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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Stoneridge, Inc. and its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”). Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company analyzes its ownership interests in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) “Consolidations (Topic 810)” to determine whether they are a variable interest entity and, if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. On January 31, 2017, the Company acquired Exploitatiemaatschappij Berghaaf B.V. (“Orlaco”), an electronics business which designs, manufactures and sells camera-based vision systems, monitors and related products. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination, and accordingly, the Company’s consolidated financial statements herein include the results of Orlaco from the date of acquisition. See Acquisitions in Note 2 below to the consolidated financial statements for additional details regarding the Orlaco acquisition. The Company had a 74% controlling interest in PST Eletrônica Ltda. (“Stoneridge Brazil”) from December 31, 2011 through May 15, 2017. On May 16, 2017, the Company acquired the remaining 26% noncontrolling interest in Stoneridge Brazil, which was accounted for as an equity transaction. As such, Stoneridge Brazil is now a wholly owned subsidiary. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details regarding the acquisition of Stoneridge Brazil’s noncontrolling interest. The Company’s investment in Minda Stoneridge Instruments Ltd. (“MSIL”) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 has been determined to be an unconsolidated entity, and therefore is accounted for under the equity method of accounting based on the Company’s 49% ownership in MSIL. Accounting Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, including certain self-insured risks and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Because actual results could differ from those estimates, the Company revises its estimates and assumptions as new information becomes available. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company’s cash and cash equivalents include actively traded money market funds with short-term investments in marketable securities, primarily U.S. government securities. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value, due to the highly liquid nature and short-term duration of the underlying securities with original maturities of 90 days or less. Accounts Receivable and Concentration of Credit Risk Revenues are principally generated from the automotive, commercial, off-highway, motorcycle and agricultural vehicle markets. The Company’s largest customers are Ford Motor Company and Volvo, primarily related to the Control Devices and Electronics reportable segments and accounted for the following percentages of consolidated net sales for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Ford Motor Company | ​ | 11 | % | ​ | 12 | % | ​ | 14 | %
Volvo | ​ | 8 | % | ​ | 8 | % | ​ | 6 | %
​ Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoice price, net of an estimate of allowance for doubtful accounts and other reserves. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company evaluates the collectability of accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. In circumstances where the Company is aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, a specific allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded against amounts due to reduce the net recognized receivable to the amount the Company reasonably believes will be collected. Additionally, the Company reviews historical trends for collectability in determining an estimate for its allowance for doubtful accounts. If economic circumstances change substantially, estimates of the recoverability of amounts due to the Company could be reduced by a material amount. The Company does not have collateral requirements with its customers. Sales of Accounts Receivable In prior years, the Company’s Stoneridge Brazil segment sold selected accounts receivable on a full recourse basis to an unrelated financial institution in Brazil. Stoneridge Brazil accounts for these transactions as sales of accounts receivable. As such, in accordance with ASC 860, “Transfers and Servicing”, the sales of accounts receivable are reflected as a reduction of accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets and the loss on sale is recorded within interest expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations while the proceeds received from the sale are included in the cash flows from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. During 2017, Stoneridge Brazil sold $2,520 (7,983 Brazilian real (“R$”)) of accounts receivable at a loss of $86 (R$273), which represents the implicit interest on the transaction, and received proceeds of $2,434 (R$7,710). Stoneridge Brazil did not have any remaining credit exposure at December 31, 2017 related to the receivables sold. During 2019 and 2018, Stoneridge Brazil did not sell any of its accounts receivable. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (using either the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) or average cost methods) or net realizable value. The Company evaluates and adjusts as necessary its excess and obsolescence reserve on a quarterly basis. Excess inventories are quantities of items that exceed anticipated sales or usage for a reasonable period. The Company has guidelines for calculating provisions for excess inventories based on the number of months of inventories on hand compared to anticipated sales or usage. Management uses its judgment to forecast sales or usage and to determine what constitutes a reasonable period. Inventory cost includes material, labor and overhead. Inventories consist of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Raw materials | ​ | $ | 66,357 | ​ | $ | 54,382
Work-in-progress | ​ | ​ | 5,582 | ​ | ​ | 4,710
Finished goods | ​ | ​ | 21,510 | ​ | ​ | 20,186
Total inventories, net | ​ | $ | 93,449 | ​ | $ | 79,278
​ Inventory valued using the FIFO method was $82,910 and $64,745 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Inventory valued using the average cost method was $10,539 and $14,533 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Pre-production Costs Related to Long-term Supply Arrangements Engineering, research and development and other design and development costs for products sold on long-term supply arrangements are expensed as incurred unless the Company has a contractual guarantee for reimbursement from the customer which are capitalized as pre-production costs. Costs for molds, dies and other tools used to make products sold on long-term supply arrangements for which the Company either has title to the assets or has the noncancelable right to use the assets during the term of the supply arrangement are capitalized in property, plant and equipment and amortized to cost of sales over the shorter of the term of the arrangement or over the estimated useful lives of the assets, typically three to seven years. Costs for molds, dies and other tools used to make products sold on long-term supply arrangements for which the Company has a contractual guarantee to a lump sum reimbursement from the customer are capitalized either as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets or an investment and other long term assets, net within the consolidated balance sheets. Capitalized pre-production costs were $7,666 and $6,875 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, $7,544 and $6,875, respectively, were recorded as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets while the remaining amounts were recorded as a component of investments and other long-term assets, net. Disposal of Non-Core Products On April 1, 2019, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement by and among the Company, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Stoneridge Control Devices, Inc. (“SCD”), and Standard Motor Products, Inc. (“SMP”). On the same day pursuant to the APA, in exchange for $40,000 (subject to a post-closing inventory adjustment which was a payment to SMP of $1,573) and the assumption of certain liabilities, the Company and SCD sold to SMP, product lines and assets related to certain non-core switches and connectors (the “Non-core Products”). On April 1, 2019, the Company and SMP also entered into certain ancillary agreements, including a transition services agreement, a contract manufacturing agreement and a supply agreement, pursuant to which the Company will provide and be compensated for certain manufacturing, transitional, and administrative and support services to SMP on a short-term basis. The products related to the Non-core Products were manufactured in Juarez, Mexico and Canton, Massachusetts, and include ball switches, ignition switches, rotary switches, courtesy lamps, toggle switches, headlamp switches and other related components. ​ On April 1, 2019, the Company’s Control Devices segment recognized net sales and costs of goods sold of $4,160 and $2,775, respectively, for the one-time sale of Non-core Product finished goods inventory and a gain on disposal of $33,921,net for the sale of fixed assets, intellectual property and customer lists associated with the Non-core Products less transaction costs. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recognized transaction costs associated with the disposal of Control Devices’ Non-core Products of $322 within SG&A. ​ The Company received $1,824 for services provided pursuant to the transition services agreement which were recognized as a reduction in SG&A for the year ended December 31, 2019. Pursuant to the contract manufacturing agreement, the Company recognized sales and operating income for the production of Non-core Products of $26,304 and $1,458 for the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company also received $745 for reimbursement of retention and facility costs from SMP pursuant to the contract manufacturing agreement which was recognized as a reduction to SG&A for the year ended December 31, 2019. ​ Non-core Products net sales and operating income, including sales to SMP pursuant to the contract manufacturing agreement, were $41,560 and $4,831 for the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively, $44,537 and $9,086 for the year ended December 31, 2018, respectively, and $43,339 and $7,991 for the year ended December 31, 2017, respectively. ​ Acquisitions Orlaco On January 31, 2017, Stoneridge B.V., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Stoneridge, Inc., acquired Orlaco. Orlaco designs, manufactures and sells camera-based vision systems, monitors and related products primarily to the heavy off-road machinery, commercial vehicle, lifting crane and warehousing and logistics industries. Stoneridge and Orlaco jointly developed the MirrorEye camera monitor system, which is a vision-based system solution to improve the safety and fuel economy for commercial vehicles. The MirrorEye camera monitor system integrates Orlaco’s vision processing technology and Stoneridge’s driver information capabilities as well as the combined software capabilities of both businesses. The acquisition of Orlaco enhanced the Stoneridge’s Electronics segment global technical capabilities in vision systems and facilitated entry into new markets. The aggregate consideration for the Orlaco acquisition was €74,939 ($79,675), which included customary estimated adjustments to the purchase price. The Company paid €67,439 ($71,701) in cash. The purchase price was subject to certain customary adjustments set forth in the purchase agreement. The Company was required to pay an additional amount up to €7,500 as contingent consideration (“earn-out consideration”) if certain performance targets are achieved during the first two years. See Note 9 for additional details on the Orlaco contingent consideration. The Company recognized $1,259 of acquisition related costs in the consolidated statement of operations as a component of selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. There were no acquisition related costs for the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2018. The Company’s statement of operations included $1,636 of expense in cost of goods sold (“COGS”) for the year ended December 31, 2017 associated with the step-up of the Orlaco inventory to fair value. The Company’s statement of operations included $369 and $4,853 of expense for the fair value adjustment for earn-out consideration in SG&A expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The earn-out consideration obligation related to Orlaco of $8,474 was paid in March 2019 and recorded in the consolidated statement of cash flows within operating and financing activities in the amounts of $5,080 and $3,394, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2019. The Orlaco earn-out consideration reached the capped amount of €7,500 as of the quarter ended March 31, 2018 due to actual performance exceeding forecasted performance and remained at the capped amount until it was paid in March 2019. The following unaudited pro forma information reflects the Company’s consolidated results of operations as if the acquisition had taken place on January 1, 2017. The unaudited pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that the Company would have reported had the transaction actually occurred at the beginning of these periods, nor is it necessarily indicative of future results. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Year ended December 31, |  | 2017
Net sales | ​ | $ | 829,474
Net income attributable to Stoneridge, Inc. and subsidiaries | ​ | $ | 45,283
​ Property, Plant and Equipment ​
Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost and consist of the following: ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Land and land improvements | ​ | $ | 4,550 | ​ | $ | 4,619
Buildings and improvements | ​ | ​ | 39,263 | ​ | ​ | 37,234
Machinery and equipment | ​ | ​ | 226,076 | ​ | ​ | 212,225
Office furniture and fixtures | ​ | ​ | 9,708 | ​ | ​ | 9,929
Tooling | ​ | ​ | 76,933 | ​ | ​ | 75,620
Information technology | ​ | ​ | 32,410 | ​ | ​ | 27,179
Vehicles | ​ | ​ | 614 | ​ | ​ | 872
Leasehold improvements | ​ | ​ | 4,588 | ​ | ​ | 2,799
Construction in progress | ​ | ​ | 17,312 | ​ | ​ | 23,064
Total property, plant, and equipment | ​ | ​ | 411,454 | ​ | ​ | 393,541
Less: accumulated depreciation | ​ | ​ | (288,971) | ​ | ​ | (281,328)
Property, plant and equipment, net | ​ | $ | 122,483 | ​ | $ | 112,213
​ Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $24,904, $22,786 and $21,490, respectively. Depreciable lives within each property classification are as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Buildings and improvements |  | ​ | 10-40 years
Machinery and equipment | ​ | ​ | 3-10 years
Office furniture and fixtures | ​ | ​ | 3-10 years
Tooling | ​ | ​ | 2-7 years
Information technology | ​ | ​ | 3-7 years
Vehicles | ​ | ​ | 3-7 years
Leasehold improvements | ​ | ​ | shorter of lease term or 3-10 years
​ Maintenance and repair expenditures that are not considered improvements and do not extend the useful life of the property, plant and equipment are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for improvements and major renewals are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any gain or loss on the disposition is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as a component of SG&A expenses. Impairment of Long-Lived or Finite-Lived Assets The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets and finite-lived intangible assets for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors the Company considers important that could trigger testing of the related asset groups for an impairment include current period operating or cash flow losses combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses, a projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses, significant adverse changes in the business climate within a particular business or current expectations that a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its estimated useful life. To test for impairment, the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use and disposal of the asset or asset group is compared to its carrying value. An asset group is established by identifying the lowest level of cash flows generated by the group of assets that are largely independent of cash flows of other assets. If cash flows cannot be separately and independently identified for a single asset, we will determine whether an impairment has occurred for the group of assets for which we can identify projected cash flows. If these undiscounted cash flows are less than their respective carrying values, an impairment charge would be recognized to the extent that the carrying values exceed estimated fair values. The estimation of undiscounted cash flows and fair value requires us to make assumptions regarding future operating results over the life of the asset or the life of the primary asset in the asset group. The results of the impairment testing are dependent on these estimates which require judgment. The occurrence of certain events, including changes in economic and competitive conditions, could impact cash flows eventually realized and management’s ability to accurately assess whether an asset is impaired. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill The total purchase price associated with acquisitions is allocated to the acquisition date fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the excess purchase price assigned to goodwill. Goodwill was $35,874 and $36,717 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, all of which relates to the Electronics segment. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is tested for impairment at least annually, or earlier when events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that such assets have been impaired, by applying a fair value-based test. In conducting our annual impairment assessment testing, we first perform a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. If not, no further goodwill impairment testing is performed. If it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect not to perform a qualitative assessment of a reporting unit, we then compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the related net book value. If the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is measured and recognized. The Company utilizes an income statement approach to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit and a market valuation approach to further support this analysis. The income approach is based on projected debt-free cash flow which is discounted to the present value using discount factors that consider the timing and risk of cash flows. We believe that this approach is appropriate because it provides a fair value estimate based on the reporting unit’s expected long-term operating cash flow performance. This approach also mitigates the impact of cyclical trends that occur in the industry. Fair value is estimated using internally developed forecasts, as well as commercial and discount rate assumptions. The discount rate used is the value-weighted average of our estimated cost of equity and of debt (“cost of capital”) derived using both known and estimated customary market metrics. Our weighted average cost of capital is adjusted to reflect a risk factor, if necessary. Other significant assumptions include terminal value growth rates, terminal value margin rates, future capital expenditures and changes in future working capital requirements. While there are inherent uncertainties related to the assumptions used and to management’s application of these assumptions to this analysis, we believe that the income statement approach provides a reasonable estimate of the fair value of a reporting unit. The market valuation approach is used to further support our analysis. There was no impairment of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 or 2017. Goodwill and changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the Electronics segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​
Balance at January 1, 2019 | ​ | $ | 36,717
Currency translation | ​ | ​ | (843)
Balance at December 31, 2019 | ​ | $ | 35,874
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at January 1, 2018 | ​ | $ | 38,419
Currency translation | ​ | ​ | (1,702)
Balance at December 31, 2018 | ​ | $ | 36,717
​ The Company’s cumulative goodwill impairment loss since inception was $300,083 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, which includes Stoneridge Brazil’s goodwill impairment in 2014 and goodwill impairment recorded by the Company’s Control Devices segment in 2008 and 2004. Other Intangible Assets Other intangible assets, net at December 31, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Acquisition | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | ​ | ​
As of December 31, 2019 |  | cost |  | amortization |  | Net
Customer lists | ​ | $ | 50,750 | ​ | $ | (17,466) | ​ | $ | 33,284
Tradenames | ​ | ​ | 20,041 | ​ | ​ | (6,687) | ​ | ​ | 13,354
Technology | ​ | ​ | 15,231 | ​ | ​ | (7,353) | ​ | ​ | 7,878
Capitalized software development | ​ | ​ | 3,606 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 3,606
Total | ​ | $ | 89,628 | ​ | $ | (31,506) | ​ | $ | 58,122
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Acquisition | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | ​ | ​
As of December 31, 2018 |  | cost |  | amortization |  | Net
Customer lists | ​ | $ | 52,200 | ​ | $ | (14,549) | ​ | $ | 37,651
Tradenames | ​ | ​ | 20,689 | ​ | ​ | (5,884) | ​ | ​ | 14,805
Technology | ​ | ​ | 15,581 | ​ | ​ | (6,005) | ​ | ​ | 9,576
Total | ​ | $ | 88,470 | ​ | $ | (26,438) | ​ | $ | 62,032
​ Other intangible assets, net at December 31, 2019 for customer lists, tradenames, technology and capitalized software development include $23,019, $4,561, $3,498 and $2,233, respectively, related to the Electronics segment. Customer lists, tradenames and technology of $10,265, $8,793 and $4,270, respectively, related to the Stoneridge Brazil segment at December 31, 2019. Capitalized software development and technology of $1,373 and $110, respectively, related to the Control Devices segment at December 31, 2019. The Company designs and develops software that will be embedded into certain products and sold to customers. Software development costs are capitalized after the software product development reaches technological feasibility and until the software product becomes available for general release to customers. These intangible assets will be amortized using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives generally ranging from three to seven years. The Company recognized $5,955, $6,406 and $6,440 of amortization expense related to intangible assets in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization expense is included as a component of SG&A on the consolidated statements of operations. Annual amortization expense for intangible assets is estimated to be approximately $5,722 for the years 2020 through 2024. The weighted-average remaining amortization period is approximately 11 years. For the year ended December 31, 2018 the Company recognized $202 of intangible impairment charge related to the Electronics segment customer lists as a result of the European Aftermarket restructuring as noted in Note 13. There were no intangible impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2017. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
As of December 31 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Compensation related liabilities | ​ | $ | 19,566 | ​ | $ | 18,717
Contingent consideration (A) | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 8,602
Product warranty and recall obligations | ​ | ​ | 7,685 | ​ | ​ | 7,211
Other (B) | ​ | ​ | 27,972 | ​ | ​ | 23,350
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | ​ | $ | 55,223 | ​ | $ | 57,880
(A) | Accrued contingent consideration includes the Orlaco earn-out consideration, as referenced in Note 2 and Note 10, and is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2018. Orlaco earn-out consideration of $8,474 was paid in March 2019.
(B) | “Other” is comprised of miscellaneous accruals, none of which individually contributed a significant portion of the total.
Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method. Deferred income taxes reflect the tax consequences on future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts. Future tax benefits are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not to occur. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that these assets are more likely than not to be realized (See Note 6). In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future release of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and results of recent operations. Release of some or all of a valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain deferred tax assets and a decrease to income tax expense for the period the release is recorded. The Company’s policy is to provide for uncertain tax positions and the related interest and penalties based upon management’s assessment of whether a tax benefit is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. To the extent the Company prevails in matters for which a liability for an unrecognized tax benefit is established or is required to pay amounts in excess of the liability, the Company’s effective tax rate in a given financial statement period may be affected. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Legislation”) created a provision known as Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) that imposes a tax on certain earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The Company has made an accounting policy election to reflect GILTI taxes, if any, as a current period tax expense when incurred. Currency Translation The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries, where the local currency is the functional currency, are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the period end for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for the results of operations. Adjustments resulting from translation of financial statements are reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency transactions are remeasured into the functional currency using translation rates in effect at the time of the transaction with the resulting adjustments included on the consolidated statements of operations within other expense (income), net. These foreign currency transaction losses (gains), including the impact of hedging activities, were $372, $(487) and $500 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Revenue Recognition and Sales Commitments The Company recognizes revenue when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of our products and services, which is usually when the parts are shipped or delivered to the customer’s premises. The Company recognizes monitoring service revenues over time, as the services are provided to customers. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The transaction price will include estimates of variable consideration to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur. Incidental items that are not significant in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. The Company collects certain taxes and fees on behalf of government agencies and remits such collections on a periodic basis. The taxes are collected from customers but are not included in net sales. Estimated returns are based on historical authorized returns. The Company often enters into agreements with its customers at the beginning of a given vehicle’s expected production life. Once such agreements are entered into, it is the Company’s obligation to fulfill the customers’ purchasing requirements for the entire production life of the vehicle. These agreements are subject to potential renegotiation from time to time, which may affect product pricing. See Note 3 for additional disclosure. Shipping and Handling Costs Shipping and handling costs are included in COGS on the consolidated statements of operations. Product Warranty and Recall Reserves Amounts accrued for product warranty and recall claims are established based on the Company’s best estimate of the amounts necessary to settle existing and future claims on products sold as of the balance sheet dates. These accruals are based on several factors including past experience, production changes, industry developments and various other considerations. Our estimate is based on historical trends of units sold and claim payment amounts, combined with our current understanding of the status of existing claims and discussions with our customers. The key factors in our estimate are the stated or implied warranty period, the customer source, customer policy decisions regarding warranties and customers seeking to holding the company responsible for their product warranties. The Company can provide no assurances that it will not experience material claims or that it will not incur significant costs to defend or settle such claims beyond the amounts accrued. The current portion of the product warranty and recall reserve is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Product warranty and recall includes $3,111 and $3,283 of a long-term liability at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which is included as a component of other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The following provides a reconciliation of changes in the product warranty and recall reserve: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Year ended December 31 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Product warranty and recall at beginning of period | ​ | $ | 10,494 | ​ | $ | 9,979
Accruals for warranties established during period | ​ | ​ | 7,131 | ​ | ​ | 6,217
Aggregate changes in pre-existing liabilities due to claim developments | ​ | ​ | 1,037 | ​ | ​ | 646
Settlements made during the period | ​ | ​ | (7,600) | ​ | ​ | (5,831)
Foreign currency translation | ​ | ​ | (266) | ​ | ​ | (517)
Product warranty and recall at end of period | ​ | $ | 10,796 | ​ | $ | 10,494
​ Design and Development Costs Expenses associated with the development of new products, and changes to existing products, other than capitalized software development costs, are charged to expense as incurred, and are included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as a separate component of costs and expenses. These product development costs amounted to $52,198, $51,074 and $48,877 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, or 6.3%, 5.9% and 5.9% of net sales for these respective periods. Research and Development Activities The Company enters into research and development contracts with certain customers, which generally provide for reimbursement of costs. The Company incurred and was reimbursed for contracted research and development costs of $15,096, $16,540 and $14,946 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Share-Based Compensation At December 31, 2019, the Company had two types of share-based compensation plans: (1) 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for employees and (2) the 2018 Amended and Restated Directors’ Restricted Shares Plan, for non-employee directors. See Note 8 for additional details on share-based compensation plans. Total compensation expense recognized as a component of SG&A expense on the consolidated statements of operations for share-based compensation arrangements was $6,191, which included accelerated expense associated with the retirement of eligible employees, $5,632, which included the forfeiture of certain grants associated with employee resignations, and $7,265, related to higher attainment of performance-based awards and accelerated expense associated with the retirement of eligible employees, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There was no share-based compensation expense capitalized in inventory during 2019, 2018 or 2017. Share-based compensation expense is calculated using estimated volatility and forfeitures based on historical data, future expectations and the expected term of the share-based compensation awards. Financial Instruments and Derivative Financial Instruments Financial instruments, including derivative financial instruments, held by the Company include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, long-term debt and foreign currency forward contracts. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable is considered to be representative of fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. See Note 10 for fair value disclosures of the Company’s financial instruments. Common Shares Held in Treasury The Company accounts for Common Shares held in treasury under the cost method (applied on a FIFO basis) and includes such shares as a reduction of total shareholders’ equity. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share was computed by dividing net income attributable to Stoneridge Inc. by the weighted-average number of Common Shares outstanding for each respective period. Diluted earnings per share was calculated by dividing net income attributable to Stoneridge, Inc. by the weighted-average of all potentially dilutive Common Shares that were outstanding during the periods presented. Actual weighted-average Common Shares outstanding used in calculating basic and diluted net income per share were as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Year ended December 31, | ​ | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Basic weighted-average Common Shares outstanding | ​ | 27,791,799 | ​ | 28,402,227 | ​ | 28,082,114
Effect of dilutive shares | ​ | 478,296 | ​ | 677,599 | ​ | 689,531
Diluted weighted-average Common Shares outstanding | ​ | 28,270,095 | ​ | 29,079,826 | ​ | 28,771,645
​ There were 566,337, 628,220 and 766,538 performance-based right to receive Common Shares outstanding at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. These performance-based restricted and right to receive Common Shares are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share based on the number of Common Shares that would be issuable if the end of the year were the end of the contingency period. Deferred Financing Costs, net Deferred financing costs are amortized over the life of the related financial instrument using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest method. Deferred finance cost amortization and debt discount accretion, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $624, $326 and $324, respectively, and is included as a component of interest expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations. In 2019, the Company capitalized $1,366 of deferred financing costs as a result of entering into the 2019 Credit Facility. In connection with the 2019 Credit Facility, the Company wrote off a portion of the previously recorded deferred financing costs of $275 in interest expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2019. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details regarding the 2019 Credit Facility and related deferred financing costs.The Company has elected to continue to present deferred financing costs related to the Credit Facility within long-term assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Deferred financing costs, net, were $1,625 and $882, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Equity and Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component Common Share Repurchase ​ On October 26, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to $50,000 of Common Shares. Thereafter, on May 7, 2019, the Company entered into a Master Confirmation (the “Master Confirmation”) and a Supplemental Confirmation, together with the Master Confirmation, the Accelerated Share Repurchase Agreement (“ASR Agreement”), with Citibank N.A. (the “Bank”) to purchase Company Common Shares for a payment of $50,000 (the “Prepayment Amount”). Under the terms of the ASR Agreement, on May 7, 2019, the Company paid the Prepayment Amount to the Bank and received on May 8, 2019 an initial delivery of 1,349,528 Company Common Shares, which is approximately 80% of the total number of Company Common Shares expected to be repurchased under the ASR Agreement based on the closing price of the Company’s Common Shares on May 7, 2019. These Common Shares became treasury shares and were recorded as a $40,000 reduction to shareholder’s equity. The remaining $10,000 of the Prepayment Amount was recorded as a reduction to shareholders’ equity as an unsettled forward contract indexed to our Common Shares. The Company excluded the potential share impact of the remaining shares from the computation of diluted earnings per share as these Common Shares are anti-dilutive for year ended December 31, 2019. ​ At final settlement, the Bank may be required to deliver additional Common Shares to the Company, or, under certain circumstances, the Company may be required to deliver Common Shares or may elect to make a cash payment to the Bank, based generally on the average of the daily volume-weighted average prices of the Company’s Common Shares during a term set forth in the ASR Agreement. The ASR Agreement contains provisions customary for agreements of this type, including provisions for adjustments to the transaction terms, the circumstances generally under which the ASR Agreement may be accelerated, extended or terminated early by the Bank and various acknowledgments, representations and warranties made by the parties to one another. The ASR Agreement expires on May 8, 2020. See Note 16 for subsequent event related to the ASR Agreement. ​ Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss ​ Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Foreign | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | currency | ​ | gain (loss) | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | translation |  | on derivatives |  | Total
Balance at January 1, 2019 | ​ | $ | (86,044) | ​ | $ | 292 | ​ | $ | (85,752)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | ​ | ​ | (5,428) | ​ | ​ | 355 | ​ | ​ | (5,073)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | (647) | ​ | ​ | (647)
Net other comprehensive loss, net of tax | ​ | ​ | (5,428) | ​ | ​ | (292) | ​ | ​ | (5,720)
Balance at December 31, 2019 | ​ | ​ | (91,472) | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | (91,472)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at January 1, 2018 | ​ | $ | (69,417) | ​ | $ | (143) | ​ | $ | (69,560)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | ​ | ​ | (16,627) | ​ | ​ | 1,448 | ​ | ​ | (15,179)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | (1,013) | ​ | ​ | (1,013)
Net other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax | ​ | ​ | (16,627) | ​ | ​ | 435 | ​ | ​ | (16,192)
Balance at December 31, 2018 | ​ | $ | (86,044) | ​ | $ | 292 | ​ | $ | (85,752)
​ Reclassifications Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to their 2019 presentation in the consolidated financial statements. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In January 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” This guidance gives entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings the tax effects resulting from the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act related to items in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) that the FASB refers to as having been stranded in AOCI. The new guidance was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”, which requires that a lessee recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases with a lease term of more than twelve months, with the result being the recognition of a right of use asset and a lease liability. The new standard was effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach and elected the transition option to use the effective date January 1, 2019, as the date of initial application. The Company did not adjust its comparative period financial statements for effects of the ASU 2016-02, or make the new required lease disclosures for periods before the effective date. The Company recognized its transition adjustment as of the effective date. In addition, the Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard. The impact of the adoption resulted in the recognition of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet of $20,618 and $20,856, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. This standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and cash flows upon adoption. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted as of December 31, 2019 In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” The amendments in this update remove certain exceptions of Topic 740 including: exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or gain from other items; exception to the requirement to recognize a deferred tax liability for equity method investments when a foreign subsidiary becomes an equity method investment; exception to the ability not to recognize a deferred tax liability for a foreign subsidiary when a foreign equity method investment becomes a subsidiary; exception to the general methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when a year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year. There are also additional areas of guidance in regards to: franchise and other taxes partially based on income and the interim recognition of enactment of tax laws and rate changes. The provisions of this ASU are effective for years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ​ In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract.” The guidance in ASU 2018-15 clarifies the accounting for implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements. ASU 2018-15 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2019, and earlier adoption is permitted including adoption in any interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of its pending adoption of ASU 2018-15. The Company will adopt this standard as of January 1, 2020 and it is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ​ In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” The guidance in ASU 2018-13 changes disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements as part of the disclosure framework project. The disclosure framework project aims to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements by focusing on requirements that clearly communicate the most important information to users of the financial statements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of its pending adoption of ASU 2018-13. The Company will adopt this standard as of January 1, 2020 and determined the impact is not material to its consolidated financial statements. ​ In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”, which requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held and requires enhanced disclosures regarding significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company will adopt this standard as of January 1, 2020 and determined the impact is not material to its consolidated financial statements.

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