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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 28, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | (12) Income Taxes Income tax expense consisted of the following (in thousands):
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 12,299 |  |  | $ | 12,483 |  |  | $ | 19,153 |
State |  |  | 3,293 |  |  |  | 2,871 |  |  |  | 4,046 |
|  |  | 15,592 |  |  |  | 15,354 |  |  |  | 23,199 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | 2,591 |  |  |  | 708 |  |  |  | 2,734 |
State |  |  | 480 |  |  |  | 920 |  |  |  | 28 |
|  |  | 3,071 |  |  |  | 1,628 |  |  |  | 2,762 |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 18,663 |  |  | $ | 16,982 |  |  | $ | 25,961 |
The following table provides a reconciliation between the statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate:
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Statutory federal income tax |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 35.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 2.5 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | (4.3 | ) |  |  | (1.1 | ) |  |  | (1.5 | )
R&D tax credits |  |  | (2.2 | ) |  |  | (2.0 | ) |  |  | (1.1 | )
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | (0.6 | )
Manufacturing deduction |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3.5 | )
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act effects |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3.9 | ) |  |  | (1.9 | )
Other |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | (0.4 | )
Effective income tax rate |  |  | 18.6 | % |  |  | 19.6 | % |  |  | 28.5 | %
We file income tax returns with the U.S. federal government and various state jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, we are subject to examination by federal and state taxing authorities. We are no longer subject to federal income tax examinations for years prior to 2016 or state income tax examinations prior to 2015. On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) was enacted. The TCJA reduced the statutory federal tax rate from 35% to 21% starting in 2018. In addition, there were various other tax law changes that impacted us. In connection with the reduction of the federal tax rate, we recognized a provisional tax benefit of $1.7 million for the year ended December 30, 2017. This provisional tax benefit was related to the re-measurement of U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities using a federal tax rate of 21%, which, under the TCJA, is expected to be in place when such deferred assets and liabilities reverse in future periods. During 2018, we updated our provisional tax benefit based on new information, including a tax planning analysis, and recorded an additional $2.9 million tax benefit. Deferred Income Taxes The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to deferred income taxes were as follows (in thousands):
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | $ | 8,342 |  |  | $ | 7,633 |
Operating lease liabilities(1) |  |  | 90,059 |  |  |  | — |
Deferred rent and lease incentives(1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,994 |
Warranty and returns liabilities |  |  | 7,215 |  |  |  | 6,857 |
Net operating loss carryforwards and credits |  |  | 1,987 |  |  |  | 2,324 |
Compensation and benefits |  |  | 4,698 |  |  |  | 3,699 |
Other |  |  | 3,953 |  |  |  | 3,406 |
Total gross deferred tax assets |  |  | 116,254 |  |  |  | 30,913 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (615 | ) |  |  | (615 | )
Total gross deferred tax assets after valuation allowance |  |  | 115,639 |  |  |  | 30,298 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment |  |  | 30,274 |  |  |  | 29,912 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets(1) |  |  | 82,340 |  |  |  | — |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 3,859 |  |  |  | 1,749 |
Other |  |  | 2,974 |  |  |  | 3,459 |
Total gross deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 119,447 |  |  |  | 35,120 |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (3,808 | ) |  | $ | (4,822 | )
(1) | See Note 1, Business and summary of Significant Accounting Policies, New Accounting Pronouncements, Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance, regarding the impact of our adoption of ASC Topic 842, Leases.
At December 28, 2019, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal purposes of $1 million, which will expire between 2025 and 2027, and for state income tax purposes of $1 million, which will expire between 2028 and 2034. We evaluate our deferred income taxes quarterly to determine if valuation allowances are required. As part of this evaluation, we assess whether valuation allowances should be established for any deferred tax assets that are not considered more likely than not to be realized, using all available evidence, both positive and negative. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency, and severity of historical losses, forecasts of future profitability, taxable income in available carryback periods and tax planning strategies. In making such judgments, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. We have provided a $0.6 million valuation allowance resulting primarily from our inability to utilize certain foreign net operating losses, and federal net operating losses associated with our 2015 acquisition of BAM Labs, Inc. Unrecognized Tax Benefits Reconciliations of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits were as follows (in thousands):
|  | Federal and State Tax |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 3,866 |  |  | $ | 2,839 |  |  | $ | 3,460 |
Increases related to current-year tax positions |  |  | 638 |  |  |  | 778 |  |  |  | 330 |
Increases related to prior-year tax positions |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 595 |  |  |  | 87 |
Decreases related to prior-year tax positions |  |  | (363 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,038 | )
Lapse of statute of limitations |  |  | (663 | ) |  |  | (333 | ) |  |  | — |
Settlements with taxing authorities |  |  | (275 | ) |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 3,337 |  |  | $ | 3,866 |  |  | $ | 2,839 |
As of December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018, we had $3 million and $4 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits, which if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits is not expected to change materially within the next 12 months.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680 + Details
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