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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarter ended September 30, 2023
or
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission file number: 001-13337
STONERIDGE, INC
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ohio |  | 34-1598949
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
39675 MacKenzie Drive, Suite 400, Novi, Michigan |  | 48377
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

| (248) 489-9300 |
| Registrant’s telephone number, including area code |

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, without par value |  | SRI |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
x Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
x Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o | Accelerated filer x | Non-accelerated filer o
Smaller reporting company o | Emerging growth company o |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). o Yes x No
The number of Common Shares, without par value, outstanding as of October 27, 2023 was 27,547,977.

Table of Contents
STONERIDGE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX |  |  |  | Page
PART I–FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. |  | Financial Statements |  |
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022 |  | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 |  | 5
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 |  | 6
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 |  | 7
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 |  | 8
|  | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | 9
Item 2. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 27
Item 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 38
Item 4. |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 38
PART II–OTHER INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 39
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  | 39
Item 2. |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 39
Item 3. |  | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 39
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 39
Item 5. |  | Other Information |  | 39
Item 6. |  | Exhibits |  | 40
Signatures |  | 41

2

Table of Contents
Forward-Looking Statements
Portions of this report on Form 10-Q contain “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements appear in a number of places in this report and may include statements regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of the Company, with respect to, among other things, our (i) future product and facility expansion, (ii) acquisition strategy, (iii) investments and new product development, (iv) growth opportunities related to awarded business and (v) operational expectations. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the words “will,” “may,” “should,” “designed to,” “believes,” “plans,” “projects,” “intends,” “expects,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “continue,” and similar words and expressions. The forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by the statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, among other factors:
•the ability of our suppliers to supply us with parts and components at competitive prices on a timely basis, including the impact of potential tariffs and trade considerations on their operations and output;
•fluctuations in the cost and availability of key materials (including semiconductors, printed circuit boards, resin, aluminum, steel and copper) and components and our ability to offset cost increases through negotiated price increases with our customers or other cost reduction actions, as necessary;
•global economic trends, competition and geopolitical risks, including impacts from the ongoing global conflicts and the related sanctions and other measures, or an escalation of sanctions, tariffs or other trade tensions between the U.S. and China or other countries;
•our ability to achieve cost reductions that offset or exceed customer-mandated selling price reductions;
•the reduced purchases, loss or bankruptcy of a major customer or supplier;
•the costs and timing of business realignment, facility closures or similar actions;
•a significant change in automotive, commercial, off-highway or agricultural vehicle production;
•competitive market conditions and resulting effects on sales and pricing;
•foreign currency fluctuations and our ability to manage those impacts;
•customer acceptance of new products;
•our ability to successfully launch/produce products for awarded business;
•adverse changes in laws, government regulations or market conditions, including tariffs, affecting our products or our customers’ products;
•our ability to protect our intellectual property and successfully defend against assertions made against us;
•liabilities arising from warranty claims, product recall or field actions, product liability and legal proceedings to which we are or may become a party, or the impact of product recall or field actions on our customers;
•labor disruptions at our facilities, or at any of our significant customers (including the UAW strike which impacted certain customers), or suppliers;
•business disruptions due to natural disasters or other disasters outside of our control;
•the ability to refinance our existing revolving Credit Facility on a timely basis prior to its June 5, 2024 maturity;
•the amount of our indebtedness and the restrictive covenants contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness, including our revolving Credit Facility;
•capital availability or costs, including changes in interest rates or market perceptions;
•the failure to achieve the successful integration of any acquired company or business;
•risks related to a failure of our information technology systems and networks, and risks associated with current and emerging technology threats and damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber-attack and other similar disruptions; and
•the items described in Part I, Item IA (“Risk Factors”) in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.
The forward-looking statements contained herein represent our estimates only as of the date of this filing and should not be relied upon as representing our estimates as of any subsequent date. While we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we specifically disclaim any obligation to do so, whether to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions, changes in other factors affecting such forward-looking statements or otherwise.
3

Table of Contents
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
STONERIDGE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands) |  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | (Unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 36,758 |  |  | $ | 54,798 |
Accounts receivable, less reserves of $956 and $962, respectively |  | 177,202 |  |  | 158,155 |
Inventories, net |  | 183,177 |  |  | 152,580 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 39,281 |  |  | 44,018 |
Total current assets |  | 436,418 |  |  | 409,551 |
Long-term assets: |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 106,788 |  |  | 104,643 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 45,180 |  |  | 45,508 |
Goodwill |  | 33,789 |  |  | 34,225 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset |  | 11,136 |  |  | 13,762 |
Investments and other long-term assets, net |  | 45,463 |  |  | 44,416 |
Total long-term assets |  | 242,356 |  |  | 242,554 |
Total assets |  | $ | 678,774 |  |  | $ | 652,105 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Revolving credit facility |  | $ | 183,918 |  |  | $ | — |
Current portion of debt |  | 2,055 |  |  | 1,450 |
Accounts payable |  | 131,094 |  |  | 110,202 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | 64,847 |  |  | 66,040 |
Total current liabilities |  | 381,914 |  |  | 177,692 |
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |  |
Revolving credit facility |  | — |  |  | 167,802 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 7,407 |  |  | 8,498 |
Operating lease long-term liability |  | 8,054 |  |  | 10,594 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 8,057 |  |  | 6,577 |
Total long-term liabilities |  | 23,518 |  |  | 193,471 |
Shareholders' equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred Shares, without par value, 5,000 shares authorized, none issued |  | — |  |  | — |
Common Shares, without par value, 60,000 shares authorized, 28,966 and 28,966 shares issued and 27,548 and 27,341 shares outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, with no stated value |  | — |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 226,382 |  |  | 232,758 |
Common Shares held in treasury, 1,418 and 1,625 shares at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, at cost |  | (43,408) |  |  | (50,366) |
Retained earnings |  | 193,485 |  |  | 201,692 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (103,117) |  |  | (103,142) |
Total shareholders' equity |  | 273,342 |  |  | 280,942 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 678,774 |  |  | $ | 652,105 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

Table of Contents
STONERIDGE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net sales |  | $ | 238,164 |  |  | $ | 226,757 |  |  | $ | 746,303 |  |  | $ | 668,751 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 185,689 |  |  | 177,317 |  |  | 590,538 |  |  | 539,304 |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 28,111 |  |  | 27,444 |  |  | 91,465 |  |  | 83,781 |
Design and development |  | 17,852 |  |  | 16,133 |  |  | 57,486 |  |  | 48,715 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 6,512 |  |  | 5,863 |  |  | 6,814 |  |  | (3,049) |
Interest expense, net |  | 3,313 |  |  | 1,845 |  |  | 9,179 |  |  | 4,848 |
Equity in loss (earnings) of investee |  | 141 |  |  | (34) |  |  | 641 |  |  | 424 |
Other (income) expense, net |  | (1,383) |  |  | 2,332 |  |  | 2,152 |  |  | 3,067 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 4,441 |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | (5,158) |  |  | (11,388) |
Provision for income taxes |  | 2,270 |  |  | 989 |  |  | 3,049 |  |  | 2,895 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 2,171 |  |  | $ | 731 |  |  | $ | (8,207) |  |  | $ | (14,283) |
Income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | (0.30) |  |  | $ | (0.52) |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | (0.30) |  |  | $ | (0.52) |
Weighted-average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 27,484 |  | 27,281 |  | 27,428 |  | 27,250
Diluted |  | 27,734 |  | 27,524 |  | 27,428 |  | 27,250

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Unaudited)

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 2,171 |  |  | $ | 731 |  |  | $ | (8,207) |  |  | $ | (14,283) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation (1) |  | (6,969) |  |  | (10,348) |  |  | 95 |  |  | (21,899) |
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives (2) |  | (126) |  |  | (276) |  |  | (70) |  |  | 719 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  | (7,095) |  |  | (10,624) |  |  | 25 |  |  | (21,180) |
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (4,924) |  |  | $ | (9,893) |  |  | $ | (8,182) |  |  | $ | (35,463) |

(1) | Net of tax benefit of $0 and $267 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

(2) | Net of tax benefit of $34 and $73 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net of tax (benefit) expense of $(19) and $191 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

Nine months ended September 30, (in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (8,207) |  |  | $ | (14,283) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  | 19,800 |  |  | 20,183 |
Amortization, including accretion and write-off of deferred financing costs |  | 6,077 |  |  | 6,187 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (2,732) |  |  | (2,834) |
Loss of equity method investee |  | 641 |  |  | 424 |
Gain on sale of fixed assets |  | (861) |  |  | (95) |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 2,272 |  |  | 4,421 |
Excess tax deficiency related to share-based compensation expense |  | 74 |  |  | 266 |
Gain on settlement of net investment hedge |  | — |  |  | (3,716) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | (21,335) |  |  | (28,333) |
Inventories, net |  | (33,651) |  |  | (24,333) |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 7,473 |  |  | (15,510) |
Accounts payable |  | 23,322 |  |  | 18,366 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 1,459 |  |  | 15,119 |
Net cash used for operating activities |  | (5,668) |  |  | (24,138) |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures, including intangibles |  | (28,584) |  |  | (22,877) |
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets |  | 1,841 |  |  | 95 |
Proceeds from settlement of net investment hedge |  | — |  |  | 3,820 |
Investment in venture capital fund, net |  | (200) |  |  | (700) |
Net cash used for investing activities |  | (26,943) |  |  | (19,662) |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
Revolving credit facility borrowings |  | 81,365 |  |  | 21,817 |
Revolving credit facility payments |  | (64,568) |  |  | (18,000) |
Proceeds from issuance of debt |  | 27,579 |  |  | 30,513 |
Repayments of debt |  | (27,145) |  |  | (32,789) |
Earn-out consideration cash payment |  | — |  |  | (6,276) |
Repurchase of Common Shares to satisfy employee tax withholding |  | (1,697) |  |  | (760) |
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities |  | 15,534 |  |  | (5,495) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (963) |  |  | (3,915) |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  | (18,040) |  |  | (53,210) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 54,798 |  |  | 85,547 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 36,758 |  |  | $ | 32,337 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest, net |  | $ | 9,248 |  |  | $ | 4,992 |
Cash paid for income taxes, net |  | $ | 8,453 |  |  | $ | 5,808 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)

(in thousands) |  | Number of Common Shares outstanding |  | Number of treasury shares |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Common Shares held in treasury |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total shareholders' equity
BALANCE DECEMBER 31, 2021 |  | 27,191 |  | 1,775 |  | $ | 232,490 |  |  | $ | (55,264) |  |  | $ | 215,748 |  |  | $ | (97,024) |  |  | $ | 295,950 |
Net loss |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,675) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,675) |
Unrealized gain on derivatives, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,048 |  |  | 1,048 |
Currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,161 |  |  | 4,161 |
Issuance of Common Shares |  | 161 |  | (161) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchased Common Shares for treasury, net |  | (36) |  | 36 |  | — |  |  | 4,093 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,093 |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  | — |  | (3,653) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,653) |
BALANCE MARCH 31, 2022 |  | 27,316 |  | 1,650 |  | $ | 228,837 |  |  | $ | (51,171) |  |  | $ | 208,073 |  |  | $ | (91,815) |  |  | $ | 293,924 |
Net loss |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,339) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,339) |
Unrealized loss on derivatives, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53) |  |  | (53) |
Currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,712) |  |  | (15,712) |
Issuance of Common Shares |  | 4 |  | (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchased Common Shares for treasury, net |  | (2) |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  | — |  | 1,618 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,618 |
BALANCE JUNE 30, 2022 |  | 27,318 |  | 1,648 |  | $ | 230,455 |  |  | $ | (51,081) |  |  | $ | 200,734 |  |  | $ | (107,580) |  |  | $ | 272,528 |
Net income |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 731 |  |  | — |  |  | 731 |
Unrealized loss on derivatives, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (276) |  |  | (276) |
Currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,348) |  |  | (10,348) |
Issuance of Common Shares |  | 13 |  | (13) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchased Common Shares for treasury, net |  | (4) |  | 4 |  | — |  |  | 309 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 309 |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  | — |  | 1,220 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,220 |
BALANCE SEPTEMBER 30, 2022 |  | 27,327 |  | 1,639 |  | $ | 231,675 |  |  | $ | (50,772) |  |  | $ | 201,465 |  |  | $ | (118,204) |  |  | $ | 264,164 |
BALANCE DECEMBER 31, 2022 |  | 27,341 |  | 1,625 |  | $ | 232,758 |  |  | $ | (50,366) |  |  | $ | 201,692 |  |  | $ | (103,142) |  |  | $ | 280,942 |
Net loss |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,386) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,386) |
Unrealized loss on derivatives, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (232) |  |  | (232) |
Currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,072 |  |  | 4,072 |
Issuance of Common Shares |  | 234 |  | (234) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchased Common Shares for treasury, net |  | (62) |  | 62 |  | — |  |  | 5,649 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,649 |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  | — |  | (6,802) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,802) |
BALANCE MARCH 31, 2023 |  | 27,513 |  | 1,453 |  | $ | 225,956 |  |  | $ | (44,717) |  |  | $ | 194,306 |  |  | $ | (99,302) |  |  | $ | 276,243 |
Net loss |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,992) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,992) |
Unrealized gain on derivatives, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 288 |  |  | 288 |
Currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,992 |  |  | 2,992 |
Issuance of Common Shares |  | 15 |  | (15) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchased Common Shares for treasury, net |  | (6) |  | 6 |  | — |  |  | 350 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 350 |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  | — |  | 757 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 757 |
BALANCE JUNE 30, 2023 |  | 27,522 |  | 1,444 |  | $ | 226,713 |  |  | $ | (44,367) |  |  | $ | 191,314 |  |  | $ | (96,022) |  |  | $ | 277,638 |
Net income |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,171 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,171 |
Unrealized loss on derivatives, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (126) |  |  | (126) |
Currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,969) |  |  | (6,969) |
Issuance of Common Shares |  | 45 |  | (45) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchased Common Shares for treasury, net |  | (19) |  | 19 |  | — |  |  | 959 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 959 |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  | — |  | (331) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (331) |
BALANCE SEPTEMBER 30, 2023 |  | 27,548 |  | 1,418 |  | $ | 226,382 |  |  | $ | (43,408) |  |  | $ | 193,485 |  |  | $ | (103,117) |  |  | $ | 273,342 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
(1) Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by Stoneridge, Inc. (the “Company”) without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The information furnished in the condensed consolidated financial statements includes normal recurring adjustments and reflects all adjustments, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of such financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the SEC’s rules and regulations. The results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.
Reclassifications
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to their 2023 presentation in the condensed consolidated financial statements.
(2) Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) – Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” The guidance in ASU 2020-04 provides temporary optional expedient and exceptions to the guidance in U.S. GAAP on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) (also known as the “reference rate reform”). The guidance allows companies to elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by the reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The guidance will also allow companies to elect various optional expedients, which would allow them to continue to apply hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by the reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The new standard was effective upon issuance and generally can be applied to applicable contract modifications through December 31, 2023.
In February 2022, we amended our credit facility to incorporate hardwired mechanics to permit a future replacement of LIBOR as the interest reference rate without lender consent. The Company is applying the guidance to impacted transactions during the transition period. The adoption of this standard does not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.
(3) Revenue
Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of our products and services, which is usually when the parts are shipped or delivered to the customer’s premises. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The transaction price will include estimates of variable consideration to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur. Incidental items that are not significant in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. The expected costs associated with our base warranties continue to be recognized as expense when the products are sold. Customer returns only occur if products do not meet the specifications of the contract and are not connected to any repurchase obligations of the Company.
The Company does not have any financing components or significant payment terms as payment occurs shortly after the point of sale. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction that are collected by the Company from a customer are excluded from revenue. Amounts billed to customers related to shipping and handling costs are included in net sales in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product is transferred to the customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of sales.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Revenue by Reportable Segment
Control Devices. Our Control Devices segment designs and manufactures products that monitor, measure or activate specific functions within a vehicle. This segment includes product lines such as actuators, sensors, switches and connectors. We sell these products principally to the automotive market in the North American and Asia Pacific regions. To a lesser extent, we also sell these products to the commercial vehicle and agricultural markets in the North American and Asia Pacific regions. Our customers included in these markets primarily consist of original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”) and companies supplying components directly to the OEMs (“Tier 1 supplier”).
Electronics. Our Electronics segment designs and manufactures driver information systems, vision and safety systems, connectivity and compliance products and electronic control units. These products are sold principally to the commercial vehicle market primarily through our OEM and aftermarket channels in the European, North American and Asia Pacific regions. The vision and safety systems are sold principally to the commercial vehicle and off-highway vehicle markets in the European and North American regions.
Stoneridge Brazil. Our Stoneridge Brazil segment primarily serves the South American region and specializes in the design, manufacture and sale of vehicle tracking devices and monitoring services, vehicle security alarms and convenience accessories, in-vehicle audio and infotainment devices, driver information systems and telematics solutions. Stoneridge Brazil sells its products through the aftermarket distribution channel, to factory authorized dealer installers, also referred to as original equipment services, directly to OEMs and through mass merchandisers. In addition, monitoring services and tracking devices are sold directly to corporate customers and individual consumers.
The following tables disaggregate our revenue by reportable segment and geographical location(1) for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Control Devices |  | Electronics |  | Stoneridge Brazil |  | Consolidated
Three months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  | $ | 75,565 |  |  | $ | 76,055 |  |  | $ | 50,934 |  |  | $ | 40,955 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 126,499 |  |  | $ | 117,010 |
South America |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,168 |  |  | 13,790 |  |  | 14,168 |  |  | 13,790 |
Europe |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 82,737 |  |  | 81,007 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 82,737 |  |  | 81,007 |
Asia Pacific |  | 13,779 |  |  | 12,846 |  |  | 981 |  |  | 2,104 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,760 |  |  | 14,950 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 89,344 |  |  | $ | 88,901 |  |  | $ | 134,652 |  |  | $ | 124,066 |  |  | $ | 14,168 |  |  | $ | 13,790 |  |  | $ | 238,164 |  |  | $ | 226,757 |

The following tables disaggregate our revenue by reportable segment and geographical location(1) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Control Devices |  | Electronics |  | Stoneridge Brazil |  | Consolidated
Nine months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  | $ | 229,990 |  |  | $ | 219,453 |  |  | $ | 155,823 |  |  | $ | 111,027 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 385,813 |  |  | $ | 330,480 |
South America |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,332 |  |  | 39,184 |  |  | 43,332 |  |  | 39,184 |
Europe |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 269,154 |  |  | 256,370 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 269,154 |  |  | 256,370 |
Asia Pacific |  | 37,416 |  |  | 38,074 |  |  | 10,588 |  |  | 4,643 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48,004 |  |  | 42,717 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 267,406 |  |  | $ | 257,527 |  |  | $ | 435,565 |  |  | $ | 372,040 |  |  | $ | 43,332 |  |  | $ | 39,184 |  |  | $ | 746,303 |  |  | $ | 668,751 |

___________________________
(1)Company sales based on geographic location are where the sale originates not where the customer is located.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Performance Obligations
For OEM and Tier 1 supplier customers, the Company typically enters into contracts to provide serial production parts that consist of a set of documents including, but not limited to, an award letter, master purchase agreement and master terms and conditions. For each production product, the Company enters into separate purchase orders that contain the product specifications and an agreed-upon price. The performance obligation does not exist until a customer release is received for a specific number of parts. The majority of the parts sold to OEM and Tier 1 supplier customers are customized to the specific customer, with the exception of camera monitoring systems (“CMS”) sold through our aftermarket channel that are common across all customers. The transaction price is equal to the contracted price per part and there is no expectation of material variable consideration in the transaction price. For most customer contracts, the Company does not have an enforceable right to payment at any time prior to when the parts are shipped or delivered to the customer; therefore, the Company recognizes revenue at the point in time it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a part to the customer. Certain customer contracts contain an enforceable right to payment if the customer terminates the contract for convenience and therefore are recognized over time using the cost to complete input method.
Our aftermarket products are focused on meeting the demand for repair and replacement parts, compliance parts and accessories and are sold primarily to aftermarket distributors and mass retailers in our South American, European and North American markets. Aftermarket products have one type of performance obligation which is the delivery of aftermarket parts and spare parts. For aftermarket customers, the Company typically has standard terms and conditions for all customers. In addition, aftermarket products have alternative use as they can be sold to multiple customers. Revenue for aftermarket part production contracts is recognized at a point in time when the control of the parts transfers to the customer which is based on the shipping terms. Aftermarket contracts may include variable consideration related to discounts and rebates which is included in the transaction price upon recognizing the product revenue.
A small portion of the Company’s sales are comprised of monitoring services that include both monitoring devices and fees to individual, corporate, fleet and cargo customers in our Stoneridge Brazil segment. These monitoring service contracts are generally not capable of being distinct and are accounted for as a single performance obligation. We recognize revenue for our monitoring products and services contracts over the life of the contract. There is no variable consideration associated with these contracts. The Company has the right to consideration from a customer in the amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Company’s performance to date. Therefore, the Company recognizes revenue over time using the practical expedient ASC 606-10-55-18 in the amount the Company has a “right to invoice” rather than selecting an output or input method.
Contract Balances
The Company had no material contract assets, contract liabilities or capitalized contract acquisition costs as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
(4) Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (using either the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) or average cost methods) or net realizable value. The Company evaluates and adjusts as necessary its excess and obsolescence reserve on a quarterly basis. Excess inventories are quantities of items that exceed anticipated sales or usage for a reasonable period. The Company has guidelines for calculating provisions for excess inventories based on the number of months of inventories on hand compared to anticipated sales or usage. Management uses its judgment to forecast sales or usage and to determine what constitutes a reasonable period. Inventory cost includes material, labor and overhead. Inventories consist of the following:

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Raw materials |  | $ | 138,374 |  |  | $ | 121,983 |
Work-in-progress |  | 11,645 |  |  | 7,812 |
Finished goods |  | 33,158 |  |  | 22,785 |
Total inventories, net |  | $ | 183,177 |  |  | $ | 152,580 |

Inventory valued using the FIFO method was $170,252 and $139,996 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Inventory valued using the average cost method was $12,925 and $12,584 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
(5) Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
Financial Instruments
A financial instrument is cash or a contract that imposes an obligation to deliver or conveys a right to receive cash or another financial instrument. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable are considered to be representative of fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. The fair value of debt approximates the carrying value of debt, due to the variable interest rate on our Credit Facility and the maturity of the remaining outstanding debt.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
On September 30, 2023, the Company had open Mexican peso-denominated foreign currency forward contracts. The Company used foreign currency forward contracts solely for hedging and not for speculative purposes during 2023 and 2022. Management believes that its use of these instruments to reduce risk is in the Company’s best interest. The counterparties to these financial instruments are financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
Foreign currency transactions are remeasured into the functional currency using translation rates in effect at the time of the transaction with the resulting adjustments included on the condensed consolidated statements of operations within Other (income) expense, net. These foreign currency transaction (gains) losses, including the impact of hedging activities, were $(1,359) and $2,259 for the the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively and $2,099 and $6,500 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company conducts business internationally and, therefore, is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk. The Company uses derivative financial instruments as cash flow hedges and used net investment hedges to manage its exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates by reducing the effect of such fluctuations on foreign currency denominated intercompany transactions, inventory purchases and other foreign currency exposures.
Net Investment Hedges
During 2021, the Company entered into two cross-currency swaps, designated as net investment hedges, with notional values of $25,000 each that were scheduled to mature in August 2026 and August 2028. These swaps hedged a portion of the net investment in a certain euro-denominated subsidiary. As a result of favorable market conditions, on May 5, 2022, the Company unwound the two net investment hedges and recognized a net gain of $3,716, which was recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations as a component of other expense, net for the second quarter ended June 30, 2022. The cash received from the settlement of these swaps of $3,820 was classified in investing activities in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. In the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2022, the Company determined it had incorrectly recognized the net gain in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and reclassified the net gain of $3,716 to other comprehensive loss, net of tax and accumulated other comprehensive loss. This item would have increased the loss for the three months ended June 30, 2022, six months ended June 30, 2022 and nine months ended September 30, 2022 by $0.10 per share. The Company recorded the item in the three-months ended December 31, 2022 which resulted in decreased income per share by $0.10. The Company assessed the materiality of this matter from a qualitative and quantitative perspective and concluded that the impact of the error was not material to the current or previous quarterly results.
The Company elected to assess hedge effectiveness of the net investment hedges under the spot method. Accordingly, periodic changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments attributable to factors other than spot exchange rate variability were excluded from the measurement of hedge ineffectiveness and reported directly in earnings each reporting period. The change in fair value of these derivative instruments was recorded in cumulative translation adjustment, which is a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company had no outstanding net investment hedges at September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Cash Flow Hedges
The Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge the Mexican peso currency in 2023 and 2022. These forward contracts were executed to hedge forecasted transactions and have been accounted for as cash flow hedges. As such, gains and losses on derivatives qualifying as cash flow hedges are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, to the extent that hedges are effective, until the underlying transactions are recognized in earnings. Unrealized amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss fluctuate based on changes in the fair value of hedge derivative contracts at each reporting period. The cash flow hedges were highly effective. The effectiveness of the transactions was measured using regression analysis and forecasted future purchases of the currency.
In certain instances, the foreign currency forward contracts may not qualify for hedge accounting or are not designated as hedges and, therefore, are marked-to-market with gains and losses recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations as a component of other (income) expense, net. During 2023 and 2022, all of the Company’s foreign currency forward contracts were designated as cash flow hedges.
The Company’s foreign currency forward contracts offset a portion of the gains and losses on the underlying foreign currency denominated transactions as follows:
Mexican peso-denominated Foreign Currency Forward Contracts – Cash Flow Hedges
The Company holds Mexican peso-denominated foreign currency forward contracts with a notional amount at September 30, 2023 of $22,973 which expire ratably on a monthly basis from October 2023 to August 2024. The notional amount at December 31, 2022 related to Mexican peso-denominated foreign currency forward contracts was $0.
The Company evaluated the effectiveness of the Mexican peso and U.S. dollar-denominated forward contracts held as of September 30, 2023 and concluded that the hedges were highly effective.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest Rate Risk – Cash Flow Hedge
On February 18, 2020, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement (the “Interest Rate Swap”) with a notional amount of $50,000 to hedge its exposure to interest payment fluctuations on a portion of its Credit Facility borrowings. The Interest Rate Swap matured on March 10, 2023. The Interest Rate Swap was designated as a cash flow hedge of the variable interest rate obligation under the Company's Credit Facility. Accordingly, the change in fair value of the Interest Rate Swap was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The Interest Rate Swap agreement required monthly settlements on the same days that the Credit Facility interest payments were due and had a maturity date of March 10, 2023, which was prior to the Credit Facility maturity date of June 5, 2024. Under the Interest Rate Swap terms, the Company paid a fixed interest rate and received a floating interest rate based on the one-month LIBOR, with a floor. The critical terms of the Interest Rate Swap were aligned with the terms of the Credit Facility, resulting in no hedge ineffectiveness. The difference between amounts to be received and paid under the Interest Rate Swap were recognized as a component of interest expense, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Interest Rate Swap settlements reduced interest expense, net by $100 for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The Interest Rate Swap settlements reduced interest expense, net by $290 and increased interest expense, net by $133 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
The notional amounts and fair values of derivative instruments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

|  | Notional amounts (A) |  | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward currency contracts |  | $ | 22,973 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  |  |  |

_____________________________
(A)Notional amounts represent the gross contract of the derivatives outstanding in U.S. dollars.
Gross amounts recorded for the cash flow and net investment hedges in other comprehensive loss and in net income for the three months ended September 30 were as follows:

| Gain recorded in other comprehensive loss |  | Gain reclassified from other comprehensive loss into net income (A)
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward currency contracts | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 227 |  |  | $ | 496 |
Interest rate swap | $ | — |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 100 |
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

_____________________________

(A) | Gains reclassified from other comprehensive loss into net income recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations were $54 and $115 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gains reclassified from other comprehensive loss into net income recognized in cost of goods sold (“COGS”) in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations were $173 and $381 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gains reclassified from other comprehensive loss into net income recognized in interest expense, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations were $0 and $100 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Gross amounts recorded for the cash flow and net investment hedges in other comprehensive income (loss) and in net loss for the nine months ended September 30 were as follows:

| Gain (loss) recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Gain (loss) reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) into net loss (A)
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward currency contracts | $ | 483 |  | $ | 1,084 |  | $ | 278 |  | $ | 1,253
Interest rate swap | $ | (4) |  | $ | 946 |  |  | $ | 290 |  | $ | (133) |
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps | $ | — |  | $ | 2,328 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,598

(A) | Gains reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) into net loss recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations were $66 and $266 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gains reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) into net loss recognized in cost of goods sold (“COGS”) in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations were $212 and $987 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gains (losses) reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) into net loss recognized in interest expense, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations were $290 and $(133) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gains reclassified from other comprehensive (loss) income into net (loss) income recognized in other expense (income), net in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations were $3,598 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Cash flows from derivatives used to manage foreign currency exchange and interest rate risks are classified as operating activities within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
Fair Value Measurements
Certain assets and liabilities held by the Company are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the three levels of the fair value hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs used. Fair values estimated using Level 1 inputs consist of quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Fair values estimated using Level 2 inputs, other than quoted prices, are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly and include among other things, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are active or inactive as well as inputs other than quoted prices that are observable. For forward currency and cross-currency contracts, inputs include forward foreign currency exchange rates. For the interest rate swap, inputs included LIBOR. Fair values estimated using Level 3 inputs consist of significant unobservable inputs.
The following table presents our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the three levels of the fair value hierarchy based on the reliability of inputs used.

|  |  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  |  | Fair values estimated using |  |
| Fair value |  | Level 1 inputs |  | Level 2 inputs |  | Level 3 inputs |  | Fair value
Financial assets carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward currency contracts | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swap | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 294 |
Total financial assets carried at fair value | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 294 |

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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
The following table sets forth a summary of the change in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities related to earn-out consideration that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

|  | Stoneridge Brazil
|  |  | 2022
Balance at January 1 |  |  | $ | 7,351 |
Foreign currency adjustments |  |  | 921 |
Earn-out consideration cash payment |  |  | (8,272) |
Balance at September 30 |  |  | $ | — |

The Company was required to pay the Stoneridge Brazil earn-out consideration based on Stoneridge Brazil’s financial performance in 2021. The fair value of the Stoneridge Brazil earn-out consideration was based on earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization in 2021. The Stoneridge Brazil earn-out consideration obligation was recorded within accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021. The earn-out consideration obligation of $8,272 was paid in April 2022 and recorded in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows within operating and financing activities in the amounts of $1,996 and $6,276, respectively.
The foreign currency impact related to the Stoneridge Brazil earn-out consideration was included in other expense (income), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
There were no transfers in or out of Level 3 from other levels in the fair value hierarchy for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
(6) Share-Based Compensation
Compensation expense for share-based compensation arrangements, which is recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations as a component of SG&A expenses, was $1,001 and $1,587 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Compensation expense for share-based compensation arrangements was $2,272 and $4,421 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The nine months ended September 30, 2023 included income from the forfeiture of certain grants associated with employee resignations.
(7) Debt
Debt consisted of the following at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Interest rates at September 30, 2023 |  | Maturity
Debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolving Credit Facility |  | $ | 183,918 |  |  | $ | 167,802 |  |  | 7.15 | % |  | June 2024
Suzhou short-term credit line |  | 2,055 |  |  | 1,450 |  |  | 3.25 | % |  | August 2024
Total debt |  | 185,973 |  |  | 169,252 |  |  |  |  |
Less: current portion |  | (185,973) |  |  | (1,450) |  |  |  |  |
Total long-term debt, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 167,802 |  |  |  |  |

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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Revolving Credit Facility
On June 5, 2019, the Company entered into the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility provided for a $400,000 senior secured revolving credit facility (which, as described below in the discussion of Amendment No. 3 to the Credit Facility was amended to be a $300,000 credit commitment) and it replaced and superseded the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement that provided for a $300,000 revolving credit facility. The Credit Facility had an accordion feature that allowed the Company to increase the availability by up to $150,000 upon the satisfaction of certain conditions and includes a letter of credit subfacility, swing line subfacility and multicurrency subfacility. The Credit Facility has a termination date of June 5, 2024. Borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at either the Base Rate or the SOFR rate plus the fallback spread, at the Company’s option, plus the applicable margin as set forth in the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility contains certain financial covenants that require the Company to maintain less than a maximum leverage ratio and more than a minimum interest coverage ratio.
Our Revolving Credit Facility matures on June 5, 2024. The Company is in the advanced stage of refinancing its Revolving Credit Facility. While there can be no assurance that the Company will refinance the current Revolving Credit Facility the Company anticipates that the refinancing will occur in the near future and, in any event, prior to the issuance of the financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2023. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is contingent upon its ability to refinance its Revolving Credit Facility.
The Credit Facility contains customary affirmative covenants and representations. The Credit Facility also contains customary negative covenants, which, among other things, are subject to certain exceptions, including restrictions on (i) indebtedness, (ii) liens, (iii) liquidations, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions, (iv) disposition of assets or subsidiaries, (v) affiliate transactions, (vi) creation or ownership of certain subsidiaries, partnerships and joint ventures, (vii) continuation of or change in business, (viii) restricted payments, (ix) prepayment of subordinated and junior lien indebtedness, (x) restrictions in agreements on dividends, intercompany loans and granting liens on the collateral, (xi) loans and investments, (xii) sale and leaseback transactions, (xiii) changes in organizational documents and fiscal year and (xiv) transactions with respect to bonding subsidiaries. The Credit Facility contains customary events of default, subject to customary thresholds and exceptions, including, among other things, (i) non-payment of principal and non-payment of interest and fees, (ii) a material inaccuracy of a representation or warranty at the time made, (iii) a failure to comply with any covenant, subject to customary grace periods in the case of certain affirmative covenants, (iv) cross default of other debt, final judgments and other adverse orders in excess of $30,000, (v) any loan document shall cease to be a legal, valid and binding agreement, (vi) certain uninsured losses or proceedings against assets with a value in excess of $30,000, (vii) ERISA events, (viii) a change of control, or (ix) bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings.
Due to the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain disruptions on the Company’s end-markets and the resulting financial impacts on the Company, on February 28, 2022, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 3”). Amendment No. 3 reduced the total revolving credit commitments from $400.0 million to $300.0 million and the maximum permitted amount of swing loans from $40.0 million to $30.0 million. Amendment No. 3 provided for certain financial covenant relief and additional covenant restrictions during the “Specified Period” (the period from February 28, 2022 until the date that the Company delivered a compliance certificate for the quarter ending March 31, 2023 in form and substance satisfactory to the administrative agent). During the Specified Period:
•the maximum net leverage ratio was changed to 4.00 to 1.00 for the year ended December 31, 2021, suspended for the quarters ending March 31, 2022 through September 30, 2022 and could not exceed 4.75 to 1.00 for the quarter ended December 31, 2022 or 3.50 to 1.00 for the quarter ended March 31, 2023;
•the minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.50 was reduced to 2.50 for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, 2.25 for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 and 3.00 for the quarters ended September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2022;
•an additional condition to drawing on the Credit Facility was added that restricted borrowings if the Company’s total of 100% of domestic and 65% of foreign cash and cash equivalents exceeded $70.0 million;
•there were certain additional restrictions on Restricted Payments (as defined); and
•a Permitted Acquisition (as defined) could not be consummated unless the net leverage ratio is below 3.50 to 1.00 during the Specified Period.
Amendment No. 3 changed the leverage based LIBOR pricing grid through the maturity date and also retained a LIBOR floor of 50 basis points on outstanding borrowings excluding any Specified Hedge Borrowings (as defined) which remained subject to a LIBOR floor of 0 basis points.
Amendment No. 3 also incorporated hardwired mechanics to permit a future replacement of LIBOR as the interest reference rate without lender consent.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
The Company capitalized $484 of deferred financing costs as a result of entering into Amendment No. 3. In connection with Amendment No. 3, the Company wrote off a portion of the previously recorded deferred financing costs of $365 in interest expense, net during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Due to continued supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic challenges on the Company’s end-markets and the resulting financial impacts on the Company, on March 1, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 4”). Amendment No. 4 provides for certain financial covenant relief and additional covenant restrictions during the “Amendment No. 4 Specified Period” (the period from March 1, 2023 until the date that the Company delivers a compliance certificate for the quarter ending September 30, 2023 in form and substance satisfactory to the administrative agent). During the Amendment No. 4 Specified Period:
•the maximum net leverage ratio was changed to 4.75 to 1.00 for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and 4.25 to 1.00 for the quarter ended June 30, 2023;
•the minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.50 was reduced to 3.00 for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023;
•drawing on the Credit Facility continues to be restricted if the Company’s total of 100% of domestic and 65% of foreign cash and cash equivalents exceeds $70.0 million;
•there continue to be certain additional restrictions on Restricted Payments (as defined); and
•consistent with Amendment No. 3, a Permitted Acquisition (as defined) may not be consummated unless the net leverage ratio is below 3.50 to 1.00 during the Amendment No. 4 Specified Period.
The Company capitalized $332 of deferred financing costs as a result of entering into Amendment No. 4 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Borrowings outstanding on the Credit Facility were $183,918 and $167,802 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
As a result of the amendments, the Company was in compliance with all Credit Facility covenants at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
The Company also has outstanding letters of credit of $1,586 at both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Debt
The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary located in Stockholm, Sweden, has an overdraft credit line that allows overdrafts on the subsidiary’s bank account up to a daily maximum level of 20,000 Swedish krona, or $1,832 and $1,922, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no borrowings outstanding on this overdraft credit line. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the subsidiary borrowed and repaid 270,626 Swedish krona, or $24,783.
The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary located in Suzhou, China (the “Suzhou subsidiary”), has lines of credit (the “Suzhou credit line”) that allow up to a maximum borrowing level of 20,000 Chinese yuan, or $2,739 and $2,900 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 there was $2,055 and $1,450, respectively, in borrowings outstanding on the Suzhou credit line with a weighted-average interest rate of 3.25% and 3.70%, respectively. The Suzhou credit line was included on the condensed consolidated balance sheet within current portion of debt. In addition, the Suzhou subsidiary has a bank acceptance draft line of credit which facilitates the extension of trade payable payment terms by 180 days. The bank acceptance draft line of credit allows up to a maximum borrowing level of 60,000 Chinese yuan, or $8,218 and $8,699 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There was $3,686 and $1,998 utilized on the Suzhou bank acceptance draft line of credit at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Suzhou bank acceptance draft line of credit is included on the condensed consolidated balance sheet within accounts payable.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
(8) Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Basic earnings (loss) per share was computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of Common Shares outstanding for each respective period. Diluted loss per share was calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average of all potentially dilutive Common Shares that were outstanding during the periods presented. However, for all periods in which the Company recognized a net loss, the Company did not recognize the effect of the potential dilutive securities as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Potential dilutive shares of 238,342 and 217,711 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were excluded from diluted loss per share because the effect would be anti-dilutive.
Weighted-average Common Shares outstanding used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Basic weighted-average Common Shares outstanding | 27,483,709 |  | 27,280,883 |  | 27,428,249 |  | 27,249,500
Effect of dilutive shares | 250,400 |  | 243,557 |  | — |  | —
Diluted weighted-average Common Shares outstanding | 27,734,109 |  | 27,524,440 |  | 27,428,249 |  | 27,249,500

There were 425,612 and 770,939 performance-based right to receive Common Shares outstanding at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The right to receive Common Shares are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share based on the number of Common Shares that would be issuable if the end of the quarter were the end of the contingency period.
(9) Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

| Foreign currency translation |  | Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives |  | Total
Balance at July 1, 2023 | $ | (96,310) |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | (96,022) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (6,969) |  |  | 53 |  |  | (6,916) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | (179) |  |  | (179) |
Net other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (6,969) |  |  | (126) |  |  | (7,095) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | $ | (103,279) |  |  | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | (103,117) |
Balance at July 1, 2022 | $ | (108,754) |  |  | $ | 1,174 |  |  | $ | (107,580) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (10,348) |  |  | 195 |  |  | (10,153) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | (471) |  |  | (471) |
Net other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (10,348) |  |  | (276) |  |  | (10,624) |
Balance at September 30, 2022 | $ | (119,102) |  |  | $ | 898 |  |  | $ | (118,204) |

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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

| Foreign currency translation |  | Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives |  | Total
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | (103,374) |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | (103,142) |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 95 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 474 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | (449) |  |  | (449) |
Net other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 95 |  |  | (70) |  |  | 25 |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | $ | (103,279) |  |  | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | (103,117) |
Balance at January 1, 2022 | $ | (97,203) |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | (97,024) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (19,057) |  |  | 1,604 |  |  | (17,453) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | (2,842) |  |  | (885) |  |  | (3,727) |
Net other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax | (21,899) |  |  | 719 |  |  | (21,180) |
Balance at September 30, 2022 | $ | (119,102) |  |  | $ | 898 |  |  | $ | (118,204) |

(10) Commitments and Contingencies
From time to time, we are subject to various legal actions and claims incidental to our business, including those arising out of breach of contracts, product warranties, product liability, patent infringement, regulatory matters and employment-related matters. The Company establishes accruals for matters which it believes that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, the Company is of the opinion that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its consolidated results of operations or financial position.
As a result of environmental studies performed at the Company’s former facility located in Sarasota, Florida, the Company became aware of soil and groundwater contamination at the site. The Company engaged an environmental engineering consultant to assess the level of contamination and to develop a remediation and monitoring plan for the site. Soil remediation at the site was completed during the year ended December 31, 2010. A remedial action plan was approved by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and groundwater remediation began in the fourth quarter of 2015. During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not recognize any expense related to groundwater remediation. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized expense of $125 and $0, respectively, related to groundwater remediation. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company accrued $145 and $246, respectively, related to expected future remediation costs. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $138 and $132, respectively, were recorded as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets while the remaining amounts as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were recorded as a component of other long-term liabilities. Costs associated with the recorded liability will be incurred to complete the groundwater remediation and monitoring. The recorded liability is based on assumptions in the remedial action plan as well as estimates for future remediation activities. Although the Company sold the Sarasota facility and related property in December 2011, the liability to remediate the site contamination remains the responsibility of the Company. Due to the ongoing site remediation, the Company is currently required to maintain a $1,489 letter of credit for the benefit of the buyer.
The Company’s Stoneridge Brazil subsidiary has civil, labor and other tax contingencies (excluding income tax) for which the likelihood of loss is deemed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, by the Company’s legal advisors in Brazil. As a result, no provision has been recorded with respect to these contingencies, which amounted to R$40,381 ($8,064) and R$47,820 ($9,165) at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. An unfavorable outcome on these contingencies could result in significant cost to the Company and adversely affect its results of operations.
On August 12, 2020, the Brazilian Administrative Counsel for Economic Defense (“CADE”) issued a ruling against Stoneridge Brazil for abuse of dominance and market foreclosure through its prior use of exclusivity provisions in agreements with its distributors. The CADE tribunal imposed a R$7,995 ($1,597) fine which is included in the reasonably possible contingencies noted above. The Company is challenging this ruling in Brazilian federal court to reverse this decision by the CADE tribunal.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Long Term Supply Commitment
In 2022, the Company entered into a long term supply agreement with a supplier for the purchase of certain electronic semiconductor components through December 31, 2026. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company paid capacity deposits of $1,000 in December 2022 and June 2023, respectively. The capacity deposits are recognized in prepaid and other current assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. This long term supply agreement requires the Company to purchase minimum annual volumes while requiring the supplier to sell these components at a fixed price. The Company purchased $1,252 and $327 of these components during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4,579 and $515 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company is required to purchase $5,871, $7,828, $10,764 and $10,764 of these components in each of the years 2023 through 2026, respectively.
Product Warranty and Recall
Amounts accrued for product warranty and recall claims are established based on the Company’s best estimate of the amounts necessary to settle existing and future claims on products sold as of the balance sheet dates. These accruals are based on several factors including past experience, production changes, industry developments and various other considerations. Our estimate is based on historical trends of units sold and claim payment amounts, combined with our current understanding of the status of existing claims, forecasts of the resolution of existing claims, expected future claims on products sold and commercial discussions with our customers. The key factors in our estimate are the warranty period and the customer source. The Company can provide no assurances that it will not experience material claims or that it will not incur significant costs to defend or settle such claims beyond the amounts accrued. The current portion of the product warranty and recall reserve is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Product warranty and recall reserve included $6,018 and $4,437 of a long-term liability at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which is included as a component of other long-term liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
During the second quarter of 2023, the Company received a notification of arbitration for warranty claims related to past sales of PM sensor products, a product line we exited in 2019. The arbitration notification submitted by one of our customers asserts potential warranty related claims. Based on our review of the technical merits and specific claims submitted in the notification as well as prior discussions with the customer, we believe these claims are significantly overstated and while no assurances can be made as to the ultimate outcome of this matter or any other future claims, we do not currently believe a material loss is probable.
The following provides a reconciliation of changes in product warranty and recall reserve liability:

Nine months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Product warranty and recall reserve at beginning of period |  | $ | 13,477 |  |  | $ | 9,846 |
Accruals for warranties established during period |  | 10,521 |  |  | 7,395 |
Aggregate changes in pre-existing liabilities due to claim developments |  | 579 |  |  | 1,158 |
Settlements made during the period |  | (5,519) |  |  | (5,762) |
Foreign currency translation |  | (386) |  |  | (934) |
Product warranty and recall reserve at end of period |  | $ | 18,672 |  |  | $ | 11,703 |

(11) Business Realignment and Restructuring
On January 10, 2019, the Company committed to a restructuring plan that resulted in the closure of the Canton, Massachusetts facility (“Canton Facility”) on March 31, 2020 and the consolidation of manufacturing operations at that site into other Company locations (“Canton Restructuring”). The costs for the Canton Restructuring included employee severance and termination costs, contract terminations costs, professional fees and other related costs such as moving and set-up costs for equipment and costs to restore the engineering function previously located at the Canton facility. We do not expect to incur additional costs related to the Canton Restructuring.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
The settlement of liabilities associated with for the Canton Restructuring that relate to the Control Devices reportable segment include the following:

| Accrual as of January 1, 2022 |  | 2022 Charge to Expense |  | Utilization |  | Accrual as of September 30, 2022
|  |  | Cash |  | Non-Cash |
Employee termination benefits | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (93) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (93) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

In addition to specific restructuring activities, the Company regularly evaluates the performance of its businesses and cost structures, including personnel, and makes necessary changes thereto in order to optimize its results. The Company also evaluates the required skill sets of its personnel and periodically makes strategic changes. As a consequence of these actions, the Company incurs severance related costs that are referred to as business realignment charges. Realignment expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily related to the centralization of the product line management, sales and engineering functions.
Business realignment charges incurred by reportable segment were as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Control Devices (A) | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | — |
Electronics (B) | 1,070 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,726 |  |  | — |
Stoneridge Brazil (C) | — |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |
Unallocated Corporate (D) | — |  |  | 190 |  |  | 1,137 |  |  | 190 |
Total business realignment charges | $ | 1,202 |  |  | $ | 254 |  |  | $ | 4,374 |  |  | $ | 288 |

_____________________________________

(A) | Severance costs for the three months ended September 30, 2023 related to SG&A were $132. Severance costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 related to COGS and SG&A were $369 and $142, respectively.

(B) | Severance costs for the three months ended September 30, 2023 related to COGS, SG&A and D&D were $30, $657 and $383, respectively. Severance costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 related to COGS, SG&A and D&D were $287, $2,056 and $383, respectively.

(C) | Severance costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 related to SG&A were $64 and $98, respectively.

(D) | Employee separation related costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 related to SG&A were $0 and $1,122, respectively. Employee separation related costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 related to D&D were $15. Severance costs for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 related to SG&A were $190.

Business realignment charges incurred, classified by statement of operations line item were as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cost of goods sold | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 656 |  |  | $ | — |
Selling, general and administrative | 789 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 3,320 |  |  | 288 |
Design and development | 383 |  |  | — |  |  | 398 |  |  | — |
Total business realignment charges | $ | 1,202 |  |  | $ | 254 |  |  | $ | 4,374 |  |  | $ | 288 |

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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
(12) Income Taxes
For interim tax reporting, we estimate our annual effective tax rate and apply it to our year to date ordinary income. Tax jurisdictions with a projected or year to date loss for which a benefit cannot be realized are excluded.
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, income tax expense of $2,270 was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions, U.S. taxes on foreign earnings and non-deductible expenses offset by tax credits and incentives. The effective tax rate of 51.1% varies from the statutory rate primarily due to U.S. taxes on foreign earnings, non-deductible expenses and the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions offset by tax credits and incentives.
For the three months ended September 30, 2022, income tax expense of $989 was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions offset by tax credits and incentives. The effective tax rate of 57.5% varies from the statutory rate primarily due to the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions, U.S. taxes on foreign earnings and non-deductible expenses offset by tax credits and incentives.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, income tax expense of $3,049 was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions and U.S. taxes on foreign earnings offset by tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and tax credits and incentives. The effective tax rate of (59.1)% varies from the statutory rate primarily due to U.S. taxes on foreign earnings offset by the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and tax credits and incentives.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, income tax expense of $2,895 was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions. The effective tax rate of (25.4)% varies from the statutory rate primarily due to the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions.
On December 15, 2022, the European Union (EU) Member States formally adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive, which generally provides for a minimum effective tax rate of 15%, as established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Pillar Two Framework. The EU effective dates are January 1, 2024, and January 1, 2025, for different aspects of the directive. A significant number of other countries are also implementing similar legislation. The Company is continuing to evaluate the potential impact on future periods of the Pillar Two Framework.
(13) Segment Reporting
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that are evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer.
The Company has three reportable segments, Control Devices, Electronics and Stoneridge Brazil, which also represent its operating segments. The Control Devices reportable segment produces actuators, sensors, switches and connectors. The Electronics reportable segment produces driver information systems, vision and safety systems, connectivity and compliance products and electronic control units. The Stoneridge Brazil reportable segment designs and manufactures vehicle tracking devices and monitoring services, vehicle security alarms and convenience accessories, in-vehicle audio and infotainment devices, driver information systems and telematics solutions.
The accounting policies of the Company’s reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K. The Company’s management evaluates the performance of its reportable segments based primarily on revenues from external customers, capital expenditures and operating income. Inter-segment sales are accounted for on terms similar to those to third parties and are eliminated upon consolidation.
The financial information presented below is for our three reportable operating segments and includes adjustments for unallocated corporate costs and intercompany eliminations, where applicable. Such costs and eliminations do not meet the requirements for being classified as an operating segment. Corporate costs include various support functions, such as accounting/finance, executive administration, human resources, information technology and legal.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
A summary of financial information by reportable segment is as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 89,344 |  |  | $ | 88,901 |  |  | $ | 267,406 |  |  | $ | 257,527 |
Inter-segment sales | 733 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 2,437 |  |  | 1,855 |
Control Devices net sales | 90,077 |  |  | 89,375 |  |  | 269,843 |  |  | 259,382 |
Electronics | 134,652 |  |  | 124,066 |  |  | 435,565 |  |  | 372,040 |
Inter-segment sales | 8,649 |  |  | 5,948 |  |  | 25,656 |  |  | 21,027 |
Electronics net sales | 143,301 |  |  | 130,014 |  |  | 461,221 |  |  | 393,067 |
Stoneridge Brazil | 14,168 |  |  | 13,790 |  |  | 43,332 |  |  | 39,184 |
Inter-segment sales | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Stoneridge Brazil net sales | 14,168 |  |  | 13,812 |  |  | 43,332 |  |  | 39,206 |
Eliminations | (9,382) |  |  | (6,444) |  |  | (28,093) |  |  | (22,904) |
Total net sales | $ | 238,164 |  |  | $ | 226,757 |  |  | $ | 746,303 |  |  | $ | 668,751 |
Operating Income (Loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 5,488 |  |  | $ | 7,522 |  |  | $ | 12,649 |  |  | $ | 18,416 |
Electronics | 7,647 |  |  | 5,416 |  |  | 16,491 |  |  | 180 |
Stoneridge Brazil | 1,241 |  |  | 908 |  |  | 3,483 |  |  | 2,370 |
Unallocated Corporate (A) | (7,864) |  |  | (7,983) |  |  | (25,809) |  |  | (24,015) |
Total operating income (loss) | $ | 6,512 |  |  | $ | 5,863 |  |  | $ | 6,814 |  |  | $ | (3,049) |
Depreciation and Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 3,100 |  |  | $ | 3,325 |  |  | $ | 9,373 |  |  | $ | 10,291 |
Electronics | 3,521 |  |  | 3,372 |  |  | 10,488 |  |  | 10,495 |
Stoneridge Brazil | 1,259 |  |  | 968 |  |  | 3,545 |  |  | 2,991 |
Unallocated Corporate | 593 |  |  | 589 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | 1,717 |
Total depreciation and amortization (B) | $ | 8,473 |  |  | $ | 8,254 |  |  | $ | 25,206 |  |  | $ | 25,494 |
Interest Expense (Income), net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 73 |
Electronics | 456 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | 580 |
Stoneridge Brazil | (680) |  |  | (298) |  |  | (1,269) |  |  | (989) |
Unallocated Corporate | 3,500 |  |  | 1,834 |  |  | 8,876 |  |  | 5,184 |
Total interest expense, net | $ | 3,313 |  |  | $ | 1,845 |  |  | $ | 9,179 |  |  | $ | 4,848 |
Capital Expenditures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 2,986 |  |  | $ | 3,536 |  |  | $ | 6,961 |  |  | $ | 9,297 |
Electronics | 4,710 |  |  | 2,293 |  |  | 13,251 |  |  | 7,052 |
Stoneridge Brazil | 889 |  |  | 757 |  |  | 2,307 |  |  | 2,684 |
Unallocated Corporate(C) | 371 |  |  | (52) |  |  | 700 |  |  | 649 |
Total capital expenditures | $ | 8,956 |  |  | $ | 6,534 |  |  | $ | 23,219 |  |  | $ | 19,682 |

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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Total Assets: |  |  |
Control Devices | $ | 174,191 |  |  | $ | 174,535 |
Electronics | 393,385 |  |  | 369,232 |
Stoneridge Brazil | 65,430 |  |  | 60,861 |
Corporate (C) | 416,377 |  |  | 419,469 |
Eliminations | (370,609) |  |  | (371,992) |
Total assets | $ | 678,774 |  |  | $ | 652,105 |

The following tables present net sales and long-term assets for each of the geographic areas in which the Company operates:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America | $ | 126,499 |  |  | $ | 117,010 |  |  | $ | 385,813 |  |  | $ | 330,480 |
South America | 14,168 |  |  | 13,790 |  |  | 43,332 |  |  | 39,184 |
Europe and Other | 97,497 |  |  | 95,957 |  |  | 317,158 |  |  | 299,087 |
Total net sales | $ | 238,164 |  |  | $ | 226,757 |  |  | $ | 746,303 |  |  | $ | 668,751 |

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Long-term Assets: |  |  |
North America | $ | 91,019 |  |  | $ | 92,149 |
South America | 32,688 |  |  | 31,796 |
Europe and Other | 118,649 |  |  | 118,609 |
Total long-term assets | $ | 242,356 |  |  | $ | 242,554 |

__________________________________________________________
(A)Unallocated Corporate expenses include, among other items, accounting/finance, human resources, information technology and legal costs as well as share-based compensation.
(B)These amounts represent depreciation and amortization on property, plant and equipment and certain intangible assets.
(C)Assets located at Corporate consist primarily of cash, intercompany loan receivables, fixed assets for the corporate headquarter building, leased assets, information technology assets, equity investments and investments in subsidiaries.
(14) Investments
PST Eletrônica Ltda.
The Company had a 74% controlling interest in Stoneridge Brazil from December 31, 2011 through May 15, 2017. On May 16, 2017, the Company acquired the remaining 26% noncontrolling interest in Stoneridge Brazil. As part of the acquisition agreement, the Company was required to pay additional earn-out consideration based on Stoneridge Brazil’s financial performance in 2021. The final earn-out consideration of $8,272 was paid on April 29, 2022. See Note 5 for the foreign currency adjustment of the earn-out consideration in prior periods.
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STONERIDGE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Other Investments
In December 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to make a $10,000 investment in a fund (“Autotech Fund II”) managed by Autotech Ventures (“Autotech”), a venture capital firm focused on ground transportation technology which is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Company’s $10,000 investment in the Autotech Fund II will be contributed over the expected ten-year life of the fund. The Company has contributed $8,250 to the Autotech Fund II as of September 30, 2023. The Company contributed $200 and $250 to Autotech Fund II during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company contributed $200 and $700 to Autotech Fund II during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company has a 6.6% interest in Autotech Fund II. The Company recognized (losses) earnings of $(141) and $34 during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company recognized losses of $641 and $424 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Autotech Fund II investment recorded in investments and other long-term assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets was $8,203 and $8,644 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
We are a global designer and manufacturer of highly engineered electrical and electronic systems, components and modules primarily for the automotive, commercial, off-highway and agricultural vehicle markets.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes related thereto and other financial information included elsewhere herein.
Segments
We are organized by products produced and markets served. Under this structure, our operations have been reported using the following segments:
Control Devices. This segment includes results of operations that manufacture actuators, sensors, switches and connectors.
Electronics. This segment includes results of operations from the production of driver information systems, vision and safety systems, connectivity and compliance products and electronic control units.
Stoneridge Brazil. This segment includes results of operations that design and manufacture vehicle tracking devices and monitoring services, vehicle security alarms and convenience accessories, in-vehicle audio and infotainment devices, driver information systems and telematics solutions.
Third Quarter Overview
During the third quarter of 2023, we benefited from both increased volumes in our North American and European commercial vehicle markets, compared to the prior year quarter, due to improvements in end market demand and material availability. We continued to benefit from previously negotiated pricing actions agreed to with the majority of our commercial vehicle customers, which offset a portion of the incremental material, supply chain and other input costs we incurred.
The Company had net income of $2.2 million, or $0.08 per diluted share, for the three months ended September 30, 2023.
Net income for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 increased by $1.4 million, or $0.05 per diluted share, from net income of $0.7 million, or $0.03 per diluted share, for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Net income increased primarily due to additional contribution from higher sales levels, including the benefit of previously negotiated price increases and favorable foreign exchange fluctuations offset by higher business realignment, D&D spending and interest costs. Net sales increased by $11.4 million, or 5.0%, primarily from higher volumes in our served markets and the impact of previously negotiated price increases offset by lower required electronic component spot buy purchases in our Electronics segment.
Our Control Devices segment net sales increased by 0.5% compared to the third quarter of 2022 primarily as a result of an increase in China automotive and commercial vehicle markets as well as negotiated price increases. These increases were offset by a decrease in our North American automotive and commercial vehicle markets. Segment gross margin as a percentage of sales decreased due to higher direct material costs from inflation and troubled supplier support costs. Segment operating income decreased due to lower gross margin and higher SG&A and D&D spending.
Our Electronics segment net sales increased by 8.5% compared to the third quarter of 2022 primarily due to increased sales volumes in our European and North American commercial vehicle markets, including the launch of a next generation tachograph for our European markets, and the impact of previously negotiated price increases offset by lower required electronic component spot buy purchases. Segment gross margin as a percent of sales increased primarily due to higher contribution from higher sales levels, negotiated price increases, lower material costs including the favorable effect of foreign currency and lower required electronic component spot buy purchases offset by an increase in labor and overhead costs. Operating income for the segment increased compared to the third quarter of 2022 primarily due to higher gross margin offset by higher SG&A and D&D spending, including support for new product launches and business realignment expense of $1.1 million.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment net sales increased by 2.7% compared to the third quarter of 2022 primarily due to favorable foreign currency translation and higher sales of our OEM and aftermarket products offset by lower sales demand for our other product lines. Segment gross margin increased due to increased contribution margin from higher sales and favorable foreign currency fluctuations. Operating income increased due to higher gross margin offset by an increase in SG&A spending.
In the third quarter of 2023, SG&A expenses increased by $0.7 million compared to the third quarter of 2022 primarily due to higher current quarter business realignment costs of $0.5 million, and higher professional service fees and IT related spend offset by lower incentive compensation.
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In the third quarter of 2023, D&D costs increased by $1.7 million compared to the prior year third quarter due to incremental engineering spending primarily related to product launches and software, higher business realignment expense and lower customer reimbursements offset by increased capitalized software development costs.
At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents balances of $36.8 million and $54.8 million, respectively, and we had $183.9 million and $167.8 million, respectively, in borrowings outstanding on our Credit Facility. The 2023 decrease in cash and cash equivalents was mostly due to capital expenditures for new product launches and relatively higher working capital to support higher sales and production levels.
Outlook
The Company believes that focusing on products that address industry megatrends will have a positive effect on both our top-line growth and underlying margins. For example, the Company is aligned with platforms likely to perform well against overall market dynamics including light-trucks, SUVs and crossover vehicles and our continued focus on safety, vehicle intelligence and connectivity based products, such as the recent release of our next generation tachograph for our European markets and future launches of our MirrorEye programs in North America and Europe.
Global inflation has increased significantly since 2021. Rising costs of materials, labor and other inputs used to manufacture and sell our products, have impacted, and may continue to impact, our results. While incremental material and production costs have started to moderate, we expect continued cost inflation to persist into 2024 which will continue to put pressure on margins. In order to minimize the impact of these incremental costs, we have taken several actions, including negotiating price increases and cost recoveries with our customers. Additionally, we continued to focus on improving manufacturing performance and optimizing our global cost structure to both reduce costs and improve operational efficiency. We expect these actions will benefit our current and future financial performance.
Based on IHS Market production forecasts, the North American automotive market is expected to increase to 15.2 million units in 2023 and then to 16.4 million units in 2024 from 14.3 million units in 2022 as this market continues to recover from supply chain disruptions and economic headwinds. The Company expects continued pressure on sales volumes in our Control Devices segment in the fourth quarter due to the UAW strike impact on US OEM production volumes and reduced production expectations for electrified vehicle platforms with some of our key customers. We continue to focus on improved manufacturing execution, supply chain strategy, material cost improvement actions and enterprise-wide cost improvement plans and will continue to react to changes in our end-markets as needed to maintain and continue to improve our margins. During the third quarter of 2023, our Control Devices segment incurred $0.7 million of support costs for a troubled supplier and expect to continue to incur these costs at a reduced rate in the future. We will continue to focus on growing our core product portfolio aligned with industry megatrends by investing in our actuation and system-level sensor businesses as we anticipate greater opportunities as powertrains become increasingly electrified and efficient.
In the third quarter of 2023, the collective bargaining agreements of certain North American customers and the International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (UAW) in the United States and Unifor in Canada expired, which resulted in work stoppages at certain of our customers' facilities. These work stoppages had an immaterial impact on our financial performance during the third quarter of 2023. In late October 2023, our customers and labor unions have reached tentative agreements which are subject to ratification by union membership however, despite the fact that the UAW and certain customers have announced tentative agreements, we expect that labor stoppages prior to the agreements and the ramp back up of impacted customer facilities will have a negative impact on sales and as a result, operating performance, in the fourth quarter of 2023.
In the fourth quarter of 2023, we expect overall softening in our commercial vehicle end markets. In 2024, our European and North American commercial vehicle end market volumes are forecasted to decrease 15.3% and 13.3%, respectively, however, we expect our Electronics’ segment sales to outperform forecasted volumes due to strong demand for our existing products and the ramp-up of recently launched programs, including our next generation tachograph and first North American OEM MirrorEye program, as well as expected program launches, including our next MirrorEye program launch in Europe in 2024. Customer recoveries related to spot buys of materials purchased for our customers increased net sales by $58.4 million for the full year 2022 and $14.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Spot buy material purchasing activity, which is recognized as revenue and material costs, was mostly passed through to the customer and was driven by electronic component shortages. The Company expects spot buy activity to continue to decline as supply chains continue to normalize and material availability continues to improve.
In the fourth quarter of 2023, we expect net D&D spend to continue to decline primarily driven by lower engineering costs as a result of the timing of customer reimbursements, reduced launch activities and the realignment of global engineering resources to maximize capacity and capabilities while controlling costs.
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Our 2023 Stoneridge Brazil segment revenues increased compared to the prior year due to higher sales in our OEM products and tracking devices. In October 2023, the International Monetary Fund forecasted the Brazil gross domestic product to grow 3.1% in 2023. We expect our served market channels to remain relatively stable for the remainder of 2023 based on current market conditions. Stoneridge Brazil will focus on continuing to grow our OEM capabilities in-region to better support our global customers. This will drive steady future growth and provide a platform to continue to rotate our local portfolio to more closely align with our global business.
We remain focused on improving cash generation and the reduction of debt through efficient operating performance and targeted actions to reduce net working capital, particularly our inventory levels, as supply chains normalize and material availability improves.
We expect higher interest expense in 2023 driven by higher benchmark rates on our Credit Facility.
Our future effective tax rate depends on various factors, such as changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles and our jurisdictional mix of earnings. We monitor these factors and adjust our effective tax rate accordingly.
Other Matters
A significant portion of our sales are outside of the United States. These sales are generated by our non-U.S. based operations, and therefore, movements in foreign currency exchange rates can have a significant effect on our results of operations, which are presented in U.S. dollars. A significant portion of our raw materials purchased by our Electronics and Stoneridge Brazil segments are denominated in U.S. dollars, and therefore movements in foreign currency exchange rates can also have a significant effect on our results of operations. The U.S. Dollar strengthened against the euro, Swedish krona, Chinese yuan and Argentine peso in 2023 and 2022, unfavorably impacting our reported results.
We regularly evaluate the performance of our businesses and their cost structures, including personnel, and make necessary changes thereto in order to optimize our results. We also evaluate the required skill sets of our personnel and periodically make strategic changes. As a consequence of these actions, we incur severance and resignation related costs that we refer to as business realignment charges. Business realignment costs of $1.2 million and $0.3 million were incurred during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Realignment expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily related to the centralization of the product line management, sales and engineering functions.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Condensed consolidated statements of operations as a percentage of net sales are presented in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase (decrease)
Net sales |  | $ | 238,164 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 226,757 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 11,407 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 185,689 |  |  | 78.0 |  |  | 177,317 |  |  | 78.2 |  |  | 8,372 |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 28,111 |  |  | 11.8 |  |  | 27,444 |  |  | 12.1 |  |  | 667 |
Design and development |  | 17,852 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 16,133 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 1,719 |
Operating income |  | 6,512 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 5,863 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 649 |
Interest expense, net |  | 3,313 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 1,845 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1,468 |
Equity in loss (earnings) of investee |  | 141 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (34) |  |  | — |  |  | 175 |
Other (income) expense, net |  | (1,383) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | 2,332 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | (3,715) |
Income before income taxes |  | 4,441 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 2,721 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 2,270 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 989 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 1,281 |
Net income |  | $ | 2,171 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | $ | 731 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | $ | 1,440 |

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Net Sales. Net sales for our reportable segments, excluding inter-segment sales, are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase |  | Percent increase
Control Devices |  | $ | 89,344 |  |  | 37.5 | % |  | $ | 88,901 |  |  | 39.2 | % |  | $ | 443 |  |  | 0.5 | %
Electronics |  | 134,652 |  |  | 56.5 |  |  | 124,066 |  |  | 54.7 |  |  | 10,586 |  |  | 8.5 | %
Stoneridge Brazil |  | 14,168 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 13,790 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 378 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 238,164 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 226,757 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 11,407 |  |  | 5.0 | %

Our Control Devices segment net sales increased $0.4 million due to increases in our China automotive and commercial vehicle markets of $1.3 million and $0.9 million, respectively, as well as negotiated price increases of $0.7 million. This increase was offset by a decrease in our North American automotive and commercial vehicle markets of $1.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively. In addition, third quarter of 2023 net sales were adversely impacted by an increase in unfavorable foreign currency translation of $0.7 million.
Our Electronics segment net sales increased $10.6 million due to higher sales volumes, including sales related to the launch of a next generation tachograph for our European markets, in our North American and European commercial vehicle markets of $13.2 million and $10.4 million, respectively, as well as negotiated price increases of $1.9 million. These increases were offset by the impact of lower required electronic component spot buy purchases and resulting decreased customer reimbursement of $11.6 million in the third quarter of 2023 compared to the third quarter of 2022. In addition, we experienced lower sales volumes in our European and North American off-highway vehicle markets of $5.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively. Third quarter of 2023 net sales were favorably impacted by euro and Swedish krona foreign currency translation of $2.5 million compared to the prior year quarter.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment net sales increased $0.4 million due to favorable foreign currency translation and higher sales in our OEM and aftermarket products offset by lower sales demand for our other product lines.
Net sales by geographic location are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase |  | Percent increase
North America |  | $ | 126,499 |  |  | 53.1 | % |  | $ | 117,010 |  |  | 51.6 | % |  | $ | 9,489 |  |  | 8.1 | %
South America |  | 14,168 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 13,790 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 378 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Europe and Other |  | 97,497 |  |  | 40.9 |  |  | 95,957 |  |  | 42.3 |  |  | 1,540 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 238,164 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 226,757 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 11,407 |  |  | 5.0 | %

The increase in North American net sales was mostly attributable to an increase in sales volume in our commercial vehicle market of $12.5 million and negotiated price increases of $1.8 million. These increases were offset by lower required customer recoveries of electronic component spot buys of $2.6 million and a decrease in our automotive market of $1.5 million.
The increase in net sales in South America was primarily due to favorable foreign currency translation and higher sales in our OEM and aftermarket products offset by lower sales demand for our other Stoneridge Brazil product lines.
The increase in net sales in Europe and Other was due to an increase in our European commercial vehicle market of $10.4 million and negotiated price increases of $0.8 million. These increases were offset by decreased customer recoveries of electronic component spot buys of $9.0 million and decreases in our European off-highway market of $5.1 million. Third quarter of 2023 net sales were favorably impacted by a favorable foreign currency translation of $1.8 million.
Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Margin. Cost of goods sold increased compared to the third quarter of 2022 and our gross margin increased from 21.8% in the third quarter of 2022 to 22.0% in the third quarter of 2023. Our material cost as a percentage of net sales decreased to 58.1% in the third quarter of 2023 from 59.8% in the third quarter of 2022. The decrease in material cost percentage was mostly due to the impact of required electronic component spot buy purchases that were offset by customer recoveries. The impact of these spot buy purchases increased cost of goods sold by $0.9 million, or 0.4% of net sales, and $12.8 million, or 5.6% of net sales, for the third quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively, which reduced gross margin percent by 0.1% in the third quarter of 2023 compared to 1.3% in 2022. Overhead as a percentage of net sales was 14.9% and 13.8% for the third quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in overhead as a percentage of sales was attributable to higher indirect wage inflation and warranty costs.
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Our Control Devices segment gross margin decreased primarily due to higher direct material costs.
Our Electronics segment gross margin increased due to the contribution from higher sales levels including negotiated price increases, the reduction of the adverse effect of required electronic component spot buy purchases, net of customer recoveries offset by higher labor and overhead costs.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment gross margin increased primarily due to increased contribution from higher sales and lower direct material costs from favorable foreign exchange rate fluctuations.
Selling, General and Administrative. SG&A expenses increased by $0.7 million primarily due to increased business realignment costs of $0.5 million, and higher professional service and legal fees offset by lower incentive compensation.
Design and Development. D&D costs increased by $1.7 million due to incremental engineering spending in all segments primarily related to product launches and software, higher business realignment expense and lower customer reimbursements offset by increased capitalized software development costs.
Operating Income. Operating income (loss) by segment is summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase (decrease) |  | Percent increase (decrease)
Control Devices |  | $ | 5,488 |  |  | $ | 7,522 |  |  | $ | (2,034) |  |  | (27.0) | %
Electronics |  | 7,647 |  |  | 5,416 |  |  | 2,231 |  |  | 41.2 |
Stoneridge Brazil |  | 1,241 |  |  | 908 |  |  | 333 |  |  | 36.7 |
Unallocated corporate |  | (7,864) |  |  | (7,983) |  |  | 119 |  |  | 1.5 |
Operating income |  | $ | 6,512 |  |  | $ | 5,863 |  |  | $ | 649 |  |  | 11.1 | %

Our Control Devices segment operating income decreased due to higher direct material costs and higher SG&A and D&D spending.
Our Electronics segment operating income increased primarily due to higher contribution from higher sales, including previously negotiated pricing, offset by higher SG&A and D&D spending including business realignment expense of $1.1 million.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment operating income increased due to higher contribution from higher sales and lower material costs from favorable foreign exchange rate fluctuations offset by higher SG&A costs from unfavorable net adjustments for Brazilian indirect tax credits.
Our unallocated corporate operating loss increased slightly from higher advanced development spend mostly offset by lower SG&A incentive compensation.
Operating income (loss) by geographic location is summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase (decrease) |  | Percent increase (decrease)
North America |  | $ | (3,951) |  |  | $ | (43) |  |  | $ | (3,908) |  |  | (9,088.4) | %
South America |  | 1,241 |  |  | 908 |  |  | 333 |  |  | 36.7 |
Europe and Other |  | 9,222 |  |  | 4,998 |  |  | 4,224 |  |  | 84.5 |
Operating income |  | $ | 6,512 |  |  | $ | 5,863 |  |  | $ | 649 |  |  | 11.1 | %

Our North American operating loss increased due to higher direct material costs and SG&A and D&D spending. Operating income in South America increased due to contribution from higher sales levels and lower direct material costs. Our operating results in Europe and Other increased primarily due to contribution from higher sales levels offset by higher SG&A and D&D spending including business realignment expense of $1.1 million.
Interest Expense, net. Interest expense, net was $3.3 million and $1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, was the result of higher benchmark rates affecting the company’s floating rate Credit Facility debt.
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Equity in Loss (Earnings) of Investee. Equity loss for Autotech Fund II was $0.1 million and $0.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Other (Income) Expense, net. We record certain foreign currency transaction losses (gains) as a component of other expense, net on the condensed consolidated statement of operations. Other income, net of $1.4 million increased by $3.7 million compared to the third quarter of 2022 due to foreign currency transaction gains in our Electronics and Control Devices segments from the weakening of the U.S. dollar.
Provision for Income Taxes. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, income tax expense of $2.3 million was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions, U.S. taxes on foreign earnings and non-deductible expenses offset by tax credits and incentives. The effective tax rate of 51.1% varies from the statutory tax rate primarily due to U.S. taxes on foreign earnings, non-deductible expenses and the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions offset by tax credits and incentives.
For the three months ended September 30, 2022, income tax expense of $1.0 million was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions offset by tax credits and incentives. The effective tax rate of 57.5% varies from the statutory tax rate primarily due to the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions, U.S. taxes on foreign earnings and non-deductible expenses offset by tax credits and incentives.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Condensed consolidated statements of operations as a percentage of net sales are presented in the following table (in thousands):

Nine months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase / (decrease)
Net sales |  | $ | 746,303 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 668,751 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 77,552 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 590,538 |  |  | 79.1 |  |  | 539,304 |  |  | 80.6 |  |  | 51,234 |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 91,465 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  | 83,781 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 7,684 |
Design and development |  | 57,486 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | 48,715 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | 8,771 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 6,814 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | (3,049) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | 9,863 |
Interest expense, net |  | 9,179 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 4,848 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 4,331 |
Equity in loss of investee |  | 641 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 424 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 217 |
Other expense, net |  | 2,152 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 3,067 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (915) |
Loss before income taxes |  | (5,158) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (11,388) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | 6,230 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 3,049 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 2,895 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 154 |
Net loss |  | $ | (8,207) |  |  | (1.2) | % |  | $ | (14,283) |  |  | (2.2) | % |  | $ | 6,076 |

Net Sales. Net sales for our reportable segments, excluding inter-segment sales, are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Nine months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase |  | Percent increase
Control Devices |  | $ | 267,406 |  |  | 35.8 | % |  | $ | 257,527 |  |  | 38.5 | % |  | $ | 9,879 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Electronics |  | 435,565 |  |  | 58.4 |  |  | 372,040 |  |  | 55.6 |  |  | 63,525 |  |  | 17.1 | %
Stoneridge Brazil |  | 43,332 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 39,184 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 4,148 |  |  | 10.6 | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 746,303 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 668,751 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 77,552 |  |  | 11.6 | %

Our Control Devices segment net sales increased $9.9 million due to increases in our North American automotive market of $6.0 million and our China commercial vehicle and automotive markets of $1.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively. These increases were offset by a decrease in our North American commercial vehicle market and agricultural market of $0.5 million and $0.5 million, respectively. In addition, net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were impacted by negotiated price increases of $5.0 million offset by an increase in unfavorable foreign currency translation of $2.3 million.
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Our Electronics segment net sales increased $63.5 million due to higher sales volumes in our European and North American commercial vehicle markets of $65.2 million and $43.3 million, respectively, and negotiated price increases of $7.4 million. These increases were offset by the impact of lower required electronic component spot buy purchases of $34.9 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. In addition, we experienced lower sales volumes in our European and North American off-highway vehicle markets of $10.9 million and $1.5 million, respectively, and unfavorable euro and Swedish krona foreign currency translation of $6.3 million compared to the prior year.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment net sales increased due to higher sales in our OEM products and tracking devices and favorable foreign currency translation offset by lower sales demand for our other product lines.
Net sales by geographic location are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Nine months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase |  | Percent increase
North America |  | $ | 385,813 |  |  | 51.7 | % |  | $ | 330,480 |  |  | 49.4 | % |  | $ | 55,333 |  |  | 16.7 | %
South America |  | 43,332 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 39,184 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 4,148 |  |  | 10.6 | %
Europe and Other |  | 317,158 |  |  | 42.5 |  |  | 299,087 |  |  | 44.7 |  |  | 18,071 |  |  | 6.0 | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 746,303 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 668,751 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 77,552 |  |  | 11.6 | %

The increase in North American net sales was mostly attributable to increases in sales volume in our commercial vehicle and automotive markets of $42.6 million and $6.1 million, respectively, and by negotiated price increases of $9.5 million. These increases were offset by lower sales volume in our North American off-highway and agricultural markets.
The increase in net sales in South America was primarily due to higher sales in our OEM products and tracking devices and favorable foreign currency translation offset by lower sales demand for our other product lines.
The increase in net sales in Europe and Other was due to increases in our European commercial vehicle market of $65.2 million and negotiated price increases o f $2.7 million. These increases were offset by lower required customer recoveries of electronic component spot buys of $33.6 million. In addition, we experienced decreases in our European off-highway market of $10.9 million as well as unfavorable foreign currency translation of $8.6 million.
Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Margin. Cost of goods sold increased compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and our gross margin increased from 19.4% in the first nine months of 2022 to 20.9% in the first nine months of 2023. Our material cost as a percentage of net sales decreased from 61.8% in the first nine months of 2022 to 59.6% in the first nine months of 2023. The decrease in material cost percentage was mostly due to the impact of required electronic component spot buy purchases that were offset by customer recoveries. The impact of these spot buy purchases increased cost of goods sold by $14.4 million, or 1.9% of net sales, and $52.4 million, or 7.8% of sales, for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, respectively, which reduced gross margin percent by 0.4% and 1.6% in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Overhead as a percentage of net sales was 14.6% and 14.2% for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, respectively, as higher contribution margin from higher sales levels was offset by labor and overhead costs including wages and warranty expense.
Our Control Devices segment gross margin decreased primarily due to higher material costs associated with inflation and an unfavorable sales mix.
Our Electronics segment gross margin increased due to the contribution from higher sales levels, including negotiated price increases, and the reduction of the adverse effect of required electronic component spot buy purchases, net of customer recoveries offset by higher labor and overhead costs including wages and warranty expense.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment gross margin increased primarily due to increased contribution from higher sales and favorable foreign currency fluctuations.
Selling, General and Administrative. SG&A expenses increased by $7.7 million primarily due to higher business realignment costs of $3.0 million, higher incentive compensation due to achievement of financial targets, consulting and professional service fees and travel related costs. In addition, our Control Devices segment recognized 2022 favorable legal settlements offset by a 2023 gain on the sale of fixed assets of an idled sensor production line.
Design and Development. D&D costs increased by $8.8 million due to lower customer reimbursements and higher costs related to product launch preparations offset by increases in capitalized software development costs for our Electronics segment. All other segments also incurred slightly higher spending attributable to product launch activities.
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Operating Income (Loss). Operating income (loss) by segment is summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Nine months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase / (decrease) |  | Percent increase / (decrease)
Control Devices |  | $ | 12,649 |  |  | $ | 18,416 |  |  | $ | (5,767) |  |  | (31.3) | %
Electronics |  | 16,491 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 16,311 |  |  | 9,061.7 | %
Stoneridge Brazil |  | 3,483 |  |  | 2,370 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 47.0 | %
Unallocated corporate |  | (25,809) |  |  | (24,015) |  |  | (1,794) |  |  | (7.5) | %
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | 6,814 |  |  | $ | (3,049) |  |  | $ | 9,863 |  |  | 323.5 | %

Our Control Devices segment operating income decreased due to lower gross margin primarily resulting from higher material costs, from inflation and troubled supplier support costs, unfavorable sales mix and a 2022 favorable legal settlement offset by a 2023 gain on disposal of fixed assets.
Our Electronics segment operating income increased primarily due to higher contribution from higher sales and negotiated pricing offset by higher labor and overhead costs as well as higher SG&A and D&D spending including business realignment costs.
Our Stoneridge Brazil segment operating income increased due to contribution from higher sales levels offset by higher SG&A and D&D spending.
Our unallocated corporate operating loss increased primarily from higher business realignment costs associated with employee separation related costs of $0.9 million and higher incentive compensation due to achievement of financial targets.
Operating income (loss) by geographic location is summarized in the following table (in thousands):

Nine months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Dollar increase (decrease) |  | Percent increase (decrease)
North America |  | $ | (11,310) |  |  | $ | (3,640) |  |  | $ | (7,670) |  |  | (210.7) | %
South America |  | 3,483 |  |  | 2,370 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 47.0 | %
Europe and Other |  | 14,641 |  |  | (1,779) |  |  | 16,420 |  |  | 923.0 | %
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | 6,814 |  |  | $ | (3,049) |  |  | $ | 9,863 |  |  | 323.5 | %

Our North American operating loss increased due to higher material and labor costs, higher business realignment, higher incentive compensation and a 2022 favorable legal settlement offset by a 2023 gain on disposal of fixed assets. Operating income in South America increased due to higher sales levels offset by higher SG&A and D&D spending. Our operating results in Europe and Other increased primarily due to contribution from higher sales levels offset by higher D&D expense.
Interest Expense, net. Interest expense, net was $9.2 million and $4.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was the result of higher benchmark rates affecting the company’s floating rate Credit Facility debt.
Equity in Loss of Investee. Equity loss for Autotech Fund II was $0.6 million and $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Other Expense, net. We record certain foreign currency transaction losses (gains) as a component of other expense, net on the condensed consolidated statement of operations. Other expense, net of $2.2 million decreased by $0.9 million compared to the first nine months of 2022 due to the impact of favorable foreign currency movements in our Electronics and Control Devices segments from moderated strengthening of the U.S. dollar offset by the recognition of the settlement of the net investment hedge of $3.7 million as income (see Note 5, Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements).
Provision for Income Taxes. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, income tax expense of $3.0 million was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions and U.S. taxes on foreign earnings offset by tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and tax credits and incentives. The effective tax rate of (59.1%) varies from the statutory tax rate primarily due to U.S. taxes on foreign earnings offset by the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and tax credits and incentives.
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For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, income tax expense of $2.9 million was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions. The effective tax rate of (25.4)% varies from the statutory tax rate primarily due to the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Summary of Cash Flows:

Nine months ended September 30, |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net cash provided by (used for): |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | (5,668) |  |  | $ | (24,138) |
Investing activities |  | (26,943) |  |  | (19,662) |
Financing activities |  | 15,534 |  |  | (5,495) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (963) |  |  | (3,915) |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | (18,040) |  |  | $ | (53,210) |

Cash used for operating activities decreased compared to 2022 primarily due to a reduction in cash used for customer funded tooling and engineering projects, activity related to customer recoveries of electronic component spot buys and lower net loss. Cash used for accounts receivables decreased however our collections rates were adversely impacted by delays in collections of non-recurring retroactive pricing invoices. Our inventory levels for both periods presented remain elevated compared to historical balances due to a combination of new product launches and the continued impact of historical supply chain disruptions.
Net cash used for investing activities increased compared to 2022 due to higher capital expenditures and capitalized software development costs and cash proceeds from the 2022 settlement of the net investment hedge offset by increased proceeds from the disposal of fixed assets.
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities increased compared to the first nine months of 2022 due to higher Credit Facility borrowings, net and the 2022 cash payment of the Stoneridge Brazil earn-out consideration.
As outlined in Note 7 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, the Credit Facility permits borrowing up to a maximum level of $300.0 million. This variable rate facility provides the flexibility to refinance other outstanding debt or finance acquisitions through June 2024. The Credit Facility contains certain financial covenants that require the Company to maintain less than a maximum leverage ratio and more than a minimum interest coverage ratio. The Credit Facility also contains affirmative and negative covenants and events of default that are customary for credit arrangements of this type including covenants that place restrictions and/or limitations on the Company’s ability to borrow money, make capital expenditures and pay dividends. The Credit Facility had an outstanding balance of $183.9 million at September 30, 2023.
Our Revolving Credit Facility matures on June 5, 2024. The Company is in the advanced stage of refinancing its Revolving Credit Facility. While there can be no assurance that the Company will refinance the current Revolving Credit Facility the Company anticipates that the refinancing will occur in the near future and, in any event, prior to the issuance of the financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2023. To the extent the Company is not able to refinance its Revolving Credit Facility prior to the issuance of the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, our independent auditors may issue an audit opinion including an explanatory paragraph that indicates there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern which would breach a covenant under our Revolving Credit Facility which, unless cured, would constitute an event of default thereunder. In such a case, the Company would not expect that it would have sufficient liquidity to repay all of its outstanding indebtedness at such time.
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Due to the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain disrupti ons on the Company’s end-markets and the resulting financial impacts on the Company, on February 28, 2022, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 3”). Amendment No. 3 reduced the total revolving credit commitments from $400.0 million to $300.0 million and the maximum permitted amount of swing loans from $40.0 million to $30.0 million. Amendment No. 3 provided for certain financial covenant relief and additional covenant restrictions during the “Specified Period” (the period from February 28, 2022 until the date that the Company delivered a compliance certificate for the quarter ending March 31, 2023 in form and substance satisfactory to the administrative agent). During the Specified Period:
•the maximum net leverage ratio was changed to 4.00 to 1.00 for the year ended December 31, 2021, suspended for the quarters ending March 31, 2022 through September 30, 2022 and could not exceed 4.75 to 1.00 for the quarter ended December 31, 2022 or 3.50 to 1.00 for the quarter ended March 31, 2023;
•the minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.50 was reduced to 2.50 for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, 2.25 for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 and 3.00 for the quarters ended September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2022;
•an additional condition to drawing on the Credit Facility was added that restricted borrowings if the Company’s total of 100% of domestic and 65% of foreign cash and cash equivalents exceeded $70.0 million;
•there were certain additional restrictions on Restricted Payments (as defined); and
•a Permitted Acquisition (as defined) could not be consummated unless the net leverage ratio is below 3.50 to 1.00 during the Specified Period.
Amendment No. 3 changed the leverage based LIBOR pricing grid through the maturity date and also retained a LIBOR floor of 50 basis points on outstanding borrowings excluding any Specified Hedge Borrowings (as defined) which remained subject to a LIBOR floor of 0 basis points.
Amendment No. 3 also incorporated hardwired mechanics to permit a future replacement of LIBOR as the interest reference rate without lender consent.
Due to continued supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic challenges on the Company’s end-markets and the resulting financial impacts on the Company, on March 1, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 4”). Amendment No. 4 provides for certain financial covenant relief and additional covenant restrictions during the “Amendment No. 4 Specified Period” (the period from March 1, 2023 until the date that the Company delivers a compliance certificate for the quarter ending September 30, 2023 in form and substance satisfactory to the administrative agent). During the Amendment No. 4 Specified Period:
•the maximum net leverage ratio was changed to 4.75 to 1.00 for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and 4.25 to 1.00 for the quarter ended June 30, 2023;
•the minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.50 was reduced to 3.00 for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023;
•drawing on the Credit Facility continues to be restricted if the Company's total of 100% of domestic and 65% of foreign cash and cash equivalents exceeds $70.0 million;
•there continue to be certain additional restrictions on Restricted Payments (as defined); and
•consistent with Amendment No. 3, a Permitted Acquisition (as defined) may not be consummated unless the net leverage ratio is below 3.50 to 1.00 during the Amendment No. 4 Specified Period.
As a result of the amendments, the Company was in compliance with all covenants at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company has not experienced a violation that would limit the Company’s ability to borrow under the Credit Facility, as amended and does not expect that the covenants under it will restrict the Company’s financing flexibility. However, it is possible that future borrowing flexibility under the Credit Facility may be limited as a result of lower than expected financial performance due to the adverse impact of macroeconomic conditions and supply chain disruptions on the Company’s markets and general global demand. The Company expects to make additional repayments on the Credit Facility when cash exceeds the amount needed for operations and to remain in compliance with all covenants.
The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary located in Stockholm, Sweden, has an overdraft credit line that allows overdrafts on the subsidiary’s bank account up to a daily maximum level of 20.0 million Swedish krona, or $1.8 million and $1.9 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 there were no borrowings outstanding on this overdraft credit line. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the subsidiary borrowed and repaid 270.6 million Swedish krona, or $24.8 million.
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The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary located in Suzhou, China, has lines of credit that allow up to a maximum borrowing level of 20.0 million Chinese yuan, or $2.7 million at September 30, 2023 and $2.9 million at December 31, 2022. At September 30, 2023 and at December 31, 2022 there was $2.1 million and $1.5 million, respectively, in borrowings outstanding on the Suzhou credit line with a weighted-average interest rate of 3.25% and 3.70%, respectively. The Suzhou credit line is included on the condensed consolidated balance sheet within current portion of debt. In addition, the Suzhou subsidiary has a bank acceptance draft line of credit which facilitates the extension of trade payable payment terms by 180 days. The bank acceptance draft line of credit allows up to a maximum borrowing level of 60.0 million Chinese yuan, or $8.2 million and $8.7 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There was $3.7 million and $2.0 million utilized on the Suzhou bank acceptance draft line of credit at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Suzhou bank acceptance draft line of credit is included on the condensed consolidated balance sheet within accounts payable.
In December 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to make a $10.0 million investment in Autotech Fund II managed by Autotech, a venture capital firm focused on ground transportation technology. The Company’s $10.0 million investment in the Autotech Fund II will be contributed over the expected ten-year life of the fund. As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s cumulative investment in the Autotech Fund II was $8.3 million. The Company contributed $0.2 million and $0.7 million to Autotech Fund II during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Our future results could also be adversely affected by unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We have significant foreign denominated transaction exposure in certain locations, especially in Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Sweden, Estonia, the Netherlands, United Kingdom and China. Currently, we have foreign currency forward contracts in place for Mexican pesos. See Note 5 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details. Our future results could also be unfavorably affected by increased commodity prices and material cost inflation as these fluctuations impact the cost of our raw material purchases.
At September 30, 2023, we had a cash and cash equivalents balance of approximately $36.8 million, of which 94.5% was held in foreign locations. The Company has approximately $116.1 million of undrawn commitments under the Credit Facility as of September 30, 2023, which results in total undrawn commitments and cash balances of more than $152.8 million. However, it is possible that future borrowing flexibility under our Credit Facility may be limited as a result of our financial performance.
Commitments and Contingencies
See Note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for disclosures of the Company’s commitments and contingencies.
Seasonality
Our Control Devices and Electronics segments are moderately seasonal, impacted by mid-year and year-end shutdowns and the ramp-up of new model production at key customers. In addition, the demand for our Stoneridge Brazil segment consumer products is generally higher in the second half of the year.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The Company’s critical accounting policies, which include management’s best estimates and judgments, are included in Part II, Item 7, to the consolidated financial statements of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K. These accounting policies are considered critical as disclosed in the Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K because of the potential for a significant impact on the financial statements due to the inherent uncertainty in such estimates. There have been no material changes in our significant accounting policies or critical accounting estimates during the third quarter of 2023.
Information regarding other significant accounting policies is included in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.
Inflation and International Presence
By operating internationally, we are affected by foreign currency exchange rates and the economic conditions of certain countries. Furthermore, given the current economic climate and fluctuations in certain commodity prices, we believe that an increase in such items could significantly affect our profitability. See Note 5 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details on the Company’s foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate risks.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no material changes to the quantitative and qualitative information about the Company’s market risk from those previously presented within Part II, Item 7A of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of September 30, 2023, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the principal executive officer (“PEO”) and principal financial officer (“PFO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the PEO and PFO, concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II–OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in certain legal actions and claims primarily arising in the ordinary course of business. We establish accruals for matters which we believe that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, we do not believe that any of the litigation in which we are currently engaged, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position or results of operations. We are subject to litigation regarding civil, labor, regulatory and other tax contingencies in our Stoneridge Brazil segment for which we believe the likelihood of loss is reasonably possible, but not probable, although these claims might take years to resolve. We are also subject to product liability and product warranty claims. In addition, if any of our products prove to be defective, we may be required to participate in a government-imposed or customer OEM-instituted recall involving such products. There can be no assurance that we will not experience any material losses related to product liability, warranty or recall claims. See additional details of these matters in Note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes with respect to risk factors previously disclosed in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table presents information with respect to repurchases of Common Shares made by us during the three months ended September 30, 2023. There were 18,751 Common Shares delivered to us by employees as payment for withholding taxes due upon vesting of performance share awards and share unit awards.

Period |  | Total number of shares purchased |  | Average price paid per share |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs |  | Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
7/1/23-7/31/23 |  | 17,378 |  | $ | 19.94 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
8/1/23-8/31/23 |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
9/1/23-9/30/23 |  | 1,373 |  | $ | 18.67 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Total |  | 18,751 |  |  |  |  |  |

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
Item 5. Other Information
During the three months ended September 30, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit
31.1 |  | Chief Executive Officer certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
31.2 |  | Chief Financial Officer certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
32.1 |  | Chief Executive Officer certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
32.2 |  | Chief Financial Officer certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
|  | 101 | XBRL Exhibits:
|  | 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
|  | 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
|  | 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
|  | 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
|  | 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
|  | 104 | The cover page from our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2023, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 1, 2023, is formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (“iXBRL”)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| STONERIDGE, INC.
Date: November 1, 2023 | /s/ James Zizelman
| James Zizelman
| President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
| (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 1, 2023 | /s/ Matthew R. Horvath
| Matthew R. Horvath
| Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
| (Principal Financial Officer)

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