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Income Taxes
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
For interim tax reporting, we estimate our annual effective tax rate and apply it to our year to date ordinary income. Tax jurisdictions with a projected or year to date loss for which a benefit cannot be realized are excluded.
For the three months ended June 30, 2024, income tax benefit of $936 was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions and U.S. taxes on foreign earnings, offset by tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions. The effective tax rate of (50.6)% varies from the statutory rate primarily due to U.S. taxes on foreign earnings offset by the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions.
For the three months ended June 30, 2023, income tax expense of $1,487 was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions. The effective tax rate of (98.8)% varies from the statutory rate primarily due to U.S. taxes on foreign earnings and non-deductible expenses offset by the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and tax credits and incentives.
For the six months ended June 30, 2024, income tax benefit of $426 was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions and U.S. taxes on foreign earnings offset by tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and tax credits and incentives. The effective tax rate of 11.3% varies from the statutory rate primarily due to U.S. taxes on foreign earnings offset by the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and tax credits and incentives.
For the six months ended June 30, 2023, income tax expense of $779 was attributable to the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions as well as tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions. The effective tax rate of (8.1)% varies from the statutory rate primarily due to U.S. taxes on foreign earnings and non-deductible expenses offset by the impact of tax losses for which no benefit is recognized due to valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and tax credits and incentives.
The OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) implemented a 15% global corporate minimum tax (Pillar Two) to ensure that large multinational enterprises pay a minimum level of tax in the countries they operate. During 2023, many countries took steps to incorporate Pillar Two into their domestic laws. In 2024, we do not expect a material change to our income tax provision in connection with Pillar Two. As additional jurisdictions implement this legislation, our effective tax rate and cash tax payments could increase in future years.