Note 7. Fair Value Measurements

Determination of Fair Value

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. In accordance with Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of FASB ASC, the fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company's various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

The fair value guidance provides a consistent definition of fair value, which focuses on exit price in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, a change in valuation technique or the use of multiple valuation techniques may be appropriate. In such instances, determining the price at which willing market participants would transact at the measurement date under current market conditions depends on the facts and circumstances and requires the use of significant judgment. The fair value is a reasonable point within the range that is most representative of fair value under current market conditions.

Fair Value Hierarchy

In accordance with this guidance, the Company groups its financial assets and financial liabilities generally measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

Level 1— Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level 2— Valuation is based on observable inputs including quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in less active markets, and model‑based valuation techniques for which significant assumptions can be derived primarily from or corroborated by observable data in the market.

Level 3— Valuation is based on model‑based techniques that use one or more significant inputs or assumptions that are unobservable in the market.

The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the financial statements:

Securities available‑for‑sale: Securities available‑for‑sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted market prices, when available (Level 1). If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data. Third party vendors compile prices from various sources and may determine the fair value of identical or similar securities by using pricing models that considers observable market data (Level 2).

The following table presents the balances of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:


			Fair Value Measurements at
			June 30, 2019 Using
			Quoted Prices
			in Active		Significant
			Markets for		Other		Significant
	Balance as of		Identical		Observable		Unobservable
(In thousands)	June 30,		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
Description	2019		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Available-for-sale
Securities of U.S. government and federal agencies	$	994	$	—	$	994	$	—
Securities of state and local municipalities tax exempt		3,733		—		3,733		—
Securities of state and local municipalities taxable		2,282		—		2,282		—
Corporate bonds		4,971		—		4,971		—
Certificates of deposit		245		—		245		—
SBA pass-through securities		175		—		175		—
Mortgage-backed securities		94,712		—		94,712		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations		27,359		—		27,359		—
Total Available-for-Sale Securities	$	134,471	$	—	$	134,471	$	—


			Fair Value Measurements at
			December 31, 2018 Using
			Quoted Prices
			in Active		Significant
			Markets for		Other		Significant
	Balance as of		Identical		Observable		Unobservable
(In thousands)	December 31,		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
Description	2018		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Available-for-sale
Securities of U.S. government and federal agencies	$	956	$	—	$	956	$	—
Securities of state and local municipalities tax exempt		3,639		—		3,639		—
Securities of state and local municipalities taxable		2,308		—		2,308		—
Corporate bonds		5,013		—		5,013		—
Certificates of deposit		244		—		244		—
SBA pass-through securities		195		—		195		—
Mortgage-backed securities		88,037		—		88,037		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations		23,145		—		23,145		—
Total Available-for-Sale Securities	$	123,537	$	—	$	123,537	$	—

Certain financial assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. Adjustments to the fair value of these assets usually result from the application of lower of cost or market accounting or write‑downs of individual assets.

The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain financial assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in the financial statements:

Impaired Loans: Loans are designated as impaired when, in the judgment of management based on current information and events, it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement will not be collected. The measurement of loss associated with impaired loans can be based on either the observable market price of the loan or the fair value of the collateral. Fair value is measured based on the value of the collateral securing the loans. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The vast majority of the collateral is real estate. The value of real estate collateral is determined utilizing a market valuation approach based on an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Company using observable market data (Level 2). However, if the collateral is a house or building in the process of construction, has the value derived by discounting comparable sales due to lack of similar properties, or is discounted by the Company due to marketability, then the fair value is considered Level 3. The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’s financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivables collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports (Level 3). Impaired loans allocated to the Allowance for Loan Losses are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for loan losses on the Statements of Income.

Other Real Estate Owned: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals which are updated no less frequently than annually. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach with data from comparable properties. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available, which results in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Other real estate owned properties are evaluated regularly for impairment and adjusted accordingly.

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:


			Fair Value Measurements Using
			Quoted Prices
			in Active		Significant
			Markets for		Other		Significant
	Balance as of		Identical		Observable		Unobservable
(In thousands)	June 30,		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
Description	2019		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Impaired loans	$	1,751	$	—	$	—	$	1,751
Other real estate owned	$	3,866	$	—	$	—	$	3,866


			Fair Value Measurements Using
			Quoted Prices
			in Active		Significant
			Markets for		Other		Significant
	Balance as of		Identical		Observable		Unobservable
(In thousands)	December 31,		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
Description	2018		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Impaired Loans	$	1,602	$	—	$	—	$	1,602
Other real estate owned	$	4,224	$	—	$	358	$	3,866

The following table displays quantitative information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements for June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:


Quantitative information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements for June 30, 2019
(In thousands)
Assets	Fair Value		Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable input	Range (Avg.)
Impaired loans	$	1,751	Discounted value	Marketability/Selling costs	5% - 10% (7.95%)
Other real estate owned	$	3,866	Discounted appraised value	Selling costs	10.51	%


Quantitative information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements for December 31, 2018
(In thousands)
Assets	Fair Value		Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable input	Range (Avg.)
Impaired loans	$	1,602	Discounted value	Marketability/Selling costs	0.60% - 11% (10.89%)
Other real estate owned	$	3,866	Discounted appraised value	Selling costs	10.51	%

The following presents the carrying amount, fair value and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Fair values for June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are estimated under the exit price notion in accordance with the prospective adoption of ASU 2016‑01, “Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.”


			Fair Value Measurements as of June 30, 2019, using
			Quoted Prices
			in Active
			Markets for		Significant		Significant
			Identical		Unobservable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(In thousands)	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	15,201	$	15,201	$	—	$	—
Interest-bearing deposits at other institutions		29,149		29,149		—		—
Securities held-to-maturity		1,761		—		1,769		—
Securities available-for-sale		134,471		—		134,471		—
Restricted stock		5,379		—		5,379		—
Loans, net		1,224,376		—		—		1,211,721
Bank owned life insurance		26,621		—		26,621		—
Accrued interest receivable		4,653		—		4,653		—
Financial liabilities:
Checking, savings and money market accounts	$	877,427	$	—	$	877,427	$	—
Time deposits		391,947		—		392,234		—
Subordinated notes		24,447		—		25,003		—
Accrued interest payable		809		—		809		—


			Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018, using
			Quoted Prices
			in Active
			Markets for		Significant		Significant
			Identical		Unobservable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(In thousands)	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	9,435	$	9,435	$	—	$	—
Interest-bearing deposits at other institutions		34,060		34,060		—		—
Securities held-to-maturity		1,761		—		1,735
Securities available-for-sale		123,537		—		123,537		—
Restricted stock		5,299		—		5,299		—
Loans, net		1,127,584		—		—		1,116,012
Bank owned life insurance		16,406		—		16,406		—
Accrued interest receivable		4,050		—		4,050		—
Financial liabilities:
Checking, savings and money market accounts	$	817,054	$	—	$	817,054	$	—
Time deposits		345,386		—		344,877		—
Subordinated notes		24,407		—		24,515		—
Accrued interest payable		811		—		811		—