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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ |  | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

# For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

OR

☐ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

# For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission file number: 001-33221

HERON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | 94-2875566 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
100 Regency Forest Drive, Suite 300 Cary, North Carolina | 27518
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (858) 251-4400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | HRTX |  | The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☑
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding as of May 1, 2025 was 152,563,634.

# HERON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED MARCH 31, 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. |  | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |
ITEM 1. |  | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  |
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2024 |  | 2
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) |  | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) |  | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) |  | 5
|  | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | 6
ITEM 2. |  | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 18
ITEM 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |  | 25
ITEM 4. |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 25
PART II. |  | OTHER INFORMATION |  |
ITEM 1. |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 26
ITEM 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  | 27
ITEM 2. |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 30
ITEM 3. |  | Defaults upon Senior Securities |  | 30
ITEM 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 30
ITEM 5. |  | Other Information |  | 30
ITEM 6. |  | Exhibits |  | 31
|  | SIGNATURES |  | 32

1

PART I. FINANCI AL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOL IDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

HERON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

Condensed Consolida ted Balance Sheets

(In thousands)

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | (Unaudited) |  |  | (See Note 2) |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 19,269 |  |  | $ | 25,802 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 31,410 |  |  |  | 33,481 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 78,736 |  |  |  | 78,881 |
Inventory, net |  |  | 56,932 |  |  |  | 53,160 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 26,494 |  |  |  | 17,690 |
Total current assets |  |  | 212,841 |  |  |  | 209,014 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 14,537 |  |  |  | 14,863 |
Right-of-use lease assets |  |  | 2,091 |  |  |  | 2,787 |
Other assets |  |  | 6,283 |  |  |  | 6,483 |
Total assets |  | $ | 235,752 |  |  | $ | 233,147 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 12,333 |  |  | $ | 11,709 |
Accrued clinical and manufacturing liabilities |  |  | 20,060 |  |  |  | 25,402 |
Accrued payroll and employee liabilities |  |  | 6,451 |  |  |  | 9,554 |
Other accrued liabilities |  |  | 47,423 |  |  |  | 41,755 |
Current lease liabilities |  |  | 2,290 |  |  |  | 3,037 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 88,557 |  |  |  | 91,457 |
Non-current notes payable, net |  |  | 25,213 |  |  |  | 25,026 |
Non-current convertible notes payable, net |  |  | 149,753 |  |  |  | 149,700 |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | 682 |  |  |  | 615 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 264,205 |  |  |  | 266,798 |
Stockholders’ deficit: |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock |  |  | 1,524 |  |  |  | 1,521 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 1,886,981 |  |  |  | 1,884,409 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 13 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (1,916,959 | ) |  |  | (1,919,594 | )
Total stockholders’ deficit |  |  | (28,453 | ) |  |  | (33,651 | )
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit |  | $ | 235,752 |  |  | $ | 233,147 |

See accompanying notes.

2

HERON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

# Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net product sales |  | $ | 38,903 |  |  | $ | 34,670 |
Cost of product sales |  |  | 8,457 |  |  |  | 8,444 |
Gross profit |  |  | 30,446 |  |  |  | 26,226 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  | 2,279 |  |  |  | 4,608 |
General and administrative |  |  | 12,702 |  |  |  | 14,974 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 12,311 |  |  |  | 11,442 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 27,292 |  |  |  | 31,024 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | 3,154 |  |  |  | (4,798 | )
Other (expense) income, net |  |  | (519 | ) |  |  | 1,638 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | 2,635 |  |  |  | (3,160 | )
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized losses on short-term investments |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (19 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 2,623 |  |  | $ | (3,179 | )
Basic net income (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | (0.02 | )
Diluted net income (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | (0.02 | )
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic |  |  | 153,490 |  |  |  | 151,199 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted |  |  | 196,921 |  |  |  | 151,199 |

See accompanying notes.

3

HERON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

# Condensed Consolidated Statem ents of Stockholders’ Deficit

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)

|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  | Total Stockholders’ Deficit |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 152,128 |  |  | $ | 1,521 |  |  | $ | 1,884,409 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (1,919,594 | ) |  | $ | (33,651 | )
Issuance of common stock under equity incentive plan |  |  | 299 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 64 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,511 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,511 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,635 |  |  |  | 2,635 |
Net unrealized loss on short-term investments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12 | )
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,623 |
Balance as of March 31, 2025 (unaudited) |  |  | 152,427 |  |  |  | 1,524 |  |  |  | 1,886,981 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1,916,959 | ) |  |  | (28,453 | )

|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  | Total Stockholders’ Deficit |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 150,285 |  |  | $ | 1,503 |  |  | $ | 1,870,525 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (1,906,014 | ) |  | $ | (33,973 | )
Issuance of common stock under equity incentive plan |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,375 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,375 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,160 | ) |  |  | (3,160 | )
Net unrealized losses on short-term investments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19 | )
Comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,179 | )
Balance as of March 31, 2024 (unaudited) |  |  | 150,378 |  |  |  | 1,504 |  |  |  | 1,873,910 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (1,909,174 | ) |  |  | (33,766 | )

See accompanying notes.

4

HERON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

# Condensed Consolidated S tatements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 2,635 |  |  | $ | (3,160 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 2,511 |  |  |  | 3,375 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 551 |  |  |  | 689 |
Amortization of debt discount |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | 88 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 52 |
Accretion of discount on short-term investments |  |  | (281 | ) |  |  | (638 | )
Retirement and impairment of property and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 170 |
Gain on disposal of property and equipment |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | — |
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | (5,185 | )
Inventory |  |  | (3,772 | ) |  |  | (363 | )
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  |  | (8,604 | ) |  |  | (222 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | 624 |  |  |  | (2,403 | )
Accrued clinical and manufacturing liabilities |  |  | (5,466 | ) |  |  | (2,347 | )
Accrued payroll and employee-related liabilities |  |  | (3,103 | ) |  |  | (1,577 | )
Other accrued expenses |  |  | 5,713 |  |  |  | 2,005 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (8,870 | ) |  |  | (9,516 | )
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of short-term investments |  |  | (22,902 | ) |  |  | (37,892 | )
Maturities and sales of short-term investments |  |  | 25,242 |  |  |  | 39,170 |
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by investing activities |  |  | 2,273 |  |  |  | 1,278 |
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Receipts for stock issued under the equity incentive plan |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 11 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 11 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (6,533 | ) |  |  | (8,227 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 25,802 |  |  |  | 28,677 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 19,269 |  |  | $ | 20,450 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 636 |  |  | $ | 649 |

See accompanying notes.

5

HERON THERAPEUTICS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Consoli dated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, all references to “Heron,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms refer to Heron Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Heron Therapeutics B.V. Heron Therapeutics®, the Heron logo, ZYNRELEF®, APONVIE®, CINVANTI®, SUSTOL®, and Biochronomer® are our trademarks. All other trademarks appearing or incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the property of their respective owners.

1. Business

We are a commercial-stage biotechnology company focused on improving the lives of patients by developing and commercializing therapeutic innovations that improve medical care. Our advanced science, patented technologies, and innovative approach to drug discovery and development have allowed us to create and commercialize a portfolio of products that aim to advance the standard of care for acute care and oncology patients.

ZYNRELEF® (bupivacaine and meloxicam) extended-release solution (“ZYNRELEF”) is approved in the United States (“U.S.”) for the management of postoperative pain. APONVIE® (aprepitant) injectable emulsion (“APONVIE”) is approved in the U.S. for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. CINVANTI® (aprepitant) injectable emulsion (“CINVANTI”) and SUSTOL® (granisetron) extended-release injection (“SUSTOL”) are both approved in the U.S. for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

As of March 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $50.7 million. Based on our current operating plan and projections, management believes that the Company's cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to meet the Company's anticipated cash requirements for a period of at least one year from the date this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

2. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the requirements of the SEC for interim reporting. Accordingly, since they are interim statements, they do not include all of the information and disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for other quarters or the year ending December 31, 2025. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, has been derived from the audited financial statements as of that date. For more complete financial information, these condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025.

3. Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Heron Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Heron Therapeutics B.V., which was organized in the Netherlands in March 2015. Heron Therapeutics B.V. has no operations and no material assets or liabilities, and there have been no significant transactions related to Heron Therapeutics B.V. since its inception.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and disclosures made in the accompanying notes to the financial statements. Our significant accounting policies that involve significant judgment and estimates include revenue recognition, investments, inventory and the related reserves, accrued clinical and manufacturing liabilities, income taxes and stock-based compensation. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

6

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with contractual maturities of three months or less from the original purchase date.

Short-term investments consist of securities with contractual maturities of greater than three months from the original purchase date. Securities with contractual maturities greater than one year are classified as short-term investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, as we have the ability, if necessary, to liquidate these securities to meet our liquidity needs in the next 12 months. We have classified our short-term investments as available-for-sale securities in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. Available-for-sale securities are stated at fair market value, with net changes in unrealized gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income (loss) and realized gains and losses included in other income (expense), net. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on securities classified as available-for-sale are included in interest income within other income (expense), net.

Our bank and investment accounts have been placed under a control agreement in accordance with our working capital facility agreement (see Note 8).

Concentration of Credit Risk

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk. We deposit our cash in financial institutions. At times, such deposits may be in excess of insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts and believe we are not exposed to significant risk with respect to our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, however, any loss incurred or a lack of access to such funds could have a significant adverse impact on the Company's financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may also invest our excess cash in money market funds, U.S. government and agencies, corporate debt securities and commercial paper. We have established guidelines relative to our diversification of our cash investments and their maturities in an effort to maintain safety and liquidity. These guidelines are periodically reviewed and modified to take advantage of trends in yields and interest rates.

ZYNRELEF, APONVIE, CINVANTI and SUSTOL (collectively, our “Products”) are distributed in the U.S. through a limited number of specialty distributors and full line wholesalers (collectively, “Customers”) that resell to healthcare providers and hospitals, the end users of our Products.

The following table includes the percentage of net product sales and accounts receivable balances for our three major Customers, each of which comprised 10% or more of our product sales:

|  | Net Product Sales |  |  | Accounts Receivable |
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |  | As of March 31, 2025 |
Customer A |  |  | 43.6 | % |  |  | 43.1 | %
Customer B |  |  | 33.1 | % |  |  | 35.7 | %
Customer C |  |  | 22.1 | % |  |  | 20.9 | %
Total |  |  | 98.8 | % |  |  | 99.7 | %

A ccounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoice amount, net of an allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses reflects accounts receivable balances that are believed to be uncollectible. In estimating the allowance for credit losses, we consider (1) our historical experience with collections and write-offs; (2) the credit quality of our Customers and any recent or anticipated changes thereto; (3) the outstanding balances and past due amounts from our Customers; and (4) reasonable and supportable forecast of economic conditions expected to exist throughout the contractual term of the receivable. As of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, we do no t have an allowance for credit losses.

I nventory, Net

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value on a first-in, first-out, or FIFO, basis. We periodically analyze our inventory levels and write down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its

7

estimated realizable value and inventory quantities that are in excess of expected sales requirements as cost of product sales. The determination of whether inventory costs will be realizable requires estimates by management. If actual market conditions are less favorable than projected by management, additional write-downs of inventory may be required, which would be recorded as cost of product sales.

Property and Equipment, N et

Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets (generally 5 years). Leasehold improvements are stated at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term.

L eases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease or contains lease components at inception. Operating leases with an initial term greater than 12 months are recorded as lease liabilities with corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) lease assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. ROU lease assets represent our right to use the underlying assets over the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the present value of our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. We use the implicit rate when readily determinable. The ROU lease assets equal the lease liabilities, less unamortized lease incentives, unamortized initial direct costs and the cumulative difference between rent expense and amounts paid under the lease. The lease term includes any option to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components.

Rev enue Recognition

Revenue is recognized in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customer s (“Topic 606”). Topic 606 is based on the principle that revenue should be recognized to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

Product Sales

Our Products are distributed in the U.S. through a limited number of Customers that resell to healthcare providers and hospitals, the end users of our Products.

Revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for our Products. To determine revenue recognition for contracts with Customers within the scope of Topic 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a Customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations of the contract(s); (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract(s); and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligations. We recognize revenue from Product sales when there is a transfer of control of the Product to our Customers. We typically determine transfer of control based on when the Product is delivered, and title passes to our Customers.

Product Sales Allowances

We recognize product sales allowances as a reduction of product sales in the same period the related revenue is recognized. Product sales allowances are based on amounts owed or to be claimed on the related sales. Such variable consideration includes estimates that take into consideration the terms of our agreements with Customers, historical product returns, rebates or discounts taken, the shelf life of the product and specific known market events, such as competitive pricing and new product introductions. If actual future results vary from our estimates, we may need to adjust these estimates, which could have an effect on product sales and earnings in the period of adjustment. Our product sales allowances include:

•
Product Returns—We allow our Customers to return product for credit up to 12 months after the product expiration date. As such, there may be a significant period of time between the time the product is shipped and the time the credit is issued on returned product.

8

•
Distributor Fees—We pay distribution service fees to our Customers based on a contractually fixed percentage of the wholesale acquisition costs and fees for data. These fees are paid no later than two months after the quarter in which product was shipped.
•
Group Purchasing Organization (“GPO”) Discounts and Rebates—We offer cash discounts to GPO members. These discounts are taken when the GPO members purchase product from our Customers, who then charge back to us the discount amount. Additionally, we offer volume and contract-tier rebates to GPO members. Rebates are based on actual purchase levels during the quarterly rebate purchase period.
•
GPO Administrative Fees—We pay administrative fees to GPOs for services and access to data. These fees are based on contracted terms and are paid after the quarter in which the product was purchased by the GPO's members.
•
Medicaid Rebates—We participate in Medicaid rebate programs, which provide assistance to certain low-income patients based on each individual state’s guidelines regarding eligibility and services. Under the Medicaid rebate programs, we pay a rebate to each participating state, generally within six months after the quarter in which the product was sold.
•
Prompt Pay Discounts—We may provide discounts on product sales to our Customers for prompt payment based on contractual terms.

We believe our estimated allowance for product returns and GPO discounts requires a high degree of judgment and is subject to change based on our experience and certain quantitative and qualitative factors. We believe our estimated allowances for distributor fees, GPO rebates and administrative fees, Medicaid rebates and prompt pay discounts do not require a high degree of judgment because the amounts are settled within a relatively short period of time.

Our product sales allowances and related accruals are evaluated each reporting period and adjusted when trends or significant events indicate that a change in estimate is appropriate. Changes in product sales allowance estimates could materially affect our results of operations and financial position.

The following table provides disaggregated net product sales (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
CINVANTI net product sales |  | $ | 25,742 |  |  | $ | 25,617 |
SUSTOL net product sales |  |  | 2,859 |  |  |  | 3,615 |
ZYNRELEF net product sales |  |  | 8,042 |  |  |  | 5,013 |
APONVIE net product sales |  |  | 2,260 |  |  |  | 425 |
Total net product sales |  | $ | 38,903 |  |  | $ | 34,670 |

The following table provides a summary of activity with respect to our product returns, distributor fees and discounts, rebates and administrative fees, which are included in other accrued liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

|  | Product Returns |  |  | Distributor Fees |  |  | Discounts, Rebates and Administrative Fees |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 3,791 |  |  | $ | 5,883 |  |  | $ | 27,745 |  |  | $ | 37,419 |
Provision |  |  | 576 |  |  |  | 8,882 |  |  |  | 58,961 |  |  |  | 68,419 |
Payments/credits |  |  | (207 | ) |  |  | (7,720 | ) |  |  | (55,428 | ) |  |  | (63,355 | )
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  | $ | 4,160 |  |  | $ | 7,045 |  |  | $ | 31,278 |  |  | $ | 42,483 |

Co mprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Net changes in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are included in other comprehensive income (loss) and represent the difference between our net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) for all periods presented.

9

Earnings per Share

The computations of the numerator (earnings or loss) and denominator (shares) to calculate the basic and diluted earnings per share amounts presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) are as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
|  | Income |  |  | Shares |  |  | Income |  |  | Shares |
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 2,635 |  |  |  | 153,490 |  |  | $ | (3,160 | ) |  |  | 151,199 |
Earnings (loss) per share, basic |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.02 | ) |  |  |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 2,635 |  |  |  | 153,490 |  |  | $ | (3,160 | ) |  |  | 151,199 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29,462 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Restricted stock units outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,852 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Warrants outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | 298 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Shares of common stock underlying convertible notes outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,819 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net income (loss), diluted |  | $ | 2,635 |  |  |  | 196,921 |  |  | $ | (3,160 | ) |  |  | 151,199 |
Earnings (loss) per share, diluted |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.02 | ) |  |  |

Because we incurred a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024, the following common stock equivalents were not included in the computation of earnings per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):

|  | March 31, |
|  | 2024 |
Stock options outstanding |  |  | 29,380 |
Restricted stock units outstanding |  |  | 1,973 |
Warrants outstanding |  |  | 298 |
Shares of common stock underlying convertible notes outstanding |  |  | 9,819 |

Segment Reporting

Management, upon consideration of the organizational structure of the business and information reviewed by the Company's Chief Executive Officer, who is also the Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), has concluded that we have one reportable segment. All revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were generated from customers in the U.S. The CODM allocates resources and evaluates the performance of the reportable segment, which is the consolidated entity, primarily based on net income (loss) as reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The significant expenses reviewed by the CODM are cost of product sales, research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses, and sales and marketing expenses as reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The Company's operating segments do not record intercompany revenue nor allocate any expenses. The CODM does not evaluate operating segments using discrete asset information.

Rec ent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that we adopt as of the specified effective date. We have evaluated recently issued accounting pronouncements and do not believe any will have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements or related financial statement disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"), to enhance income tax reporting disclosures and require disclosure of

10

specific categories in the tabular rate reconciliation. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, on a prospective basis. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact on our disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses ("ASU 2024-03"), which requires disaggregated disclosures of certain categories of expenses that are included in the face of the financial statements. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact on our disclosures.

4. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, establishes a fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

•
Level 1—Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•
Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
•
Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

We measure cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of such assets were as follows (in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |
|  | Balance at March 31, 2025 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Cash and money market funds |  | $ | 15,087 |  |  | $ | 15,087 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Treasury bills and government agency obligations |  |  | 21,049 |  |  |  | 21,049 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
U.S. corporate debt securities |  |  | 8,224 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,224 |  |  |  | — |
Foreign corporate debt securities |  |  | 4,738 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,738 |  |  |  | — |
Foreign commercial paper |  |  | 893 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 893 |  |  |  | — |
U.S. commercial paper |  |  | 688 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 688 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 50,679 |  |  | $ | 36,136 |  |  | $ | 14,543 |  |  | $ | — |

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |
|  | Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Cash and money market funds |  | $ | 23,860 |  |  | $ | 23,860 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Treasury bills and government agency obligations |  |  | 14,868 |  |  |  | 14,868 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
U.S. corporate debt securities |  |  | 13,644 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,644 |  |  |  | — |
Foreign corporate debt securities |  |  | 5,913 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,913 |  |  |  |
Foreign commercial paper |  |  | 998 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 998 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 59,283 |  |  | $ | 38,728 |  |  | $ | 20,555 |  |  | $ | — |

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We have no t transferred any investment securities between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

As of March 31, 2025, cash equivalents included $4.2 million of available-for-sale securities with contractual maturities of three months or less and short-term investments included $14.8 million of available-for-sale securities with contractual maturities of three months to one year. As of December 31, 2024, cash equivalents included $1.9 million of available-for-sale securities with contractual maturities of three months or less and short-term investments included $9.0 million of available-for-sale securities with contractual maturities of three months to one year. The money market funds as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024 are included in cash and cash equivalents on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

A company may elect to use fair value to measure accounts receivable, available-for-sale securities, accounts payable, guarantees and issued debt, among others. If the use of fair value is elected, any upfront costs and fees related to the item such as debt issuance costs must be recognized in earnings and cannot be deferred. The fair value election is irrevocable and generally made on an instrument-by-instrument basis, even if a company has similar instruments that it elects not to measure based on fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on existing items for which fair value has been elected are reported as a cumulative adjustment to beginning retained earnings and any changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. We have elected to not apply the fair value option to our financial assets and liabilities.

Financial instruments, including cash, cash equivalents, receivables, inventory, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses are carried at cost, which is considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. Short-term available-for-sale investments are carried at fair value. Our notes payable and convertible notes payable outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 do not have a readily available ascertainable market value; however, their carrying value, which is measured at carrying value less unamortized debt issuance costs and debt discounts, is considered to approximate their fair value.

5. Short-Term Investments

The following is a summary of our short-term investments (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2025 |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Estimated |
|  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury bills and government agency obligations |  | $ | 19,801 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 19,801 |
U.S. corporate debt securities |  |  | 8,223 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,224 |
Foreign corporate debt securities |  |  | 1,804 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,804 |
U.S. commercial paper |  |  | 688 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 688 |
Foreign commercial paper |  |  | 893 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 893 |
Total |  | $ | 31,409 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 31,410 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Estimated |
|  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury bills and government agency obligations |  | $ | 14,860 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,868 |
U.S. corporate debt securities |  |  | 11,699 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,702 |
Foreign corporate debt securities |  |  | 5,911 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,913 |
Foreign commercial paper |  |  | 998 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 998 |
Total |  | $ | 33,468 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33,481 |

The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. We regularly monitor and evaluate the realizable value of our marketable securities. We did no t recognize any impairment losses during the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024.

Unrealized gains and losses associated with our investments are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses associated with our investments, if any, are reported in the statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). We did no t recognize any realized gains or losses during the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024.

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6. Inventory

Inventory consists of the following (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 19,508 |  |  | $ | 19,733 |
Work in process |  |  | 28,953 |  |  |  | 27,190 |
Finished goods |  |  | 8,471 |  |  |  | 6,237 |
Total inventory |  | $ | 56,932 |  |  | $ | 53,160 |

As of March 31, 2025, total inventory included $39.0 million related to CINVANTI, $12.2 million related to ZYNRELEF, $3.2 million related to SUSTOL and $2.5 million related to APONVIE. As of December 31, 2024, total inventory included $36.6 million related to CINVANTI, $11.8 million related to ZYNRELEF, $3.2 million related to SUSTOL and $1.6 million for APONVIE.

7. Leases

As of March 31, 2025, we had an operating lease for 52,148 square feet of laboratory and office space in San Diego, California, with a lease term that expires on December 31, 2025. In October 2021, we entered into a sublease agreement to sublet 23,873 square feet of laboratory and office space in San Diego, California. The space was delivered to the subtenant in March 2022. As a result of the sublease agreement, our one five-year option to renew this lease on expiration applies only with respect to our remaining 28,275 square feet of laboratory and office space.

We have a sublease agreement through which we sublease 5,840 square feet of office space in Cary, North Carolina, with a lease term that expires on April 30, 2025.

We have a short-term sublease agreement to sublet 9,882 square feet of office space in Cary, North Carolina, with a lease term that expires on August 31, 2025.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recognized $0.8 million of operating lease expense. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 we paid $0.8 million for our operating leases.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recognized $0.7 million of operating lease expense. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 we paid $0.8 million for our operating leases.

Annual future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2025, are as follows (in thousands):

2025 |  |  | 2,345 |
Less: discount |  |  | (55 | )
Total lease liabilities |  | $ | 2,290 |

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8. Long-Term Debt and Convertible Notes

Working Capital Facility Agreement

On August 9, 2023, we entered into a working capital facility agreement (the “Working Capital Facility Agreement”) with Hercules Capital, Inc., as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”). The Working Capital Facility Agreement provides an aggregate principal amount of up to $50.0 million with tranched availability as follows: $25.0 million at closing (“tranche 1A”), $5.0 million available through December 15, 2024 (“tranche 1B”), and $20.0 million available from the earlier of: (1) the full draw of tranche 1B and (2) the expiration of tranche 1B, and available through December 15, 2025 (“tranche 1C”), and in the case of tranches 1B and 1C, subject to certain customary conditions to draw down. As of March 31, 2025, we have only drawn tranche 1A.

The Working Capital Facility Agreement has a term of four years, with a springing maturity date that is 91 days prior to the stated maturity of our Senior Convertible Notes (as defined below) (if still outstanding at such time). The loans thereunder do not have any scheduled amortization payments and accrue interest at a floating rate equal to, 9.95% per annum, payable in cash on a monthly basis and upon maturity or payoff. In addition, under the terms of the Working Capital Facility Agreement, the loans also accrue paid-in-kind interest at a fixed-rate of 1.5% per annum which is due upon maturity or payoff.

In addition, in connection with the tranche 1A funding, we issued warrants to the Lenders to purchase up to 297,619 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $1.68 per share (the "Lender Warrants"). The Lender Warrants are equal to 2.00% of the principal amount of the tranche 1A loans funded by the Lenders (the “Warrant Coverage”). The Working Capital Facility Agreement also requires that we issue additional warrants to the Lenders at the time of each draw down of tranches 1B and 1C with the same Warrant Coverage. Each Lender Warrant is exercisable for seven years from the date of issuance.

The Working Capital Facility Agreement contains a minimum cash covenant, beginning on the closing date, requiring us to hold cash of no less than $8.5 million, if our market capitalization is less than $400.0 million. The Working Capital Facility Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, among other things, restrictions on indebtedness, liens, investments, mergers, dispositions, prepayment of other indebtedness, and dividends and other distributions, subject to certain exceptions. We were in compliance with all covenants of the Working Capital Facility Agreement as of March 31, 2025.

On February 13, 2025, the Working Capital Facility Agreement was amended to extend the maturity date to the earlier of (a) September 1, 2027 and (b) to the extent that any of the Senior Convertible Notes remain outstanding on such date, (i) May 12, 2026 or (ii) in the event that the maturity date of any Senior Convertible Notes is extended, prior to May 12, 2026, to August 11, 2026, or later, the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date of such further extended Senior Convertible Notes.

The Working Capital Facility Agreement was accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 470, Debt, ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The initial tranche 1A funding of $25.0 million and the Lender Warrants are accounted for as freestanding debt and equity financial instruments, respectively, as they are legally detachable and separately exercisable. The additional borrowings available under the Working Capital Facility Agreement plus the additional warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, which would be issued concurrently, are accounted for as a single freestanding financial instrument that are not assets or obligations of ours; this financial instrument meets the loan commitment derivative scope exception and will be accounted for when and if we borrow additional tranches in the future. The initial funding of $25.0 million was recorded as a liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In connection with the Working Capital Facility Agreement, we recognized the initial Lender Warrants at their relative fair value of $0.4 million, and we incurred debt issuance costs of $0.6 million, both of which were recorded as debt discounts. The debt discounts and the end of term fee of $0.8 million, are being amortized and accreted into interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the Working Capital Facility Agreement. The effective interest rate as of March 31, 2025 is 13.8%.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, interest expense related to the Working Capital Facility Agreement was $0.9 million, which included $0.6 million related to the stated interest rate, $0.1 million related to paid-in-kind interest, and $0.2 million related to the amortization of the debt discounts and accretion of the end of term fee. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, interest expense related to the Working Capital Facility Agreement was $0.9 million, which included $0.6 million related to the stated

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interest rate, and $0.1 million related to paid-in-kind interest, and $0.2 million related to the amortization of the debt discounts and accretion of the end of term fee.

As of March 31, 2025, the carrying value of tranche 1A was $25.2 million, which is comprised of the $25.0 million principal amount outstanding, $0.6 million of accumulated paid-in-kind interest, less debt discounts of $0.4 million. The end of term fee accreted as of March 31, 2025, of $0.4 million is recorded in other non-current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets

Senior Unsecured Convertible Notes

In May 2021, we entered into a note purchase agreement with funds affiliated with Baker Bros. Advisors LP for a private placement of $150.0 million in Senior Unsecured Convertible Notes (the “Senior Convertible Notes”). We received a total of $149.0 million, net of issuance costs, from the issuance of the Senior Convertible Notes.

The Senior Convertible Notes were issued at par. The Senior Convertible Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.5% per annum, payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year. The Senior Convertible Notes mature on May 26, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased.

The Senior Convertible Notes are subject to redemption at our option, between May 24, 2024 and May 24, 2025, but only if the last reported sale price per share of our common stock exceeds 250% of the conversion price for a specified period of time, or will be subject to redemption at our option on or after May 24, 2025 if the last reported sale price per share of our common stock exceeds 200% of the conversion price for a specified period of time. The redemption price will be equal to the principal amount of the Senior Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

Upon conversion, we will settle the Senior Convertible Notes in shares of our common stock. The initial conversion rate for the Senior Convertible Notes is 65.4620 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the Senior Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of $15.276 per share of common stock).

If a holder of the Senior Convertible Notes converts upon a make-whole fundamental change or company redemption, the holder may be eligible to receive a make-whole premium through an increase to the conversion rate.

In May 2021, we filed a registration statement with the SEC to register for resale 12.4 million shares of our common stock underlying the Senior Convertible Notes, including the maximum number of shares of common stock issuable under the make-whole premium.

The Senior Convertible Notes were accounted for in accordance with ASC Subtopic 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options (“ASC 470-20”), and ASC Subtopic 815-40, Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (“ASC 815-40”). Under ASC 815-40, to qualify for equity classification (or non-bifurcation, if embedded), the instrument (or embedded feature) must be both (1) indexed to the issuer’s stock and (2) meet the requirements of the equity classification guidance. Based upon our analysis, it was determined that the Senior Convertible Notes do contain embedded features indexed to our common stock, but do not meet the requirements for bifurcation, and therefore do not need to be separately accounted for as an equity component. Since the embedded conversion feature meets the equity scope exception from derivative accounting, and, also since the embedded conversion option does not need to be separately accounted for as an equity component under ASC 470-20, the proceeds received from the issuance of the Senior Convertible Notes were recorded as a liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We incurred issuance costs related to the Senior Convertible Notes of $1.0 million, which we recorded as debt issuance costs and are included as a reduction to the Senior Convertible Notes on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The debt issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the Senior Convertible Notes, resulting in an effective interest rate of 1.6%.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, interest expense related to the Senior Convertible Notes was $0.6 million, which included $0.5 million related to the stated interest rate and $0.1 related to the amortization of debt issuance costs. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, interest expense related to the Senior Convertible Notes was $0.6 million, which included $0.5 million related to the stated interest rate and $0.1 million related to the amortization of debt issuance costs.

As of March 31, 2025, the carrying value of the Senior Convertible Notes was $149.8 million, which is comprised of the $150.0 million principal amount of the Senior Convertible Notes outstanding, less debt issuance costs of $0.2 million.

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9. Equity Incentive Plan

Option Plan Activity

The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

|  | Shares (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 26,082 |  |  | $ | 4.46 |  |  |  | 7.80 |
Granted |  |  | 4,461 |  |  | $ | 1.70 |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (99 | ) |  | $ | 1.38 |  |  |  |
Expired and forfeited |  |  | (982 | ) |  | $ | 5.67 |  |  |  |
Outstanding at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 29,462 |  |  | $ | 4.02 |  |  |  | 7.69 |

We estimated the fair value of each option grant on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and for market-based stock option grants using the Monte Carlo simulation model. The following are the weighted-average assumptions:

|  | For the Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 4.3 | % |  |  | 4.2 | %
Dividend yield |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %
Volatility |  |  | 80.1 | % |  |  | 79.7 | %
Expected life (years) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 4 |

The following table summarizes the restricted stock unit (“RSU”) activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

|  | Shares (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 1,981 |  |  | $ | 2.35 |
Granted |  |  | 2,207 |  |  | $ | 1.70 |
Released |  |  | (173 | ) |  | $ | 1.82 |
Expired and forfeited |  |  | (163 | ) |  | $ | 2.66 |
Outstanding at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 3,852 |  |  | $ | 1.93 |

The fair value of RSUs is estimated based on the closing market price of our common stock on the date of the grant. RSUs generally vest quarterly over a four-year period.

Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based payment awards granted pursuant to all of our equity compensation arrangements (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |
General and administrative |  | $ | 1,572 |  |  | $ | 1,878 |  |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 695 |  |  |  | 796 |  |
Research and development |  |  | 244 |  |  |  | 701 |  |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 2,511 |  |  | $ | 3,375 |  |

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As of March 31, 2025, there was $25.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested, stock-based payment awards granted under all of our equity compensation plans and all non-plan option grants. Total unrecognized compensation cost will be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures. We expect to recognize this compensation cost over a weighted-average period of three years.

10. Income Taxes

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differences between financial statements and income tax carrying values using tax rates in effect for the years such differences are expected to reverse. Due to uncertainties surrounding our ability to generate future taxable income and consequently realize such deferred income tax assets, a full valuation allowance has been established. We continue to maintain a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets as of March 31, 2025.

The impact of an uncertain income tax position on the income tax return must be recognized at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant tax authority. An uncertain income tax position will be recognized when it is more likely than not of being sustained. The disclosures regarding uncertain tax positions included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025, continue to be accurate for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

11. Subsequent Event

The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but prior to the issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements to provide additional evidence for certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure.

On May 6, 2025, the Company announced that it entered into a settlement agreement with Mylan to resolve the ongoing patent litigation in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware related to Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of CINVANTI and a generic version of APONVIE.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 27, 2025 (the "2024 Annual Report").

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. We make such forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other federal securities laws. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “project,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “assume” and other expressions that predict or indicate future events and trends and which do not relate to historical matters. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business and commercialization strategy, products and product candidates, research pipeline, ongoing and planned preclinical studies and clinical trials, regulatory submissions and approvals, addressable patient population, research and development expenses, timing and likelihood of success, as well as plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. You should not rely on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from our anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Factors that might cause these differences include the following:

•
our ability to successfully commercialize, market and achieve market acceptance of ZYNRELEF® (bupivacaine and meloxicam) extended-release solution (“ZYNRELEF”), APONVIE® (aprepitant) injectable emulsion (“APONVIE”), CINVANTI® (aprepitant) injectable emulsion (“CINVANTI”), and SUSTOL® (granisetron) extended-release injection (“SUSTOL” and together with ZYNRELEF, APONVIE and CINVANTI, our "Products") in the United States (“U.S.”) , and our positioning relative to products that now or in the future compete with our Products or product candidates;
•
our estimates regarding the potential market opportunities for our Products and our product candidates, if approved, and our ability to capture the potential additional market opportunity from the expanded ZYNRELEF label approved in the U.S.;
•
our ability to establish and maintain successful commercial arrangements like our co-promotion agreement with CrossLink Network, LLC ("CrossLink Network");
•
the realization of anticipated benefits from our co-promotion agreement with CrossLink Network;
•
the outcome of our pending abbreviated new drug application litigation;
•
whether we are required to write-off any additional inventory in the future;
•
our ability to establish satisfactory pricing and obtain adequate reimbursement from government and third-party payors of our Products and product candidates that receive regulatory approvals;
•
whether study results of our Products and product candidates are indicative of the results in future studies;
•
our ability to successfully launch VAN in the US;
•
the potential regulatory approval for, and commercial launch of, our product candidates, if approved;
•
our competitors’ activities, including decisions as to the timing of competing product launches, generic entrants, pricing and discounting;
•
whether safety and efficacy results of our clinical studies and other required tests for expansion of the indications for our Products and approval of our product candidates provide data to warrant progression of clinical trials, potential regulatory approval or further development of any of our Products or product candidates;

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•
our ability to develop, acquire and advance product candidates into, and successfully complete, clinical studies, and our ability to submit for and obtain regulatory approval for product candidates in our anticipated timing, or at all;
•
our ability to meet the postmarketing study requirements within the mandated timelines of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and to obtain favorable results and comply with standard postmarketing requirements, including U.S. federal advertising and promotion laws, federal and state anti-fraud and abuse laws, healthcare information privacy and security laws, safety information, safety surveillance and disclosure of payments or other transfers of value to healthcare professionals and entities for Products or any of our product candidates;
•
our ability to successfully develop and achieve regulatory approval for any product candidates utilizing our proprietary Biochronomer® drug delivery technology (“Biochronomer Technology”);
•
our ability to establish key collaborations and vendor relationships for our Products and our product candidates;
•
our ability to successfully develop and commercialize any technology that we may in-license or products we may acquire;
•
our reliance on third-party contract manufacturers to supply our Products and product candidates, if approved;
•
unanticipated delays due to manufacturing difficulties, supply constraints or changes in the regulatory environment, including as a result of geopolitical uncertainty;
•
our ability to successfully operate in non-U.S. jurisdictions in which we may choose to do business, including compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and laws;
•
uncertainties associated with obtaining and enforcing patents and trade secrets to protect our Products, our product candidates, our Biochronomer Technology and our other technology;
•
our ability to successfully defend ourselves against unforeseen third-party infringement claims and other litigation involving our Products and product candidates;
•
our estimates regarding our capital requirements;
•
our inability or delay in achieving profitability;
•
the impacts of general business, financial market, and economic conditions, including the impact of conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, global pandemics such as COVID-19, tariffs and other trade protection measures, and other sources of volatility, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows;
•
the impact of evolving legal and regulatory requirements and interpretations thereof, including the U.S. Supreme Court decision regarding deference to federal administrative agencies' interpretations of federal statutes;
•
our ability to obtain additional financing and raise capital as necessary to fund operations or pursue business opportunities;
•
the impact of global economic and political developments on our business, including economic slowdowns or recessions and market disruptions that may result from, among others, global conflicts, economic sanctions, an inflationary environment, which could harm our commercialization effort, as well as the value of our common stock and our ability to access capital markets, and
•
those risks listed under the section entitled "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" of the 2024 Annual Report and Part II, Item IA "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Any forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements were based on information, plans and estimates as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, future events or other changes. These risk factors may be updated by our future filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). You should carefully review all information therein.

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Overview

We are a commercial-stage biotechnology company focused on improving the lives of patients by developing and commercializing therapeutic innovations that improve medical care. Our advanced science, patented technologies, and innovative approach to drug discovery and development have allowed us to create and commercialize a portfolio of products that aim to advance the standard of care for acute care and oncology patients.

Acute Care Product Portfolio

ZYNRELEF

ZYNRELEF is a dual-acting local anesthetic that delivers a fixed-dose combination of the local anesthetic bupivacaine and a low dose of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam. ZYNRELEF is the first and only modified-release local anesthetic to be classified by the FDA as an extended-release product because ZYNRELEF demonstrated in Phase 3 studies significantly reduced pain and significantly increased proportion of patients requiring no opioids through the first 72 hours following surgery compared to bupivacaine solution, the current standard-of-care local anesthetic for postoperative pain control.

ZYNRELEF was initially approved by the FDA in May 2021, and we commenced commercial sales in the U.S. in July 2021. In each of December 2021 and January 2024, the FDA approved an expansion of ZYNRELEF's indication. ZYNRELEF is approved for use in adults for postsurgical analgesia for up to 72 hours after soft tissue and orthopedic surgical procedures including foot and ankle, and other orthopedic surgical procedures in which direct exposure to articular cartilage is avoided. In September 2024, the FDA approved the prior approval supplement (“PAS”) application for ZYNRELEF Vial Access Needle ("VAN"), which will replace the current vented vial spike.

In March 2022, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) approved a 3-year transitional pass-through status of ZYNRELEF, which became effective on April 1, 2022, for separate reimbursement outside of the surgical bundle payment in the Hospital Outpatient Department ("HOPD") setting of care. In addition, in December 2022, H.R. 2617, the omnibus spending bill was approved by Congress, which includes the Non-Opioids Prevent Addiction in the Nation (NOPAIN) Act which directs CMS to provide separate Medicare reimbursement for non-opioid treatments that are used to manage pain during surgeries conducted in hospital outpatient departments or in ambulatory surgical centers. To qualify, the non-opioid treatment must demonstrate the ability to replace, reduce, or avoid intraoperative or postoperative opioid use or the quantity of opioids prescribed in a clinical trial or through data published in a peer-reviewed journal. The hospital outpatient prospective payment system and ambulatory surgical center proposed rule for calendar year 2025 includes ZYNRELEF as a qualifying non-opioid requiring CMS to provide separate Medicare reimbursement in both the hospital outpatient department and ambulatory surgical center settings from January 1, 2025, through December 31, 2027.

APONVIE

APONVIE is the first and only intravenous formulation of a substance P/neurokinin-1 (“NK1”) receptor antagonist indicated for postoperative nausea and vomiting (“PONV”) in adults. Delivered via a single 30-second intravenous (“IV”) injection, APONVIE has demonstrated rapid achievement of therapeutic drug levels ideally suited for the surgical setting.

APONVIE was approved by the FDA in September 2022 and became commercially available in the U.S. in March 2023. APONVIE is indicated for the prevention of PONV in adults. CMS granted pass-through payment status for APONVIE, effective April 1, 2023.

Oncology Care Product Portfolio

CINVANTI

CINVANTI is an IV formulation of aprepitant, a substance NK1 receptor antagonist. CINVANTI is the first IV formulation to directly deliver aprepitant, the active ingredient in EMEND® capsules. Aprepitant (including its prodrug, fosaprepitant) is a single-agent NK1 receptor antagonist to significantly reduce nausea and vomiting in both the acute phase (0–24 hours after chemotherapy) and the delayed phase (24–120 hours after chemotherapy). CINVANTI is the first and only IV formulation of an NK1 receptor antagonist indicated for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with Highly Emetogenic Cancer ("HEC") and nausea and vomiting associated with Moderately Emetogenic Cancer ("MEC") that is free of synthetic surfactants, including polysorbate 80.

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CINVANTI, in combination with other antiemetic agents, is indicated in adults for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of HEC including high-dose cisplatin as a single-dose regimen, delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of MEC as a single-dose regimen, and nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of MEC as a 3-day regimen.

NK1 receptor antagonists are typically used in combination with 5-hydroxytryptamine ("5-HT3") receptor antagonists. The only other injectable NK1 receptor antagonist currently approved in the U.S. for both acute and delayed chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (“CINV”), EMEND® IV (fosaprepitant), contains polysorbate 80, a synthetic surfactant, which has been linked to hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, and infusion site reactions. The CINVANTI formulation does not contain polysorbate 80 or any other synthetic surfactant. Our CINVANTI data has demonstrated the bioequivalence of CINVANTI to EMEND IV, supporting its efficacy for the prevention of both acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with HEC and nausea and vomiting associated with MEC. Results also showed CINVANTI was better tolerated in healthy volunteers than EMEND IV, with significantly fewer adverse events reported with CINVANTI.

CINVANTI was approved by the FDA in November 2017, and we commenced commercial sales in the U.S. in January 2018.

SUSTOL

SUSTOL is the first extended-release 5-HT3 receptor antagonist approved for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with both MEC and anthracycline and cyclophosphamide ("AC") combination chemotherapy regimens. A standard of care in the treatment of breast cancer and other cancer types, AC regimens are among the most commonly prescribed HEC regimens, as defined by both the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (“NCCN”) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (“ASCO”).

SUSTOL is indicated in combination with other antiemetics in adults for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of MEC or AC combination chemotherapy regimens. SUSTOL is an extended-release, injectable 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that utilizes our Biochronomer Technology to maintain therapeutic levels of granisetron for ≥5 days. The SUSTOL global Phase 3 development program was comprised of two, large, guideline-based clinical studies that evaluated SUSTOL’s efficacy and safety in more than 2,000 patients with cancer. SUSTOL’s efficacy in preventing nausea and vomiting was evaluated in both the acute phase (0–24 hours following chemotherapy) and the delayed phase (24–120 hours following chemotherapy).

SUSTOL was approved by the FDA in August 2016, and we commenced commercial sales in the U.S. in October 2016.

Biochronomer Technology

Our proprietary Biochronomer Technology is designed to deliver therapeutic levels of a wide range of otherwise short-acting pharmacological agents over a period from days to weeks with a single administration. Our Biochronomer Technology consists of polymers that have been the subject of comprehensive animal and human toxicology studies that have shown evidence of the safety of the polymer. When administered, the polymers undergo controlled hydrolysis, resulting in a controlled, sustained release of the pharmacological agent encapsulated within the Biochronomer-based composition. Furthermore, our Biochronomer Technology is designed to permit more than one pharmacological agent to be incorporated, such that multimodal therapy can be delivered with a single administration.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, including those related to revenue recognition, investments, inventory and the related reserves, accrued clinical and manufacturing liabilities, income taxes and stock-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

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Our critical accounting estimates include: revenue recognition, investments, inventory and the related reserves, accrued clinical and manufacturing liabilities, income taxes, and stock-based compensation. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates disclosures included in our 2024 Annual Report.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024

Comparison of Results of Operations

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | % of Sales |  |  | 2024 |  |  | % of Sales |
Net product sales |  | $ | 38,903 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,670 |  |  |  |
Cost of product sales |  |  | 8,457 |  |  |  | 21.7 | % |  |  | 8,444 |  |  |  | 24.4 | %
Gross Profit |  | $ | 30,446 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,226 |  |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  | 2,279 |  |  |  | 5.9 | % |  |  | 4,608 |  |  |  | 13.3 | %
General and administrative |  |  | 12,702 |  |  |  | 32.7 | % |  |  | 14,974 |  |  |  | 43.2 | %
Sales and marketing |  |  | 12,311 |  |  |  | 31.6 | % |  |  | 11,442 |  |  |  | 33.0 | %
Income (loss) from operations |  | $ | 3,154 |  |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | $ | (4,798 | ) |  | (13.8%) |

Net Product Sales

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Acute Care Net Product Sales |  | $ | 10,302 |  |  | $ | 5,438 |
Oncology Net Product Sales |  |  | 28,601 |  |  |  | 29,232 |
Total Net Product Sales |  | $ | 38,903 |  |  | $ | 34,670 |

Total acute care net product sales increased 89.4% or $4.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the comparable period in 2024, primarily driven by an increase in the units sold due to an increase in market share and new customers for both ZYNRELEF and APONVIE, which contributed approximately $4.1 million of the total increase in acute care net product sales.

Total oncology net product sales decreased 2.2% during the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is attributed to market competition and is expected to continue through 2025.

Cost of Product Sales

Cost of product sales increased by 0.2% during the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the comparable period in 2024 and as a percentage of sales decreased 2.7% during the same period. Gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was 78.3%, compared to 75.6% for the comparable period ended March 31, 2024. The increase in gross profit without a corresponding increase in cost of product sales is attributed to a lower cost per unit for the units sold in the three months ended March 31, 2025 as a result of production efficiencies compared to the same period ended March 31, 2024, partially offset by an increase in the units sold.

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Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
ZYNRELEF-related costs |  | $ | 818 |  |  | $ | 636 |
CINVANTI-related costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | 471 |
APONVIE-related costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | 202 |
SUSTOL-related costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90 |
Personnel costs and other expenses |  |  | 1,217 |  |  |  | 2,508 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 244 |  |  |  | 701 |
Total research and development expense |  | $ | 2,279 |  |  | $ | 4,608 |

Research and development expense decreased by 50.5% or $2.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the comparable period in 2024 and as a percentage of sales, decreased 7.4% during the same period. The decrease is primarily related to decreases in headcount and related costs, as well as a decrease in development activities.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense decreased by 15.2% or $2.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the comparable period in 2024 and as a percentage of sales, decreased 10.5% during the same period. The decrease is primarily related to decreased headcount in 2024 and related costs, which represents approximately $1.5 million of the total decrease, and decreased legal expenses of $0.5 million related to the timing of patent litigations.

Sales and Marketing Expense

Sales and marketing expense increased by 7.6% or $0.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the comparable period in 2024, and as a percentage of sales, decreased by 1.4% during the same period. The increase in sales and marketing expense is attributed to increased marketing and sales spend to support revenue growth of the acute care products, of approximately $1.0 million.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net decreased 131.7% during the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the comparable period in 2024, primarily due to the one time settlement gain contingency related to a legal dispute in 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $50.7 million. Based on our current operating plan and projections, management believes that the Company's cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments, will be sufficient to meet the Company's anticipated cash requirements for a period of at least the next twelve months from the date this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is filed with the SEC. However, we expect these financing sources will not be sufficient to repay the $150.0 million of Senior Convertible Notes coming due in May 2026. We expect to finance our future cash needs, including refinancing of our indebtedness through a combination of debt financing transactions, equity offerings, collaborations or a combination of these approaches. If we issue additional equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities to raise funds, our stockholders will suffer dilution of their investment, and in the case of preferred equity securities or convertible debt, those securities could provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock, and such issuances may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Our ability to raise additional funds may also be adversely impacted by negative global economic conditions and disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the U. S. and worldwide or other factors, including those addressed under the section entitled "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" of the 2024 Annual Report and Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund our operations or on terms favorable or acceptable to us, if at all. If adequate funds are not available, we may default on our indebtedness, be required to further delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our product development programs and reduce personnel-related and other costs, which would have a negative impact on our business.

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We continuously evaluate our liquidity and capital resources, including access to external capital, in light of current economic and market conditions and our operational performance. Our future cash requirements and the adequacy of our available funds will depend on many factors, primarily including our ability to generate revenue and the scope and costs of our commercial and research and development activities.

Our net income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $2.6 million, or $0.02 per share, compared to a net loss of $3.2 million, or $0.02 per share, for the same period in 2024.

Our net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 was $8.9 million and $9.5 million, respectively. The decrease in net cash used in operating activities was primarily due to the net income for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the net loss for the prior period in 2024, decreases in operating spend and stock-based compensation expenses, and changes in working capital, specifically accounts receivable due to timing of collections, prepaid assets due to the timing of payments, and accounts payable and accrued expenses, including payroll and employee related liabilities due to the timing of payments and reduced headcount.

Our net cash provided by investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and March 31, 2024 was $2.3 million, and $1.3 million, respectively. The increase in net cash provided by investing activities was primarily due to net maturities of short-term investments of $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Our net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and March 31, 2024 was $0.06 million, and $0.01 million, respectively.

Historically, we have financed our operations, including technology and product research and development, primarily through sales of our common stock, product sales and debt financings.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATI VE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk appear in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in the Company’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There were no material changes to this information during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports, filed or submitted under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, including, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in such reports is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and principal accounting officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable and not absolute assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. In addition, the design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on the foregoing, our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and principal accounting officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of such time.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEG AL PROCEEDINGS

Except as discussed below, there are no material changes from the legal proceedings previously disclosed in our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

On August 4, 2023, the Company received a Notice Letter (the “Mylan August Notice”) from Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Mylan”) advising that Mylan had submitted an abbreviated new drug application ("ANDA") to the FDA seeking approval to manufacture, use or sell a generic version of CINVANTI (“Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of CINVANTI”) in the U.S. prior to the expiration of U.S. Patent Nos. 9,561,229; 9,808,465; 9,974,742; 9,974,793; 9,974,794; 10,500,208; 10,624,850; 10,953,018; and 11,173,118 (the “CINVANTI Patents”), which are listed in the Orange Book. The Mylan August Notice alleges that the CINVANTI Patents are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the commercial manufacture, use or sale of the generic product described in Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of CINVANTI. On September 15, 2023, the Company filed a complaint for patent infringement of the CINVANTI Patents against Mylan in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware in response to the filing of Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of CINVANTI. The complaint seeks, among other relief, equitable relief enjoining Mylan from infringing the CINVANTI Patents. On November 9, 2023, the Company received an updated Notice Letter from Mylan advising that it had submitted an amendment to Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of CINVANTI to include a Paragraph IV certification to the Company's recently listed U.S. Patent No. 11,744,800. On May 6, 2025, the Company announced that it entered into a settlement agreement with Mylan to resolve the ongoing patent litigation in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware related to Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of CINVANTI. Pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement, the Company has granted Mylan a license under the Orange Book-listed patents for CINVANTI to market a generic version of CINVANTI in the United States beginning June 1, 2032, or earlier under certain customary circumstances. In connection with the settlement, the Company and Mylan will file a proposed Stipulation and Order of Dismissal with the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware requesting that the Court dismiss the pending litigation between the parties.

On December 16, 2023, the Company received a Notice Letter (the “Mylan December Notice”) from Mylan advising that Mylan had submitted an ANDA to the FDA seeking approval to manufacture, use or sell a generic version of APONVIE in the U.S. (“Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of APONVIE”) prior to the expiration of U.S. Patent Nos.: 9,561,229; 9,808,465; 9,974,742; 9,974,793; 9,974,794; 10,500,208; 10,624,850; 10,953,018; 11,173,118; and 11,744,800 (the “APONVIE Patents”), which are listed in the Orange Book. The Mylan December Notice Letter alleges that the APONVIE Patents are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the commercial manufacture, use or sale of the generic product described in Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of APONVIE. On January 11, 2024, the Company filed a complaint for patent infringement of the APONVIE Patents against Mylan in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware in response to Mylan filing an ANDA for a generic version of APONVIE. The complaint seeks, among other relief, equitable relief enjoining Mylan from infringing the APONVIE Patents. On January 26, 2024, the Court consolidated this litigation concerning Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of APONVIE with the previously-filed litigation concerning Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of CINVANTI. On May 6, 2025, the Company announced that it entered into a settlement agreement with Mylan to resolve the ongoing patent litigation in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware related to Mylan’s ANDA for a generic version of APONVIE. Pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement, the Company has granted Mylan a license under the Orange Book-listed patents for APONVIE to market a generic version of APONVIE in the United States beginning June 1, 2032, or earlier under certain customary circumstances. In connection with the settlement, the Company and Mylan will file a proposed Stipulation and Order of Dismissal with the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware requesting that the Court dismiss the pending litigation between the parties.

On December 11, 2023, the Company received a Paragraph IV notice of certification (the “Slayback Notice”) from Slayback Pharma LLC ("Slayback") (now owned by Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("Azurity")) advising that Slayback had submitted an new drug application under Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to the FDA seeking approval to manufacture, use or sell a generic version of CINVANTI in the U.S. (“Slayback’s NDA”) prior to the expiration of the patents listed in the Orange Book. The Slayback Notice alleges that the CINVANTI Patents are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the commercial manufacture, use or sale of the generic product described in Slayback’s NDA. On January 24, 2024, the Company filed a complaint for patent infringement of the CINVANTI Patents against Slayback and a related entity in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey in response to Slayback’s NDA filing. The complaint seeks, among other relief, equitable relief enjoining Slayback from infringing those patents. On July 2, 2024, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey granted Slayback’s motion to transfer this matter to the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware. On December 12, 2024, the Company filed a

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complaint against Slayback, Azurity, and related entities in the U.S. District Court for District of Delaware for patent infringement of the U.S. Patent Nos. 12,115,254 and 12,115,255. The parties are currently entering into expert discovery. A four-day bench trial is currently scheduled for November 17, 2025. The Company intends to vigorously enforce its intellectual property rights relating to CINVANTI. As a result of our initial complaint for patent infringement, the FDA may not approve Slayback’s NDA until the earlier of June 12, 2026 or resolution of the litigation.

On February 28, 2025, Azurity, Azurity Pharma India LLP, and Slayback requested Post-Grant Review ("PGR") of U.S. Patent Nos. 12,115,254 and 12,115,255 in PGR2025-00035 and PGR2025-00036, respectively. On April 14, 2025, the Petitions were accorded a filing date. The Company’s Patent Owner Preliminary Response is due on July 14, 2025.

On February 7, 2025, the Company received a Notice Letter (the “Qilu Notice”) from Qilu Pharmaceutical (Hainan) Co., Ltd and Qilu Pharma, Inc. (“Qilu”) advising that Qilu had submitted an ANDA to the FDA seeking approval to manufacture, use or sell a generic version of APONVIE in the U.S. (“Qilu’s ANDA”) prior to the expiration of U.S. Patent Nos.: 9,561,229; 9,808,465; 9,974,742; 9,974,793; 9,974,794; 10,500,208; 10,624,850; 10,953,018; 11,173,118; 11,744,800, 12,115,254, and 12,115,255 (the “Noticed APONVIE Patents”), which are listed in the Orange Book, Qilu's ANDA alleges that the Noticed APONVIE Patents are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the commercial manufacture, use or sale of the generic product described in Qilu’s ANDA for a generic version of APONVIE. On March 21, 2025, the Company filed a complaint for patent infringement of the Noticed APONVIE Patents against Qilu in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware in response to Qilu's ANDA for a generic version of APONVIE. The complaint seeks, among other relief, equitable relief enjoining Qilu from infringing the Noticed APONVIE Patents. The case is in its early stages and a trial has not yet been scheduled. The Company intends to vigorously enforce its intellectual property rights relating to APONVIE. As a result of filing our complaint for patent infringement, the FDA may not approve Qilu’s ANDA for a generic version of APONVIE until the earlier of August 7, 2027 or resolution of the litigation.

ITEM 1A. RIS K FACTORS

We operate in a rapidly changing environment that involves a number of risks that could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results, some of which are beyond our control. In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the risks and uncertainties that we believe are most important for you to consider are discussed in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors” in the 2024 Annual Report and in Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors” in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Other than the factors set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors described in the 2024 Annual Report.

Certain of the components used in the manufacture of our Products are, or might be, sourced from a single vendor, and the loss or disruption of this vendor could significantly harm our business.

Some of the critical materials and components used in manufacturing our Products are, or might be, sourced from single suppliers. An interruption in the supply of a key material could significantly delay our research and development process or increase our expenses for commercialization or development products. Specialized materials must often be manufactured for the first time for use in drug delivery technologies, or materials may be used in these technologies in a manner different from their customary commercial uses. The quality of materials can be critical to the performance of a drug delivery technology, so a reliable source that provides a consistent supply of materials is important. Materials or components needed for our drug delivery technologies may be difficult to obtain on commercially reasonable terms, particularly when relatively small quantities are required or if the materials traditionally have not been used in pharmaceutical products. Our reliance on a single vendor for certain components used in the manufacturing of our Products also subjects our business to risk associated with the geographic areas in which those single vendors reside, which could include natural or man-made disasters, including severe weather, epidemics, pandemics, acts of war or terrorism, armed conflict, resource shortages, or geopolitical instability, including as a result of increased tariffs and changing regulations and policies that may disrupt global markets or escalate tensions between countries. Such adverse events could cause global supply chain interruptions that could increase our costs and, to the extent such interruptions impair our ability to have sufficient inventory, cause us to lose revenue or market share. We continually evaluate our supply chains to identify potential risks and needs for additional manufacturers and other suppliers for the manufacturing of our Products. Establishing additional or replacement suppliers for certain raw materials in our proprietary polymers, if required, may not be accomplished quickly, or at all, and may involve significant expense. If we are able to find a replacement supplier, we would need to evaluate and qualify such replacement vendor and its ability

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to meet quality and compliance standards. Any change in suppliers or the manufacturing process for our Products could require additional regulatory approval and result in operational delays.

Some of our suppliers may experience disruption to their respective supply chains due to the adverse events or conditions, including the effects of a pandemic or disease outbreak, the imposition of tariffs and other trade protective measures, rising geopolitical tensions, armed conflict or other factors, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

We obtain certain critical materials and components used in manufacturing our Products from third-party suppliers whose operations might be directly or indirectly affected by adverse events or conditions, including the effects of a pandemic or disease outbreak, the imposition of tariffs and other trade protective measures, rising geopolitical tensions, armed conflict or other factors (including, without limitation, adverse weather conditions, political instability, war, civil unrest, economic instability, outbreaks of disease, or other public health emergencies and the impact of any such U.S. or foreign government response and public fears regarding any of the foregoing). For example, the recent increase in retaliatory tariffs between the U.S. and certain countries, most notably China, has escalated geopolitical tensions and may significantly disrupt the global markets and supply chains. Further, in recent years, tensions between mainland China and Taiwan have further escalated, with China accelerating the development of military capabilities and threatening the use of military force to gain control over Taiwan in certain circumstances. Similarly, the geopolitical conflicts in Russia and Ukraine and the Middle East remain unpredictable and could escalate into a broader armed conflict and additional economic sanctions or countermeasures by the affected countries or others, which could exacerbate market and economic instability. If we are unable to obtain these critical materials and components in sufficient quantities and in a timely manner, the manufacture, development, testing and clinical study of our Products might be delayed or infeasible, which could significantly harm our business.

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Changes in government policies, laws, and regulations and with respect to the government workforce may have a negative impact on our business and the markets in which we operate.

The laws and regulations governing our operations, as well as their interpretation, may change from time to time, and new laws and regulations may be enacted. Similarly, operational changes at government agencies, including actions intended to reduce government spending at agencies that regulate significant parts of our business, such as the FDA and CMS, could have a significant impact on the implementation of laws and regulations that impact our business. For example, in April 2025, the U.S. administration conducted significant layoffs at several U.S. health agencies, including the FDA, the Department of Health and Human Services (the “HHS”), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health, which is expected to impact the FDA’s ability to review and approve new medicines and conduct necessary inspections. The HHS has also proposed a potential major reorganization of the FDA by consolidating product centers for drugs, biologics, devices, tobacco and veterinary medicine, which regulate different product types under distinct rules and regulations and operate under different review processes and timelines for product approval. Over the last several years, the U.S. government has also shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and SEC, have had to furlough critical employees and stop critical activities. In addition, government funding of agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities, is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. There is also a great degree of uncertainty related to the impact of recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions and executive orders on the FDA’s enforcement and decision-making authority. In February 2025, President Trump signed an executive order asserting greater authority over all federal agencies, including those established by Congress as independent from direct presidential control. The executive order may lead to delays, if not cancellations, of pending and proposed regulations at federal agencies and introduces uncertainty as it subjects all significant regulatory actions by the agencies to the President’s supervision and control.

Accordingly, any change in these laws or regulations, changes in their interpretation, or newly enacted laws or regulations and any failure by us to comply with these laws or regulations could require changes to certain of our business practices, negatively impact our operations, cash flow or financial condition, impose additional costs on us or otherwise adversely affect our business. For example, U.S. trade policy under the new administration, including potential new or increased tariffs, along with changing trade policies in China, Mexico, the U.K., Canada, and parts of Europe, may impact global trade, create sourcing challenges with respect to raw materials and instruments and increase our costs, potentially harming our business. In April 2025, the U.S. administration imposed increased tariffs on all countries and individualized “reciprocal” higher tariffs on certain countries, most notably China, for which other countries responded by announcing retaliatory tariffs on U.S. imports. The tariff increases have significantly disrupted the global markets and may significantly escalate geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and other countries, especially China. Further, in April 2025, the U.S. Department of Commerce initiated national security investigations into the importation of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients pursuant to Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, which could result in the imposition of new tariffs on imports within the pharmaceutical industry. The extent of the impact of such tariffs and proposed regulations on our business specifically, or on the U.S. market and global economy generally, are uncertain and unpredictable, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, uncertainty with respect to legislation, regulation and government policy at the federal, state and local levels, including as a result of the change in administration, has introduced new and difficult-to-quantify macroeconomic and geopolitical risks with potentially far-reaching implications. With the change in the presidential administration, there are currently a number of laws and regulations in the U.S. that have recently been adopted but not yet implemented, have been proposed or are being considered to which we or our customers may become subject, including healthcare reform initiatives and potential spending and tax proposals, but at this time their impact on our business and results of operations remains uncertain. Changes in legislation, regulation or policy increase the likelihood that we will fail to appropriately adapt to changes in our compliance obligations, particularly when such changes happen abruptly, such as following a change in government. Any of the foregoing changes could increase our litigation and regulatory exposure, directly impact our results of operations and cash flows, adversely affect our ability to provide our products, or adversely impact the demand for our Products. Such changes may also impact our business by creating increased volatility and uncertainty in the markets in which we operate. At this time, we cannot predict the ultimate content, timing, or effect of these changes, including any legislative, regulatory and other actions under the new U.S. administration, or estimate the overall impact of any such changes on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUI TY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPO N SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SA FETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHE R INFORMATION

No ne.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation, as amended through July 29, 2009 (incorporated by reference to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2009, as Exhibit 3.1, filed on August 9, 2009)
3.2 |  | Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to our Current Report on Form 8-K, as Exhibit 3.1, filed on June 30, 2011)
3.3 |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to our Current Report on Form 8-K, as Exhibit 3.1, filed on January 13, 2014
3.4 |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to our Company's Post-Effective Amendment to its Registration Statement on Form 8-A/A, filed on July 6, 2017)
3.5 |  | Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, as exhibit 3.6, filed on February 22, 2019)
3.6 |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to our Current Report on Form 8-K, as exhibit 3.1, filed on June 12, 2023)
3.7 |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to our Current Report on Form 8-K, as exhibit 3.1, filed on June 18, 2024)
3.8 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to our Current Report on Form 8-K, as Exhibit 3.1, filed on February 8, 2019)
10.1 |  | First Amendment to Working Capital Facility Agreement, dated as of February 13, 2025, by and among the Company, the several banks and other financial institutions or entities from time to time party thereto, and Hercules Capital, Inc. (incorporated by reference to our Current Report on Form 8-K. as Exhibit 10.1, filed on February 20, 2025)
31.1+ |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2+ |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1++ |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Extension Definition
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document included as Exhibit 101)

+ Filed herewith

++ Furnished herewith

* Certain information has been omitted from the exhibit pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K

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# SIGNAT URES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Heron Therapeutics, Inc.
Date: May 6, 2025 |  | /s/ Craig Collard
|  | Craig Collard
|  | Chief Executive Officer
|  | (As Principal Executive Officer)
|  | /s/ Ira Duarte
|  | Ira Duarte
|  | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
|  | (As Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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