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INCOME TAXES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
INCOME TAXES |
INCOME TAXES | 11. INCOME TAXES The components of income before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands):
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Domestic | ​ | $ | (37,777) | ​ | $ | (38,407) | ​ | $ | (17,689) | ​
Foreign | ​ |  | 29,721 | ​ |  | 15,720 | ​ |  | 17,782 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | (8,056) | ​ | $ | (22,687) | ​ | $ | 93 | ​
The following is a reconciliation from the tax computed at statutory income tax rates to the Company’s income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Tax computed at statutory US federal income tax rates | ​ | $ | (1,681) | ​ | $ | (4,760) | ​ | $ | 20 | ​
Noncontrolling interest | ​ | ​ | 844 | ​ | ​ | (158) | ​ | ​ | (851) | ​
Foreign tax rate differential | ​ | ​ | (6,525) | ​ | ​ | (4,520) | ​ | ​ | 1,866 | ​
Over (under) provided in prior periods | ​ |  | (437) | ​ |  | (78) | ​ |  | (520) | ​
Nondeductible expenses | ​ |  | 2,111 | ​ |  | 1,429 | ​ |  | 1,098 | ​
Benefit Attributable CARES Act | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (3,064) | ​
Capitalized transactions costs | ​ |  | 134 | ​ |  | 898 | ​ |  | — | ​
Change in tax reserves | ​ | ​ | 4,052 | ​ | ​ | 2,524 | ​ | ​ | 2,148 | ​
State Taxes, net of federal benefit | ​ |  | (1,126) | ​ |  | (1,399) | ​ |  | (409) | ​
Change in valuation allowance | ​ |  | 2,117 | ​ |  | 3,575 | ​ |  | 33 | ​
Investment Tax Credit | ​ | ​ | 84 | ​ | ​ | 101 | ​ | ​ | 84 | ​
Stock-based compensation | ​ | ​ | 696 | ​ | ​ | 510 | ​ | ​ | 406 | ​
Deferred income tax revaluation | ​ | ​ | (742) | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | (10) | ​
Total Income Tax Expense | ​ | $ | (473) | ​ | $ | (1,878) | ​ | $ | 801 | ​
​ The components of income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands):
\ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 | ​
Current: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
United States—Federal | ​ | $ | 302 | ​ | $ | 460 | ​ | $ | 504 | ​
United States—State | ​ |  | 20 | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | 3 | ​
Foreign | ​ |  | 6,657 | ​ |  | 4,272 | ​ |  | 7,611 | ​
Total current income tax expense | ​ | $ | 6,979 | ​ | $ | 4,734 | ​ | $ | 8,118 | ​
Deferred: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
United States—Federal | ​ | $ | (4,527) | ​ | $ | (5,800) | ​ | $ | (6,527) | ​
United States—State | ​ |  | (1,895) | ​ |  | (1,402) | ​ |  | (413) | ​
Foreign | ​ |  | (1,030) | ​ |  | 590 | ​ |  | (377) | ​
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit) | ​ | $ | (7,452) | ​ | $ | (6,612) | ​ | $ | (7,317) | ​
Consolidated: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
United States—Federal | ​ | $ | (4,225) | ​ | $ | (5,340) | ​ | $ | (6,023) | ​
United States—State | ​ |  | (1,875) | ​ |  | (1,400) | ​ |  | (410) | ​
Foreign | ​ |  | 5,627 | ​ |  | 4,862 | ​ |  | 7,234 | ​
Total income tax expense (benefit) | ​ | $ | (473) | ​ | $ | (1,878) | ​ | $ | 801 | ​
​ The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Deferred tax assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts receivable and inventory allowances | ​ | $ | 2,567 | ​ | $ | 2,348 | ​
Basis in investments | ​ |  | 4,387 | ​ |  | 6,939 | ​
Accrued expenses | ​ |  | 7,063 | ​ |  | 8,619 | ​
Deferred revenue | ​ |  | 27,526 | ​ |  | 27,940 | ​
Employee benefits | ​ |  | 6,690 | ​ |  | 8,454 | ​
Other, net | ​ |  | 6,892 | ​ |  | 968 | ​
Net operating losses | ​ | ​ | 63,713 | ​ | ​ | 41,117 | ​
Tax Credits | ​ | ​ | 2,995 | ​ | ​ | 1,916 | ​
Operating lease liability | ​ | ​ | 24,451 | ​ | ​ | 31,207 | ​
Total deferred tax asset | ​ |  | 146,284 | ​ |  | 129,508 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Acquired intangible assets, property and equipment | ​ | ​ | 106,529 | ​ | ​ | 83,423 | ​
Right-of-use asset | ​ | ​ | 27,796 | ​ | ​ | 29,967 | ​
Prepaid expense | ​ |  | 197 | ​ |  | 189 | ​
Total deferred tax liabilities | ​ |  | 134,522 | ​ |  | 113,579 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Valuation allowance | ​ |  | (35,759) | ​ |  | (33,642) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net deferred tax liabilities | ​ | $ | (23,997) | ​ | $ | (17,713) | ​
​ Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Deferred tax assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Long term | ​ | $ | 4,653 | ​ | $ | 3,747 | ​
Total deferred tax asset | ​ | $ | 4,653 | ​ | $ | 3,747 | ​
Deferred tax liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Long term | ​ | $ | (28,650) | ​ | $ | (21,460) | ​
Total deferred tax liabilities | ​ | $ | (28,650) | ​ | $ | (21,460) | ​
Net deferred tax liabilities | ​ | $ | (23,997) | ​ | $ | (17,713) | ​
​ The Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was 5.9% and 8.3%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily impacted by the following items: (i) a $4.1 million net increase of unrecognized tax positions, (ii) a $2.1 million net increase for permanently non-deductible expenses, (iii) a $2.1 million net increase related to valuation allowances placed on certain deferred tax assets and (iv) the mix of income generated among the jurisdictions in which the Company operates along with the exclusion of losses in jurisdictions where valuation allowances have been established for deferred tax assets as required by ASC 740-270-30-36(a). The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily impacted by the following items: (i) a $0.9 million provision related to certain transactional charges incurred in connection with acquisitions for which there is no tax benefit, (ii) a $2.5 million net increase of unrecognized tax positions, (iii) a $1.7 million net increase for permanently non-deductible expenses, and (iv) the mix of income generated among the jurisdictions in which the Company operates along with the exclusion of losses in jurisdictions where valuation allowances have been established for deferred tax assets as required by ASC 740-270-30-36(a), primarily in the US Virgin Islands. As of December 31, 2022, the Company estimated that it generated gross federal, state and foreign net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $134.6 million, $121.5 million and $126.8 million respectively. Of these, $122.4 million will expire between 2029 and 2042 and $260.5 million may be carried forward indefinitely. The Company assesses available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to realize the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of negative evidence evaluated is cumulative losses incurred in certain reporting jurisdictions over the three-year period ended December 31, 2022. Other negative evidence examined includes, but is not limited to, losses expected in early future years, a history of tax benefits expiring unused, uncertainties whose unfavorable resolution would adversely affect future results, and brief carryback, carry forward periods. On the basis of this evaluation, the Company believed it was more likely than not that the benefit from some of these federal, state, and foreign deferred taxes would not be realized. In recognition of this risk at December 31, 2022 the Company has provided a valuation allowance against certain domestic and foreign deferred tax assets of $35.8 million. The valuation allowance primarily relates to foreign net operating losses, with the remaining amount applicable to other net deferred tax assets which the Company does not expect to be able to realize. As of December 31, 2022 the Company had an estimated $172.3 million of undistributed earnings attributable to foreign subsidiaries for which no provision for state income taxes or foreign withholding taxes have been made because it is expected that such earnings will be reinvested outside the U.S. indefinitely unless repatriation can be done substantially tax-free. The Company will generally be free of additional U.S. federal tax consequences on distributed foreign subsidiary earnings due to a dividends received deduction implemented as part of the Tax Act for earnings distributed after January 1, 2018. Additionally, due to the one-time transition tax on the deemed repatriation of post-1986 undistributed foreign subsidiary earnings, the majority of previously unremitted earnings have already been subjected to U.S. federal income tax. The Company continues to assert indefinite reinvestment on outside basis differences in our non-U.S. subsidiaries, additionally any determination of the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability on outside basis differences is not practicable because of the complexity of laws and regulations, the varying tax treatment of alternative repatriation scenarios and the variation due to multiple potential assumptions relating to the timing of any future repatriation. The Company had unrecognized tax benefits (including interest and penalty) of $48.6 million as of December 31, 2022, $51.3 million as of December 31, 2021 and $40.8 million as of December 31, 2020. The net increase of the reserve during the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributable to an increase in tax positions for prior periods of $2.3 million, a net increase in tax positions for the current period of $5.1 million, a net decrease in tax positions acquired as part of a business combination of $6.8 million and partially offset by a lapse in statute of a prior year position of $3.3 million. The following shows the activity related to unrecognized tax benefits (not including interest and penalty) during the three years ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands):
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 32,682
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during a prior period | ​ | ​ | —
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during the current period |  | ​ | 2,964
Lapse in statute of limitations |  | ​ | (1,768)
Settlements | ​ | ​ | —
Gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2020 | ​ | $ | 33,878
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during a prior period | ​ | ​ | (216)
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during the current period |  | ​ | 3,880
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits acquired as part of a business combination |  | ​ | 8,275
Lapse in statute of limitations | ​ | ​ | (2,103)
Settlements | ​ | ​ | —
Gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2021 | ​ | $ | 43,714
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during a prior period | ​ | ​ | —
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during the current period | ​ | ​ | 5,080
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits acquired as part of a business combination | ​ | ​ | (6,825)
Lapse in statute of limitations | ​ | ​ | (2,050)
Settlements | ​ | ​ | —
Gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2022 | ​ | $ | 39,919
​ The Company’s accounting policy is to classify interest and penalties related to income tax matters as part of income tax expense. The accrued amounts for interest and penalties are $8.7 million as of December 31, 2022, $7.6 million as of December 31, 2021, and $6.9 million as of December 31, 2020. Of the $48.6 million of gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits (including interest and penalty), $47.1 million, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the US and in various, state and local and foreign jurisdictions. The statute of limitations related to the consolidated US federal income tax return is closed for all tax years up to and including 2017. The expiration of the statute of limitations related to the various state and foreign income tax returns that the Company and subsidiaries file varies by jurisdiction.

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