13. Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation under the provisions of ASC Topic 505-50 and ASC Topic 718 by using the fair value method for expensing stock options and stock awards.

Total share-based compensation expense was approximately $200,000, $203,000 and $251,000 for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The income tax impact recognized as a (charge) credit to additional paid in capital in the statement of shareholders’ equity related to share-based compensation arrangements was $0, $0 and ($8,000) for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Compensation expense related to share-based awards is recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses.

The Company has three share-based compensation plans, the 1998 Stock Option Plan (the “1998 Plan”), the 2003 Restricted Stock Plan (the “Restricted Plan”) and the 2009 Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2009 Plan”), each of which the shareholders approved. The 1998 Plan expired on November 13, 2008. The last awards under the Restricted Plan were made in 2010, and no further shares remain to be awarded under the Restricted Plan.

1998 Stock Option Plan

The 1998 Plan allowed the granting of incentive and nonqualified stock options to employees, officers, directors and independent contractors, and consultants. No stock options were granted to independent contractors or consultants under this plan. Incentive stock options granted under the 1998 Plan have exercise prices that are at least equal to the fair value of the common stock on grant date. Nonqualified stock options granted under the plan have exercise prices that are less than, equal to or greater than the fair value of the common stock on the date of grant. The Company reserved 3,389,000 shares of common stock for awards under the plan. On November 13, 2008, the 1998 Plan expired and no additional shares were granted under the 1998 Plan after that date.

Following is a summary of option activity under the 1998 Plan for fiscal years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and changes during the periods then ended:


		Weighted
		Average		Aggregate
		Exercise		Intrinsic
	Options	Price		Value
Outstanding at September 30, 2015	53,000	$	8.83	$	—
Granted	—		—		—
Exercised	—		—		—
Cancelled	(23,000)		12.17		—

Outstanding at September 30, 2016	30,000	$	6.27		—
Granted	—		—		—
Exercised	—		—		—
Cancelled	—		—		—

Outstanding at September 30, 2017	30,000	$	6.27	$	—
Granted	—		—		—
Exercised	—		—		—
Cancelled	(30,000)		6.27		—

Outstanding at September 30, 2018	—	$	—	$	—
Vested	—	$	—	$	—
Options exercisable at September 30, 2018	—	$	—	$	—

In fiscal 2018 and 2017 and 2016, no options were granted under the 1998 Plan. Therefore, there is no weighted-average grant date fair value and no intrinsic value attributable to individual options granted. No options were exercised during fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016.

The following table summarizes information about stock options under the 1998 Plan at September 30, 2018:


	Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
		Weighted-
		Average				Weighted-
		Remaining	Weighted-			Average
Range of Exercise	Outstanding	Contractual	Average		As of September	Exercise
Prices	As of September 30, 2018	Life	Exercise Price		30, 2018	Price
$ 5.01 - $ 10.00	—	—		—	—		—
	—	—	$	—	—	$	—

Fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Options are exercisable over a maximum term of ten years from date of grant and vest typically over periods of three to five years from the grant date. The expected term of options represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding and is based on historical experience. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock price. The risk free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasuries with maturities consistent with the expected life of the options in effect at the time of grant. Compensation expense for employee stock options includes an estimate for forfeitures, and is recognized ratably over the vesting term. Because no options were granted from the 1998 Plan in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the data for expected dividend, expected volatility, weighted average risk-free interest rate and expected lives is not applicable.

Total compensation expense associated with stock option awards to employees under the 1998 Plan was $0 for fiscal years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

At September 30, 2018, there is no unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock options under the 1998 Plan that is expected to be recognized during fiscal 2019.

2009 Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan

The 2009 Plan authorizes the grant of stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, options, RSUs and other equity-based awards (collectively referred to as “Awards”). Options granted under the 2009 Plan may be either “incentive stock options” as defined in section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or nonqualified stock options, as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”).

Subject to an adjustment necessary upon a stock dividend, recapitalization, forward split or reverse split, reorganization, merger, consolidation, spin-off, combination, repurchase or share exchange, extraordinary or unusual cash distribution, or other similar corporate transaction or event, the maximum number of shares of common stock available for Awards under the 2009 Plan shall be 1,200,000, all of which may be issued pursuant to Awards of incentive stock options. In addition, the Plan provides that no more than 300,000 shares of common stock per year may be awarded to any employee as a performance-based Award under Section 162(m) of the Code. At September 30, 2018 there were 208,128 shares of common stock available for awards under the plan.

If any Award is forfeited, or if any option terminates, expires or lapses without being exercised, the related shares of common stock subject to such Award will again be available for future grant. Any shares tendered by a participant in payment of the exercise price of an option or the tax liability with respect to an Award (including, in any case, shares withheld from any such Award) will not be available for future grant under the 2009 Plan. If there is any change in the Company’s corporate capitalization, the Compensation Committee must proportionately and equitably adjust the number and kind of shares of common stock which may be issued in connection with future Awards, the number and type of shares of common stock covered by Awards then outstanding under the 2009 Plan, the number and type of shares of common stock available under the 2009 Plan, the exercise or grant price of any Award, or if deemed appropriate, make provision for a cash payment with respect to any outstanding Award, provided that no adjustment may be made that would adversely affect the status of any Award that is intended to be a performance-based Award under Section 162(m) of the Code, unless otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee. In addition, the Compensation Committee may make adjustments in the terms and conditions of any Awards, including any performance goals, in recognition of unusual or nonrecurring events affecting the Company or any subsidiary, or in response to changes in applicable laws, regulations or accounting principles, provided that no adjustment may be made that would adversely affect the status of any Award that is intended to be a performance-based Award under Section 162(m) of the Code, unless otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee.

Following is a summary of option activity under the 2009 Plan for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, and changes during the periods then ended:


		Weighted
		Average		Aggregate
		Exercise		Intrinsic
	Options	Price		Value
Outstanding at September 30, 2015	592,168	$	3.35	$	—
Granted	67,115		2.81		25,504
Exercised	—		—		—
Cancelled	(33,000)		3.78		—

Outstanding at September 30, 2016	626,283	$	3.35	$	—
Granted	—		2.81		25,504
Exercised	(67,115)		—		55,705
Cancelled	(2,334)		3.78		—

Outstanding at September 30, 2017	556,834	$	3.32		177,043
Granted	—		—		—
Exercised	—		—		—
Cancelled	(6,000)		3.78		—

Outstanding at September 30, 2018	550,834	$	3.32	$	15,000
Vested and expected to vest	550,834	$	3.32	$	15,000
Options exercisable at September 30, 2018	550,834	$	3.32	$	15,000

The following table summarizes information about stock options under the 2009 Plan at September 30, 2018:

Options Outstanding

Options Exercisable

Outstanding

Weighted-

As of

Average

Weighted-

Range of Exercise

September 30,

Remaining

Average

As of September

Average

Prices

2018

Contractual Life

Exercise Price

30, 2018

Exercise Price

$ 0.00 - $ 5.00

550,834

3.8

3.32

550,834

3.32

Fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Options are exercisable over a maximum term of ten years from date of grant and vest typically over periods of three to five years from the grant date. The expected term of options represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding and is based on historical experience and the expected turnover rate of the employees receiving the options. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The risk free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasuries with maturities consistent with the expected life of the options in effect at the time of grant. Compensation expense for employee stock options includes an estimate for forfeitures and is recognized ratably over the vesting term.

The Company did not grant any options in fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, and therefore did not record any compensation expense related to the 2009 Plan during such periods.

Total compensation expense associated with stock option awards to employees under the 2009 Plan was $0, $0 and $68,000 for fiscal years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Total share-based compensation expense associated with the annual grant of stock awards to non-employee directors under the 2009 Plan was approximately $200,000, $203,000 and $178,000 for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

At September 30, 2018, no unrecognized compensation expense, net of forfeitures, related to non-vested stock options under the 2009 Plan, will be recognized.

Restricted Stock Units

During fiscal 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved grants of RSUs to the non-employee directors on the Board as compensation for their services during calendar year 2016. Under the terms of the awards, at the conclusion of the vesting period on January 2, 2017, the grants of RSUs were settled in shares of the Company’s common stock at a rate of one share of stock for each unit, provided that if a director resigns from the Board prior to January 1, 2017, such director shall only receive a pro rata portion of such award for time served. As of September 30, 2016, there were 67,115 unvested restricted stock units outstanding under the 2009 Plan, all of which were issued during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016. There were no such awards outstanding as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, and no such activity under the 2009 Plan during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.