12. INCOME TAXES

The components of income before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 are as follows (in thousands):

	2011		2012		2013

Domestic	$	12,227	$	26,249	$	13,697
Foreign		14,068		18,547		32,776


Total	$	26,295	$	44,796	$	46,473

The following is a reconciliation from the tax computed at statutory income tax rates to the Company's income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012, and 2013 (in thousands):

	2011			2012			2013

Tax computed at statutory U.S. federal income tax rates	$	9,203		$	15,679		$	16,270
Income taxes in excess (below) statutory U.S. tax rates:
Guyana		2,096			812			701
Bermuda and Turks & Caicos		2,854			503			(3,203	)
Turks & Caicos intercompany note receivable write-down		—			—			(8,572	)
Valuation allowance		—			832			711
Foreign tax reserve		556			2,359			2,081
State taxes		(76	)		906			1,032
Research and development credit		—			(1,971	)		—
Other, net		(13	)		1,711			516


Income tax expense	$	14,620		$	20,831		$	9,536

The components of income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 are as follows (in thousands):

	2011			2012			2013

Current:
United States—Federal	$	(13,243	)	$	4,812		$	1,703
United States—State		394			2,418			895
Foreign		12,721			11,099			11,787


Total current income tax expense (benefit)		(128	)	$	18,329		$	14,385


Deferred:
United States—Federal	$	17,357		$	4,050		$	(5,273	)
United States—State		(439	)		(1,011	)		169
Foreign		(2,170	)		(537	)		255


Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)		14,748			2,502			(4,849	)


Consolidated:
United States—Federal	$	4,113		$	8,862		$	(3,570	)
United States—State		(44	)		1,407			1,064
Foreign		10,551			10,562			12,042


Total income tax expense	$	14,620		$	20,831		$	9,536

The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 (in thousands):

	2012			2013

Deferred tax assets:
Receivables reserve	$	4,589		$	1,225
Temporary differences not currently deductible for tax		12,540			6,690
Deferred compensation		1,851			1,702
Foreign tax credit carryforwards		15,395			13,575
Interest rate swap		4,457			—
Net operating losses		1,732			2,822
Valuation allowance		(16,788	)		(16,312	)


Total deferred tax asset		23,776			9,702


Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	58,521		$	23,866
Intangible assets, net		38,034			11,245
Market discount		2,280			—
Pension		598			205


Total deferred tax liabilities		99,433			35,316


Net deferred tax liabilities	$	75,657		$	25,614

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

	2012		2013

Deferred tax assets:
Current	$	8,349	$	1,994
Long term		—		—


Total deferred tax asset	$	8,349	$	1,994


Deferred tax liabilities:
Current	$	—	$	1,601
Long term		84,006		26,007


Total deferred tax liabilities	$	84,006	$	27,608


Net deferred tax liabilities	$	75,657	$	25,614

As of December 31, 2013, the Company estimated that it had state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $1.2 million and $1.6 million respectively that begin to expire in 2023 and 2014, respectively.

Similar to prior years, the Company re-examined its projected mix of foreign source and U.S.-source earnings and concluded it is more likely than not that it will not generate enough foreign source income to utilize its existing foreign tax credits prior to their expiration date. As a result, the Company has placed a full valuation allowance against those credits during 2010. As of December 31, 2013, the Company continued to maintain a full valuation allowance against those credits.

The undistributed earnings of the Company's foreign subsidiaries are considered to be indefinitely reinvested and, accordingly, no U.S. federal and state income taxes have been provided thereon. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred U.S. income tax liability is not practical because of the complexities associated with its hypothetical calculation; however, unrecognized foreign tax credits would be available to reduce a portion of the U.S. tax liability.

Company had net unrecognized tax benefits of $14.0 million as of December 31, 2013, $10.3 million as of December 31, 2012 and $7.0 million as of December 31, 2011. During the third quarter of 2013, the net reserve for uncertain tax positions was reduced by $0.4 million as a result of a settlement with the Internal Revenue Service. The remainder of the change in the reserve during 2013 is due to various additions for uncertain tax positions taken in the current and prior years, reductions resulting from the lapse of statutes of limitations and other settlements with taxing authorities.

The following shows the activity related to unrecognized tax benefits during the three years ended December 31, 2013 (in thousands):


Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2010		6,412
Increase in uncertain tax positions		590
Lapse in statute of limitations		(50	)


Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2011		6,952
Increase in uncertain tax positions		3,384
Lapse in statute of limitations		—


Gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2012		10,336
Increase in uncertain tax positions		4,137
Lapse in statute of limitations		—
Settlements		(423	)


Gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2013	$	14,050

ATN's accounting policy is to classify interest and penalties related to income tax matters as part of income tax expense. The accrued amounts for interest and penalties are $0.4 million as of December 31, 2013, $0.5 million as of December 31, 2012 and $0.1 million as of December 31, 2011.

All $14.0 million of unrecognized tax benefits would affect the effective tax rate if recognized. The Company accrues interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in its provision for income taxes, if material.

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. and in various state and local jurisdictions. The statute of limitations related to the consolidated U.S. federal income tax return is closed for all tax years up to and including 2007. The expiration of the statute of limitations related to the various state income tax returns that the Company and subsidiaries file varies by state. The Company's State of Massachusetts tax return is currently being audited for the years 2009 and 2010. The Company does not expect that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits relating to U.S. tax matters will change significantly within the next 12 months.

The Company also files an income tax return in Guyana. See Note 14 relating to certain tax matters pertaining to those filings. There is no expected settlement date of those matters and upon settlement, which might not occur in the near future, the payment may vary significantly from the amounts currently recorded. The Company will continue to update amounts recorded as new developments arise.

On September 13, 2013 the U.S. Department of the Treasury and Internal Revenue Service released final tangible property regulations that provide guidance on the tax treatment regarding the deduction and capitalization of expenditures related to tangible property. While early adoption is available, the effective date to implement these regulations is for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2014. The Company is currently assessing these rules and the impact to its financial statements, if any, but believes adoption of these regulations will not have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position.