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3) Investments | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2018
Notes |
3) Investments | 3) Investments The Company’s investments as of June 30, 2018 are summarized as follows:
|  | Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities held to maturity carried at amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | $ 44,290,515 |  | $ 161,391 |  | $ (1,053,070) |  | $ 43,398,836
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 6,715,254 |  | 56,035 |  | (154,442) |  | 6,616,847
Corporate securities including public utilities |  | 154,368,566 |  | 8,196,301 |  | (2,033,410) |  | 160,531,457
Mortgage-backed securities |  | 12,411,842 |  | 199,574 |  | (295,001) |  | 12,316,415
Redeemable preferred stock |  | 623,635 |  | 36,767 |  | (299) |  | 660,103
Total fixed maturity securities held to maturity |  | $ 218,409,812 |  | $ 8,650,068 |  | $ (3,536,222) |  | $ 223,523,658
Equity securities at estimated fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other |  | $ 6,267,290 |  | $ 557,705 |  | $ (746,228) |  | $ 6,078,767
Total equity securities at estimated fair value |  | $ 6,267,290 |  | $ 557,705 |  | $ (746,228) |  | $ 6,078,767
Mortgage loans held for investment at amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  | $ 87,960,136 |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential construction |  | 63,461,371 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | 44,682,145 |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Unamortized deferred loan fees, net |  | (1,471,151) |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Allowance for loan losses |  | (1,563,664) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total mortgage loans held for investment |  | $ 193,068,837 |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate held for investment net of accumulated depreciation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  | $ 31,111,447 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | 93,467,392 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total real estate held for investment |  | $ 124,578,839 |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy loans and other investments at amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy loans |  | $ 6,310,614 |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance assignments |  | 32,705,857 |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 2,508,700 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other investments |  | 4,280,651 |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | (1,011,924) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total policy loans and other investments |  | $ 44,793,898 |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued investment income |  | $ 3,968,447 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total investments |  | $ 590,898,600 |  |  |  |  |  |
The Company’s investments as of December 31, 2017 are summarized as follows:
|  | Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
December 31, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities held to maturity carried at amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | $ 54,077,069 |  | $ 211,824 |  | $ (579,423) |  | $ 53,709,470
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 5,843,176 |  | 112,372 |  | (71,013) |  | 5,884,535
Corporate securities including public utilities |  | 158,350,727 |  | 14,336,452 |  | (1,007,504) |  | 171,679,675
Mortgage-backed securities |  | 9,503,016 |  | 210,652 |  | (162,131) |  | 9,551,537
Redeemable preferred stock |  | 623,635 |  | 49,748 |  | (191) |  | 673,192
Total fixed maturity securities held to maturity |  | $ 228,397,623 |  | $ 14,921,048 |  | $ (1,820,262) |  | $ 241,498,409
Equity securities at estimated fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other |  | $ 6,002,931 |  | $ 667,593 |  | $ (632,669) |  | $ 6,037,855
Total equity securities at estimated fair value |  | $ 6,002,931 |  | $ 667,593 |  | $ (632,669) |  | $ 6,037,855
Mortgage loans held for investment at amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  | $ 102,527,111 |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential construction |  | 50,157,533 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | 54,954,865 |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Unamortized deferred loan fees, net |  | (1,659,828) |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Allowance for loan losses |  | (1,768,796) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total mortgage loans held for investment |  | $ 204,210,885 |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate held for investment net of accumulated depreciation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  | $ 68,329,917 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | 72,968,789 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total real estate held for investment |  | $ 141,298,706 |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy loans and other investments at amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy loans |  | $ 6,531,352 |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance assignments |  | 36,301,739 |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 689,400 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other investments |  | 3,219,622 |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | (846,641) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total policy loans and other investments |  | $ 45,895,472 |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued investment income |  | $ 3,644,077 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total investments |  | $ 629,484,618 |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed Maturity Securities The following tables summarize unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities held to maturity, which are carried at amortized cost, at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The unrealized losses were primarily related to interest rate fluctuations. The tables set forth unrealized losses by duration with the fair value of the related fixed maturity securities:
|  | Unrealized Losses for Less than Twelve Months |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses for More than Twelve Months |  | Fair Value |  | Total Unrealized Loss | Fair Value
At June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government Agencies |  | $ 980,567 |  | $ 39,678,285 |  | $ 72,503 |  | $ 2,310,384 |  | $ 1,053,070 | $ 41,988,669
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 27,244 |  | 2,178,208 |  | 127,198 |  | 2,676,232 |  | 154,442 | 4,854,440
Corporate securities |  | 1,474,703 |  | 52,689,981 |  | 558,707 |  | 9,403,585 |  | 2,033,410 | 62,093,566
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities |  | 91,703 |  | 2,719,836 |  | 203,298 |  | 2,025,315 |  | 295,001 | 4,745,151
Redeemable preferred stock |  | 299 |  | 11,612 |  | - |  | - |  | 299 | 11,612
Total unrealized losses |  | $ 2,574,516 |  | $ 97,277,922 |  | $ 961,706 |  | $ 16,415,516 |  | $ 3,536,222 | $ 113,693,438
At December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government Agencies |  | $ 532,010 |  | $ 51,606,699 |  | $ 47,413 |  | $ 643,380 |  | $ 579,423 | $ 52,250,079
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 296 |  | 214,882 |  | 70,717 |  | 2,225,021 |  | 71,013 | 2,439,903
Corporate securities |  | 167,786 |  | 11,551,865 |  | 839,718 |  | 13,193,258 |  | 1,007,504 | 24,745,123
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities |  | 56,756 |  | 2,516,660 |  | 105,375 |  | 1,676,494 |  | 162,131 | 4,193,154
Redeemable preferred stock |  | 191 |  | 11,421 |  | - |  | - |  | 191 | 11,421
Total unrealized losses |  | $ 757,039 |  | $ 65,901,527 |  | $ 1,063,223 |  | $ 17,738,153 |  | $ 1,820,262 | $ 83,639,680
There were 316 securities with fair value of 97.0% of amortized cost at June 30, 2018. There were 141 securities with fair value of 97.9% of amortized cost at December 31, 2017. During the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, an other than temporary decline in fair value resulted in the recognition of credit losses on fixed maturity securities of $-0- and $266,227, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, an other than temporary decline in fair value resulted in the recognition of credit losses on fixed maturity securities of $-0- and $318,366, respectively. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates its fixed maturity securities held to maturity. This evaluation includes a review of current ratings by the National Association of Insurance Commissions (“NAIC”). Securities with a rating of 1 or 2 are considered investment grade and are not reviewed for impairment. Securities with ratings of 3 to 5 are evaluated for impairment. Securities with a rating of 6 are automatically determined to be impaired and are written down. The evaluation involves an analysis of the securities in relation to historical values, interest payment history, projected earnings and revenue growth rates as well as a review of the reason for a downgrade in the NAIC rating. Based on the analysis of a security that is rated 3 to 5, a determination is made whether the security will likely make interest and principal payments in accordance with the terms of the financial instrument. If it is unlikely that the security will meet contractual obligations, the loss is considered to be other than temporary, the security is written down to the new anticipated market value and an impairment loss is recognized. Impairment losses are treated as credit losses as the Company holds fixed maturity securities to maturity unless the underlying conditions have changed in the financial instrument to require an impairment. The fair values of fixed maturity securities are based on quoted market prices, when available. For fixed maturity securities not actively traded, fair values are estimated using values obtained from independent pricing services, or in the case of private placements, are estimated by discounting expected future cash flows using a current market value applicable to the coupon rate, credit and maturity of the investments. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities held to maturity, at June 30, 2018, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Held to Maturity: |  |  |  |
Due in 1 year |  | $ 4,672,982 |  | $ 4,780,152
Due in 2-5 years |  | 66,946,075 |  | 66,997,789
Due in 5-10 years |  | 56,121,102 |  | 56,597,254
Due in more than 10 years |  | 77,634,176 |  | 82,171,945
Mortgage-backed securities |  | 12,411,842 |  | 12,316,415
Redeemable preferred stock |  | 623,635 |  | 660,103
Total held to maturity |  | $ 218,409,812 |  | $ 223,523,658
The Company is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”). The Company currently has deposited a total of $50,000,000, par value, of United States Treasury fixed maturity securities with FHLB. These securities generate interest income for the Company and are available to use as collateral on any cash borrowings from the FHLB. As of June 30, 2018, the Company owed $45,000,000 to the FHLB. This amount owed was paid in July 2018. Equity Securities The following tables summarize unrealized losses on equity securities that were carried at estimated fair value based on quoted trading prices at December 31, 2017. The unrealized losses were primarily the result of decreases in fair value in the retail, industrial and energy sectors. The tables set forth unrealized losses by duration and number of investment positions, together with the fair value of the related equity securities in a loss position:
|  | Unrealized Losses for Less than Twelve Months |  | No. of Investment Positions |  | Unrealized Losses for More than Twelve Months |  | No. of Investment Positions |  | Total Unrealized Losses
At December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other |  | $ 213,097 |  | 98 |  | $ 419,572 |  | 81 |  | $ 632,669
Total unrealized losses |  | $ 213,097 |  | 98 |  | $ 419,572 |  | 81 |  | $ 632,669
Fair Value |  | $ 847,718 |  |  |  | $ 1,329,213 |  |  |  | $ 2,176,931
The average fair value of the equity securities was 77.5% of the original investment as of December 31, 2017. The intent of the Company is to retain equity securities for a period of time sufficient to allow for the recovery in fair value. However, the Company may sell equity securities during a period in which the fair value has declined below the amount of the original investment. In certain situations, new factors, including changes in the business environment, can change the Company’s previous intent to continue holding a security. The fair values for equity securities are based on quoted market prices. See Note 2 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018. The Company now recognizes the changes (unrealized gains and losses) in the fair value of these equity securities through earnings as part of gains on investments and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings instead of other comprehensive income on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s net gains from investments and other assets, including net realized gains and losses from sales, calls, and maturities, unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, and other than temporary impairments are summarized as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended June 30 |  | Six Months Ended June 30
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Fixed maturity securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  | $ 259,503 |  | $ 50,987 |  | $ 287,635 |  | $ 53,422
Gross realized losses |  | (260,702) |  | (35,066) |  | (569,633) |  | (35,066)
Other than temporary impairments |  | - |  | (266,227) |  | - |  | (318,366)
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  | - |  | 45,474 |  | - |  | 106,452
Gross realized losses |  | - |  | (53,881) |  | - |  | (58,437)
Gains and (losses) during 2018 on securities sold in 2018 |  | (39,797) |  | - |  | (25,146) |  | -
Unrealized gains and (losses) on securities held at the end of the period |  | 158,993 |  | - |  | (213,048) |  | -
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  | 2,294,404 |  | 1,325,424 |  | 25,246,127 | (1) | 1,781,698
Gross realized losses |  | (84,172) |  | (445,536) |  | (376,767) |  | (815,337)
Total |  | $ 2,328,229 |  | $ 621,175 |  | $ 24,349,168 |  | $ 714,366
(1) Includes a one-time gain of $22,252,000 from the sale of Dry Creek at East Village apartments.
The net realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date, and the cost of the securities sold is determined using the specific identification method. The carrying amount of held to maturity securities sold was $2,432,180 and $255,509 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The net realized loss related to these sales was $314,643 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and the net realized gain related to these sales was $39,374 for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Although the intent is to buy and hold a fixed maturity security to maturity, the Company will sell a security prior to maturity if conditions have changed within the entity that issued the security to increase the risk of default to an unacceptable level. Major categories of net investment income are as follows:
| Three Months Ended June 30 |  | Six Months Ended June 30
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Fixed maturity securities held to maturity | $ 2,510,842 |  | $ 2,508,454 |  | $ 5,040,682 |  | $ 4,933,259
Equity securities | 53,620 |  | 59,066 |  | 111,912 |  | 113,852
Mortgage loans held for investment | 4,872,441 |  | 2,410,234 |  | 9,776,361 |  | 5,810,030
Real estate held for investment | 1,623,044 |  | 2,834,022 |  | 4,299,858 |  | 5,722,084
Policy loans | 108,630 |  | 153,552 |  | 211,496 |  | 270,397
Insurance assignments | 3,511,749 |  | 3,100,721 |  | 7,372,687 |  | 6,382,333
Other investments | 75,871 |  | 12,448 |  | 129,544 |  | 19,990
Cash and cash equivalents | 239,661 |  | 155,073 |  | 377,029 |  | 256,943
Gross investment income | 12,995,858 |  | 11,233,570 |  | 27,319,569 |  | 23,508,888
Investment expenses | (3,253,893) |  | (2,911,263) |  | (7,503,173) |  | (6,170,205)
Net investment income | $ 9,741,965 |  | $ 8,322,307 |  | $ 19,816,396 |  | $ 17,338,683
Net investment income includes income earned by the restricted assets of the cemeteries and mortuaries of $95,256 and $124,983 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $206,059 and $240,485 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Net investment income on real estate consists primarily of rental revenue. Investment expenses consist primarily of depreciation, property taxes, operating expenses of real estate and an estimated portion of administrative expenses relating to investment activities. Securities on deposit with regulatory authorities as required by law amounted to $9,228,146 at June 30, 2018 and $9,264,977 at December 31, 2017. These restricted securities are included in various assets under investments on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. There were no investments, aggregated by issuer, in excess of 10% of shareholders’ equity (before net unrealized gains and losses on equity securities) at June 30, 2018, other than investments issued or guaranteed by the United States Government. Real Estate Held for Investment The Company continues to strategically deploy resources into real estate to match the income and yield durations of its primary obligations. The sources for these real estate assets come through its various business units in the form of acquisition, development and mortgage foreclosures. Commercial Real Estate Held for Investment The Company owns and manages commercial real estate assets as a means of generating investment income. These assets are acquired in accordance with the Company’s goals and objectives for risk-adjusted returns. Due diligence is conducted on each asset using internal and third-party reports. Geographic locations and asset classes of the investment activity is determined by senior management under the direction of the Board of Directors. The Company employs full-time employees to attend to the day-to-day operations of those assets within the greater Salt Lake area and close surrounding markets. The Company utilizes third party property managers when the geographic boundary does not warrant full-time staff or through strategic lease-up periods. The Company generally looks to acquire assets in regions that are high growth regions for employment and population and in assets that provide operational efficiencies. The Company currently owns and operates 12 commercial properties in 7 states. These properties include industrial warehouses, office buildings, retail centers, undeveloped land, and the redevelopment and expansion of its corporate campus (“Center53”) in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Company uses Bank debt in strategic cases to leverage established yields or to acquire a higher quality or different class of asset. The aggregated net ending balance of commercial real estate that serves as collateral for bank borrowings was approximately $85,560,000 and $64,704,000 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The associated bank loan carrying values totaled approximately $51,842,000 and $40,994,000 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The following is a summary of the Company’s commercial real estate held for investment for the periods presented:
|  | Net Ending Balance |  | Total Square Footage
|  | June 30 |  | December 31 |  | June 30 |  | December 31
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Arizona |  | $ 4,000 | (1) | $ 4,000 | (1) | - |  | -
Arkansas |  | - |  | 96,169 |  | - |  | 3,200
Kansas |  | 7,225,273 |  | 7,200,000 |  | 222,679 |  | 222,679
Louisiana |  | 480,445 |  | 493,197 |  | 7,063 |  | 7,063
Mississippi |  | 3,678,509 |  | 3,725,039 |  | 33,821 |  | 33,821
New Mexico |  | 7,000 | (1) | 7,000 | (1) | - |  | -
Texas |  | 335,000 | (1) | 335,000 | (1) | - |  | 23,470
Utah |  | 81,737,165 | (2) | 61,108,384 | (2) | 502,129 |  | 433,244
|  | $ 93,467,392 |  | $ 72,968,789 |  | 765,692 |  | 723,477
(1) Undeveloped land |  |  |  |  |  |
(2) Includes Center53 completed in July 2017. The Company is currently in the process of leasing the building.
Residential Real Estate Held for Investment The Company owns a portfolio of residential homes primarily as a result of loan foreclosures. The strategy has been to lease these homes to produce cash flow, and allow time for the economic fundamentals to return to the various markets. As an orderly and active market for these homes returns, the Company has the option to dispose or to continue and hold them for cash flow and acceptable returns. The Company established Security National Real Estate Services (“SNRE”) to manage the residential portfolio. SNRE cultivates and maintains the preferred vendor relationships necessary to manage costs and quality of work performed on the portfolio of homes across the country. As of June 30, 2018, SNRE manages 101 residential properties in 8 states across the United States. The net ending balance of residential real estate that serves as collateral for a bank borrowing was approximately $-0- and $34,431,000, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The associated bank loan carrying value was approximately $-0- and $26,773,000 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. This real estate relates to the Company’s Dry Creek at East Village apartment complex sold in March 2018. The net ending balance of foreclosed residential real estate included in residential real estate held for investment is $30,590,000 and $33,372,000 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The following is a summary of the Company’s residential real estate held for investment for the periods presented:
|  | Net Ending Balance
|  | June |  | December 31
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Arizona |  | $ - |  | $ 217,105
California |  | 4,955,551 |  | 5,463,878
Florida |  | 6,792,934 |  | 7,000,684
Hawaii |  | 712,286 |  | 712,286
Ohio |  | 10,000 |  | 10,000
Oklahoma |  | - |  | 17,500
Texas |  | 553,550 |  | 509,011
Utah |  | 17,460,770 |  | 54,113,272
Virginia |  | 150,175 |  | -
Washington |  | 476,181 |  | 286,181
|  | $ 31,111,447 |  | $ 68,329,917
Real Estate Owned and Occupied by the Company The primary business units of the Company occupy a portion of the real estate owned by the Company. Currently, the Company occupies nearly 70,000 square feet, or approximately 10% of the overall commercial real estate holdings. As of June 30, 2018, real estate owned and occupied by the Company is summarized as follows:
Location |  | Business Segment |  | Approximate Square Footage |  | Square Footage Occupied by the Company
5300 South 360 West, Salt Lake City, UT (1) |  | Corporate Offices, Life Insurance and Cemetery/Mortuary Operations |  | 36,000 |  | 100%
5201 Green Street, Salt Lake City, UT |  | Mortgage Operations |  | 36,899 |  | 34%
1044 River Oaks Dr., Flowood, MS |  | Life Insurance Operations |  | 21,521 |  | 27%
121 West Election Road, Draper, UT |  | Mortgage Sales |  | 78,978 |  | 19%
(1) This asset is included in property and equipment on the condensed consolidated balance sheets |  |
Mortgage Loans Held for Investment Mortgage loans held for investment consist of first and second mortgages. The mortgage loans bear interest at rates ranging from 2.0% to 10.5%, maturity dates range from six months to 30 years and are secured by real estate. Concentrations of credit risk arise when a number of mortgage loan debtors have similar economic characteristics that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions. Although the Company has a diversified mortgage loan portfolio consisting of residential mortgages, commercial loans and residential construction loans and requires collateral on all real estate exposures, a substantial portion of its debtors’ ability to honor obligations is reliant on the economic stability of the geographic region in which the debtors do business. At June 30, 2018, the Company had 48%, 13%, 13%, 8%, 6%, 3% and 3% of its mortgage loans from borrowers located in the states of Utah, Florida, Texas, California, Nevada, Arizona, and Tennessee, respectively. Mortgage loans held for investment are carried at their unpaid principal balances adjusted for net deferred fees, charge-offs and the related allowance for loan losses. Interest income is included in net investment income on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings and is recognized when earned. The Company defers related material loan origination fees, net of related direct loan origination costs, and amortizes the net fees over the term of the loans. Origination fees are included in net investment income on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. Mortgage loans are secured by the underlying property and require an appraisal at the time of underwriting and funding. Generally, the Company will fund a loan not to exceed 80% of the loan’s collateral fair market value. Amounts over 80% will require additional collateral or mortgage insurance by an approved third-party insurer. The Company provides for losses on its mortgage loans held for investment through an allowance for loan losses (a contra-asset account). The allowance is comprised of two components. The first component is an allowance for collectively evaluated impairment that is based upon the Company’s historical experience in collecting similar receivables. The second component is based upon individual evaluation of loans that are determined to be impaired. Upon determining impairment, the Company establishes an individual impairment allowance based upon an assessment of the fair value of the underlying collateral. In addition, when a mortgage loan is past due more than 90 days, the Company does not accrue any interest income. When a loan becomes delinquent, the Company proceeds to foreclose on the real estate and all expenses for foreclosure are expensed as incurred. Once foreclosed, an adjustment for the lower of cost or fair value is made, if necessary, and the amount is classified as real estate held for investment. The Company will rent the properties until it is deemed desirable to sell them. The allowance for losses on mortgage loans held for investment could change based on changes in the value of the underlying collateral, the performance status of the loans, or the Company’s actual collection experience. The actual losses could change, in the near term, from the established allowance, based upon the occurrence or non-occurrence of these events. For purposes of determining the allowance for losses, the Company has segmented its mortgage loans held for investment by loan type. The Company’s loan types are commercial, residential, and residential construction. The inherent risks within the portfolio vary depending upon the loan type as follows: Commercial - Underwritten in accordance with the Company’s policies to determine the borrower’s ability to repay the obligation as agreed. Commercial loans are made primarily based on the underlying collateral supporting the loan. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial loan depends primarily on the collateral and its ability to generate income and secondary on the borrower’s (or guarantors) ability to repay. Residential – Secured by family dwelling units. These loans are secured by first mortgages on the unit, which are generally the primary residence of the borrower, generally at a loan-to-value ratio (“LTV”) of 80% or less. Residential construction (including land acquisition and development) – Underwritten in accordance with the Company’s underwriting policies which include a financial analysis of the builders, borrowers (guarantors), construction cost estimates, and independent appraisal valuations. These loans will rely on the value associated with the project upon completion. These cost and valuation estimates may be inaccurate. Construction loans generally involve the disbursement of substantial funds over a short period of time with repayment substantially dependent upon the success of the completed project and the ability of the borrower to secure long-term financing. Additionally, land is underwritten according to the Company’s policies, which include independent appraisal valuations as well as the estimated value associated with the land upon completion of development into finished lots. These cost and valuation estimates may be inaccurate. These loans are considered to be of a higher risk than other mortgage loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to general economic conditions, availability of long-term or construction financing, and interest rate sensitivity.
Allowance for Credit Losses and Recorded Investment in Mortgage Loans
| Commercial |  | Residential |  | Residential Construction |  | Total
June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance - January 1, 2018 | $ 187,129 |  | $ 1,546,447 |  | $ 35,220 |  | $ 1,768,796
Charge-offs | - |  | (5,725) |  | - |  | (5,725)
Provision | - |  | (199,407) |  | - |  | (199,407)
Ending balance - June 30, 2018 | $ 187,129 |  | $ 1,341,315 |  | $ 35,220 |  | $ 1,563,664
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | $ - |  | $ 240,152 |  | $ - |  | $ 240,152
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | $ 187,129 |  | $ 1,101,163 |  | $ 35,220 |  | $ 1,323,512
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $ 44,682,145 |  | $ 87,960,136 |  | $ 63,461,371 |  | $ 196,103,652
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | $ - |  | $ 4,475,326 |  | $ 1,122,279 |  | $ 5,597,605
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | $ 44,682,145 |  | $ 83,484,810 |  | $ 62,339,092 |  | $ 190,506,047
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance - January 1, 2017 | $ 187,129 |  | $ 1,461,540 |  | $ 100,114 |  | $ 1,748,783
Charge-offs | - |  | (351,357) |  | (64,894) |  | (416,251)
Provision | - |  | 436,264 |  | - |  | 436,264
Ending balance - December 31, 2017 | $ 187,129 |  | $ 1,546,447 |  | $ 35,220 |  | $ 1,768,796
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | $ - |  | $ 237,560 |  | $ - |  | $ 237,560
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | $ 187,129 |  | $ 1,308,887 |  | $ 35,220 |  | $ 1,531,236
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $ 54,954,865 |  | $ 102,527,111 |  | $ 50,157,533 |  | $ 207,639,509
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | $ - |  | $ 4,923,552 |  | $ 461,834 |  | $ 5,385,386
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | $ 54,954,865 |  | $ 97,603,559 |  | $ 49,695,699 |  | $ 202,254,123
The following is a summary of the aging of mortgage loans held for investment for the periods presented:
Age Analysis of Mortgage Loans Held for Investment
| 30-59 Days Past Due | 60-89 Days Past Due | Greater Than 90 Days (1) | In Process of Foreclosure (1) | Total Past Due | Current | Total Mortgage Loans | Allowance for Loan Losses | Unamortized deferred loan fees, net | Net Mortgage Loans
June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ 1,062,767 | $ 836,970 | $ - | $ - | $ 1,899,737 | $ 42,782,408 | $ 44,682,145 | $ (187,129) | $ (42,566) | $ 44,452,450
Residential | 6,994,194 | 652,173 | 2,080,525 | 2,394,801 | 12,121,693 | 75,838,443 | 87,960,136 | (1,341,315) | (885,680) | 85,733,141
Residential Construction | - | - | 1,122,279 | - | 1,122,279 | 62,339,092 | 63,461,371 | (35,220) | (542,905) | 62,883,246
Total | $ 8,056,961 | $ 1,489,143 | $ 3,202,804 | $ 2,394,801 | $ 15,143,709 | $ 180,959,943 | $ 196,103,652 | $ (1,563,664) | $ (1,471,151) | $ 193,068,837
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ 1,943,495 | $ - | $ - | $ - | $ 1,943,495 | $ 53,011,370 | $ 54,954,865 | $ (187,129) | $ (67,411) | $ 54,700,325
Residential | 6,613,479 | 495,347 | 3,591,333 | 1,332,219 | 12,032,378 | 90,494,733 | 102,527,111 | (1,546,447) | (1,164,130) | 99,816,534
Residential Construction | - | - | 461,834 | - | 461,834 | 49,695,699 | 50,157,533 | (35,220) | (428,287) | 49,694,026
Total | $ 8,556,974 | $ 495,347 | $ 4,053,167 | $ 1,332,219 | $ 14,437,707 | $ 193,201,802 | $ 207,639,509 | $ (1,768,796) | $ (1,659,828) | $ 204,210,885
(1) Interest income is not recognized on loans past due greater than 90 days or in foreclosure.
Impaired Mortgage Loans Held for Investment Impaired mortgage loans held for investment include loans with a related specific valuation allowance or loans whose carrying amount has been reduced to the expected collectible amount because the impairment has been considered other than temporary. The recorded investment in and unpaid principal balance of impaired loans along with the related loan specific allowance for losses, if any, for each reporting period and the average recorded investment and interest income recognized during the time the loans were impaired were as follows:
Impaired Loans
| Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Related Allowance |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ -
Residential | 2,536,912 |  | 2,536,912 |  | - |  | 3,212,156 |  | -
Residential construction | 1,122,279 |  | 1,122,279 |  | - |  | 561,139 |  | -
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ -
Residential | 1,938,414 |  | 1,938,414 |  | 240,152 |  | 1,706,989 |  | -
Residential construction | - |  | - |  | - |  | - |  | -
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ -
Residential | 4,475,326 |  | 4,475,326 |  | 240,152 |  | 4,919,145 |  | -
Residential construction | 1,122,279 |  | 1,122,279 |  | - |  | 561,139 |  | -
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ 365,220 |  | $ -
Residential | 3,322,552 |  | 3,322,552 |  | - |  | 3,290,094 |  | -
Residential construction | 461,834 |  | 461,834 |  | - |  | 277,232 |  | -
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ -
Residential | 1,601,000 |  | 1,601,000 |  | 237,560 |  | 1,350,115 |  | -
Residential construction | - |  | - |  | - |  | - |  | -
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ - |  | $ 365,220 |  | $ -
Residential | 4,923,552 |  | 4,923,552 |  | 237,560 |  | 4,640,209 |  | -
Residential construction | 461,834 |  | 461,834 |  | - |  | 277,232 |  | -
Credit Risk Profile Based on Performance Status The Company’s mortgage loan held for investment portfolio is monitored based on performance of the loans. Monitoring a mortgage loan increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of impairment. The Company defines non-performing mortgage loans as loans 90 days or greater delinquent or on non-accrual status. The Company’s performing and non-performing mortgage loans held for investment were as follows:
Mortgage Loans Held for Investment Credit Exposure
Credit Risk Profile Based on Payment Activity
| Commercial |  | Residential |  | Residential Construction |  | Total
| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Performing | $ 44,682,145 |  | $ 54,954,865 |  | $ 83,484,810 |  | $ 97,603,559 |  | $ 62,339,092 |  | $ 49,695,699 |  | $ 190,506,047 |  | $ 202,254,123
Non-performing | - |  | - |  | 4,475,326 |  | 4,923,552 |  | 1,122,279 |  | 461,834 |  | 5,597,605 |  | 5,385,386
Total | $ 44,682,145 |  | $ 54,954,865 |  | $ 87,960,136 |  | $ 102,527,111 |  | $ 63,461,371 |  | $ 50,157,533 |  | $ 196,103,652 |  | $ 207,639,509
Non-Accrual Mortgage Loans Held for Investment Once a loan is past due 90 days, it is the policy of the Company to end the accrual of interest income on the loan and write off any interest income that had been accrued. Payments received for loans on a non-accrual status are recognized on a cash basis. Interest income recognized from any payments received for loans on a non-accrual status was immaterial. Accrual of interest resumes if a loan is brought current. Interest not accrued on these loans totals approximately $180,000 and $204,000 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The following is a summary of mortgage loans held for investment on a non-accrual status for the periods presented.
| Mortgage Loans on Non-Accrual Status
| As of June 30 2018 |  | As of December 31 2017
Residential | $ 4,475,326 |  | $ 4,923,552
Residential construction | 1,122,279 |  | 461,834
Total | $ 5,597,605 |  | $ 5,385,386

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