.
In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets for purposes of calculating risk-based capital ratios, a bank’s assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets (e.g., recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes, residual interests), are multiplied by a risk-weight factor assigned by the regulations based on perceived risks inherent in the type of asset. Higher capital levels are required for asset categories believed to present more significant risk. For example, a risk weight of 0% is assigned to cash and U.S. government securities, a risk weight of 50% is generally assigned to prudently underwritten first-lien one-to-four family residential mortgages, a risk weight of 100% is assigned to commercial and consumer loans, a risk weight of 150% is assigned to particular past-due loans and high volatility commercial real estate loans.
In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer: consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. At December 31, 2021, the Bank exceeded the regulatory requirement for the “capital conservation buffer.”
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The FDIC also employs a market risk component in calculating capital requirements for nonmember banks. The market risk component could require additional capital for general or specific market risk of trading portfolios of debt and equity securities and other investments or assets. The FDIC’s evaluation of an institution’s capital adequacy takes into account a variety of other factors as well, including interest rate risks to which the institution is subject, the level and quality of an institution’s earnings, loan and investment portfolio characteristics and risks, risks arising from the conduct of nontraditional activities, and a variety of other factors.
Accordingly, the FDIC’s final supervisory judgment concerning an institution’s capital adequacy could differ significantly from the conclusions that might be derived from the absolute level of an institution’s risk-based capital ratios. Therefore, institutions generally are expected to maintain risk-based capital ratios that exceed the minimum ratios discussed above. This is particularly true for institutions contemplating significant expansion plans and institutions that are subject to high or excessive levels of risk. Moreover, although the FDIC does not impose explicit capital requirements on holding companies of institutions regulated by the FDIC, the FDIC can take account of the degree of leverage and risks at the holding company level. If the FDIC determines that the holding company (or another affiliate of the institution regulated by the FDIC) has an excessive degree of leverage or is subject to undue risks, the FDIC may require the subsidiary institution(s) to maintain additional capital or the FDIC may impose limitations on the subsidiary institution’s ability to support its weaker affiliates or holding company.
Section 4012 of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act of 2020 (the “CARES Act”) required that the community bank leverage ratio be temporarily lowered to 8%. The FDIC issued an interim final rule, effective on April 23, 2020, that implements a temporary 8% community bank leverage ratio requirement, as mandated by the CARES Act. Under the interim final rule, a community banking organization that temporarily fails to meet any of the qualifying criteria, including the 8% community bank leverage ratio requirement, generally will still be considered well-capitalized provided that the banking organization maintains a leverage ratio equal to 7% or greater. A banking organization that ceases to be a qualifying institution after the end of the grace period or reports a leverage ratio of less than 7% must comply with the generally applicable capital requirements and file the appropriate regulatory reports. The rule also established a two-quarter grace period for a qualifying institution whose leverage ratio falls below the 8% community bank leverage ratio requirement so long as the bank maintains a leverage ratio of 7% or greater. Another rule was issued to transition back to the 9% community bank leverage ratio by increasing the ratio to 8.5% for 2021 and 9% after that.
Prompt Corrective Action. To resolve the problems of undercapitalized financial institutions and to prevent a recurrence of the banking crisis of the 1980s and early 1990s, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 established a system known as “prompt corrective action.” Under the prompt corrective action provisions and implementing regulations, every institution is classified into one of five categories, depending on its total capital ratio, its Tier 1 capital ratio, its common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, its leverage ratio, and subjective factors. The categories are “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized,” and “critically undercapitalized.” To be considered well-capitalized for purposes of the prompt corrective action rules, a bank must maintain total risk-based capital of 10.0% or greater, Tier 1 risk-based capital of 8.0% or greater, common equity Tier 1 capital of 6.5% or greater, and leverage capital of 5.0% or greater. An institution with a capital level that might qualify for well-capitalized or adequately capitalized status may nevertheless be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if its primary federal banking supervisory authority determines an unsafe or unsound condition or practice warrants that treatment.
A financial institution’s capital classification can significantly affect its operations under the prompt corrective action rules. For example, an institution that is not well-capitalized generally is prohibited from accepting brokered deposits and offering interest rates on deposits higher than the prevailing rate in its market without advance regulatory approval, which can harm the bank’s liquidity. An insured depository institution is subject to additional restrictions at each successively lower capital category. Undercapitalized institutions are required to take specified actions to increase their capital or otherwise decrease the risks to the federal deposit insurance fund. A bank holding company must guarantee that a subsidiary bank that adopts a capital restoration plan will satisfy its plan obligations. Any capital loans made by a bank holding company to a subsidiary bank are subordinated to the claims of depositors in the bank and certain other indebtedness of the subsidiary bank. If bankruptcy of a bank holding company occurs, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal banking regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank would be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and would be entitled to priority of payment. Bank regulatory agencies generally must appoint a receiver or conservator shortly after an institution becomes critically undercapitalized. For a complete discussion of the Company and the Bank’s actual capital amounts and ratios, refer to Note 17 of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Annual Report.
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Limits on Dividends and Other Payments The Company’s ability to obtain funds for the payment of dividends and for other cash requirements depends on the amount of dividends that may be paid to it by the bank. Ohio bank law and FDIC policy are consistent, providing that banks generally may rely solely on current earnings to pay dividends. Under Ohio Revised Code section 1107.15(B), a dividend may be declared from surplus, meaning additional paid-in capital, with the approval of (x) the Ohio Superintendent of Financial Institutions and (y) the holders of two-thirds of the bank’s outstanding shares. Superintendent approval is also necessary to pay a dividend if the total of all cash dividends in a year exceeds the sum of (x) net income for the year and (y) retained net income for the two preceding years. Relying on 12 U.S.C. 1818(b), the FDIC may restrict a bank’s ability to pay a dividend if the FDIC has reasonable cause to believe that the dividend would constitute an unsafe and unsound practice. The FDIC’s capital maintenance requirements and prompt corrective action rules may also affect a bank's ability to pay dividends. A bank may not pay a dividend if the bank is undercapitalized or if payment would cause the bank to become undercapitalized.
A 1985 policy statement of the Federal Reserve Board declares that a bank holding company should not pay cash dividends on common stock unless the organization’s net income for the past year is sufficient to fund the dividends fully and the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality, and overall financial condition.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) The CARES Act, which became law on March 27, 2020, provided over $2 trillion to combat the coronavirus (COVID-19) and stimulate the economy. The law had several provisions relevant to depository institutions, including:

| ● | Allowing institutions not to characterize loan modifications relating to the COVID-19 pandemic as a troubled debt restructuring and also allowing them to suspend the corresponding impairment determination for accounting purposes;

| ● | As previously noted, temporarily reducing the community bank leverage ratio alternative available to institutions of less than $10 billion of assets to 8%;

| ● | The ability of a borrower of a federally backed mortgage loan experiencing financial hardship due to the COVID-19 pandemic to request forbearance from paying the mortgage by submitting a request to the borrower’s servicer affirming the borrower’s financial hardship during the COVID-19 emergency. Federally backed mortgage loans include single-family (1-4 units) residential mortgage loans owned or securitized by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or insured, guaranteed, or otherwise assisted by the federal government. The term includes mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration and the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Agriculture’s direct and guaranteed loans.
|  | Although the CARES Act established forbearance protection through December 31, 2020, the Biden administration extended the program for mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and for the Department of Agriculture’s direct and guaranteed loans until June 30, 2021. The Federal Housing Finance Agency extended the program for residential mortgage loans owned or securitized by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac through June 30, 2021. During the forbearance, no fees, penalties, or interest beyond the amounts scheduled or calculated as if the borrower made all contractual payments on time and in full under the mortgage contract could accrue on the borrower’s account.

| ● | The ability of a borrower of a multi-family federally backed mortgage loan that was current as of February 1, 2020, to submit a request for forbearance to the borrower’s servicer affirming that the borrower is experiencing financial hardship during the COVID-19 emergency. A forbearance would be granted for up to 30 days, which could be extended for up to two additional 30-day periods upon the borrower's request. Later extensions were made available, for a total of six months, for certain federally backed multi-family mortgage loans. During the time of the forbearance, the multi-family borrower could not evict or initiate the eviction of a tenant or charge any late fees, penalties, or other charges to a tenant for late payment of rent. Additionally, a multi-family borrower that received a forbearance could not require a tenant to vacate a dwelling unit before a date that is 30 days after the date on which the borrower provided the tenant notice to vacate and may not issue a notice to vacate until after the expiration of the forbearance.

The Paycheck Protection Program The CARES Act and the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act provided $659 billion to fund loans by depository institutions to eligible small businesses through the Small Business Administration’s (“SBA”) 7(a) loan guaranty program. These loans are 100% federally guaranteed (principal and interest). An eligible business could apply under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) during the applicable covered period and receive a loan up to 2.5 times the organization’s average monthly “payroll costs” limited to a loan amount of $10.0 million. The proceeds of the loan could be used for payroll (excluding individual employee compensation over $100,000 per year), mortgage, interest, rent, insurance, utilities and other qualifying expenses. PPP loans have: (a) an interest rate of 1.0%, (b) a two-year loan term (or five-year loan term for loans made after June 5, 2020) to maturity; and (c) principal and interest payments deferred until the date on which the SBA remits the loan forgiveness amount to the borrower’s lender or notifies the lender no loan forgiveness is allowed.
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If the borrower did not submit a loan forgiveness application to the lender within 10 months following the end of the 24-week loan forgiveness covered period (or the 8-week loan forgiveness covered period with respect to loans made prior to June 5, 2020 if such covered period is elected by the borrower), the borrower would begin paying principal and interest on the PPP loan immediately after the 10-month period. The SBA guarantees 100% of the PPP loans made to eligible borrowers. The entire principal amount of the borrower’s PPP loan, including any accrued interest, is eligible to be fully reduced by the loan forgiveness amount under the PPP loan so long as, during the applicable loan forgiveness covered period, employee and compensation levels of the business are maintained and 60% of the loan proceeds are used for payroll expenses, with the remaining 40% of the loan proceeds used for other qualifying expenses.
On December 27, 2020, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (the “Economic Aid Act”) became law, expanding the authority to make loans under the PPP through March 31, 2021, and revising specific PPP requirements. The Economic Aid Act expands PPP eligibility to include eligible 501(c)(6) organizations, housing cooperatives, and direct marketing organizations and provides greater flexibility for businesses with seasonal employees. The Economic Aid Act also permits a second round of funding for specific borrowers who have already received a PPP loan. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $212.6 million in PPP loan originations with the SBA's forgiveness of $178.4 million.
The Economic Aid Act also extended the provisions of the CARES Act that suspended requirements under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) for loan modifications to borrowers affected by COVID-19 that may otherwise be characterized as troubled debt restructurings and suspended any determination related thereto if (i) the borrower was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019, and (ii) the modifications are related to arrangements that defer or delay the payment of principal or interest, or change the interest rate on the loan. Federal bank regulatory authorities also issued guidance to encourage banks to make loan modifications for borrowers affected by COVID-19 and to assure banks that they will not be criticized by examiners for doing so.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The goals of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act enacted in 2002 are to increase corporate responsibility, provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies, and protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made under the securities laws. The changes are intended to allow shareholders to monitor the performance of companies and directors more easily and efficiently.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act generally applies to all companies that file periodic reports with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Act has an impact on a wide variety of corporate governance and disclosure issues, including the composition of audit committees, certification of financial statements by the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer, forfeiture of bonuses and profits made by directors and senior officers in the 12 months covered by restated financial statements, a prohibition on insider trading during pension plan black-out periods, disclosure of off-balance-sheet transactions, a prohibition on personal loans to directors and officers (excluding FDIC-insured financial institutions), expedited filing requirements for stock transaction reports by officers and directors, the formation of a public accounting oversight board, auditor independence, and various increased criminal penalties for violations of securities laws.
Deposit Insurance The Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC insures deposits at insured depository institutions such as the Bank. Deposit accounts in the Bank are insured by the FDIC generally up to a maximum of $250,000 based upon the ownership rights and capacities in which deposit accounts are maintained at the Bank. Banks' premium for deposit insurance is based upon a risk classification system established by the FDIC.
Effective July 1, 2016, the FDIC changed the way banks are assessed for deposit insurance. The FDIC has eliminated the risk categories for “small banks”, such as the Bank, that have been FDIC insured for at least five years and have less than $10 billion in total assets, and assessments are now based on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical modeling estimating the probability of failure within three years. In conjunction with the Deposit Insurance Fund reserve ratio achieving 1.15%, the assessment range (inclusive of possible adjustments) for established small banks with CAMELS 1 or 2 ratings has been reduced to 1.5 to 16 basis points and the maximum assessment rate for established small banks with CAMELS 3 through 4 ratings is 40 basis points.
Effective June 26, 2020, the FDIC adopted a Final Rule to mitigate the effect on deposit insurance assessments when an insured institution participates in the PPP. Under the rule, the FDIC provides adjustments to the risk-based premium formula and certain of its risk ratios, and provides an offset to an insured institution’s total assessment amount due for the increase to its assessment base attributable to participation in the PPP.
The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. Any significant increases would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Bank. Management cannot predict what assessment rates will be in the future.
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Interstate Banking and Branching Section 613 of the DFA amends the interstate branching provisions of the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994. The expanded de novo branching authority of the DFA authorizes a state or national bank to open a de novo branch in another state if the law of the state where the branch is to be located would permit a state bank chartered by that state to open the branch. Section 607 of the DFA also increases the approval threshold for interstate bank acquisitions, providing that a bank holding company must be well capitalized and well managed as a condition to approval of an interstate bank acquisition, rather than being merely adequately capitalized and adequately managed, and that an acquiring bank must be and remain well capitalized and well managed as a condition to approval of an interstate bank merger.
Transactions with Affiliates Transactions between an insured bank, such as the Bank, and any of its affiliates are governed by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and implementing regulations. These statutes are intended to protect banks from abuse in financial transactions with affiliates, preventing FDIC-insured deposits from being diverted to support the activities of unregulated entities engaged in nonbanking businesses. An affiliate of a bank includes any company or entity that controls or is under common control with the bank. Generally, section 23A and section 23B of the Federal Reserve Act:

| ● | limit the extent to which a bank or its subsidiaries may lend to or engage in various other kinds of transactions with any one affiliate to an amount equal to 10% of the institution’s capital and surplus, limiting the aggregate of covered transactions with all affiliates to 20% of capital and surplus,

| ● | impose restrictions on investments by a subsidiary bank in the stock or securities of its holding company,

| ● | require that affiliate transactions be on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the institution or subsidiary, as those provided to a non-affiliate, and

| ● | impost strict collateral requirements on loans or extensions or credit by a bank to an affiliate

The Bank’s authority to extend credit to insiders — meaning executive officers, directors and greater than 10% stockholders — or to entities those persons control, is subject to section 22(g) and section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Reserve’s Regulation O. Among other things, these laws require insider loans to be made on terms substantially similar to those offered to unaffiliated individuals, place limits on the amount of loans a bank may make to insiders based in part on the bank’s capital position, and require that specified approval procedures be followed. Loans to an individual insider may not exceed the legal limit on loans to any one borrower, which in general terms is 15% of capital but can be higher in some circumstances. In addition, the aggregate of all loans to all insiders may not exceed the Bank’s unimpaired capital and surplus. Insider loans exceeding the greater of 5% of capital or $25,000 must be approved in advance by a majority of the board, with any “interested” director not participating in the voting. Lastly, loans to executive officers are subject to special limitations. Executive officers may borrow in unlimited amounts to finance their children’s education or to finance the purchase or improvement of their residence, and they may borrow no more than $100,000 for most other purposes. Loans to executive officers exceeding $100,000 may be allowed if the loan is fully secured by government securities or a segregated deposit account. A violation of these restrictions could result in the assessment of substantial civil monetary penalties, the imposition of a cease-and-desist order or other regulatory sanctions.
Banking agency guidance for commercial real estate lending In December 2006 the FDIC and other Federal banking agencies issued final guidance on sound risk management practices for concentrations in commercial real estate lending, including acquisition and development lending, construction lending, and other land loans, which experience has shown can be particularly high-risk lending.
The commercial real estate risk management guidance does not impose rigid limits on commercial real estate lending but does create a much sharper supervisory focus on the risk management practices of banks with concentrations in commercial real estate lending. According to the guidance, an institution that has experienced rapid growth in commercial real estate lending, has notable exposure to a specific type of commercial real estate, or is approaching or exceeds the following supervisory criteria may be identified for further supervisory analysis of the level and nature of its commercial real estate concentration risk:

| ● | total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land represent 100% or more of the institution’s total capital, or

| ● | total commercial real estate loans represent 300% or more of the institution’s total capital and the outstanding balance of the institution’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased by 50% or more during the prior 36 months.

These measures are intended merely to enable the banking agencies to identify institutions that could have an excessive commercial real estate lending concentration, potentially requiring close supervision to ensure that the institutions have sound risk management practices in place. Conversely, these measures do not imply that banks are authorized by the December 2006 guidance to accumulate a commercial real estate lending concentration up to the 100% and 300% thresholds.
Community Reinvestment Act Under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 and implementing regulations of the banking agencies, a financial institution has a continuing and affirmative obligation — consistent with safe and sound operation — to address the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions, nor does it limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services it believes are best suited to its particular community. The CRA requires that bank regulatory agencies conduct regular CRA examinations and provide written evaluations of institutions’ CRA performance. The CRA also requires that an institution’s CRA performance rating be made public. CRA performance evaluations are based on a four-tiered rating system: Outstanding, Satisfactory, Needs to Improve and Substantial Noncompliance.
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Although CRA examinations occur on a regular basis, CRA performance evaluations have been used principally in the evaluation of regulatory applications submitted by an institution. CRA performance evaluations are considered in evaluating applications for such things as mergers, acquisitions, and applications to open branches.
MBC’s CRA performance evaluation dated January 21, 2020 states that MBC’s CRA rating is “Satisfactory.”
Federal Home Loan Bank The Federal Home Loan Bank serves as a credit source for its members. As a member of the FHLB of Cincinnati, MBC is required to maintain an investment in the capital stock of the FHLB of Cincinnati in an amount calculated by reference to the FHLB member bank’s amount of loans, and or “advances,” from the FHLB.
Each FHLB is required to establish standards of community investment or service that its members must maintain for continued access to long-term advances from the FHLB. The criteria consider a member’s performance under the Community Reinvestment Act and its record of lending to first-time home buyers.
Cybersecurity Recent statements by federal regulators regarding cybersecurity indicate that financial institutions should design multiple layers of security controls to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes also address the risk posed by compromised client credentials, including security measures to reliably authenticate clients accessing internet-based services of the financial institution. Financial institution management is also expected to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure the rapid recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack involving destructive malware. A financial institution is expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations and address rebuilding network capabilities and restoring data if the institution or its critical service providers fall victim to this type of cyber-attack. If the Bank fails to observe regulatory guidance regarding appropriate cybersecurity safeguards, we could be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties.
In the ordinary course of business, the Bank relies on electronic communications and information systems to conduct its operations and to store sensitive data. The Bank employs an in-depth, layered, defensive approach that incorporates security processes and technology to manage and maintain cybersecurity controls. The Bank employs a variety of preventative and detective tools to monitor, block, and provide alerts regarding suspicious activity, as well as to report on any suspected advanced persistent threats. Notwithstanding the strength of the Bank’s defensive measures, the threat from cyber-attacks is severe, attacks are sophisticated and increasing in volume, and attackers respond rapidly to changes in defensive measures. While to date we have not experienced a significant compromise, significant data loss or any material financial losses related to cybersecurity attacks, our systems and those of our clients and third-party service providers are under constant threat and it is possible that we could experience a significant event in the future. Risks and exposures related to cybersecurity attacks are expected to remain high for the foreseeable future due to the rapidly evolving nature and sophistication of these threats, as well as due to the expanding use of internet banking, mobile banking and other technology-based products and services by the Bank and its clients.
Anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism legislation The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 requires financial institutions to maintain records and report transactions to prevent the financial institutions from being used to hide money derived from criminal activity and tax evasion. The Bank Secrecy Act establishes (a) record keeping requirements to assist government enforcement agencies with tracing financial transactions and flow of funds, (b) reporting requirements for Suspicious Activity Reports and Currency Transaction Reports to assist government enforcement agencies with detecting patterns of criminal activity, (c) enforcement provisions authorizing criminal and civil penalties for illegal activities and violations of the Bank Secrecy Act and its implementing regulations, and (d) safe harbor provisions that protect financial institutions from civil liability for their cooperative efforts.
The Treasury’s Office of Foreign Asset Control administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions against targeted foreign countries, entities, and individuals based on U.S. foreign policy and national security goals. As a result, financial institutions must scrutinize transactions to ensure that they do not represent obligations of or ownership interests in entities owned or controlled by sanctioned targets.
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Signed into law on October 26, 2001, the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 is omnibus legislation enhancing the powers of domestic law enforcement organizations to resist the international terrorist threat to United States security. Title III of the legislation, the International Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001, most directly affects the financial services industry, enhancing the Federal government’s ability to fight money laundering through monitoring of currency transactions and suspicious financial activities. The USA PATRIOT Act has significant implications for depository institutions and other businesses involved in the transfer of money:

| - | a financial institution must establish due diligence policies, procedures, and controls reasonably designed to detect and report money laundering through correspondent accounts and private banking accounts,

| - | no bank may establish, maintain, administer, or manage a correspondent account in the United States for a foreign shell bank,

| - | financial institutions must abide by Treasury Department regulations encouraging financial institutions, their regulatory authorities, and law enforcement authorities to share information about individuals, entities, and organizations engaged in or suspected of engaging in terrorist acts or money laundering activities,

| - | financial institutions must follow Treasury Department regulations setting forth minimum standards regarding customer identification. These regulations require financial institutions to implement reasonable procedures for verifying the identity of any person seeking to open an account, maintain records of the information used to verify the person’s identity, and consult lists of known or suspected terrorists and terrorist organizations provided to the financial institution by government agencies,
|  | every financial institution must establish anti-money laundering programs, including the development of internal policies and procedures, designation of a compliance officer, employee training, and an independent audit function.

Consumer protection laws and regulations. The Middlefield Banking Company is subject to regular examination by the FDIC to ensure compliance with statutes and regulations applicable to the bank’s business, including consumer protection statutes and implementing regulations, some of which are discussed below. Violations of any of these laws may result in fines, reimbursements, and other related penalties.
Equal Credit Opportunity Act. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act generally prohibits discrimination in any credit transaction, whether for consumer or business purposes, on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age (except in limited circumstances), receipt of income from public assistance programs, or good faith exercise of any rights under the Consumer Credit Protection Act.
Truth in Lending Act. The Truth in Lending Act is designed to ensure that credit terms are disclosed in a meaningful way so that consumers may compare credit terms more readily and knowledgeably. As a result of the Truth in Lending Act, all creditors must use the same credit terminology to express rates and payments, including the annual percentage rate, the finance charge, the amount financed, the total of payments and the payment schedule, among other things.
Fair Housing Act. The Fair Housing Act makes it unlawful for a residential mortgage lender to discriminate against any person because of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, handicap, or familial status. A number of lending practices have been held by the courts to be illegal under the Fair Housing Act, including some practices that are not specifically mentioned in the Fair Housing Act.
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act. The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act arose out of public concern over credit shortages in certain urban neighborhoods. The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act requires financial institutions to collect data that enable regulatory agencies to determine whether the financial institutions are serving the housing credit needs of the neighborhoods and communities in which they are located. The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act also requires the collection and disclosure of data about applicant and borrower characteristics as a way to identify possible discriminatory lending patterns. The vast amount of information that financial institutions collect and disclose concerning applicants and borrowers receives attention not only from state and Federal banking supervisory authorities but also from community-oriented organizations and the general public.
Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act requires that lenders provide borrowers with disclosures regarding the nature and cost of real estate settlements. The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act also prohibits abusive practices that increase borrowers’ costs, such as kickbacks and fee splitting without providing settlement services.
Privacy. Under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, all financial institutions are required to establish policies and procedures to restrict the sharing of non-public customer data with non-affiliated parties and to protect customer data from unauthorized access. In addition, the Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1971 includes many provisions concerning national credit reporting standards and permits consumers to opt out of information sharing for marketing purposes among affiliated companies.
In November, 2021, the FDIC, the OCC and the Federal Reserve Board issued a final rule requiring banking organizations that experience a computer-security incident to notify a bank’s primary federal bank regulator. Compliance begins May 1, 2022. A computer-security incident occurs when there is violation or imminent threat of a violation to banking security policies and procedures, or when actual or potential harm to the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of an information system or the information occurs. The affected bank must notify its respective federal regulator of the computer-security incident as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after the bank determines a computer-security incident has occurred. These notifications are intended to promote early awareness of threats to banking organizations and will help banks react to those threats before they manifest into bigger incidents. This rule also requires bank service providers to notify their customers of a computer-security incident.
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State Banking Regulation As an Ohio-chartered bank, The Middlefield Banking Company is subject to regular examination by the Ohio Division of Financial Institutions. State banking regulation affects the internal organization of the bank as well as its savings, lending, investment, and other activities. State banking regulation may contain limitations on an institution’s activities that are in addition to limitations imposed under federal banking law. The Ohio Division of Financial Institutions may initiate supervisory measures or formal enforcement actions, and if the grounds provided by law exist, it may take possession and control of an Ohio-chartered bank.
Monetary Policy The earnings of financial institutions are affected by the policies of regulatory authorities, including monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Board. An important function of the Federal Reserve System is regulation of aggregate national credit and money supply. The Federal Reserve Board accomplishes these goals with measures such as open market transactions in securities, establishment of the discount rate on bank borrowings, and changes in reserve requirements against bank deposits. These methods are used in varying combinations to influence overall growth and distribution of financial institutions’ loans, investments and deposits, and they also affect interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits. Monetary policy is influenced by many factors, including inflation, unemployment, short-term and long-term changes in the international trade balance, and fiscal policies of the United States government. Federal Reserve Board monetary policy has had a significant effect on the operating results of financial institutions in the past, and it can be expected to influence operating results in the future.
Item 1A — Risk Factors
Risks Related to the Company’s Business
The Company may not be able to attract and retain skilled people. The Company’s success depends, in large part, on its ability to attract and retain key people. Competition for the best people can be intense and the Company may not be able to hire people or to retain them. The unexpected loss of the services of key personnel of the Company could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business because of their skills, knowledge of the Company’s market, years of industry experience, and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel. The Company has non-competition agreements with senior officers and key personnel.
The Company does not have the financial and other resources that larger competitors have; this could affect its ability to compete for large commercial loan originations and its ability to offer products and services competitors provide to customers. The northeastern Ohio and central Ohio markets in which the Company operates have high concentrations of financial institutions. Many of the financial institutions operating in our markets are branches of significantly larger institutions headquartered in Cleveland or in Columbus, with significantly greater financial resources and higher lending limits. In addition, many of these institutions offer services that the Company does not or cannot provide. For example, the larger competitors’ greater resources offer advantages such as the ability to price services at lower, more attractive levels, and the ability to provide larger credit facilities. The Company accommodates loan volumes in excess of its lending limits from time to time through the sale of loan participations to other banks.
The business of banking is changing rapidly with changes in technology, which poses financial and technological challenges to small and mid-sized institutions. With frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services, the banking industry is undergoing rapid technological changes. In addition to enhancing customer service, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. Financial institutions’ success is increasingly dependent upon use of technology to provide products and services that satisfy customer demands and to create additional operating efficiencies. Many of the Company’s competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements, which could enable them to perform various banking functions at lower costs than the Company, or to provide products and services that the Company is not able to economically provide. The Company cannot assure you that we will be able to develop and implement new technology-driven products or services or that the Company will be successful in marketing these products or services to customers. Because of the demand for technology-driven products, banks increasingly rely on unaffiliated vendors to provide data processing services and other core banking functions. The use of technology-related products, services, delivery channels, and processes exposes banks to various risks, particularly transaction, strategic, reputation, and compliance risk. The Company cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully manage the risks associated with our dependence on technology.
Success in the banking industry requires disciplined management of lending risks. There are many risks in the business of lending, including risks associated with the duration over which loans may be repaid, risks resulting from changes in economic conditions, risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers, and risks resulting from changes in the value of loan collateral. We attempt to mitigate this risk by a thorough review of the creditworthiness of loan customers. Nevertheless, there is risk that our credit evaluations will prove to be inaccurate due to changed circumstances or otherwise.
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Our allowance for loan losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb the probable, incurred losses in our loan portfolio. Lending money is a substantial part of our business. However, every loan we make carries a risk of nonpayment. This risk is affected by, among other things: the cash flow of the borrower and/or the project being financed; in the case of a collateralized loan, the changes and uncertainties as to the future value of the collateral, the credit history of a particular borrower, changes in economic and industry conditions, and the duration of the loan. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make significant estimates that affect the financial statements. One of our most critical estimates is the level of the allowance for loan losses. The allowance for loan losses is a reserve established through a provision for possible loan losses charged to expense that represents management’s best estimate of probable losses that have been incurred within the existing portfolio of loans. Current accounting standards for loan loss provisioning are based on the so-called “incurred loss” model. Under this model, a bank can reserve against a loan loss through a provision to the loan loss reserve only if that loss has been “incurred,” which means a loss that is probable and can be reasonably estimated. To meet that standard, banks have to document why a loss is probable and reasonably estimable, and the easiest way to do that is to refer to historical loss rates and the bank’s own prior loss experience with the type of asset in question. Banks are not limited to using historical experience in deciding the appropriate level of the loan loss reserve. In making these determinations, management can use judgment that takes into account other factors, such as changes in underwriting standards and changes in the economic environment that would have an impact on loan losses.
The level of the allowance for loan losses reflects management’s continuing evaluation of industry concentrations; specific credit risks; loan loss experience; current loan portfolio quality; present economic, political, and regulatory conditions; and unidentified losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for possible loan losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires management to make significant estimates of current credit risks, all of which may undergo material changes. Continuing deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of the Company’s control, may require an increase in the allowance for possible loan losses. If charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for possible loan losses, the Company will need additional provisions to increase the allowance for possible loan losses. In addition, bank regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan and lease losses and may require an increase in the provision for possible loan losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. Any increases in the allowance for possible loan losses will result in a decrease in net income and, possibly, capital, and may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
Material breaches in security of bank systems may have a significant effect on the Company’s business. Financial institutions are under continuous threat of loss due to cyber-attacks especially as we continue to expand customer capabilities to utilize internet and other remote channels to transact business. The most significant cyber–attack risks that we face are e-fraud, denial of service, and loss of sensitive customer data. Loss from e-fraud occurs when cybercriminals breach and extract funds directly from customer or our accounts. Loss can occur as a result of negative customer experience in the event of a successful denial of service attack that disrupts availability of our on-line banking services. The attempts to breach sensitive customer data, such as account numbers and social security numbers, could present significant operational, reputational, legal and/or regulatory costs to us, if successful. We collect, process and store sensitive consumer data by utilizing computer systems and telecommunications networks operated by both banks and third-party service providers. We have security, backup and recovery systems in place, as well as a business continuity plan to ensure systems will not be inoperable. We also have security to prevent unauthorized access to the system. In addition, we require third party service providers to maintain similar controls. However, we cannot be certain that these measures will be successful. A security breach in the system and loss of confidential information could result in losing customers’ confidence and thus the loss of their business as well as additional significant costs for privacy monitoring activities.
Our necessary dependence upon automated systems to record and process transaction volumes poses the risk that technical system flaws or employee errors, tampering or manipulation of those systems will result in losses and may be difficult to detect. We may also be subject to disruptions of the operating systems arising from events that are beyond our control (for example, computer viruses or electrical or telecommunications outages). We are further exposed to the risk that third party service providers may be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations (or will be subject to the same risk of fraud or operational errors). These disruptions may interfere with service to customers and result in a financial loss or liability.
The increasing complexity of the Company’s operations presents varied risks that could affect its earnings and financial condition. The Company processes a large volume of transactions on a daily basis and is exposed to numerous types of risks related to internal processes, people and systems. These risks include, but are not limited to, the risk of fraud by persons inside or outside the Company, the execution of unauthorized transactions by employees, errors relating to transaction processing and systems, breaches of data security and our internal control system and compliance with a complex array of consumer and safety and soundness regulations. We could also experience additional loss as a result of potential legal actions that could arise as a result of operational deficiencies or as a result of noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations.
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The Company has established and maintains a system of internal controls that provides management with information on a timely basis and allows for the monitoring of compliance with operational standards. These systems have been designed to manage operational risks at an appropriate, cost-effective level. Procedures exist that are designed to ensure that policies relating to conduct, ethics, and business practices are followed. Losses from operational risks may still occur, however, including losses from the effects of operational errors.
A lack of liquidity could impair our ability to fund operations and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Liquidity is essential to our business. We rely on our ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment and maturity schedules of our loans and investment securities, respectively, to ensure that we have adequate liquidity to fund our operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, sales of our investment securities, sales of loans or other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity and our ability to continue our growth strategy.
Our most important source of funds is deposits. As of December 31, 2021, approximately $633.7 million, or 54.3%, of our total deposits were negotiable order of withdrawal, or NOW, savings and money market accounts. Historically our savings, money market deposit and NOW accounts have been stable sources of funds. However, these deposits are subject to potentially dramatic fluctuations in availability or price due to certain factors that may be outside of our control, such as a loss of confidence by customers in us or the banking sector generally, customer perceptions of our financial health and general reputation, increasing competitive pressures from other financial services firms for consumer or corporate customer deposits, changes in interest rates and returns on other investment classes, any of which could result in significant outflows of deposits within short periods of time or significant changes in pricing necessary to maintain current customer deposits or attract additional deposits, increasing our funding costs and reducing our net interest income and net income.
Additional liquidity is provided by our ability to borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. We also may borrow funds from third-party lenders, such as other financial institutions. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our activities, or on terms that are acceptable to us, could be impaired by factors that affect us directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry. Our access to funding sources could also be affected by one or more adverse regulatory actions against us.
We rely extensively on models in managing many aspects of our business, and these models may be inaccurate or misinterpreted. We rely extensively on models in managing many aspects of our business, including liquidity and capital planning, credit and other risk management, pricing, and reserving. The models may prove in practice to be less predictive than we expect. The errors or inaccuracies in our models may be material, and could lead us to make wrong or sub-optimal decisions in managing our business, and this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We are dependent on our management team and key employees, and if we are not able to retain them, our business operations could be materially adversely affected. Our success depends, in large part, on our management team and key employees. Our management team has significant industry experience. Our future success also depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain key employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. Because the market for qualified individuals is highly competitive, we may not be able to attract and retain qualified officers or candidates. The loss of any of our management team or our key employees could materially adversely affect our ability to execute our business strategy, and we may not be able to find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. We cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any members of our management team or other key employees. Failure to attract and retain a qualified management team and qualified key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our operations could be interrupted if our third-party service providers experience difficulty, terminate their services or fail to comply with banking regulations. We depend to a significant extent on a number of relationships with third-party service providers. Specifically, we receive core systems processing, essential web hosting and other internet systems, deposit processing and other processing services from third-party service providers. If these third-party service providers experience difficulties or terminate their services and we are unable to transition to other service providers in an orderly manner, our operations could be interrupted. If an interruption were to continue for a significant period of time, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, perhaps materially. Even if we are able to replace them, it may be at a higher cost to us, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We have a continuing need for technological change, and we may not have the resources to effectively implement new technology or we may experience operational challenges when implementing new technology. The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. In addition to better serving customers, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. Our future success will depend in part upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations as we continue to grow and expand our market area. We may experience operational challenges as we implement these new technology enhancements, or seek to implement them across all of our offices and business units, which could result in us not fully realizing the anticipated benefits from such new technology or require us to incur significant costs to remedy any such challenges in a timely manner.
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We may need to raise additional capital in the future, and such capital may not be available when needed or at all. We may need to raise additional capital in the future to provide us with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs, particularly if our asset quality or earnings were to deteriorate significantly. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on, among other things, conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside of our control, and our financial condition. Economic conditions and the loss of confidence in financial institutions may increase our cost of funding and limit access to certain customary sources of capital, including inter-bank borrowings, repurchase agreements and borrowings from the discount window of the Federal Reserve.
We cannot give assurance that such capital will be available on acceptable terms or at all. Any occurrence that may limit our access to the capital markets, such as a decline in the confidence of debt purchasers, depositors of counterparties participating in the capital markets, or a downgrade of the Company’s debt ratings, may adversely affect our capital costs and our ability to raise capital and, in turn, our liquidity. Moreover, if we need to raise capital in the future, we may have to do so when many other financial institutions are also seeking to raise capital and would have to compete with those institutions for investors. An inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The value of our goodwill and core deposit intangible assets may decline in the future. As of December 31, 2021, we had $16.5 million of goodwill and core deposit intangible assets. A significant decline in our expected future cash flows, a significant adverse change in the business climate, slower growth rates or a significant and sustained decline in the price of the Company’s common stock may necessitate taking charges in the future related to the impairment of our goodwill and core deposit intangible assets. If we were to conclude that a future write-down of goodwill and core deposit intangible assets is necessary, we would record the appropriate charge, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Relating to Economic and Market Conditions
The economic impact of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken to limit COVID-19’s spread adversely affect our business, customers, employees, and third-party service providers.
COVID-19 has negatively impacted global, national and local economies, disrupted global supply chains, lowered equity market valuations, created significant volatility and disruption in financial markets, increased unemployment levels and decreased consumer confidence, generally. In addition, the pandemic resulted in temporary closures of many businesses and the institution of social distancing and sheltering-in-place requirements in many states and communities and may result in similar restrictions in the future. As a result, the demand for our products and services have been and may continue to be significantly impacted, which could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. Furthermore, the pandemic could continue to result in the recognition of credit losses in our loan portfolios and increase our allowance for credit losses, particularly if businesses remain required to operate at diminished capacities or are required to close again, the impact on the global, national and local economies worsen, or more customers draw on their lines of credit or seek additional loans to help finance their businesses. Our business operations may also be disrupted if significant portions of our workforce are unable to work effectively, including because of illness, quarantines, government actions, or other restrictions in connection with COVID-19. The pandemic could also affect the stability of our deposit base as well as our capital and liquidity position, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, result in lost revenue and cause us to incur additional expenses. Similarly, because of changing economic and market conditions affecting issuers, we may be required to recognize other-than-temporary impairments in future periods on the securities we hold as well as reductions in other comprehensive income. The extent of the impact of COVID-19, including the rise of new strains, on our capital, liquidity, and other financial positions and on our business, results of operations, and prospects will depend on a number of evolving factors.
As the result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related adverse local and national economic consequences, we could be subject to any of the following risks, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations:

| - | government action in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on our business and operations, including vaccination mandates and their effects on our workforce, human capital resources and infrastructure;

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| - | declines in demand for loans and other banking services and products, as well as a decline in the credit quality of our loan portfolio, owing to the effects of COVID-19 in the markets served by the Company;

| - | collateral for loans, especially real estate, may decline in value, which could cause loan losses to increase;

| - | our allowance for loan losses may have to be increased if borrowers experience financial difficulties beyond forbearance periods, which will adversely affect our net income;

| - | the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us;

| - | a material decrease in net income or a net loss over several quarters could result in a decrease in the rate of our quarterly cash dividend;

| - | cyber security risks are increased as the result of an increase in the number of employees working remotely;

| - | the unanticipated loss or unavailability of key associates due to the outbreak, which could harm our ability to operate our business or execute our business strategy, especially as we may not be successful in finding and integrating suitable successors;

| - | we rely on third party vendors for certain services and the unavailability of a critical service due to the COVID-19 outbreak could have an adverse effect on us; and

| - | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation premiums may increase if the agency experiences additional resolution costs for bank failures.

Any one or a combination of the factors identified above could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.
Even after COVID-19 has subsided, the U.S. economy will likely require time to recover, the length of which is unknown and during which the U.S. may experience a recession or market correction. We may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to our business as a result of any such recession or market correction.
We continue to closely monitor COVID-19 and related risks as they evolve. There are no comparable recent events that provide guidance as to the effect the spread of COVID-19 as a global pandemic may have. The ultimate impact of the outbreak, the permanence of operating conditions that developed during the pandemic, and how quickly and to what extent economic conditions improve and normal business and operating conditions resume are highly uncertain and subject to change. The effects could have a material impact on our results of operations and heighten many of the other risk factors identified in this item
The Company operates in a highly competitive industry and market area. The Company faces significant competition both in making loans and in attracting deposits. Competition is based on interest rates and other credit and service charges, the quality of services rendered, the convenience of banking facilities, the range and type of products offered and, in the case of loans to larger commercial borrowers, lending limits, among other factors. Competition for loans comes principally from commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, mortgage banking companies, insurance companies, and other financial service companies. The Company’s most direct competition for deposits has historically come from commercial banks, savings banks, and savings and loan associations. Technology has also lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment systems. The wide acceptance of Internet-based commerce has resulted in a number of alternative payment processing systems and lending platforms in which banks play only minor roles. Customers can now maintain funds in prepaid debit cards or digital currencies, and pay bills and transfer funds directly without the direct assistance of banks. Our profitability depends upon our continued ability to successfully compete in our market areas. Larger competitors may be able to achieve economies of scale and, as a result, offer a broader range of products and services. The Company’s ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including, among other things:

| - | the ability to develop, maintain, and build long-term customer relationships based on top quality service, high ethical standards, and safe, sound assets;

| - | the ability to expand the Company’s market position;

| - | the scope, relevance, and pricing of products and services offered to meet customer needs and demands;

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| - | the rate at which the Company introduces new products and services relative to its competitors;

| - | customer satisfaction with the Company’s level of service; and

| - | industry and general economic trends

Failure to perform in any of these areas could significantly weaken the Company’s competitive position, which could adversely affect growth and profitability.
Changing interest rates have a direct and immediate impact on financial institutions. The interest rate risk that exists for most or all financial institutions arises out of interest rates that increase more than anticipated or that increase more quickly than expected. If interest rates change more abruptly than we have simulated or if the increase is greater than we have simulated, this could have an adverse effect on our net interest income and equity value. The risk of nonpayment of loans — or credit risk — is not the only lending risk. Lenders are subject also to interest rate risk. Fluctuating rates of interest prevailing in the market affect a bank’s net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned from loans and investments, on one hand, and interest paid on deposits and borrowings, on the other. Changes in the general level of interest rates can affect our net interest income by affecting the difference between the weighted-average yield earned on our interest-earning assets and the weighted-average rate paid on our interest-bearing liabilities, or interest rate spread, and the average life of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in interest rates also can affect (i) our ability to originate loans, (ii) the value of our interest-earning assets, and our ability to realize gains from the sale of such assets, (iii) our ability to obtain and retain deposits in competition with other available investment alternatives, and (iv) the ability of our borrowers to repay adjustable or variable rate loans. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions, and other factors beyond our control. Although the Company believes that the estimated maturities of our interest-earning assets currently are well balanced in relation to the estimated maturities of our interest-bearing liabilities (which involves various estimates as to how changes in the general level of interest rates will impact these assets and liabilities), there can be no assurance that our profitability would not be adversely affected during any period of changes in interest rates.
A prolonged economic downturn in our market area would adversely affect our loan portfolio and our growth prospects. Our lending market area is concentrated in northeastern and central Ohio, particularly Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Delaware, Franklin, Geauga, Madison, Portage, Summit, and Trumbull Counties. A very significant percentage of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate collateral, primarily residential mortgage loans. Commercial and industrial loans to small and medium-sized businesses also represent a significant percentage of our loan portfolio. The asset quality of our loan portfolio is largely dependent upon the area’s economy and real estate markets. A prolonged economic downturn would likely lead to deterioration of the credit quality of our loan portfolio and reduce our level of customer deposits, which in turn would hurt our business. Borrowers may be less likely to repay their loans as scheduled or at all. Moreover, the value of real estate or other collateral that may secure our loans could be adversely affected. Unlike many larger institutions, we are not able to spread the risks of unfavorable local economic conditions across a large number of diversified economies and geographic locations. A prolonged economic downturn could, therefore, result in losses that could materially and adversely affect our business.
Volatility and uncertainty related to inflation and the effects of inflation, which may lead to increased costs for businesses and consumers and potentially contribute to poor business and economic conditions generally, may also enhance or contribute to some of the risks discussed herein. For example, higher inflation, or volatility and uncertainty related to inflation, could reduce demand for the Company’s products, adversely affect the creditworthiness of the Company’s borrowers or result in lower values for the Company’s investment securities and other interest-earning assets.
Risks Associated with the Company’s Common Stock
The Company may issue additional shares of its common stock in the future, which could dilute a shareholder's ownership of common stock. The Company's articles of incorporation authorize its Board of Directors, without shareholder approval, to, among other things, issue additional shares of common stock. The issuance of any additional shares of common stock could be dilutive to a shareholder's ownership of Company common stock. To the extent that the Company issues options or warrants to purchase common stock in the future and the options or warrants are exercised, the Company's shareholders may experience further dilution. Holders of shares of Company common stock have no preemptive rights that entitle holders to purchase their pro rata share of any offering of shares and, therefore, shareholders may not be permitted to invest in future issuances of Company common stock.
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If an entity holds as little as a 5% interest in our outstanding securities, that entity could, under certain circumstances, be subject to regulation as a "bank holding company." Any entity, including a "group" composed of natural persons, owning or controlling with the power to vote 25% or more of our outstanding securities, or 5% or more if the holder otherwise exercises a "controlling influence" over us, may be subject to regulation as a "bank holding company" in accordance with the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. In addition, any bank holding company or foreign bank with a U.S. presence may be required to obtain the approval of the Federal Reserve Board under the Bank Holding Company Act to acquire or retain 5% or more of our outstanding securities. Becoming a bank holding company imposes statutory and regulatory restrictions and obligations, such as providing managerial and financial strength for its bank subsidiaries. Regulation as a bank holding company could require the holder to divest all or a portion of the holder's investment in our securities or those nonbanking investments that may be deemed impermissible or incompatible with bank holding company status, such as a material investment in a company unrelated to banking.
Anti-takeover provisions could delay or prevent an acquisition or change in control by a third party. Provisions of the Ohio General Corporation Law, our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, and our Code of Regulations, including a staggered board and supermajority voting requirements, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us or could have the effect of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire control of us.
Risks Related to the Legal and Regulatory Environment
The banking industry is heavily regulated; the compliance burden to the industry is considerable; the principal beneficiary of federal and state regulation is the public at large and depositors, not stockholders. The Company and its subsidiaries are and will remain subject to extensive state and federal government supervision and regulation. Supervision and regulation affect many aspects of the banking business, including permissible activities, lending, investments, payment of dividends, the geographic locations in which our services can be offered, and numerous other matters. State and federal supervision and regulation are intended principally to protect depositors, the public, and the deposit insurance fund administered by the FDIC. Protection of stockholders is not a goal of banking regulation.
The burdens of federal and state banking regulation place banks in general at a competitive disadvantage compared to less regulated competitors. Applicable statutes, regulations, agency and court interpretations, and agency enforcement policies have undergone significant changes, and could change significantly again. Federal and state banking agencies also require banks and bank holding companies to maintain adequate capital. Failure to maintain adequate capital or to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and supervisory agreements could subject a bank or bank holding company to federal or state enforcement actions, including termination of deposit insurance, imposition of fines and civil penalties, and, in the most severe cases, appointment of a conservator or receiver for a depositary institution. Changes in applicable laws and regulatory policies could adversely affect the banking industry generally or the Company in particular. The Company gives you no assurance that we will be able to adapt successfully to industry changes caused by governmental actions.
A new accounting standard may require us to increase our allowance for loan and lease losses and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has adopted a new accounting standard that will be effective for the Bank for our first fiscal year after December 15, 2022. This standard, referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss, or CECL, will require financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans, and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for loan losses. This will change the current method of providing allowances for loan losses that are probable, which may require us to increase our allowance for loan and lease losses, and to greatly increase the types of data we will need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan and lease losses. Any change in the allowance for loan and lease losses at the time of adoption will be an adjustment to retained earnings and would change the Bank’s capital levels. A banking organization that experiences a reduction in retained earnings as of the CECL adoption date may elect to phase in the regulatory capital impact of adopting CECL over a three-year transition period. Any increase in our allowance for loan and lease losses or expenses incurred to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan and lease losses may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Upon adoption of the CECL, credit loss allowances may increase, which would decrease retained earnings and thereby affect common equity tier 1 capital for regulatory capital purposes. CECL implementation poses operational risk, including the failure to properly transition internal processes or systems, which could lead to call report errors, financial misstatements, or operational losses. Successful implementation may require adjustments to existing data elements and credit loss methods.
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A transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) as a reference rate for financial contracts could negatively affect the value of various financial contracts. In July 2017, the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR to the administrator of LIBOR after 2021. Subsequently in November 2020 the FCA proposed end dates immediately following the December 31, 2021 publication for the one-week and two-month LIBOR settings, and the June 30, 2023 publication for other LIBOR tenors. These announcements indicate that the continuation of LIBOR on the current basis cannot and will not be guaranteed after December 31, 2021 or June 30, 2023, as applicable. We cannot predict whether and to what extent banks will continue to provide LIBOR submissions to the administrator of LIBOR or whether any additional reforms to LIBOR may be enacted. At this time, a general consensus exists that in the U.S. the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) index will be an acceptable alternative to LIBOR. The language in our LIBOR-based contracts and financial instruments have various events that trigger when a successor rate to the designated rate would be selected. If a trigger is satisfied, our LIBOR-based contracts and financial instruments may provide a procedure for selecting a substitute index or indices for the calculation of interest rates. The implementation of a substitute index or indices for the calculation of interest rates under our LIBOR-based contracts and financial instruments may result in our incurring significant expenses in effecting the transition and may result in disputes or litigation over the appropriateness or comparability to LIBOR of the substitute index or indices, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
Environmental liability associated with commercial lending could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real property. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing certain loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous or toxic substances are found, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage. In addition, we own and operate certain properties that may be subject to similar environmental liability risks.
Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Although we have policies and procedures requiring the performance of an environmental site assessment before initiating any foreclosure action on real property, these assessments may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Changes in accounting standards could materially impact our consolidated financial statements. Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how the Company records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. The accounting standard setters, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC, and other regulatory bodies, from time to time may change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. These changes can be hard to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, the Company could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in changes to previously reported financial results, or a cumulative charge to retained earnings. Management may be required to make difficult, subjective, or complex judgments about matters that are uncertain. Materially different amounts could be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions.
Regulatory requirements affecting our loans secured by commercial real estate could limit our ability to leverage our capital and adversely affect our growth and profitability. Rising commercial real estate lending concentrations may expose institutions like the Bank to unanticipated earnings and capital volatility in the event of adverse changes in the commercial real estate market. In addition, institutions that are exposed to significant commercial real estate concentration risk may be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny. The federal banking agencies have issued guidance for institutions that are deemed to have concentrations in commercial real estate lending. Pursuant to the supervisory criteria contained in the guidance for identifying institutions with a potential commercial real estate concentration risk, institutions that have (i) total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land which represent 100% or more of an institution’s total risk-based capital; or (ii) total commercial real estate loans representing 300% or more of the institution’s total risk-based capital and the outstanding balance of the institution's commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months are encouraged to identify and monitor credit concentrations and enhance risk management systems. At December 31, 2021, non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans (including construction, land, and land development loans) represent 255.5% of total risk-based capital and the Bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased by approximately 16.2% during the prior 36 months. Construction, land, and land development loans represent 36.1% of total risk-based capital as of December 31, 2021. Management has extensive experience in commercial real estate lending. Management has implemented and continues to maintain heightened risk management procedures and strong underwriting criteria with respect to its commercial real estate portfolio. Loan monitoring practices include but are not limited to periodic stress testing analysis to evaluate changes to cash flows, interest rate increases and declines in net operating income. Nevertheless, we may be required to maintain higher levels of capital as a result of our commercial real estate concentrations, which could require us to obtain additional capital, and may adversely affect shareholder returns. The Company has an extensive capital planning policy, which includes pro forma projections including stress testing within which the Board of Directors has established internal minimum targets for regulatory capital ratios that are in excess of well-capitalized ratios.
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Changes in tax laws could have an adverse effect on us, our industry, our customers, the value of collateral securing our loans and demand for our loans. Federal tax reform legislation enacted by Congress in December 2017 contains a number of provisions that could have an impact on the banking industry, borrowers and the market for single-family residential and multifamily residential real estate. Among the changes are: a lower cap on the amount of mortgage interest that a borrower may deduct on single-family residential mortgages; the lower mortgage interest cap will be spread among all of the borrower’s residential mortgages, which may result in elimination or lowering of the mortgage interest deduction on a second home; limitations on deductibility of business interest expense; limitations on the deductibility of state and local income and property taxes. Such changes could have an adverse effect on the market for and valuation of single-family residential properties and multifamily residential properties, and on the demand for such loans in the future. If home ownership or multifamily residential property ownership become less attractive, demand for our loans could decrease. The value of the properties securing loans in our portfolio may be adversely impacted as a result of the changing economics of home ownership and multifamily residential ownership, which could require an increase in our provision for loan losses, which would reduce our profitability and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We face a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations. The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, or the USA Patriot Act or Patriot Act, and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain an effective anti-money laundering program and to file reports such as suspicious activity reports and currency transaction reports. We are required to comply with these and other anti-money laundering requirements. Our federal and state banking regulators, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, or FinCEN, and other government agencies are authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of anti-money laundering requirements. We are also subject to increased scrutiny of compliance with the regulations issued and enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC. If our program is deemed deficient, we could be subject to liability, including fines, civil money penalties and other regulatory actions, which may include restrictions on our business operations and our ability to pay dividends, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, restrictions on expansion, and restrictions on entering new business lines. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have significant reputational consequences for us. Any of these circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Government regulation could restrict our ability to pay cash dividends. Dividends from the bank are the only significant source of cash for the Company. Statutory and regulatory limits could prevent the bank from paying dividends or transferring funds to the Company. As of December 31, 2021, MBC could have declared dividends of approximately $7.9 million in the aggregate to the Company. The Company cannot assure you that subsidiary bank profitability will continue to allow dividends to the Company, and the Company therefore cannot assure you that the Company will be able to continue paying regular, quarterly cash dividends.
General Risk Factors
Climate change, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, the impact of pandemics or epidemics, and other external events could significantly impact our business. Natural disasters, including severe weather events of increasing strength and frequency due to climate change, acts of war or terrorism, and other adverse external events could have a significant impact on our ability to conduct business or upon third parties who perform operational services for us or our customers. Such events could affect the stability of our deposit base, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, cause significant property damage, result in lost revenue or cause us to incur additional expenses.
The effects of coronavirus on international trade (including supply chains and export levels), travel, employee productivity and other economic activities had a destabilizing effect on financial markets and economic activity during 2020, continuing through 2021. In addition, coronavirus and the extent to which it has spread has affected, and may continue to affect, international trade (including supply chains and export levels), travel, employee productivity and other economic activities. The continuation of the coronavirus pandemic has the potential to negatively impact our and/or our customers’ costs, demand for our customers' products, and/or the U.S. economy or certain sectors thereof and, thus, adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Item 1B — Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
Item 2 — Properties
The Bank’s principal executive offices are located at 15985 East High Street, Middlefield, Ohio 44062.
As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, MBC has seventeen banking centers and one administrative office as listed below:

| ● | branch offices in Middlefield (two offices), Chardon, and Newbury in Geauga County;

| ● | an administrative office in Middlefield in Geauga County;

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| ● | branch offices in Garrettsville and Mantua in Portage County;

| ● | a branch office in Orwell in Ashtabula County;

| ● | a branch office in Cortland in Trumbull County;

| ● | branch offices in Dublin and Westerville in Franklin County;

| ● | a loan production office in Mentor in Lake County;

| ● | branch offices in Sunbury and Powell in Delaware County;

| ● | branch offices in Beachwood and Solon in Cuyahoga County;

| ● | a branch office in Twinsburg in Summit County;

| ● | a branch office in Plain City in Madison County.

On December 31, 2021, the net book value of the Bank’s investment in premises and equipment totaled $17.3 million.
Item 3 — Legal Proceedings
From time to time, the Company and the subsidiary bank are involved in various legal proceedings that are incidental to its business. In the opinion of management, no current legal proceedings are material to the Company's financial condition or the subsidiary bank, either individually or in the aggregate.
Item 4 — Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Part II
Item 5 — Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Details of repurchases of Company common stock during the fourth quarter of 2021 are included in the following table:

2021 period In thousands, except per share data |  | Total shares purchased |  |  | Average price paid per share |  |  | Total shares purchased as part of a publicly announced program |  |  | Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the program |
October 1- October 31 |  |  | 74,242 |  |  | $ | 24.14 |  |  |  | 328,039 |  |  |  | 179,655 |
November 1- November 30 |  |  | 63,678 |  |  | $ | 26.05 |  |  |  | 391,717 |  |  |  | 115,977 |
December 1- December 31 |  |  | 28,426 |  |  | $ | 24.99 |  |  |  | 420,143 |  |  |  | 87,551 |
Total |  |  | 166,346 |  |  | $ | 25.05 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “MBCN.” At the close of business on December 31, 2021, there were approximately 949 shareholders of record. Our cash dividend payout policy is reviewed regularly by management and the Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors has consistently declared cash dividends on our common stock. Any dividends declared and paid in the future would depend upon several factors, including capital requirements, our financial condition and results of operations, tax considerations, statutory and regulatory limitations, and general economic conditions. No assurance can be given that any dividends will be paid or that, if paid, will not be reduced or eliminated in future periods. Our future payment of dividends may depend, in part, upon receipts of dividends from the Bank, which are restricted by banking regulations.
Information relating to the market for Middlefield’s common equity and related shareholder matters appears under “Return on Equity and Assets” and “Market Price of and Dividends on the Registrant’s Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters” in the Company’s 2021 Annual Report to Shareholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
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Item 6 — Selected Financial Data
Not applicable.
Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The above-captioned information appears under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s 2021 Annual Report to Shareholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 7A — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Not applicable.
Item 8 — Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and its subsidiaries, together with the report thereon by S.R. Snodgrass, P.C. (PCAOB: 00074) appear in the Company’s 2021 Annual Report to Shareholders and are incorporated herein by reference.
Item 9 — Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None
Item 9A – Controls and Procedures

| (a) | Disclosure Controls and Procedures
| The Company’s management, including the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Based upon their evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective for ensuring that the information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) (1) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (2) is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
| (b) | Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
|  | Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting and the attestation report of the independent registered public accounting firm are incorporated herein by reference to Item 8 - the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
| (c) | Changes to Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
|  | There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the period ended December 31, 2021, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B — Other Information
None
Part III
Item 10 — Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance
Incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after December 31, 2021.
The Company’s Code of Ethics is available on the corporate website https://www.middlefieldbank.bank/uploads/userfiles/files/documents/Code-of-Ethics.pdf. In addition, any future amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of the Code of Ethics that applies to the Company’s directors or executive officers (including the Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) will be posted on this internet address.
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Item 11 — Executive Compensation
Incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after December 31, 2021.
Item 12 — Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after December 31, 2021.
Item 13 — Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after December 31, 2021.
Item 14 — Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after December 31, 2021.
Part IV
Item 15 — Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a)(1) Financial Statements

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements: |  |  |
Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting firm |  |  |  |
Consolidated Balance Sheet |  |  |  |
Consolidated Statement of Income Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income |  |  |  |
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows |  |  |  |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  |  |

(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules
Financial Statement Schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown elsewhere in the document in the Financial Statements or Notes thereto, or in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
(a)(3) Exhibits
See the list of exhibits below
(b) Exhibits Required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K

Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Location
3.1 |  | Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Middlefield Banc Corp., as amended |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2005, filed on March 29, 2006
3.2 |  | Regulations of Middlefield Banc Corp. |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s registration statement on Form 10 filed on April 17, 2001

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4 |  | Specimen stock certificate |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s registration statement on Form 10 filed on April 17, 2001
4.1 |  | Amended and Restated Trust Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2006, between Middlefield Banc Corp., as Depositor, Wilmington Trust Company, as Property trustee, Wilmington Trust Company, as Delaware Trustee, and Administrative Trustees |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on December 27, 2006
4.2 |  | Junior Subordinated Indenture, dated as of December 21, 2006, between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Wilmington Trust Company |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on December 27, 2006
4.3 |  | Guarantee Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2006, between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Wilmington Trust Company |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on December 27, 2006
10.1.0* |  | 2017 Omnibus Equity Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Middlefield Banc Corp.’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, Appendix A, filed on April 4, 2017
10.1.1* |  | [reserved] |  |
10.2* |  | Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Thomas G. Caldwell |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on March 12, 2019
10.3* |  | Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and James R. Heslop, II |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on March 12, 2019
10.4 |  | Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati Agreement for Advances and Security Agreement dated September 14, 2000 |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s registration statement on Form 10 filed on April 17, 2001
10.4.1* |  | Severance Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Teresa M. Hetrick, dated January 7, 2008 |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.1 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on January 9, 2008
10.4.2* |  | Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Charles O. Moore |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.2 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on March 12, 2019

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10.4.3* |  | Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Donald L. Stacy |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.3 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on March 12, 2019
10.4.4* |  | Severance Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Alfred F. Thompson, Jr., dated January 7, 2008 |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.4 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on January 9, 2008
10.4.5* |  | Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Michael L. Allen |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.5 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-Q Current Report filed on November 5, 2019
10.4.6** |  | Compensation Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Michael C. Ranttila |  | filed herewith
10.4.7* |  | Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Michael C. Ranttila |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.7 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-K Current Report filed on March 12, 2021
10.5 |  | [reserved] |  |
10.6* |  | Amended Director Retirement Agreement with Richard T. Coyne |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on January 9, 2008
10.7* |  | Amended Director Retirement Agreement with Frances H. Frank |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on January 9, 2008
10.8 |  | [reserved] |  |
10.9 |  | [reserved] |  |
10.10 |  | [reserved] |  |
10.11* |  | Director Retirement Agreement with Martin S. Paul |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2001, filed on March 28, 2002
10.12 |  | [reserved] |  |
10.13 |  | [reserved] |  |
10.14* |  | Executive Survivor Income Agreement (aka DBO agreement [death benefit only]) with Donald L. Stacy |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004

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10.15* |  | DBO Agreement with Jay P. Giles |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004
10.16* |  | DBO Agreement with Alfred F. Thompson, Jr. |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004
10.17* |  | DBO Agreement with Teresa M. Hetrick |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004
10.18 * |  | Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Jay P. Giles |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2011, filed on March 20, 2012
10.19 |  | [reserved] |  |
10.20* |  | DBO Agreement with James R. Heslop, II |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004
10.21* |  | DBO Agreement with Thomas G. Caldwell |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004
10.22* |  | Annual Incentive Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on March 12, 2019
10.22.1 |  | [reserved] |  |
10.23** |  | Amended Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Thomas G. Caldwell |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020
10.24** |  | Amended Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with James R. Heslop, II |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020

36

10.25** |  | Amended Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Donald L. Stacy |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020
10.26** |  | Executive Variable Benefit Deferred Compensation Agreement with James R. Heslop, II |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020
10.27** |  | Executive Variable Benefit Deferred Compensation Agreement with Donald L. Stacy |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020
10.28** |  | Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Charles O. Moore |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020
10.29* |  | [reserved] |  |
10.29.1 |  | Form of conditional stock award under the 2017 Omnibus Equity Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on July 24, 2017
10.30** |  | Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Michael L. Allen |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-Q Current Report filed on May 7, 2019
10.31** |  | Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with John D. Lane |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-Q Current Report filed on May 7, 2019
10.32** |  | Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Michael C. Ranttila |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-K Current Report filed on March 12, 2021
13 |  | Portions of Annual Report to Shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2020 incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K |  | filed herewith
21 |  | Subsidiaries of Middlefield Banc Corp. |  | filed herewith
23 |  | Consent of S.R. Snodgrass, P.C., independent auditors of Middlefield Banc Corp. |  | filed herewith

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31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) certification of Chief Executive Officer |  | filed herewith
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) certification of Chief Financial Officer |  | filed herewith
32 |  | Rule 13a-14(b) certification |  | filed herewith
99.1 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement with directors of Middlefield Banc Corp. and with executive officers of Middlefield Banc Corp. and The Middlefield Banking Company |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s registration statement on Form 10, Amendment No. 1, filed on June 14, 2001
101.INS*** |  | Inline XBRL Instance |  | furnished herewith
101.SCH*** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema |  | furnished herewith
101.CAL*** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation |  | furnished herewith
101.DEF*** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition |  | furnished herewith
101.LAB*** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels |  | furnished herewith
101.PRE*** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation |  | furnished herewith
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |

* management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
** management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement, a schedule has been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K and will be provided on a supplemental basis to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
*** XBRL information is furnished and not filed or a part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, is deemed not filed for purposes of section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise is not subject to liability under these sections.
Item 16 – Form 10-K Summary
None.
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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| Middlefield Banc Corp. |
| By: | /s/ Thomas G. Caldwell |
|  | Thomas G. Caldwell |
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer |
|  | Date: March 15, 2022 |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

/s/ Thomas G. Caldwell |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
Thomas G. Caldwell |  |  |  |
President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director |  |  |  |
/s/ Donald L. Stacy |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
Donald L. Stacy, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer |  |  |  |
(Principal accounting and financial officer) |  |  |  |
/s/ Carolyn J. Turk |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
Carolyn J. Turk, Director |  |  |  |
/s/ James R. Heslop, II |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
James R. Heslop, II, Executive Vice President, |  |  |  |
Chief Operating Officer, and Director |  |  |  |
/s/ Kenneth E. Jones |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
Kenneth E. Jones, Director |  |  |  |
/s/ James J. McCaskey |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
James J. McCaskey, Director |  |  |  |
/s/ William J. Skidmore |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
William J. Skidmore, Chairman of the Board |  |  |  |
/s/ Kevin A. DiGeronimo |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
Kevin A. DiGeronimo, Director |  |  |  |

/s/ Darryl E. Mast |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
Darryl E. Mast, Director |  |  |  |
/s/ Thomas W. Bevan |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
Thomas W. Bevan, Director |  |  |  |
/s/ Michael C. Voinovich |  |  |  | March 15, 2022
Michael C. Voinovich, Director |  |  |  |

39