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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The Company’s loss before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is comprised of the following (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 20242023
Domestic$(13,883)$(45,262)
Foreign203 289 
Loss before income taxes$(13,680)$(44,973)
The (benefit) provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is comprised of the following (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 20242023
Current:
Federal$— $— 
State598 20 
Foreign29 14 
Total current627 34 
Deferred:
Federal(43)9 
State105 — 
Foreign— — 
Total deferred62 9 
(Benefit) Provision for income taxes$689 $43 
The Company’s net deferred tax liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
 December 31,
 20242023
Deferred tax assets:
Accrued expenses$4,620 $1,185 
Provision for excess and obsolete inventory4,162 4,679 
Capitalized research and experimental expenditures11,216 8,629 
Convertible debt 608 3,526 
Depreciation and amortization2,063 1,725 
Interest expense limitation19,944 18,689 
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards97,347 108,690 
Share-based compensation1,533 3,065 
Operating lease liability985 819 
Other351 — 
Deferred tax assets142,829 151,007 
Valuation allowances(141,628)(149,529)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances1,201 1,478 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use asset(710)(1,085)
Acquired intangible assets(665)(505)
Deferred tax liabilities(1,375)(1,590)
Deferred tax liabilities, net$(174)$(112)
The Company recognizes federal, state and foreign current tax liabilities or assets based on its estimate of taxes payable to or refundable by tax authorities in the current fiscal year. The Company also recognizes federal, state and foreign deferred tax liabilities or assets based on the Company’s estimate of future tax effects attributable to temporary differences and carryforwards. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce any deferred tax assets by the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence and judgment, are not expected to be realized.
The Company assesses whether a valuation allowance should be recorded against its deferred tax assets based on the consideration of all available evidence, using a “more likely than not” realization standard. The four sources of taxable income that must be considered in determining whether deferred tax assets will be realized are: (1) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences (i.e., offset of gross deferred tax assets against gross deferred tax liabilities); (2) taxable income in prior
carryback years, if carryback is permitted under the applicable tax law; (3) tax planning strategies; and (4) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards.
At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had valuation allowances of $141.6 million and $149.5 million, respectively. The decrease of $7.9 million in 2024 was primarily related to the utilization of net operating losses due to the Company’s taxable income position. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the valuation allowance increased by $9.3 million, primarily related to its deferred tax assets created during the year for entities with historical losses and full valuation allowances. Based on the Company’s current position on valuation allowance, no net income tax benefits resulted in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations from the operating losses created during those years.
Beginning January 1, 2022, we are required to capitalize certain research and development expenditures in accordance with Section 174 of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, instead of expensing such expenditures, as previously allowed. Amortization of such capitalized expenditures are allowed over a 5-year period if incurred domestically or a 15-year period if incurred outside the United States.
The (benefit) provision for income taxes reconciles to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% in 2024 and 2023 to loss before income taxes as follows (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 20242023
Federal tax benefit, at statutory rate$(2,535)$(9,895)
State provision, net of federal benefit1,374 711 
Foreign tax rate difference(17)(36)
Foreign income inclusions6,177 — 
Valuation allowance against future tax benefits(8,515)9,296 
Research and development credits(1,204)(760)
Share-based compensation1,989 1,622 
Disallowance of loss on debt exchanges3,344 — 
Non-deductible officers compensation19 — 
True-up of prior year provisions26 (942)
Other31 47 
Provision for income taxes
$689 $43 
At December 31, 2024, the Company had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) related to tax years 2022 and prior of approximately $355.4 million. Approximately $107.2 million of these NOLs have no expiration date. The remainder will begin to expire in 2030, unless previously utilized. Some of these NOLs may be limited by either past or future changes in control events. The Company has California NOLs at December 31, 2024 of approximately $64.4 million, which begin to expire in 2031, unless previously utilized, and no foreign NOLs for its active foreign subsidiaries . At December 31, 2024, the Company had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards, net of unrecognized tax benefits, of approximately $11.4 million, which begin to expire in 2026, unless previously utilized, and California research and development tax credit carryforwards, net of unrecognized tax benefits, of approximately $11.4 million, which have no expiration date.
Pursuant to Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Sections 382 and 383, annual use of the Company’s net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards may be limited in the event a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% occurs within a rolling three-year period. An analysis was performed for the period through December 31, 2024 and did not identify any events of such cumulative change in ownership during the review period. The Company will continue monitoring any future changes in stock ownership.
It is the Company’s intention to reinvest undistributed earnings of its continuing foreign subsidiaries’ operations and thereby indefinitely postpone their remittance. Accordingly, no provision has been made for foreign withholding taxes on U.S. income taxes which may become payable if undistributed earnings of the foreign subsidiary were paid as dividends to the Company. The Company has recorded an income tax of $0.9 million representing estimated dividend withholding tax in connection with its plan to distribute funds from its discontinued Telematics operations in the first quarter of 2025.
The Company follows the accounting guidance related to financial statement recognition, measurement and disclosure of uncertain tax positions. The Company recognizes the impact of an uncertain income tax position on an income tax return at the
largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. No income tax benefit was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have interest expense related to uncertain tax positions or a liability for unrecognized tax benefits. The Company does not expect changes to its uncertain tax position in the next twelve months.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
Balance at December 31, 2022$42,915 
Increases related to current and prior year tax positions506 
Decreases from lapses of statute of limitations and prior year tax positions(30,782)
Balance at December 31, 202312,639 
Increases related to current and prior year tax positions719 
Balance at December 31, 2024$13,358 
There are no tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate that are included in the balances of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2024.
The Company and its subsidiaries file U.S., state and foreign income tax returns in jurisdictions with various statutes of limitations. The Company’s tax returns are subject to examination by federal, state and foreign taxing authorities. The Company’s federal and state tax returns are subject to examination for the years beginning in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Net operating loss carryforwards arising prior to these years are also open to examination, if and when utilized. The Company believes appropriate provisions for all outstanding issues have been made for all jurisdictions and all open years. However, because audit outcomes and the timing of audit settlements are subject to significant uncertainty, the Company’s current estimate of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits could increase or decrease for all open years.
On August 16, 2022, Congress passed, and the President signed into law, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), which includes certain business tax provisions. The IRA provides for excise taxes on corporate stock buy-backs and a minimum tax on corporate financial statement income in excess of $1.0 billion. These new provisions became effective January 1, 2023. The IRA had no material impact on the Company’s effective tax rate or income tax expense for the year ending December 31, 2024.