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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarter ended March 31, 2023
or
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission file number: 001-13337
STONERIDGE, INC
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ohio |  | 34-1598949
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
39675 MacKenzie Drive, Suite 400, Novi, Michigan |  | 48377
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

| (248) 489-9300 |
| Registrant’s telephone number, including area code |

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, without par value |  | SRI |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
x Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
x Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o | Accelerated filer x | Non-accelerated filer o
Smaller reporting company o | Emerging growth company o |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). o Yes x No
The number of Common Shares, without par value, outstanding as of April 28, 2023 was 27,513,330.

Table of Contents
STONERIDGE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX |  |  |  | Page
PART I–FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. |  | Financial Statements |  |
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022 |  | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 |  | 5
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 |  | 6
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 |  | 7
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 |  | 8
|  | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | 9
Item 2. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 24
Item 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 31
Item 4. |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 31
PART II–OTHER INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 33
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  | 33
Item 2. |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 33
Item 3. |  | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 33
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 33
Item 5. |  | Other Information |  | 33
Item 6. |  | Exhibits |  | 34
Signatures |  | 35

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Forward-Looking Statements
Portions of this report on Form 10-Q contain “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements appear in a number of places in this report and may include statements regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of the Company, with respect to, among other things, our (i) future product and facility expansion, (ii) acquisition strategy, (iii) investments and new product development, (iv) growth opportunities related to awarded business and (v) operational expectations. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the words “will,” “may,” “should,” “designed to,” “believes,” “plans,” “projects,” “intends,” “expects,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “continue,” and similar words and expressions. The forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by the statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, among other factors:
•the ability of our suppliers to supply us with parts and components at competitive prices on a timely basis, including the impact of potential tariffs and trade considerations on their operations and output;
•fluctuations in the cost and availability of key materials (including semiconductors, printed circuit boards, resin, aluminum, steel and copper) and components and our ability to offset cost increases through negotiated price increases with our customers or other cost reduction actions, as necessary;
•global economic trends, competition and geopolitical risks, including impacts from the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related sanctions and other measures, or an escalation of sanctions, tariffs or other trade tensions between the U.S. and China or other countries;
•our ability to achieve cost reductions that offset or exceed customer-mandated selling price reductions;
•the impact of COVID-19, or other future pandemics, on the global economy, and on our customers, suppliers, employees, business and cash flows;
•the reduced purchases, loss or bankruptcy of a major customer or supplier;
•the costs and timing of business realignment, facility closures or similar actions;
•a significant change in automotive, commercial, off-highway or agricultural vehicle production;
•competitive market conditions and resulting effects on sales and pricing;
•foreign currency fluctuations and our ability to manage those impacts;
•customer acceptance of new products;
•our ability to successfully launch/produce products for awarded business;
•adverse changes in laws, government regulations or market conditions, including tariffs, affecting our products or our customers’ products;
•our ability to protect our intellectual property and successfully defend against assertions made against us;
•liabilities arising from warranty claims, product recall or field actions, product liability and legal proceedings to which we are or may become a party, or the impact of product recall or field actions on our customers;
•labor disruptions at our facilities or at any of our significant customers or suppliers;
•business disruptions due to natural disasters or other disasters outside of our control;
•the amount of our indebtedness and the restrictive covenants contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness, including our revolving Credit Facility;
•capital availability or costs, including changes in interest rates or market perceptions;
•the failure to achieve the successful integration of any acquired company or business;
•risks related to a failure of our information technology systems and networks, and risks associated with current and emerging technology threats and damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber-attack and other similar disruptions; and
•the items described in Part I, Item IA (“Risk Factors”) in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.
The forward-looking statements contained herein represent our estimates only as of the date of this filing and should not be relied upon as representing our estimates as of any subsequent date. While we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we specifically disclaim any obligation to do so, whether to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions, changes in other factors affecting such forward-looking statements or otherwise.
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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
STONERIDGE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | (Unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 35,165 |  |  | $ | 54,798 |
Accounts receivable, less reserves of $853 and $962, respectively |  | 175,666 |  |  | 158,155 |
Inventories, net |  | 168,701 |  |  | 152,580 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 43,604 |  |  | 44,018 |
Total current assets |  | 423,136 |  |  | 409,551 |
Long-term assets: |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 107,591 |  |  | 104,643 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 45,585 |  |  | 45,508 |
Goodwill |  | 34,659 |  |  | 34,225 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset |  | 13,352 |  |  | 13,762 |
Investments and other long-term assets, net |  | 46,415 |  |  | 44,416 |
Total long-term assets |  | 247,602 |  |  | 242,554 |
Total assets |  | $ | 670,738 |  |  | $ | 652,105 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Current portion of debt |  | $ | 1,456 |  |  | $ | 1,450 |
Accounts payable |  | 131,996 |  |  | 110,202 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | 68,547 |  |  | 66,040 |
Total current liabilities |  | 201,999 |  |  | 177,692 |
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |  |
Revolving credit facility |  | 167,393 |  |  | 167,802 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 8,310 |  |  | 8,498 |
Operating lease long-term liability |  | 10,043 |  |  | 10,594 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 6,750 |  |  | 6,577 |
Total long-term liabilities |  | 192,496 |  |  | 193,471 |
Shareholders' equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred Shares, without par value, 5,000 shares authorized, none issued |  | — |  |  | — |
Common Shares, without par value, 60,000 shares authorized, 28,966 and 28,966 shares issued and 27,513 and 27,341 shares outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, with no stated value |  | — |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 225,956 |  |  | 232,758 |
Common Shares held in treasury, 1,453 and 1,625 shares at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, at cost |  | (44,717) |  |  | (50,366) |
Retained earnings |  | 194,306 |  |  | 201,692 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (99,302) |  |  | (103,142) |
Total shareholders' equity |  | 276,243 |  |  | 280,942 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 670,738 |  |  | $ | 652,105 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)

|  | Three months ended March 31, |  |
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 241,325 |  |  | $ | 221,058 |  |  |  |  |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 198,523 |  |  | 179,615 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 29,863 |  |  | 27,399 |  |  |  |  |
Design and development |  | 16,968 |  |  | 17,028 |  |  |  |  |
Operating loss |  | (4,029) |  |  | (2,984) |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net |  | 2,746 |  |  | 1,786 |  |  |  |  |
Equity in loss of investee |  | 171 |  |  | 81 |  |  |  |  |
Other expense, net |  | 1,148 |  |  | 1,331 |  |  |  |  |
Loss before income taxes |  | (8,094) |  |  | (6,182) |  |  |  |  |
(Benefit) provision for income taxes |  | (708) |  |  | 1,493 |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (7,386) |  |  | $ | (7,675) |  |  |  |  |
Loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (0.27) |  |  | $ | (0.28) |  |  |  |  |
Diluted |  | $ | (0.27) |  |  | $ | (0.28) |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 27,349 |  | 27,199 |  |  |  |
Diluted |  | 27,349 |  | 27,199 |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Unaudited)

|  | Three months ended March 31, |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (7,386) |  |  | $ | (7,675) |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation (1) |  | 4,072 |  |  | 4,161 |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives (2) |  | (232) |  |  | 1,048 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | 3,840 |  |  | 5,209 |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (3,546) |  |  | $ | (2,466) |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Net of tax expense of $144 for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

(2) | Net of tax (benefit) expense of $(62) and $279 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

Three months ended March 31, (in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (7,386) |  |  | $ | (7,675) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  | 6,573 |  |  | 6,877 |
Amortization, including accretion and write-off of deferred financing costs |  | 1,946 |  |  | 2,357 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (2,536) |  |  | (605) |
Loss of equity method investee |  | 171 |  |  | 81 |
Gain on sale of fixed assets |  | (886) |  |  | (94) |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 69 |  |  | 1,098 |
Excess tax deficiency related to share-based compensation expense |  | 34 |  |  | 265 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | (16,833) |  |  | (6,129) |
Inventories, net |  | (15,228) |  |  | (9,812) |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 1,943 |  |  | (12,842) |
Accounts payable |  | 21,264 |  |  | 6,581 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 1,687 |  |  | 87 |
Net cash used for operating activities |  | (9,182) |  |  | (19,811) |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures, including intangibles |  | (10,110) |  |  | (7,368) |
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets |  | 1,355 |  |  | 132 |
Net cash used for investing activities |  | (8,755) |  |  | (7,236) |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
Revolving credit facility borrowings |  | 8,000 |  |  | — |
Revolving credit facility payments |  | (8,568) |  |  | (16,000) |
Proceeds from issuance of debt |  | 8,148 |  |  | 9,834 |
Repayments of debt |  | (8,475) |  |  | (10,311) |
Repurchase of Common Shares to satisfy employee tax withholding |  | (1,224) |  |  | (669) |
Net cash used for financing activities |  | (2,119) |  |  | (17,146) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | 423 |  |  | 34 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  | (19,633) |  |  | (44,159) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 54,798 |  |  | 85,547 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 35,165 |  |  | $ | 41,388 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest, net |  | $ | 2,494 |  |  | $ | 1,435 |
Cash paid for income taxes, net |  | $ | 2,611 |  |  | $ | 1,491 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)

(in thousands) |  | Number of Common Shares outstanding |  | Number of treasury shares |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Common Shares held in treasury |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total shareholders' equity
BALANCE DECEMBER 31, 2021 |  | 27,191 |  | 1,775 |  | $ | 232,490 |  |  | $ | (55,264) |  |  | $ | 215,748 |  |  | $ | (97,024) |  |  | $ | 295,950 |
Net loss |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,675) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,675) |
Unrealized gain on derivatives, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,048 |  |  | 1,048 |
Currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,161 |  |  | 4,161 |
Issuance of Common Shares |  | 161 |  | (161) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchased Common Shares for treasury, net |  | (36) |  | 36 |  | — |  |  | 4,093 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,093 |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  | — |  | (3,653) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,653) |
BALANCE MARCH 31, 2022 |  | 27,316 |  | 1,650 |  | $ | 228,837 |  |  | $ | (51,171) |  |  | $ | 208,073 |  |  | $ | (91,815) |  |  | $ | 293,924 |
BALANCE DECEMBER 31, 2022 |  | 27,341 |  | 1,625 |  | 232,758 |  |  | (50,366) |  |  | 201,692 |  |  | (103,142) |  |  | 280,942 |
Net loss |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,386) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,386) |
Unrealized loss on derivatives, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (232) |  |  | (232) |
Currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,072 |  |  | 4,072 |
Issuance of Common Shares |  | 234 |  | (234) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchased Common Shares for treasury, net |  | (62) |  | 62 |  | — |  |  | 5,649 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,649 |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  | — |  | (6,802) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,802) |
BALANCE MARCH 31, 2023 |  | 27,513 |  | 1,453 |  | $ | 225,956 |  |  | $ | (44,717) |  |  | $ | 194,306 |  |  | $ | (99,302) |  |  | $ | 276,243 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
(1) Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by Stoneridge, Inc. (the “Company”) without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The information furnished in the condensed consolidated financial statements includes normal recurring adjustments and reflects all adjustments, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of such financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the SEC’s rules and regulations. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.
Reclassifications
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to their 2023 presentation in the condensed consolidated financial statements.
(2) Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) – Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” The guidance in ASU 2020-04 provides temporary optional expedient and exceptions to the guidance in U.S. GAAP on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) (also known as the “reference rate reform”). The guidance allows companies to elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by the reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The guidance will also allow companies to elect various optional expedients, which would allow them to continue to apply hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by the reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The new standard was effective upon issuance and generally can be applied to applicable contract modifications through December 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has not yet had contracts modified due to rate reform.
(3) Revenue
Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of our products and services, which is usually when the parts are shipped or delivered to the customer’s premises. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The transaction price will include estimates of variable consideration to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur. Incidental items that are not significant in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. The expected costs associated with our base warranties continue to be recognized as expense when the products are sold. Customer returns only occur if products do not meet the specifications of the contract and are not connected to any repurchase obligations of the Company.
The Company does not have any financing components or significant payment terms as payment occurs shortly after the point of sale. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction that are collected by the Company from a customer are excluded from revenue. Amounts billed to customers related to shipping and handling costs are included in net sales in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product is transferred to the customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of sales.
Revenue by Reportable Segment
Control Devices. Our Control Devices segment designs and manufactures products that monitor, measure or activate specific functions within a vehicle. This segment includes product lines such as actuators, sensors, switches and connectors. We sell these products principally to the automotive market in the North American and Asia Pacific regions. To a lesser extent, we also sell these products to the commercial vehicle and agricultural markets in the North American and Asia
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Pacific regions. Our customers included in these markets primarily consist of original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”) and companies supplying components directly to the OEMs (“Tier 1 supplier”).
Electronics. Our Electronics segment designs and manufactures driver information systems, vision and safety systems, connectivity and compliance products and electronic control units. These products are sold principally to the commercial vehicle market primarily through our OEM and aftermarket channels in the European, North American and Asia Pacific regions. The vision and safety systems are sold principally to the commercial vehicle and off-highway vehicle markets in the European and North American regions.
Stoneridge Brazil. Our Stoneridge Brazil segment primarily serves the South American region and specializes in the design, manufacture and sale of vehicle tracking devices and monitoring services, vehicle security alarms and convenience accessories, in-vehicle audio and infotainment devices, driver information systems and telematics solutions. Stoneridge Brazil sells its products through the aftermarket distribution channel, to factory authorized dealer installers, also referred to as original equipment services, directly to OEMs and through mass merchandisers. In addition, monitoring services and tracking devices are sold directly to corporate customers and individual consumers.
The following tables disaggregate our revenue by reportable segment and geographical location(1) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Control Devices |  | Electronics |  | Stoneridge Brazil |  | Consolidated
Three months ended March 31, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  | $ | 75,681 |  |  | $ | 71,490 |  |  | $ | 48,045 |  |  | $ | 32,338 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 123,726 |  |  | $ | 103,828 |
South America |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,256 |  |  | 12,045 |  |  | 14,256 |  |  | 12,045 |
Europe |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87,246 |  |  | 91,785 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87,246 |  |  | 91,785 |
Asia Pacific |  | 10,261 |  |  | 12,570 |  |  | 5,836 |  |  | 830 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,097 |  |  | 13,400 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 85,942 |  |  | $ | 84,060 |  |  | $ | 141,127 |  |  | $ | 124,953 |  |  | $ | 14,256 |  |  | $ | 12,045 |  |  | $ | 241,325 |  |  | $ | 221,058 |

___________________________
(1)Company sales based on geographic location are where the sale originates not where the customer is located.
Performance Obligations
For OEM and Tier 1 supplier customers, the Company typically enters into contracts to provide serial production parts that consist of a set of documents including, but not limited to, an award letter, master purchase agreement and master terms and conditions. For each production product, the Company enters into separate purchase orders that contain the product specifications and an agreed-upon price. The performance obligation does not exist until a customer release is received for a specific number of parts. The majority of the parts sold to OEM and Tier 1 supplier customers are customized to the specific customer, with the exception of camera monitoring systems (“CMS”) sold through our aftermarket channel that are common across all customers. The transaction price is equal to the contracted price per part and there is no expectation of material variable consideration in the transaction price. For most customer contracts, the Company does not have an enforceable right to payment at any time prior to when the parts are shipped or delivered to the customer; therefore, the Company recognizes revenue at the point in time it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a part to the customer. Certain customer contracts contain an enforceable right to payment if the customer terminates the contract for convenience and therefore are recognized over time using the cost to complete input method.
Our aftermarket products are focused on meeting the demand for repair and replacement parts, compliance parts and accessories and are sold primarily to aftermarket distributors and mass retailers in our South American, European and North American markets. Aftermarket products have one type of performance obligation which is the delivery of aftermarket parts and spare parts. For aftermarket customers, the Company typically has standard terms and conditions for all customers. In addition, aftermarket products have alternative use as they can be sold to multiple customers. Revenue for aftermarket part production contracts is recognized at a point in time when the control of the parts transfers to the customer which is based on the shipping terms. Aftermarket contracts may include variable consideration related to discounts and rebates which is included in the transaction price upon recognizing the product revenue.
A small portion of the Company’s sales are comprised of monitoring services that include both monitoring devices and fees to individual, corporate, fleet and cargo customers in our Stoneridge Brazil segment. These monitoring service contracts are
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
generally not capable of being distinct and are accounted for as a single performance obligation. We recognize revenue for our monitoring products and services contracts over the life of the contract. There is no variable consideration associated with these contracts. The Company has the right to consideration from a customer in the amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Company’s performance to date. Therefore, the Company recognizes revenue over time using the practical expedient ASC 606-10-55-18 in the amount the Company has a “right to invoice” rather than selecting an output or input method.
Contract Balances
The Company had no material contract assets, contract liabilities or capitalized contract acquisition costs as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
(4) Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (using either the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) or average cost methods) or net realizable value. The Company evaluates and adjusts as necessary its excess and obsolescence reserve on a quarterly basis. Excess inventories are quantities of items that exceed anticipated sales or usage for a reasonable period. The Company has guidelines for calculating provisions for excess inventories based on the number of months of inventories on hand compared to anticipated sales or usage. Management uses its judgment to forecast sales or usage and to determine what constitutes a reasonable period. Inventory cost includes material, labor and overhead. Inventories consist of the following:

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Raw materials |  | $ | 132,302 |  |  | $ | 121,983 |
Work-in-progress |  | 9,414 |  |  | 7,812 |
Finished goods |  | 26,985 |  |  | 22,785 |
Total inventories, net |  | $ | 168,701 |  |  | $ | 152,580 |

Inventory valued using the FIFO method was $154,203 and $139,996 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Inventory valued using the average cost method was $14,498 and $12,584 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(5) Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
Financial Instruments
A financial instrument is cash or a contract that imposes an obligation to deliver or conveys a right to receive cash or another financial instrument. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable are considered to be representative of fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. The fair value of debt approximates the carrying value of debt, due to the variable interest rate on the Credit Facility and the maturity of the remaining outstanding debt.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
On March 31, 2023, the Company had no open foreign currency forward contracts. The Company used foreign currency forward contracts solely for hedging and not for speculative purposes during 2022. Management believes that its use of these instruments to reduce risk is in the Company’s best interest. The counterparties to these financial instruments have been financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
The Company conducts business internationally and, therefore, is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk. The Company uses derivative financial instruments as cash flow hedges and used net investment hedges to manage its exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates by reducing the effect of such fluctuations on foreign currency denominated intercompany transactions, inventory purchases and other foreign currency exposures.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Net Investment Hedges
During 2021, the Company entered into two cross-currency swaps, designated as net investment hedges, with notional values of $25,000 each that were scheduled to mature in August 2026 and August 2028. These swaps hedged a portion of the net investment in a certain euro-denominated subsidiary.
The Company elected to assess hedge effectiveness of the net investment hedges under the spot method. Accordingly, periodic changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments attributable to factors other than spot exchange rate variability were excluded from the measurement of hedge ineffectiveness and reported directly in earnings each reporting period. The change in fair value of these derivative instruments was recorded in cumulative translation adjustment, which is a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company had no outstanding net investment hedges at March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
Cash Flow Hedges
The Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge the Mexican peso currency in 2022. These forward contracts were executed to hedge forecasted transactions and have been accounted for as cash flow hedges. As such, gains and losses on derivatives qualifying as cash flow hedges are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, to the extent that hedges are effective, until the underlying transactions are recognized in earnings. Unrealized amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss fluctuate based on changes in the fair value of hedge derivative contracts at each reporting period. The cash flow hedges were highly effective. The effectiveness of the transactions was measured using regression analysis and forecasted future purchases of the currency.
In certain instances, the foreign currency forward contracts may not qualify for hedge accounting or are not designated as hedges and, therefore, are marked-to-market with gains and losses recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations as a component of other expense, net. During 2022, all of the Company’s foreign currency forward contracts were designated as cash flow hedges.
The Company’s foreign currency forward contracts offset a portion of the gains and losses on the underlying foreign currency denominated transactions as follows:
Mexican peso-denominated Foreign Currency Forward Contracts – Cash Flow Hedges
The Company held Mexican peso-denominated foreign currency forward contracts that expired ratably on a monthly basis from January 2022 to December 2022. The notional amount at December 31, 2022 related to Mexican peso-denominated foreign currency forward contracts was $0.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest Rate Risk – Cash Flow Hedge
On February 18, 2020, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement (the “Interest Rate Swap”) with a notional amount of $50,000 to hedge its exposure to interest payment fluctuations on a portion of its Credit Facility borrowings. The Interest Rate Swap matured on March 10, 2023. The Interest Rate Swap was designated as a cash flow hedge of the variable interest rate obligation under the Company's Credit Facility that has a current balance of $167,393 at March 31, 2023. Accordingly, the change in fair value of the Interest Rate Swap was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The Interest Rate Swap agreement required monthly settlements on the same days that the Credit Facility interest payments are due and had a maturity date of March 10, 2023, which was prior to the Credit Facility maturity date of June 4, 2024. Under the Interest Rate Swap terms, the Company paid a fixed interest rate and received a floating interest rate based on the one-month LIBOR, with a floor. The critical terms of the Interest Rate Swap were aligned with the terms of the Credit Facility, resulting in no hedge ineffectiveness. The difference between amounts to be received and paid under the Interest Rate Swap were recognized as a component of interest expense, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Interest Rate Swap settlements reduced interest expense, net by $290 and increased interest expense, net by $153 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
The notional amounts and fair values of derivative instruments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

|  | Notional amounts (A) |  | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |
|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward currency contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  |  |  |
Net investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |

_____________________________
(A)Notional amounts represent the gross contract of the derivatives outstanding in U.S. dollars.
Gross amounts recorded for the cash flow and net investment hedges in other comprehensive income and in net loss for the three months ended March 31 were as follows:

| Gain (loss) recorded in other comprehensive income |  | Gain (loss) reclassified from other comprehensive income into net loss (A)
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward currency contracts | $ | — |  |  | $ | 915 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 251 |
Interest rate swap | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | (153) |
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps | $ | — |  |  | $ | 687 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

_____________________________

(A) | Gains reclassified from other comprehensive income into net loss recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations were $0 and $51 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gains reclassified from other comprehensive income into net loss recognized in cost of goods sold (“COGS”) in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations were $0 and $199 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gains (losses) reclassified from other comprehensive income into net loss recognized in interest expense, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations were $290 and $(153) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Cash flows from derivatives used to manage foreign currency exchange and interest rate risks are classified as operating activities within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
Fair Value Measurements
Certain assets and liabilities held by the Company are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the three levels of the fair value hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs used. Fair values estimated using Level 1 inputs consist of quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Fair values estimated using Level 2 inputs, other than quoted prices, are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly and include among other things, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are active or inactive as well as inputs other than quoted prices that are observable. For forward currency and cross-currency contracts, inputs include forward foreign currency exchange rates. For the interest rate swap, inputs include LIBOR. Fair values estimated using Level 3 inputs consist of significant unobservable inputs.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
The following table presents our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the three levels of the fair value hierarchy based on the reliability of inputs used.

|  |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  |  | Fair values estimated using |  |
| Fair value |  | Level 1 inputs |  | Level 2 inputs |  | Level 3 inputs |  | Fair value
Financial assets carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 294 |
Total financial assets carried at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 294 |

The following table sets forth a summary of the change in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities related to earn-out consideration that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

|  | Stoneridge Brazil
|  |  | 2022
Balance at January 1 |  |  | $ | 7,351 |
Foreign currency adjustments |  |  | 1,308 |
Balance at March 31 |  |  | $ | 8,659 |

The Company was required to pay the Stoneridge Brazil earn-out consideration based on Stoneridge Brazil’s financial performance in 2021. The fair value of the Stoneridge Brazil earn-out consideration was based on earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) in 2021. The Stoneridge Brazil earn-out consideration obligation was recorded within accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021. The earn-out consideration obligation of $8,272 was paid in April 2022 and recorded in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows within operating and financing activities in the amounts of $1,996 and $6,276, respectively.
The foreign currency impact related to the Stoneridge Brazil earn-out consideration was included in other expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
There were no transfers in or out of Level 3 from other levels in the fair value hierarchy for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
(6) Share-Based Compensation
Compensation expense for share-based compensation arrangements, which is recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations as a component of SG&A expenses, was $69 and $1,098 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The three months ended March 31, 2023 included income from the forfeiture of certain grants associated with employee resignations.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
(7) Debt
Debt consisted of the following at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Interest rates at March 31, 2023 |  | Maturity
Revolving Credit Facility |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit Facility |  | $ | 167,393 |  |  | $ | 167,802 |  |  | 7.16 | % |  | June 2024
Debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sweden short-term credit line |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Suzhou short-term credit line |  | 1,456 |  |  | 1,450 |  |  | 3.70% |  | June 2023
Total debt |  | 1,456 |  |  | 1,450 |  |  |  |  |
Less: current portion |  | (1,456) |  |  | (1,450) |  |  |  |  |
Total long-term debt, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |

Revolving Credit Facility
On June 5, 2019, the Company entered into the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility provided for a $400,000 senior secured revolving credit facility (which, as described below in the discussion of Amendment No. 3 to the Credit Facility was amended to be a $300,000 credit commitment) and it replaced and superseded the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement that provided for a $300,000 revolving credit facility. The Credit Facility had an accordion feature that allowed the Company to increase the availability by up to $150,000 upon the satisfaction of certain conditions and includes a letter of credit subfacility, swing line subfacility and multicurrency subfacility. The Credit Facility has a termination date of June 5, 2024. Borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at either the Base Rate or the LIBOR rate, at the Company’s option, plus the applicable margin as set forth in the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility contains certain financial covenants that require the Company to maintain less than a maximum leverage ratio and more than a minimum interest coverage ratio.
The Credit Facility contains customary affirmative covenants and representations. The Credit Facility also contains customary negative covenants, which, among other things, are subject to certain exceptions, including restrictions on (i) indebtedness, (ii) liens, (iii) liquidations, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions, (iv) disposition of assets or subsidiaries, (v) affiliate transactions, (vi) creation or ownership of certain subsidiaries, partnerships and joint ventures, (vii) continuation of or change in business, (viii) restricted payments, (ix) prepayment of subordinated and junior lien indebtedness, (x) restrictions in agreements on dividends, intercompany loans and granting liens on the collateral, (xi) loans and investments, (xii) sale and leaseback transactions, (xiii) changes in organizational documents and fiscal year and (xiv) transactions with respect to bonding subsidiaries. The Credit Facility contains customary events of default, subject to customary thresholds and exceptions, including, among other things, (i) non-payment of principal and non-payment of interest and fees, (ii) a material inaccuracy of a representation or warranty at the time made, (iii) a failure to comply with any covenant, subject to customary grace periods in the case of certain affirmative covenants, (iv) cross default of other debt, final judgments and other adverse orders in excess of $30,000, (v) any loan document shall cease to be a legal, valid and binding agreement, (vi) certain uninsured losses or proceedings against assets with a value in excess of $30,000, (vii) ERISA events, (viii) a change of control, or (ix) bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings.
Due to the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain disruptions on the Company’s end-markets and the resulting financial impacts on the Company, on February 28, 2022, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 3”). Amendment No. 3 reduced the total revolving credit commitments from $400.0 million to $300.0 million and the maximum permitted amount of swing loans from $40.0 million to $30.0 million. Amendment No. 3 provides for certain financial covenant relief and additional covenant restrictions during the “Specified Period” (the period from February 28, 2022 until the date that the Company delivers a compliance certificate for the quarter ending March 31, 2023 in form and substance satisfactory to the administrative agent). During the Specified Period:
•the maximum net leverage ratio was changed to 4.00 to 1.00 for the year ended December 31, 2021, suspended for the quarters ending March 31, 2022 through September 30, 2022 and could not exceed 4.75 to 1.00 for the quarter ended December 31, 2022 or 3.50 to 1.00 for the quarter ended March 31, 2023;
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
•the minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.50 was reduced to 2.50 for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, 2.25 for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 and 3.00 for the quarters ended September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2022;
•an additional condition to drawing on the Credit Facility has been added that restricts borrowings if the Company’s total of 100% of domestic and 65% of foreign cash and cash equivalents exceeds $70.0 million;
•there are certain additional restrictions on Restricted Payments (as defined); and
•a Permitted Acquisition (as defined) may not be consummated unless the net leverage ratio is below 3.50 to 1.00 during the Specified Period.
Amendment No. 3 changed the leverage based LIBOR pricing grid through the maturity date and also retained a LIBOR floor of 50 basis points on outstanding borrowings excluding any Specified Hedge Borrowings (as defined) which remain subject to a LIBOR floor of 0 basis points.
Amendment No. 3 also incorporated hardwired mechanics to permit a future replacement of LIBOR as the interest reference rate without lender consent.
The Company capitalized $484 of deferred financing costs as a result of entering into Amendment No. 3. In connection with Amendment No. 3, the Company wrote off a portion of the previously recorded deferred financing costs of $365 in interest expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Due to continued supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic challenges on the Company’s end-markets and the resulting financial impacts on the Company, on March 1, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 4”). Amendment No. 4 provides for certain financial covenant relief and additional covenant restrictions during the “Amendment No. 4 Specified Period” (the period from March 1, 2023 until the date that the Company delivers a compliance certificate for the quarter ending September 30, 2023 in form and substance satisfactory to the administrative agent). During the Amendment No. 4 Specified Period:
•the maximum net leverage ratio was changed to 4.75 to 1.00 for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and 4.25 to 1.00 for the quarter ended June 30, 2023;
•the minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.50 was reduced to 3.00 for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023;
•drawing on the Credit Facility continues to be restricted if the Company’s total of 100% of domestic and 65% of foreign cash and cash equivalents exceeds $70.0 million;
•there continue to be certain additional restrictions on Restricted Payments (as defined); and
•consistent with Amendment No. 3, a Permitted Acquisition (as defined) may not be consummated unless the net leverage ratio is below 3.50 to 1.00 during the Amendment No. 4 Specified Period.
The Company capitalized $332 of deferred financing costs as a result of entering into Amendment No. 4.
Borrowings outstanding on the Credit Facility were $167,393 and $167,802 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
As a result of the amendments, the Company was in compliance with all Credit Facility covenants at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
The Company also has outstanding letters of credit of $1,626 at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Debt
The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary located in Stockholm, Sweden, has an overdraft credit line that allows overdrafts on the subsidiary’s bank account up to a daily maximum level of 20,000 Swedish krona, or $1,928 and $1,922, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no borrowings outstanding on this overdraft credit line. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the subsidiary borrowed and repaid 85,054 Swedish krona, or $8,197.
The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary located in Suzhou, China (the “Suzhou subsidiary”), has lines of credit (the “Suzhou credit line”) that allow up to a maximum borrowing level of 20,000 Chinese yuan, or $2,912 and $2,900 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was $1,456 and $1,450, respectively, in borrowings outstanding on the Suzhou credit line with weighted-average interest rates of 3.70% at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Suzhou credit line is included on the condensed
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
consolidated balance sheet within current portion of debt. In addition, the Suzhou subsidiary has a bank acceptance draft line of credit which facilitates the extension of trade payable payment terms by 180 days. The bank acceptance draft line of credit allows up to a maximum borrowing level of 60,000 Chinese yuan, or $8,737 and $8,699 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There was $4,004 and $1,998 utilized on the Suzhou bank acceptance draft line of credit at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Suzhou bank acceptance draft line of credit is included on the condensed consolidated balance sheet within accounts payable.
(8) Loss Per Share
Basic loss per share was computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of Common Shares outstanding for each respective period. Diluted loss per share was calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average of all potentially dilutive Common Shares that were outstanding during the periods presented. However, for all periods in which the Company recognized a net loss, the Company did not recognize the effect of the potential dilutive securities as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Potential dilutive shares of 292,860 and 218,727 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were excluded from diluted loss per share because the effect would be anti-dilutive.
Weighted-average Common Shares outstanding used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Basic weighted-average Common Shares outstanding | 27,349,357 |  | 27,198,677 |  |  |  |
Effect of dilutive shares | — |  | — |  |  |  |
Diluted weighted-average Common Shares outstanding | 27,349,357 |  | 27,198,677 |  |  |  |

There were 521,304 and 797,873 performance-based right to receive Common Shares outstanding at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The right to receive Common Shares are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share based on the number of Common Shares that would be issuable if the end of the quarter were the end of the contingency period.
(9) Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

| Foreign currency translation |  | Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives |  | Total
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | (103,374) |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | (103,142) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 4,072 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 4,069 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | (229) |  |  | (229) |
Net other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 4,072 |  |  | (232) |  |  | 3,840 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | $ | (99,302) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (99,302) |
Balance at January 1, 2022 | $ | (97,203) |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | (97,024) |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 4,161 |  |  | 1,126 |  |  | 5,287 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | (78) |  |  | (78) |
Net other comprehensive income, net of tax | 4,161 |  |  | 1,048 |  |  | 5,209 |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | $ | (93,042) |  |  | $ | 1,227 |  |  | $ | (91,815) |

(10) Commitments and Contingencies
From time to time, we are subject to various legal actions and claims incidental to our business, including those arising out of breach of contracts, product warranties, product liability, patent infringement, regulatory matters and employment-related matters. The Company establishes accruals for matters which it believes that losses are probable and can be reasonably
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
estimated. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, the Company is of the opinion that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its consolidated results of operations or financial position.
As a result of environmental studies performed at the Company’s former facility located in Sarasota, Florida, the Company became aware of soil and groundwater contamination at the site. The Company engaged an environmental engineering consultant to assess the level of contamination and to develop a remediation and monitoring plan for the site. Soil remediation at the site was completed during the year ended December 31, 2010. A remedial action plan was approved by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and groundwater remediation began in the fourth quarter of 2015. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized expense of $125 and $0 respectively, related to groundwater remediation. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company accrued $278 and $246, respectively, related to expected future remediation costs. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $271 and $132, respectively, were recorded as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets while the remaining amounts as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were recorded as a component of other long-term liabilities. Costs associated with the recorded liability will be incurred to complete the groundwater remediation and monitoring. The recorded liability is based on assumptions in the remedial action plan as well as estimates for future remediation activities. Although the Company sold the Sarasota facility and related property in December 2011, the liability to remediate the site contamination remains the responsibility of the Company. Due to the ongoing site remediation, the Company is currently required to maintain a $1,489 letter of credit for the benefit of the buyer.
The Company’s Stoneridge Brazil subsidiary has civil, labor and other tax contingencies (excluding income tax) for which the likelihood of loss is deemed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, by the Company’s legal advisors in Brazil. As a result, no provision has been recorded with respect to these contingencies, which amounted to R$47,898 ($9,428) and R$47,820 ($9,165) at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. An unfavorable outcome on these contingencies could result in significant cost to the Company and adversely affect its results of operations.
On August 12, 2020, the Brazilian Administrative Counsel for Economic Defense (“CADE”) issued a ruling against Stoneridge Brazil for abuse of dominance and market foreclosure through its prior use of exclusivity provisions in agreements with its distributors. The CADE tribunal imposed a R$7,995 ($1,574) fine which is included in the reasonably possible contingencies noted above. The Company is challenging this ruling in Brazilian federal court to reverse this decision by the CADE tribunal.
Product Warranty and Recall
Amounts accrued for product warranty and recall claims are established based on the Company’s best estimate of the amounts necessary to settle existing and future claims on products sold as of the balance sheet dates. These accruals are based on several factors including past experience, production changes, industry developments and various other considerations. Our estimate is based on historical trends of units sold and claim payment amounts, combined with our current understanding of the status of existing claims, forecasts of the resolution of existing claims, expected future claims on products sold and commercial discussions with our customers. The key factors in our estimate are the warranty period and the customer source. The Company can provide no assurances that it will not experience material claims or that it will not incur significant costs to defend or settle such claims beyond the amounts accrued. The current portion of the product warranty and recall reserve is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Product warranty and recall reserve included $4,979 and $4,437 of a long-term liability at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which is included as a component of other long-term liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The following provides a reconciliation of changes in product warranty and recall reserve liability:

Three months ended March 31, |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Product warranty and recall reserve at beginning of period |  | $ | 13,477 |  |  | $ | 9,846 |
Accruals for warranties established during period |  | 4,329 |  |  | 3,058 |
Aggregate changes in pre-existing liabilities due to claim developments |  | 141 |  |  | — |
Settlements made during the period |  | (2,025) |  |  | (2,992) |
Foreign currency translation |  | 66 |  |  | (94) |
Product warranty and recall reserve at end of period |  | $ | 15,988 |  |  | $ | 9,818 |

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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
(11) Business Realignment and Restructuring
On May 19, 2020, the Company committed to the strategic exit of its Control Devices particulate matter (“PM”) sensor product line. The decision to exit the PM sensor product line was made after consideration of the decline in the market outlook for diesel passenger vehicles, the current and expected profitability of the product line and the Company’s strategic focus on aligning resources with the greatest opportunities. In conjunction with the strategic exit of the PM sensor product line, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement related to the sale of the PM sensor product line during the first quarter of 2021.
The only remaining costs relate to potential commercial settlements and legal fees which we continue to negotiate. The estimated range of additional cost related to these settlements and fees is up to $4,200.
The settlement of liabilities associated with the exit of the PM sensor line that relate to the Control Devices reportable segment include the following:

| Accrual as of January 1, 2022 |  | 2022 Charge to Expense |  | Utilization |  | Accrual as of March 31, 2022
|  |  | Cash |  | Non-Cash |
Employee termination benefits | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

On January 10, 2019, the Company committed to a restructuring plan that resulted in the closure of the Canton, Massachusetts facility (“Canton Facility”) on March 31, 2020 and the consolidation of manufacturing operations at that site into other Company locations (“Canton Restructuring”). The costs for the Canton Restructuring included employee severance and termination costs, contract terminations costs, professional fees and other related costs such as moving and set-up costs for equipment and costs to restore the engineering function previously located at the Canton facility. We do not expect to incur additional costs related to the Canton Restructuring.
The settlement of liabilities associated with for the Canton Restructuring that relate to the Control Devices reportable segment include the following:

| Accrual as of January 1, 2022 |  | 2022 Charge to Expense |  | Utilization |  | Accrual as of March 31, 2022
|  |  | Cash |  | Non-Cash |
Employee termination benefits | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (93) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (93) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

In addition to specific restructuring activities, the Company regularly evaluates the performance of its businesses and cost structures, including personnel, and makes necessary changes thereto in order to optimize its results. The Company also evaluates the required skill sets of its personnel and periodically makes strategic changes. As a consequence of these actions, the Company incurs severance related costs that are referred to as business realignment charges.
Business realignment charges incurred by reportable segment were as follows:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Electronics (A) | 309 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Stoneridge Brazil (B) | — |  |  | 34 |  |  |  |  |
Unallocated Corporate (C) | 953 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total business realignment charges | $ | 1,262 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  |  |  |

_____________________________________

(A) | Severance costs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 related to COGS and SG&A were $175 and $134, respectively.

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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)

(B) | Severance costs for the three months ended March 31, 2022 related to SG&A were $34.

(C) | Employee separation related costs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 related to SG&A were $953.

Business realignment charges incurred, classified by statement of operations line item were as follows:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 1,087 |  |  | 34 |  |  |  |  |
Total business realignment charges | $ | 1,262 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  |  |  |

(12) Income Taxes
For interim tax reporting, we estimate our annual effective tax rate and apply it to our year to date ordinary income. Tax jurisdictions with a projected or year to date loss for which a benefit cannot be realized are excluded.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, income tax benefit of $708 was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions. The effective tax rate of 8.7% varies from the statutory rate primarily due to U.S. taxes on foreign earnings and non-deductible expenses offset by the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and tax credits and incentives.
For the three months ended March 31, 2022, income tax expense of $1,493 was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions. The effective tax rate of (24.2)% varies from the statutory rate primarily due to the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions as well as U.S. tax on foreign earnings offset by tax credits and incentives.
(13) Segment Reporting
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that are evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer.
The Company has three reportable segments, Control Devices, Electronics and Stoneridge Brazil, which also represent its operating segments. The Control Devices reportable segment produces actuators, sensors, switches and connectors. The Electronics reportable segment produces driver information systems, vision and safety systems, connectivity and compliance products and electronic control units. The Stoneridge Brazil reportable segment designs and manufactures vehicle tracking devices and monitoring services, vehicle security alarms and convenience accessories, in-vehicle audio and infotainment devices, driver information systems and telematics solutions.
The accounting policies of the Company’s reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K. The Company’s management evaluates the performance of its reportable segments based primarily on revenues from external customers, capital expenditures and operating income. Inter-segment sales are accounted for on terms similar to those to third parties and are eliminated upon consolidation.
The financial information presented below is for our three reportable operating segments and includes adjustments for unallocated corporate costs and intercompany eliminations, where applicable. Such costs and eliminations do not meet the requirements for being classified as an operating segment. Corporate costs include various support functions, such as accounting/finance, executive administration, human resources, information technology and legal.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
A summary of financial information by reportable segment is as follows:

Three months ended March 31, | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 85,942 |  |  | $ | 84,060 |  |  |  |  |
Inter-segment sales | 734 |  |  | 930 |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices net sales | 86,676 |  |  | 84,990 |  |  |  |  |
Electronics | 141,127 |  |  | 124,953 |  |  |  |  |
Inter-segment sales | 8,516 |  |  | 7,711 |  |  |  |  |
Electronics net sales | 149,643 |  |  | 132,664 |  |  |  |  |
Stoneridge Brazil | 14,256 |  |  | 12,045 |  |  |  |  |
Inter-segment sales | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Stoneridge Brazil net sales | 14,256 |  |  | 12,045 |  |  |  |  |
Eliminations | (9,250) |  |  | (8,641) |  |  |  |  |
Total net sales | $ | 241,325 |  |  | $ | 221,058 |  |  |  |  |
Operating (Loss) Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 2,087 |  |  | $ | 6,776 |  |  |  |  |
Electronics | 1,400 |  |  | (2,712) |  |  |  |  |
Stoneridge Brazil | 1,343 |  |  | 492 |  |  |  |  |
Unallocated Corporate (A) | (8,859) |  |  | (7,540) |  |  |  |  |
Total operating loss | $ | (4,029) |  |  | $ | (2,984) |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 3,174 |  |  | $ | 3,561 |  |  |  |  |
Electronics | 3,464 |  |  | 3,593 |  |  |  |  |
Stoneridge Brazil | 1,085 |  |  | 991 |  |  |  |  |
Unallocated Corporate | 602 |  |  | 561 |  |  |  |  |
Total depreciation and amortization (B) | $ | 8,325 |  |  | $ | 8,706 |  |  |  |  |
Interest Expense (Income), net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |  |  |
Electronics | 485 |  |  | 73 |  |  |  |  |
Stoneridge Brazil | (270) |  |  | (158) |  |  |  |  |
Unallocated Corporate | 2,513 |  |  | 1,846 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest expense, net | $ | 2,746 |  |  | $ | 1,786 |  |  |  |  |
Capital Expenditures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 1,956 |  |  | $ | 3,845 |  |  |  |  |
Electronics | 6,207 |  |  | 2,833 |  |  |  |  |
Stoneridge Brazil | 636 |  |  | 669 |  |  |  |  |
Unallocated Corporate(C) | 112 |  |  | 21 |  |  |  |  |
Total capital expenditures | $ | 8,911 |  |  | $ | 7,368 |  |  |  |  |

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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Total Assets: |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 177,154 |  |  | $ | 174,535 |
Electronics | 380,666 |  |  | 369,232 |
Stoneridge Brazil | 64,128 |  |  | 60,861 |
Corporate (C) | 421,554 |  |  | 419,469 |
Eliminations | (372,764) |  |  | (371,992) |
Total assets | $ | 670,738 |  |  | $ | 652,105 |

The following tables present net sales and long-term assets for each of the geographic areas in which the Company operates:

Three months ended March 31, | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America | $ | 123,726 |  |  | $ | 103,828 |  |  |  |  |
South America | 14,256 |  |  | 12,045 |  |  |  |  |
Europe and Other | 103,343 |  |  | 105,185 |  |  |  |  |
Total net sales | $ | 241,325 |  |  | $ | 221,058 |  |  |  |  |

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Long-term Assets: |  |  |
North America | $ | 94,451 |  |  | $ | 92,149 |
South America | 32,471 |  |  | 31,796 |
Europe and Other | 120,680 |  |  | 118,609 |
Total long-term assets | $ | 247,602 |  |  | $ | 242,554 |

__________________________________________________________
(A)Unallocated Corporate expenses include, among other items, accounting/finance, human resources, information technology and legal costs as well as share-based compensation.
(B)These amounts represent depreciation and amortization on property, plant and equipment and certain intangible assets.
(C)Assets located at Corporate consist primarily of cash, intercompany loan receivables, fixed assets for the corporate headquarter building, leased assets, information technology assets, equity investments and investments in subsidiaries.
(14) Investments
PST Eletrônica Ltda.
The Company had a 74% controlling interest in Stoneridge Brazil from December 31, 2011 through May 15, 2017. On May 16, 2017, the Company acquired the remaining 26% noncontrolling interest in Stoneridge Brazil. As part of the acquisition agreement, the Company was required to pay additional earn-out consideration based on Stoneridge Brazil’s financial performance in 2021. The final earn-out consideration of $8,272 was paid on April 29, 2022. See Note 5 for the fair value and foreign currency adjustments of the earn-out consideration in prior periods.
Other Investments
In December 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to make a $10,000 investment in a fund (“Autotech Fund II”) managed by Autotech Ventures (“Autotech”), a venture capital firm focused on ground transportation technology which is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Company’s $10,000 investment in the Autotech Fund II will be contributed over the expected ten-year life of the fund. The Company did not contribute to or receive distributions from
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Autotech Fund II during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022. The Company has a 6.5% interest in Autotech Fund II. The Company recognized losses of $171 and $81 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Autotech Fund II investment recorded in investments and other long-term assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets was $8,473 and $8,644 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
We are a global designer and manufacturer of highly engineered electrical and electronic systems, components and modules primarily for the automotive, commercial, off-highway and agricultural vehicle markets.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes related thereto and other financial information included elsewhere herein.
Segments
We are organized by products produced and markets served. Under this structure, our operations have been reported using the following segments:
Control Devices. This segment includes results of operations that manufacture actuators, sensors, switches and connectors.
Electronics. This segment includes results of operations from the production of driver information systems, vision and safety systems, connectivity and compliance products and electronic control units.
Stoneridge Brazil. This segment includes results of operations that design and manufacture vehicle tracking devices and monitoring services, vehicle security alarms and convenience accessories, in-vehicle audio and infotainment devices, driver information systems and telematics solutions.
First Quarter Overview
During the first quarter of 2023, we benefited from both increased volumes in our North American and European commercial, and North American automotive markets due to improvements in material availability, customer production schedules and end market demand. We continue to benefit from the negotiated pricing actions previously agreed to with the majority of our customers which continue to offset a portion of the incremental material and supply chain related costs we have continued to incur. The Company continues to work with our customers to preserve gross margin through price increases aligned with current market conditions and is executing on initiatives to reduce supply chain related costs and improve working capital. In the first quarter of 2023, we experienced some moderation of commercial and operational challenges including material availability, material costs and customer production schedules volatility. While these challenges continue, we are focusing on our long-term growth initiatives that we expect will drive profitable growth in 2023 and beyond.
The Company had net loss of $(7.4) million, or $(0.27) per diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Net loss for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 decreased by $0.3 million, or $0.01 per diluted share, from net loss of $(7.7) million, or $(0.28) per diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Net loss decreased primarily due to additional contribution from higher sales levels offset by higher business realignment and interest costs. Net sales increased by $20.3 million, or 9.2%, primarily from higher volumes in our served markets offset by lower required electronic component spot buy purchases and adverse foreign currency movements in our Electronics segment. During the first quarter, the overall transportation industry continued to be challenged by on-going supply chain disruptions including electronic component shortages even though these conditions have improved relative to prior quarters.
Our Control Devices segment net sales increased by 2.2% compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily as a result of higher North American automotive volumes including production ramp-up of new products and negotiated price increases offset by lower China automotive volumes. Segment gross margin decreased due to higher material costs and unfavorable sales mix. Segment operating income decreased due to lower gross margin.
Our Electronics segment net sales increased by 12.9% compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to increased sales volumes in our European commercial and North American commercial vehicle markets including the continued ramp up of previously launched new products offset by lower required electronic component spot buy purchases. Segment gross margin as a percent of sales increased primarily due to higher contribution from higher sales levels and lower required electronic component spot buy purchases offset by an increase in material and labor costs. Operating income for the segment increased compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to higher gross margin.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment net sales increased by 18.4% compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to higher sales of our OEM products and tracking devices offset by lower sales demand for our other product lines. Segment gross margin increased due to increased contribution margin from higher sales. Operating income increased due to higher gross margin.
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In the first quarter of 2023, SG&A expenses increased by $2.5 million compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to higher current quarter business realignment costs of $1.1 million and 2022 favorable legal settlements offset by a gain on the disposal of fixed assets.
In the first quarter of 2023, D&D costs remained consistent with the prior year first quarter as higher spending was offset by an increase in the capitalization of software development costs.
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents balances of $35.2 million and $54.8 million, respectively, and we had $167.4 million and $167.8 million, respectively, in borrowings outstanding on our Credit Facility. The 2023 decrease in cash and cash equivalents was due to capital expenditures for new product launches and higher working capital from the return to normalized sales and production levels after year end shut downs.
Outlook
The Company believes that focusing on products that address industry megatrends will have a positive effect on both our top-line growth and underlying margins. For example, the Company is aligned with platforms likely to perform well against overall market dynamics including our content on electrified vehicle platforms and our continued focus on safety-based products.
Since the first quarter of 2021, we have been experiencing supply chain related disruptions, due to a worldwide semiconductor shortage, as well as other material availability constraints, which continue and have resulted in longer lead-times, higher costs and delays in procuring other component parts and raw materials. In addition, global inflation has increased significantly since 2021. Rising costs of materials, labor and other inputs used to manufacture and sell our products, including freight and logistics costs, have impacted, and may continue to impact, our results. While incremental material costs have started to moderate, we expect material cost inflation to persist throughout 2023 which will continue to put pressure on margins. In order to minimize the impact of these incremental costs, we have taken several actions, including continuing to negotiate price increases and cost recoveries with our customers and implementing supply chain strategies. In addition, we have taken actions to optimize our organizational structure, reduce discretionary spending and improve operating leverage. We will continue to evaluate macroeconomic conditions and expect ongoing discussions with our customers regarding price increases and other cost recovery actions to improve our margin performance. During the first quarter of 2023, we experienced sequential monthly revenue increases supporting our expectations for continued revenue growth in 2023.
Based on IHS Market production forecast, the North American automotive market is expected to increase to 15.1 million units in 2023 from 14.3 million units in 2022 as this market continues to recover from supply chain disruptions and economic headwinds. The Company expects sales volumes in our Control Devices segment to increase from 2022 based on production forecasts and market conditions as well as incremental revenue from high-demand powertrain actuation program launches. We will continue to focus on growing our core product portfolio aligned with powertrain electrification by investing in our actuation and electrification focused sensor businesses as we anticipate greater opportunities as powertrains become increasingly electrified. However, on-going global supply chain disruptions, including the global semiconductor supply shortage, material and labor cost inflation could adversely impact our sales volumes and gross margin for the remainder of 2023.
For 2023, we expect an increase in our Electronics’ segment sales compared to 2022 primarily due to strong demand for our products in our commercial vehicle end markets and the ramp-up of new product launches even though production volumes in our European and North American commercial markets are expected decrease approximately 2.0% to 3.5%. In addition, we expect increased sales from the continued roll out of our MirrorEye camera-based vision systems including the first OEM launch of our MirrorEye system in North America. Customer recoveries related to spot buys of materials purchased for our customers increased net sales by $58.4 million for the full year 2022 and $9.1 million for the first quarter ended March 31, 2023. Spot buy material purchasing activity, which is recognized as revenue and material costs, was mostly passed through to the customer and was driven by electronic component shortages. The Company expects spot buy activity to moderate but continue in 2023 and cannot predict the duration or magnitude of continued spot buy activity due to volatile supply chains and component availability. We expect to continue to offset a significant majority of spot buy related costs going forward and expect continued reduction in overall spot buy costs in 2023. In addition, we expect customer negotiated price increases to favorably impact sales and mitigate the impact of cost pressure on margin in 2023.
In 2022, our gross D&D spend increased to support near term launches of awarded business in both our Electronics and Control Devices segments. In 2023, we expect that our D&D spending will stabilize as we continue to align our global engineering capabilities in order to develop advanced technologies and systems within our portfolio of products and we expect to sustain current levels of customer reimbursement to support specific programs and products.
Our 2022 Stoneridge Brazil segment revenues decreased compared to the prior year due to lower sales of most of our product lines offset by favorable foreign currency translation and slightly higher sales of tracking devices and monitoring service fees. In October 2022, the International Monetary Fund forecasted the Brazil gross domestic product to grow 2.8% in 2022 and 1.0% in 2023. We expect our served market channels to remain stable in 2023 based on current market
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conditions. Stoneridge Brazil will focus on continuing to grow our OEM capabilities in-region to better support our global customers. This will drive steady future growth and provide a platform to continue to rotate our local portfolio to more closely align with our global business. Our financial performance in our Stoneridge Brazil segment is also subject to uncertainty from movements in the Brazilian Real and Argentina Peso foreign currencies.
As a result of supply chain disruptions and production schedule volatility, our working capital balances, specifically inventory, have increased significantly compared to historical levels. In addition, inventory has also increased from product launches in our Electronics and Control Devices segments. We continue to engage in initiatives to reduce working capital including reducing on-hand inventory by refining our procurement process and managing the on-time collection of our accounts receivable balances.
We expect higher interest expense in 2023 driven by higher benchmark rates on our Credit Facility.
Our future effective tax rate depends on various factors, such as changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles and our jurisdictional mix of earnings. We monitor these factors and adjust our effective tax rate accordingly.
Other Matters
A significant portion of our sales are outside of the United States. These sales are generated by our non-U.S. based operations, and therefore, movements in foreign currency exchange rates can have a significant effect on our results of operations, which are presented in U.S. dollars. A significant portion of our raw materials purchased by our Electronics and Stoneridge Brazil segments are denominated in U.S. dollars, and therefore movements in foreign currency exchange rates can also have a significant effect on our results of operations. The U.S. Dollar strengthened against the Mexican peso in 2023 and the euro, Swedish krona and Argentine peso in 2022, unfavorably impacting our reported results.
On May 19, 2020, the Company committed to the strategic exit of its Control Devices particulate matter sensor product line (“PM Sensor Exit”). The costs for the PM Sensor Exit included employee severance and termination costs and other related costs including supplier settlements. Non-cash charges included impairment and accelerated depreciation of fixed assets associated with PM sensor production. We did not recognize any expense as a result of this initiative during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The only remaining costs relate to potential commercial settlements and legal fees that we continue to negotiate. The estimated additional cost related to these settlements and fees is up to $4.2 million.
We regularly evaluate the performance of our businesses and their cost structures, including personnel, and make necessary changes thereto in order to optimize our results. We also evaluate the required skill sets of our personnel and periodically make strategic changes. As a consequence of these actions, we incur severance and resignation related costs that we refer to as business realignment charges. Business realignment costs of $1.3 million and less than $0.1 million were incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Condensed consolidated statements of operations as a percentage of net sales are presented in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended March 31, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase (decrease)
Net sales |  | $ | 241,325 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 221,058 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 20,267 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 198,523 |  |  | 82.3 |  |  | 179,615 |  |  | 81.3 |  |  | 18,908 |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 29,863 |  |  | 12.4 |  |  | 27,399 |  |  | 12.4 |  |  | 2,464 |
Design and development |  | 16,968 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 17,028 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | (60) |
Operating loss |  | (4,029) |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | (2,984) |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (1,045) |
Interest expense, net |  | 2,746 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1,786 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 960 |
Equity in loss of investee |  | 171 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |
Other expense, net |  | 1,148 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 1,331 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (183) |
Loss before income taxes |  | (8,094) |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | (6,182) |  |  | (2.8) |  |  | (1,912) |
(Benefit) provision for income taxes |  | (708) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 1,493 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | (2,201) |
Net loss |  | $ | (7,386) |  |  | (3.1) | % |  | $ | (7,675) |  |  | (3.5) | % |  | $ | 289 |

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Net Sales. Net sales for our reportable segments, excluding inter-segment sales, are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended March 31, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase |  | Percent increase
Control Devices |  | $ | 85,942 |  |  | 35.6 | % |  | $ | 84,060 |  |  | 38.0 | % |  | $ | 1,882 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Electronics |  | 141,127 |  |  | 58.5 |  |  | 124,953 |  |  | 56.6 |  |  | 16,174 |  |  | 12.9 | %
Stoneridge Brazil |  | 14,256 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 12,045 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 2,211 |  |  | 18.4 | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 241,325 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 221,058 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 20,267 |  |  | 9.2 | %

Our Control Devices segment net sales increased $1.9 million due to an increase in our North American automotive market of $3.7 million and negotiated price increases of $1.2 million offset by a decrease in our China automotive and other markets of $1.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively. In addition, first quarter of 2023 net sales were impacted by an increase in unfavorable foreign currency translation of $0.9 million.
Our Electronics segment net sales increased $16.2 million due to higher sales volumes in our European, North American and China commercial vehicle markets of $26.1 million, $12.3 million and $1.1 million, respectively. These increases were offset by the impact of lower required electronic component spot buy purchases of $13.4 million compared to the first quarter of 2022. In addition, we experienced lower sales volumes in our European off-highway vehicle market of $3.7 million and unfavorable euro and Swedish krona foreign currency translation of $6.6 million compared to the prior year quarter.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment net sales increased due to higher sales in our OEM products and tracking devices offset by lower sales demand for our other product lines.
Net sales by geographic location are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended March 31, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase (decrease) |  | Percent increase (decrease)
North America |  | $ | 123,726 |  |  | 51.3 | % |  | $ | 103,828 |  |  | 47.0 | % |  | $ | 19,898 |  |  | 19.2 | %
South America |  | 14,256 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 12,045 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 2,211 |  |  | 18.4 | %
Europe and Other |  | 103,343 |  |  | 42.8 |  |  | 105,185 |  |  | 47.6 |  |  | (1,842) |  |  | (1.8) | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 241,325 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 221,058 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 20,267 |  |  | 9.2 | %

The increase in North American net sales was mostly attributable to an increase in sales volume in our commercial vehicle market of $11.7 million and in our automotive market of $3.7 million as well as negotiated price increases and higher required customer recoveries of electronic component spot buys of $1.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively.
The increase in net sales in South America was primarily due to higher sales in our OEM products and tracking devices offset by lower sales demand for our other product lines.
The decrease in net sales in Europe and Other was due to decreases in required customer recoveries of electronic component spot buys and negotiated price increases of $18.2 million and $1.7 million, respectively. In addition, we experienced decreases in our European off-highway and China automotive markets of $3.7 million and $1.4 million, respectively, as well as unfavorable foreign currency translation of $7.5 million. These decreases were offset by increases in our European commercial vehicle market of $26.1 million.
Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Margin. Cost of goods sold increased compared to the first quarter of 2022 and our gross margin decreased from 18.7% in the first quarter of 2022 to 17.7% in the first quarter of 2023. Our material cost as a percentage of net sales increased from 62.3% in the first quarter of 2022 to 62.6% in the first quarter of 2023 from higher material costs resulting from adverse foreign exchange fluctuations and material inflation. Cost of goods sold also increased by $9.1 million, or 3.8% of net sales, and $24.4 million, o r 11.0% of sa les, for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively, from the impact of electronic component spot buy purchases, which were offset by customer recoveries. The impact of these spot buy purchases reduced gross margin percent by 0.7%. Overhead as a percentage of net sales was 14.8% and 14.4% for the first quarters of 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Our Control Devices segment gross margin decreased primarily due to higher material costs associated with inflation and an unfavorable sales mix.
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Our Electronics segment gross margin increased due to the contribution from higher sales levels and the reduction of the adverse effect of required electronic component spot buy purchases, net of customer recoveries offset by higher material and labor costs.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment gross margin increased primarily due to increased contribution from higher sales.
Selling, General and Administrative. SG&A expenses increased by $2.5 million primarily due to higher business realignment costs of $1.1 million. In addition our Control Devices segment recognized 2022 favorable legal settlements offset by a 2023 gain on the sale of fixed assets of an idled sensor production line.
Design and Development. D&D costs were consistent with the prior year first quarter as higher spending was offset by higher capitalized software development costs of $1.2 million in our Electronics segment.
Operating Loss. Operating (loss) income by segment is summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended March 31, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase (decrease) |  | Percent increase (decrease)
Control Devices |  | $ | 2,087 |  |  | $ | 6,776 |  |  | $ | (4,689) |  |  | (69.2) | %
Electronics |  | 1,400 |  |  | (2,712) |  |  | 4,112 |  |  | 151.6 |
Stoneridge Brazil |  | 1,343 |  |  | 492 |  |  | 851 |  |  | 173.0 |
Unallocated corporate |  | (8,859) |  |  | (7,540) |  |  | (1,319) |  |  | (17.5) |
Operating loss |  | $ | (4,029) |  |  | $ | (2,984) |  |  | $ | (1,045) |  |  | (35.0) | %

Our Control Devices segment operating income decreased due to lower gross margin primarily resulting from higher material costs, unfavorable sales mix and a 2022 favorable legal settlement offset by the gain on disposal of fixed assets of $0.8 million.
Our Electronics segment operating income increased primarily due to higher contribution from higher sales offset by higher material and labor as well as adverse foreign exchange fluctuations.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment operating income increased due to contribution from higher sales levels.
Our unallocated corporate operating loss increased primarily from higher business realignment costs associated with employee separation related costs of $1.0 million.
Operating (loss) income by geographic location is summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended March 31, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase (decrease) |  | Percent increase (decrease)
North America |  | $ | (6,871) |  |  | $ | (2,525) |  |  | $ | (4,346) |  |  | (172.1) | %
South America |  | 1,343 |  |  | 492 |  |  | 851 |  |  | 173.0 |
Europe and Other |  | 1,499 |  |  | (951) |  |  | 2,450 |  |  | 257.6 |
Operating loss |  | $ | (4,029) |  |  | $ | (2,984) |  |  | $ | (1,045) |  |  | (35.0) | %

Our North American operating loss increased due to higher material and labor costs, higher business realignment costs and a 2022 favorable legal settlement offset by a gain on disposal of fixed assets. Operating income in South America increased due to higher sales levels. Our operating results in Europe and Other increased primarily due to contribution from higher sales levels.
Interest Expense, net. Interest expense, net was $2.7 million and $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, was the result of higher benchmark rates affecting the company’s floating rate Credit Facility debt.
Equity in Loss of Investee. Equity loss for Autotech Fund II was $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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Other Expense, net. We record certain foreign currency transaction losses (gains) as a component of other expense, net on the condensed consolidated statement of operations. Other expense, net of $1.1 million decreased by $0.2 million compared to the first quarter of 2022 due to foreign currency transaction losses in Electronics, Control Devices and Stoneridge Brazil segments from the strengthening of the U.S. dollar.
(Benefit) Provision for Income Taxes. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, income tax benefit of $(0.7) million was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions. The effective tax rate of 8.7% varies from the statutory tax rate primarily due to U.S. taxes on foreign earnings and non-deductible expenses offset by the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and tax credits and incentives.
For the three months ended March 31, 2022, income tax expense of $1.5 million was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions. The effective tax rate of (24.2)% varies from the statutory tax rate primarily due to the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions as well as U.S. taxes on foreign earnings offset by tax credits and incentives.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Summary of Cash Flows:

Three months ended March 31, |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net cash provided by (used for): |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | (9,182) |  |  | $ | (19,811) |
Investing activities |  | (8,755) |  |  | (7,236) |
Financing activities |  | (2,119) |  |  | (17,146) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | 423 |  |  | 34 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | (19,633) |  |  | $ | (44,159) |

Cash used for operating activities decreased compared to 2022 primarily due to a reduction in cash used for assets related to customer recoveries of electronic component spot buys and customer funded tooling. Our receivable terms and collections rates have remained consistent between periods presented. Our inventory levels for both periods presented are elevated compared to historical balances due to a combination of new product launches and supply chain disruptions.
Net cash used for investing activities increased compared to 2022 due to higher capital expenditures and capitalized software development costs slightly offset by increased proceeds from the disposal of fixed assets.
Net cash used for financing activities decreased compared to the prior year first quarter primarily due to higher 2022 net Credit Facility payments.
As outlined in Note 7 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, the Credit Facility permits borrowing up to a maximum level of $300.0 million. This variable rate facility provides the flexibility to refinance other outstanding debt or finance acquisitions through June 2024. The Credit Facility contains certain financial covenants that require the Company to maintain less than a maximum leverage ratio and more than a minimum interest coverage ratio. The Credit Facility also contains affirmative and negative covenants and events of default that are customary for credit arrangements of this type including covenants that place restrictions and/or limitations on the Company’s ability to borrow money, make capital expenditures and pay dividends. The Credit Facility had an outstanding balance of $167.4 million at March 31, 2023.
Due to the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain disruptions on the Company’s end-markets and the resulting financial impacts on the Company, on February 28, 2022, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 3”). Amendment No. 3 reduced the total revolving credit commitments from $400.0 million to $300.0 million and the maximum permitted amount of swing loans from $40.0 million to $30.0 million. Amendment No. 3 provides for certain financial covenant relief and additional covenant restrictions during the “Specified Period” (the period from February 28, 2022 until the date that the Company delivers a compliance certificate for the quarter ending March 31, 2023 in form and substance satisfactory to the administrative agent). During the Specified Period:
•the maximum net leverage ratio was changed to 4.00 to 1.00 for the year ended December 31, 2021, suspended for the quarters ending March 31, 2022 through September 30, 2022 and cannot exceed 4.75 to 1.00 for the quarter ended December 31, 2022 or 3.50 to 1.00 for the quarter ended March 31, 2023;
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•the minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.50 was reduced to 2.50 for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, 2.25 for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 and 3.00 for the quarters ended September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2022;
•an additional condition to drawing on the Credit Facility has been added that restricts borrowings if the Company’s total of 100% of domestic and 65% of foreign cash and cash equivalents exceeds $70.0 million;
•there are certain additional restrictions on Restricted Payments (as defined); and
•a Permitted Acquisition (as defined) may not be consummated unless the net leverage ratio is below 3.50 to 1.00 during the Specified Period.
Amendment No. 3 changed the leverage based LIBOR pricing grid through the maturity date and also retained a LIBOR floor of 50 basis points on outstanding borrowings excluding any Specified Hedge Borrowings (as defined) which remained subject to a LIBOR floor of 0 basis points.
Amendment No. 3 also incorporated hardwired mechanics to permit a future replacement of LIBOR as the interest reference rate without lender consent.
Due to continued supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic challenges on the Company’s end-markets and the resulting financial impacts on the Company, on March 1, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 4”). Amendment No. 4 provides for certain financial covenant relief and additional covenant restrictions during the “Amendment No. 4 Specified Period” (the period from March 1, 2023 until the date that the Company delivers a compliance certificate for the quarter ending September 30, 2023 in form and substance satisfactory to the administrative agent). During the Amendment No. 4 Specified Period:
•the maximum net leverage ratio was changed to 4.75 to 1.00 for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and 4.25 to 1.00 for the quarter ended June 30, 2023;
•the minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.50 was reduced to 3.00 for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023;
•drawing on the Credit Facility continues to be restricted if the Company's total of 100% of domestic and 65% of foreign cash and cash equivalents exceeds $70.0 million;
•there continue to be certain additional restrictions on Restricted Payments (as defined); and
•consistent with Amendment No. 3, a Permitted Acquisition (as defined) may not be consummated unless the net leverage ratio is below 3.50 to 1.00 during the Amendment No. 4 Specified Period.
As a result of the amendments, the Company was in compliance with all covenants at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company has not experienced a violation that would limit the Company’s ability to borrow under the Credit Facility, as amended and does not expect that the covenants under it will restrict the Company’s financing flexibility. However, it is possible that future borrowing flexibility under the Credit Facility may be limited as a result of lower than expected financial performance due to the adverse impact of macroeconomic conditions and supply chain disruptions on the Company’s markets and general global demand. The Company expects to make additional repayments on the Credit Facility when cash exceeds the amount needed for operations and to remain in compliance with all covenants.
The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary located in Stockholm, Sweden, has an overdraft credit line that allows overdrafts on the subsidiary’s bank account up to a daily maximum level of 20.0 million Swedish krona, or $1.9 million at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 there were no borrowings outstanding on this overdraft credit line. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the subsidiary borrowed and repaid 85.1 million Swedish krona, or $8.2 million.
The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary located in Suzhou, China, has lines of credit that allow up to a maximum borrowing level of 20.0 million Chinese yuan, or $2.9 million at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 there was $1.5 million in borrowings outstanding on the Suzhou credit line with weighted-average interest rates of 3.70%. The Suzhou credit line is included on the condensed consolidated balance sheet within current portion of debt. In addition, the Suzhou subsidiary has a bank acceptance draft line of credit which facilitates the extension of trade payable payment terms by 180 days. The bank acceptance draft line of credit allows up to a maximum borrowing level of 60 million Chinese yuan, or $8.7 million at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. There was $4.0 million and $2.0 million utilized on the Suzhou bank acceptance draft line of credit at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Suzhou bank acceptance draft line of credit is included on the condensed consolidated balance sheet within accounts payable.
On May 19, 2020, the Company committed to the strategic exit of its Control Devices PM sensor product line. The costs for the PM Sensor Exit included employee severance and termination costs, professional fees and other related costs such as potential commercial and supplier settlements. Non-cash charges included impairment of fixed assets and accelerated depreciation associated with PM sensor production. We did not recognized any expense as a result of this initiative during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The only remaining costs relate to potential commercial settlements and legal fees which we continue to negotiate. The estimated additional costs related to these settlements and fees is up to $4.2 million.
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In December 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to make a $10.0 million investment in Autotech Fund II managed by Autotech, a venture capital firm focused on ground transportation technology. The Company’s $10.0 million investment in the Autotech Fund II will be contributed over the expected ten-year life of the fund. As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s cumulative investment in the Autotech Fund II was $8.1 million. The Company did not contribute to or receive distributions from Autotech Fund II during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.
Our future results could also be adversely affected by unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We have significant foreign denominated transaction exposure in certain locations, especially in Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Sweden, Estonia, the Netherlands, United Kingdom and China. Currently, we do not have any foreign currency forward contracts in place, but have historically entered into foreign currency forward contracts to reduce our exposure related to certain foreign currency fluctuations. See Note 5 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details. Our future results could also be unfavorably affected by increased commodity prices and material cost inflation as these fluctuations impact the cost of our raw material purchases.
At March 31, 2023, we had a cash and cash equivalents balance of approximately $35.2 million, of which 89.0% was held in foreign locations. The Company has approximately $132.6 million of undrawn commitments under the Credit Facility as of March 31, 2023, which results in total undrawn commitments and cash balances of more than $167.8 million. However, it is possible that future borrowing flexibility under our Credit Facility may be limited as a result of our financial performance.
Commitments and Contingencies
See Note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for disclosures of the Company’s commitments and contingencies.
Seasonality
Our Control Devices and Electronics segments are moderately seasonal, impacted by mid-year and year-end shutdowns and the ramp-up of new model production at key customers. In addition, the demand for our Stoneridge Brazil segment consumer products is generally higher in the second half of the year.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The Company’s critical accounting policies, which include management’s best estimates and judgments, are included in Part II, Item 7, to the consolidated financial statements of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K. These accounting policies are considered critical as disclosed in the Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K because of the potential for a significant impact on the financial statements due to the inherent uncertainty in such estimates. There have been no material changes in our significant accounting policies or critical accounting estimates during the first quarter of 2023.
Information regarding other significant accounting policies is included in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.
Inflation and International Presence
By operating internationally, we are affected by foreign currency exchange rates and the economic conditions of certain countries. Furthermore, given the current economic climate and fluctuations in certain commodity prices, we believe that an increase in such items could significantly affect our profitability. See Note 5 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details on the Company’s foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate risks.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no material changes to the quantitative and qualitative information about the Company’s market risk from those previously presented within Part II, Item 7A of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of March 31, 2023, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the principal executive officer (“PEO”) and principal financial officer (“PFO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the PEO and PFO, concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2023.
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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II–OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in certain legal actions and claims primarily arising in the ordinary course of business. We establish accruals for matters which we believe that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, we do not believe that any of the litigation in which we are currently engaged, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position or results of operations. We are subject to litigation regarding civil, labor, regulatory and other tax contingencies in our Stoneridge Brazil segment for which we believe the likelihood of loss is reasonably possible, but not probable, although these claims might take years to resolve. We are also subject to product liability and product warranty claims. In addition, if any of our products prove to be defective, we may be required to participate in a government-imposed or customer OEM-instituted recall involving such products. There can be no assurance that we will not experience any material losses related to product liability, warranty or recall claims. See additional details of these matters in Note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes with respect to risk factors previously disclosed in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table presents information with respect to repurchases of Common Shares made by us during the three months ended March 31, 2023. There were 61,778 Common Shares delivered to us by employees as payment for withholding taxes due upon vesting of performance share awards and share unit awards.

Period |  | Total number of shares purchased |  | Average price paid per share |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs |  | Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
1/1/23-1/31/23 |  | 4,858 |  | $ | 23.26 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
2/1/23-2/28/23 |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
3/1/23-3/31/23 |  | 56,920 |  | $ | 19.51 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Total |  | 61,778 |  |  |  |  |  |

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
Item 5. Other Information
None
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit
10.1 |  | Amendment No. 4 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022).
10.2 |  | Consulting Services Agreement, dated January 30, 2023, by and between Stoneridge, Inc. and Jonathan DeGaynor (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 31, 2023).
10.3 |  | Form of Stoneridge, Inc. Directors’ Restricted Shares Plan 2023 Grant Agreement, filed herewith.
10.4 |  | Form of Stoneridge, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan 202 3 Performance Shares Grant Agreement, filed herewith.
10.5 |  | Form of Stoneridge, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan 202 3 Restricted Share Units Agreement, filed herewith.
31.1 |  | Chief Executive Officer certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
31.2 |  | Chief Financial Officer certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
32.1 |  | Chief Executive Officer certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
32.2 |  | Chief Financial Officer certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
|  | 101 | XBRL Exhibits:
|  | 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
|  | 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
|  | 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
|  | 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
|  | 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
|  | 104 | The cover page from our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 3, 2023, is formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (“iXBRL”)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| STONERIDGE, INC.
Date: May 3, 2023 | /s/ James Zizelman
| James Zizelman
| President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
| (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: May 3, 2023 | /s/ Matthew R. Horvath
| Matthew R. Horvath
| Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
| (Principal Financial Officer)

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