Note 7 – Loans and Related Allowance for Loan Losses

The following table summarizes the primary segments of the loan portfolio at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:



(in thousands)	Commercial Real Estate		Acquisition and Development		Commercial and Industrial		Residential Mortgage		Consumer		Total
March 31, 2016

Individually evaluated for impairment	$	14,734	$	4,639	$	1,065	$	5,256	$	0	$	25,694
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	276,104	$	114,970	$	74,470	$	384,784	$	24,575	$	874,903
Total loans	$	290,838	$	119,609	$	75,535	$	390,040	$	24,575	$	900,597

December 31, 2015

Individually evaluated for impairment	$	14,646	$	4,496	$	1,076	$	4,590	$	0	$	24,808
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	265,859	$	106,490	$	72,777	$	384,149	$	24,940	$	854,215
Total loans	$	280,505	$	110,986	$	73,853	$	388,739	$	24,940	$	879,023

The segments of the Bank’s loan portfolio are disaggregated to a level that allows management to monitor risk and performance. The commercial real estate (“CRE”) loan segment is then segregated into two classes. Non-owner occupied CRE loans, which include loans secured by non-owner occupied, non-farm, and nonresidential properties, generally have a greater risk profile than all other CRE loans, which include loans secured by farmland, multifamily structures and owner-occupied commercial structures. The acquisition and development (“A&D”) loan segment is segregated into two classes. One-to-four family residential construction loans are generally made to individuals for the acquisition of and/or construction on a lot or lots on which a residential dwelling is to be built. All other A&D loans are generally made to developers or investors for the purpose of acquiring, developing and constructing residential or commercial structures. A&D loans have a higher risk profile because the ultimate buyer, once development is completed, is generally not known at the time of the loan is made. The commercial and industrial (“C&I”) loan segment consists of loans made for the purpose of financing the activities of commercial customers. The residential mortgage loan segment is segregated into two classes. Amortizing term loans are primarily first lien loans. Home equity lines of credit are generally second lien loans. The consumer loan segment consists primarily of installment loans (direct and indirect) and overdraft lines of credit connected with customer deposit accounts.

Management uses a 10-point internal risk rating system to monitor the credit quality of the overall loan portfolio. The first six categories are considered not criticized, and are aggregated as “Pass” rated. The criticized rating categories utilized by management generally follow bank regulatory definitions. The Special Mention category includes assets that are currently protected but are potentially weak, resulting in an undue and unwarranted credit risk, but not to the point of justifying a substandard classification. Loans in the substandard category have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt, and have a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if the weaknesses are not corrected. All loans greater than 90 days past due are considered Substandard. The portion of a specific allocation of the allowance for loan losses that management believes is associated with a pending event that could trigger loss in the short-term will be classified in the Doubtful category. Any portion of a loan that has been charged off is placed in the Loss category.

To help ensure that risk ratings are accurate and reflect the present and future capacity of borrowers to repay a loan as agreed, the Bank has a structured loan rating process with several layers of internal and external oversight. Generally, consumer and residential mortgage loans are included in the Pass categories unless a specific action, such as bankruptcy, repossession, or death occurs to raise awareness of a possible credit event. The Bank’s Commercial Loan Officers are responsible for the timely and accurate risk rating of the loans in the commercial segments at origination and on an ongoing basis. The Bank’s experienced Credit Quality and Loan Review Department performs an annual review of all commercial relationships of $500,000 or greater. Confirmation of the appropriate risk grade is included as part of the review process on an ongoing basis. The Credit Quality and Loan Review Department continually reviews and assesses loans within the portfolio. In addition, the Bank engages an external consultant to conduct loan reviews on at least an annual basis. Generally, the external consultant reviews commercial relationships greater than $1,000,000 and/or criticized non-consumer loans greater than $500,000. Detailed reviews, including plans for resolution, are performed on loans classified as Substandard on a quarterly basis. Loans in the Special Mention and Substandard categories that are collectively evaluated for impairment are given separate consideration in the determination of the allowance.

The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate Pass and the criticized categories of Special Mention and Substandard within the internal risk rating system at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:


(in thousands)	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Total
March 31, 2016
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	$	142,739	$	11,488	$	16,065	$	170,292
All other CRE		100,743		2,531		17,272		120,546
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction		19,915		0		700		20,615
All other A&D		93,652		72		5,270		98,994
Commercial and industrial		73,397		216		1,922		75,535
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage - term		300,860		67		11,221		312,148
Residential mortgage - home equity		76,036		0		1,856		77,892
Consumer		24,482		0		93		24,575
Total	$	831,824	$	14,374	$	54,399	$	900,597

December 31, 2015
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	$	140,378	$	11,574	$	7,378	$	159,330
All other CRE		103,811		1,184		16,180		121,175
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction		15,011		0		700		15,711
All other A&D		89,963		74		5,238		95,275
Commercial and industrial		69,420		1,212		3,221		73,853
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage - term		300,558		167		10,744		311,469
Residential mortgage - home equity		75,491		0		1,779		77,270
Consumer		24,881		0		59		24,940
Total	$	819,513	$	14,211	$	45,299	$	879,023

Management further monitors the performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio by analyzing the age of the portfolio as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. A loan is considered to be past due when a payment remains unpaid 30 days past its contractual due date. For all loan segments, the accrual of interest is discontinued when principal or interest is delinquent for 90 days or more unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. All non-accrual loans are considered to be impaired. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans are applied as a reduction of the loan principal balance. Loans are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. The Corporation’s policy for recognizing interest income on impaired loans does not differ from its overall policy for interest recognition.

The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aging categories of performing loans and non-accrual loans at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:



(in thousands)	Current		30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days+ Past Due		Total Past Due and Accruing		Non-Accrual		Total Loans
March 31, 2016
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	$	168,803	$	397	$	0	$	0	$	397	$	1,092	$	170,292
All other CRE		110,387		51		0	0	0		51		10,108		120,546
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction		20,615		0		0		0		0		0		20,615
All other A&D		96,913		0		0		107		107		1,974		98,994
Commercial and industrial		75,350		16		0		0		16		169		75,535
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage - term		307,493		1,722		150		261		2,133		2,522		312,148
Residential mortgage - home equity		76,430		946		150		46		1,142		320		77,892
Consumer		24,295		212		39		29		280		0		24,575
Total	$	880,286	$	3,344	$	339	$	443	$	4,126	$	16,185	$	900,597

December 31, 2015
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	$	157,217	$	634	$	171	$	0	$	805	$	1,308	$	159,330
All other CRE		110,022		1,179		0		0		1,179		9,974		121,175
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction		15,711		0		0		0		0		0		15,711
All other A&D		93,284		0		174		0		174		1,817		95,275
Commercial and industrial		73,619		13		36		0		49		185		73,853
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage - term		306,248		227		2,149		907		3,283		1,938		311,469
Residential mortgage - home equity		76,195		505		203		91		799		276		77,270
Consumer		24,604		224		85		27		336		0		24,940
Total	$	856,900	$	2,782	$	2,818	$	1,025	$	6,625	$	15,498	$	879,023

Non-accrual loans which have been subject to a partial charge-off totaled $4.3 million at March 31, 2016, compared to $4.1 million at December 31, 2015. Loans secured by 1-4 family residential real estate properties in the process of foreclosure were $1.7 million at March 31, 2016 and $1.8 million at December 31, 2015.

Accruing loans past due 30 days or more decreased to .46% of the loan portfolio at March 31, 2016, compared to .76% at December 31, 2015. The decrease for the first three months of 2016 was due primarily to improvements in the residential mortgage term portfolio.

Non-accrual loans totaled $16.2 million at March 31, 2016 compared to $15.5 million at December 31, 2015. Non-accrual loans which have been subject to a partial charge-off totaled $4.3 million at March 31, 2016, compared to $4.1 million at December 31, 2015.

An allowance for loan losses (“ALL”) is maintained to absorb losses from the loan portfolio. The ALL is based on management’s continuing evaluation of the risk characteristics and credit quality of the loan portfolio, assessment of current economic conditions, diversification and size of the portfolio, adequacy of collateral, past and anticipated loss experience, and the amount of non-performing loans.

The Bank’s methodology for determining the ALL is based on the requirements of ASC Section 310-10-35, Receivables-Overall-Subsequent Measurement, for loans individually evaluated for impairment and ASC Subtopic 450-20, Contingencies-Loss Contingencies, for loans collectively evaluated for impairment, as well as the Interagency Policy Statement on the Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and other bank regulatory guidance. The total of the two components represents the allocated portion of the Bank’s ALL. In the second quarter of 2015, management determined that it would be prudent to establish an unallocated portion of the ALL to protect the Bank from other risks associated with the loan portfolio that may not be specifically identifiable.

The following table summarizes the primary segments of the ALL, at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 segregated by the amount required for loans individually evaluated for impairment and the amount required for loans collectively evaluated for impairment:


(in thousands)	Commercial Real Estate		Acquisition and Development		Commercial and Industrial		Residential Mortgage		Consumer			Unallocated	Total
March 31, 2016

Individually evaluated for impairment	$	460	$	932	$	0	$	272	$	0	$	0	$	1,664
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	2,840	$	2,815	$	758	$	3,487	$	192	$	500	$	10,592
Total ALL	$	3,300	$	3,747	$	758	$	3,759	$	192	$	500	$	12,256

December 31, 2015

Individually evaluated for impairment	$	144	$	867	$	16	$	130	$	0	$	0	$	1,157
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	2,436	$	3,262	$	706	$	3,655	$	206	$	500	$	10,765
Total ALL	$	2,580	$	4,129	$	722	$	3,785	$	206	$	500	$	11,922

Management evaluates individual loans in all of the commercial segments for possible impairment if the loan (a) is greater than $500,000 or (b) is part of a relationship that is greater than $750,000 and is either (1) in nonaccrual status or (2) risk-rated Substandard and greater than 60 days past due. Loans are considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in evaluating impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. The Bank does not separately evaluate individual consumer and residential mortgage loans for impairment, unless such loans are part of a larger relationship that is impaired; otherwise, loans in these segments are considered impaired when they are classified as non-accrual.

Once the determination has been made that a loan is impaired, the determination of whether a specific allocation of the allowance is necessary is measured by comparing the recorded investment in the loan to the fair value of the loan using one of three methods: (a) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; (b) the loan’s observable market price; or (c) the fair value of the collateral less selling costs. The method is selected on a loan-by-loan basis, with management primarily utilizing the fair value of collateral method. If the fair value of the collateral less selling costs method is utilized for collateral securing loans in the commercial segments, then an updated external appraisal is ordered on the collateral supporting the loan if the loan balance is greater than $500,000 and the existing appraisal is greater than 18 months old. If an updated appraisal has not been received and reviewed in time for the determination of estimated fair value at quarter (or year) end, or if the appraisal is found to be deficient following the Corporation’s internal appraisal review process and re-ordered, then the estimated fair value of the collateral is determined by adjusting the existing appraisal by the appropriate percentage from an internally prepared appraisal discount grid. This grid considers the age of a third party appraisal and the geographic region where the collateral is located. The discount rates in the appraisal discount grid are updated periodically to reflect the most current knowledge that management has available, including the results of current appraisals. A specific allocation of the ALL is recorded if there is any deficiency in collateral value determined by comparing the estimated fair value to the recorded investment of the loan. When updated appraisals are received and reviewed, adjustments are made to the specific allocation as needed.

The evaluation of the need and amount of a specific allocation of the ALL and whether a loan can be removed from impairment status is made on a quarterly basis.

The following table presents impaired loans by class, segregated by those for which a specific allowance was required and those for which a specific allowance was not necessary as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:


		Impaired Loans with Specific Allowance				Impaired Loans with No Specific Allowance		Total Impaired Loans
(in thousands)		Recorded Investment		Related Allowances		Recorded Investment		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance
March 31, 2016
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	$	675	$	143	$	812	$	1,487	$	1,833
All other CRE		1,691		433		11,556		13,247		13,610
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction		700		178		0		700		746
All other A&D		2,136		754		1,803		3,939		8,505
Commercial and industrial		0		0		1,065		1,065		3,332
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage - term		650		138		4,286		4,936		5,474
Residential mortgage – home equity		56		18		264		320		341
Consumer		0		0		0		0		0
Total impaired loans	$	5,908	$	1,664	$	19,786	$	25,694	$	33,841

December 31, 2015
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	$	676	$	144	$	1,031	$	1,707	$	1,842
All other CRE		0		0		12,939		12,939		13,302
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction		700		178		0		700		746
All other A&D		1,979		689		1,817		3,796		8,362
Commercial and industrial		16		16		1,060		1,076		3,343
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage - term		440		112		3,874		4,314		4,808
Residential mortgage – home equity		57		18		219		276		297
Consumer		0		0		0		0		0
Total impaired loans	$	3,868	$	1,157	$	20,940	$	24,808	$	32,700

Loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment are analyzed with general allowances being made as appropriate. For general allowances, historical loss trends are used in the estimation of losses in the current portfolio. These historical loss amounts are modified by other qualitative factors.

The classes described above, which are based on the Federal call code assigned to each loan, provide the starting point for the ALL analysis. Management tracks the historical net charge-off activity (full and partial charge-offs, net of full and partial recoveries) at the call code level. A historical charge-off factor is calculated utilizing a defined number of consecutive historical quarters. Consumer pools currently utilize a rolling 12 quarters, while Commercial pools currently utilize a rolling eight quarters.

“Pass” rated credits are segregated from “Criticized” credits for the application of qualitative factors. “Pass” pools for commercial and residential real estate are further segmented based upon the geographic location of the underlying collateral. There are seven geographic regions utilized – six that represent the Bank’s lending footprint and a seventh for all out-of-market credits. Different economic environments and resultant credit risks exist in each region that are acknowledged in the assignment of qualitative factors. Loans in the criticized pools, which possess certain qualities or characteristics that may lead to collection and loss issues, are closely monitored by management and subject to additional qualitative factors.

Management supplements the historical charge-off factor with a number of additional qualitative factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses associated with the existing loan pools to differ from historical loss experience. The additional factors, which are evaluated quarterly and updated using information obtained from internal, regulatory, and governmental sources, are: (a) national and local economic trends and conditions; (b) levels of and trends in delinquency rates and non-accrual loans; (c) trends in volumes and terms of loans; (d) effects of changes in lending policies; (e) experience, ability, and depth of lending staff; (f) value of underlying collateral; and (g) concentrations of credit from a loan type, industry and/or geographic standpoint.

Management reviews the loan portfolio on a quarterly basis using a defined, consistently applied process in order to make appropriate and timely adjustments to the ALL. When information confirms all or part of specific loans to be uncollectible, these amounts are promptly charged off against the ALL. Residential mortgage and consumer loans are charged off after they are 120 days contractually past due. All other loans are charged off based on an evaluation of the facts and circumstances of each individual loan. When the Bank believes that its ability to collect is solely dependent on the liquidation of the collateral, a full or partial charge-off is recorded promptly to bring the recorded investment to an amount that the Bank believes is supported by an ability to collect on the collateral. The circumstances that may impact the Bank’s decision to charge-off all or a portion of a loan include default or non-payment by the borrower, scheduled foreclosure actions, and/or prioritization of the Bank’s claim in bankruptcy. There may be circumstances where, due to pending events, the Bank will place a specific allocation of the ALL on a loan for which a partial charge-off has been previously recognized. This specific allocation may be either charged off or removed depending upon the outcome of the pending event. Full or partial charge-offs are not recovered until full principal and interest on the loan have been collected, even if a subsequent appraisal supports a higher value. Loans with partial charge-offs generally remain in non-accrual status. Both full and partial charge-offs reduce the recorded investment of the loan and the ALL and are considered to be charge-offs for purposes of all credit loss metrics and trends, including the historical rolling charge-off rates used in the determination of the ALL. At March 31, 2016, $.5 million of the ALL was considered to be unallocated.

The following tables present the activity in the ALL for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:


(in thousands)	Commercial Real Estate		Acquisition and Development		Commercial and Industrial		Residential Mortgage		Consumer			Unallocated	Total
ALL balance at January 1, 2016	$	2,580	$	4,129	$	722	$	3,785	$	206	$	500	$	11,922
Charge-offs		(211)		0		(53)		(90)		(84)		0		(438)
Recoveries		0		100		30		32		42		0		204
Provision		931		(482)		59		32		28		0		568
ALL balance at March 31, 2016	$	3,300	$	3,747	$	758	$	3,759	$	192	$	500	$	12,256

ALL balance at January 1, 2015	$	2,424	$	3,912	$	1,680	$	3,862	$	187	$	0	$	12,065
Charge-offs		(287)		(231)		0		37		(96)		0		(577)
Recoveries		3		15		7		105		59		0		189
Provision		436		(4)		(210)		(214)		66		0		74
ALL balance at March 31, 2015	$	2,576	$	3,692	$	1,477	$	3,790	$	216	$	0	$	11,751

The ALL is based on estimates, and actual losses may vary from current estimates. Management believes that the granularity of the homogeneous pools and the related historical loss ratios and other qualitative factors, as well as the consistency in the application of assumptions, result in an ALL that is representative of the risk found in the components of the portfolio at any given date.

The following tables present the average recorded investment in impaired loans by class and related interest income recognized for the periods indicated:


	Three months ended						Three months ended
	March 31, 2016						March 31, 2015
(in thousands)	Average investment		Interest income recognized on an accrual basis		Interest income recognized on a cash basis		Average investment		Interest income recognized on an accrual basis		Interest income recognized on a cash basis
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	$	1,597	$	6	$	0	$	4,022	$	40	$	0
All other CRE		13,093		37		0		7,316		27		1
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction		700		8		0		790		9		0
All other A&D		3,869		24		0		5,530		32		0
Commercial and industrial		1,071		9		0		1,689		23		0
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage - term		4,519		39		4		4,091		40		0
Residential mortgage – home equity		298		0		0		377		0		0
Consumer		0		0		0		13		0		0
Total	$	25,147	$	123	$	4	$	23,828	$	171	$	1

In the normal course of business, the Bank modifies loan terms for various reasons. These reasons may include as a retention strategy, remaining competitive in the current interest rate environment, and re-amortizing or extending a loan term to better match the loan’s payment stream with the borrower’s cash flows. A modified loan is considered to be a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) when the Bank has determined that the borrower is troubled (i.e., experiencing financial difficulties). The Bank evaluates the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt obligations in the foreseeable future without modification. To make this determination, the Bank performs a global financial review of the borrower and loan guarantors to assess their current ability to meet their financial obligations.

When the Bank restructures a loan to a troubled borrower, the loan terms (i.e., interest rate, payment amount, amortization period, and/or maturity date) are modified in such a way as to enable the borrower to cover the modified debt service payments based on current financials and cash flow adequacy. If a borrower’s hardship is thought to be temporary, then modified terms are only offered for that time period. Where possible, the Bank obtains additional collateral and/or secondary payment sources at the time of the restructure in order to put the Bank in the best possible position if the borrower is not able to meet the modified terms. To date, the Bank has not forgiven any principal as a restructuring concession. The Bank will not offer modified terms if it believes that modifying the loan terms will only delay an inevitable permanent default.

All loans designated as TDRs are considered impaired loans and may be in either accruing or non-accruing status. The Bank’s policy for recognizing interest income on impaired loans does not differ from its overall policy for interest recognition. Accordingly, the accrual of interest is discontinued when principal or interest is delinquent for 90 days or more unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. If the loan was accruing at the time of the modification, then it continues to be in accruing status subsequent to the modification. Non-accrual TDRs may return to accruing status when there has been sufficient payment performance for a period of at least six months. TDRs are considered to be in payment default if, subsequent to modification, the loans are transferred to non-accrual status or to foreclosure. Loans may be removed from being reported as a TDR in the calendar year following the modification if the interest rate at the time of modification was consistent with the interest rate for a loan with comparable credit risk and the loan has performed according to its modified terms for at least six months.

The volume and type of TDR activity is considered in the assessment of the local economic trends’ qualitative factor used in the determination of the ALL for loans that are evaluated collectively for impairment.

The following tables present the volume and recorded investment at the time of modification of TDRs by class and type of modification that occurred during the periods indicated:


	Temporary Rate Modification			Extension of Maturity			Modification of Payment and Other Terms
(in thousands)	Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment
Three months ended March 31, 2016
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	0	$	0	0	$	0	0	$	0
All other CRE	0		0	1		203	0		0
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction	0		0	0		0	0		0
All other A&D	0		0	0		0	0		0
Commercial and industrial	0		0	0		0	1		486
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage – term	0		0	0		0	1		72
Residential mortgage – home equity	0		0	0		0	0		0
Consumer	0		0	0		0	0		0
Total	0	$	0	1	$	203	2	$	558


	Temporary Rate Modification			Extension of Maturity			Modification of Payment and Other Terms
(in thousands)	Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Recorded Investment	Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	0	$	0	1	$	3,097	1	$	136
All other CRE	0		0	0		0	5		3,847
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction	0		0	0		0	0		0
All other A&D	0		0	3		372	0		0
Commercial and industrial	0		0	0		0	0		0
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage – term	0		0	2		599	1		116
Residential mortgage – home equity	0		0	0		0	0		0
Consumer	0		0	0		0	0		0
Total	0	$	0	6	$	4,068	7	$	4,099

During the three months ended March 31, 2016, there were two new TDRs. In addition, one existing TDR which had reached its original modification maturity was re-modified. A $2,387 reduction of the ALL resulted from a change to the impairment evaluation of two loans from evaluated collectively to being evaluated individually. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, there were no payment defaults.

During the three months ended March 31, 2015, there were five new TDRs. In addition, eight existing TDRs which had reached their original modification maturity were re-modified. The new TDRs were impaired at the time of modification, resulting in no impact to the ALL as a result of the modifications and there was no impact to the recorded investment relating to the transfer of these loans.

During the three months ended March 31, 2015, there were no payment defaults.