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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

(13) Income Taxes



The Company computes its consolidated income tax provision each quarter based on a projected annual effective tax rate, as required. The Company is required to reduce deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on all available evidence, it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the benefit of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods.  The Company also records the income tax impact of certain discrete, unusual or infrequently occurring items including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, in the interim period in which they occur.



When a company maintains a valuation allowance in a particular jurisdiction, no net income tax expense or (benefit) will typically be provided on income (loss) for that jurisdiction on an annual basis.  Jurisdictions with projected income that maintain a valuation allowance typically will form part of the projected annual effective tax rate calculation discussed above.  However, jurisdictions with a projected loss for the year that maintain a valuation allowance are excluded from the projected annual effective income tax rate calculation. Instead, the income tax for these jurisdictions is computed separately.



The actual year to date income tax expense (benefit) is the product of the most current projected annual effective income tax rate and the actual year to date pre-tax income (loss) adjusted for any discrete tax items. The income tax expense (benefit) for a particular quarter, except for the first quarter, is the difference between the year to date calculation of income tax expense (benefit) and the year to date calculation for the prior quarter.



Therefore, the actual effective income tax rate during a particular quarter can vary significantly based upon the jurisdictional mix and timing of actual earnings compared to projected annual earnings, permanent items, earnings for those jurisdictions that maintain a valuation allowance, tax associated with jurisdictions excluded from the projected annual effective income tax rate calculation and discrete items.









The Company recognized income tax expense of $4,571 and $845 for federal, state and foreign income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  The increase in income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2017 compared to the same period for 2016 was primarily related to the release of the U.S. federal, certain state and foreign valuation allowances in the fourth quarter of 2016 that were previously recorded against certain deferred tax assets. The effective tax rate increased to 33.3% in the first quarter of 2017 from 12.2% in the first quarter of 2016 primarily due the continued strong performance of the U.S. operations, which due to a full valuation allowance positively impacted the effective tax rate in 2016.