Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Income TaxesThe provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):


	Years Ended December 31,
	2019		2018
Current:
Federal	$	—	$	—
State	5		27
Total current	5		27
Deferred:
Federal	10		10
State	10		21
Total deferred	20		31
Provision for income tax	$	25	$	58

The effective tax rate of our provision for income taxes differs from the federal statutory rate as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2019		2018
Federal statutory tax rate	(21.0)	%	(21.0)	%
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefits	(3.6)	%	(3.9)	%
Change in fair value of preferred stock liabilities	(0.5)	%	0.8	%
Change in valuation allowance	(36.1)	%	23.2	%
Limitation of net operating losses	59.8	%	—	%
Other	1.6	%	1.6	%
Effective tax rate	0.2	%	0.7	%

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are shown below. A valuation allowance has been established as realization of the Company’s deferred tax assets has not met the more likely-than-not threshold requirement. If the Company’s judgment changes and it is determined that the Company will be able to realize these deferred tax assets, the tax benefits relating to any reversal of the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets will be accounted for as a reduction to income tax expense (in thousands).


	December 31,
	2019		2018
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	15,287	$	18,937
Research and development tax credits	419		313
Accruals, reserves and other	590		1,394
Interest expense	744		691
Basis differences in fixed and intangible assets	225		230
Total gross deferred tax assets	17,265		21,565
Less: Valuation allowance	(16,797)		(21,138)
Deferred tax assets, net	468		427
Deferred tax liabilities:
Financing and acquisition-related liabilities	(336)		(338)
Indefinite lived assets	(396)		(334)
Deferred tax liabilities, net	(732)		(672)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(264)	$	(245)

Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, which related primarily to increases in net operating loss carryforwards, accrued revenue and accruals and reserves were as follows (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2019		2018
Valuation allowance at the beginning of the year	$	21,138	$	19,929
Decreases recorded as benefits to income tax provision	(4,341)		—
Increases recorded to income tax provision	—		1,209
Valuation allowance at the end of the year	$	16,797	$	21,138

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $60.7 million and $80.8 million, respectively. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of $43.5 million and $30.6 million, respectively. Approximately $43.5 million of the federal tax loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2022, unless previously utilized. The federal net operating loss carryforwards generated in after December 31, 2017 of $17.2 million will carryforward indefinitely and be available to offset up to 80% of future taxable income each year. The Company’s state tax loss carryforwards will expire in 2032, unless previously utilized.

At December 31, 2019, the Company's deferred tax assets are primarily comprised of federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards. The Company completed a formal study through the year ended December 31, 2019 and determined ownership changes within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code (IRC), Section 382 had occurred in 2003, 2008, 2012, 2017 and 2019. Based on the analysis, $61.8 million of the Company's tax attribute carryforwards through December 31, 2017 cannot be utilized under IRC Section 382. The Company's ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards generated after December 31, 2017 will not expire under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The Company adjusted tax attribute carry forwards and deferred tax assets accordingly. As the deferred tax assets associated with the tax attribute carry forwards were fully offset by a valuation allowance, a corresponding reduction in the Company's valuation allowance was also recorded, resulting in no income tax impact.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and in various state jurisdictions. The Company’s tax years for 2002 and forward are subject to examination by the U.S. and state tax authorities due to the carryforward of unutilized net operating losses and research and development credits.

The Company recognizes interest and / or penalties related to income tax matters in its provision for income taxes. The Company does not have any accruals for, and did not recognize any, interest or penalties in these financial statements in any period presented.

Uncertain Tax Positions

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits.

The Company does not believe that the balance of unrecognized tax benefits will materially change within the next twelve months.