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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 001-39049
EXAGEN INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  |  | 20-0434866
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
| 1261 Liberty Way |  |  |  |  |
| Vista, | California |  |  |  | 92081
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  |  | (Zip Code)

(760) | 560-1501
(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share |  | XGN |  | The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Act ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Total shares of common stock outstanding as of the close of business on May 7, 2021 was 16,928,278.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
Part I. | Financial Information |
Item 1. | Condensed Financial Statements (unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 | 1
| Condensed Statements of Operations for the Three Months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 | 2
| Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Three Months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 | 3
| Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 | 4
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Financial Statements | 5
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 19
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 30
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 30
Part II. | Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 31
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 32
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 34
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 34
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 34
Item 5. | Other Information | 34
Item 6. | Exhibits | 35
| Signatures | 36

Part I. Financial Information
Item 1. Condensed Financial Statements
Exagen Inc.
Condensed Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share data)

|  |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  |
|  |  |  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  | $ | 118,050 |  |  | $ | 57,448 |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  |  | 8,221 |  |  | 8,910 |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  |  | 3,098 |  |  | 4,159 |  |  |
Total current assets |  |  |  | 129,369 |  |  | 70,517 |  |  |
Property and equipment, net |  |  |  | 2,378 |  |  | 2,102 |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  |  | 5,506 |  |  | 5,506 |  |  |
Other assets |  |  |  | 269 |  |  | 250 |  |  |
Total assets |  |  |  | $ | 137,522 |  |  | $ | 78,375 |  |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  |  | $ | 2,170 |  |  | $ | 3,014 |  |  |
Accrued and other current liabilities |  |  |  | 5,714 |  |  | 5,757 |  |  |
Total current liabilities |  |  |  | 7,884 |  |  | 8,771 |  |  |
Borrowings-non-current portion, net of discounts and debt issuance costs |  |  |  | 26,864 |  |  | 26,659 |  |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  | 158 |  |  | 158 |  |  |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  |  | 1,146 |  |  | 948 |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  |  | 36,052 |  |  | 36,536 |  |  |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020; 16,925,680 and 12,652,308 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | 13 |  |  |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  | 288,951 |  |  | 223,115 |  |  |
Accumulated deficit |  |  |  | (187,498) |  |  | (181,289) |  |  |
Total stockholders' equity |  |  |  | 101,470 |  |  | 41,839 |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |  | $ | 137,522 |  |  | $ | 78,375 |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements
1

Exagen Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except share and per share data)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 10,587 |  |  | $ | 9,584 |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs of revenue |  | 4,711 |  |  | 4,545 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 10,040 |  |  | 9,626 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development expenses |  | 1,403 |  |  | 634 |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  | 16,154 |  |  | 14,805 |  |  |  |  |
Loss from operations |  | (5,567) |  |  | (5,221) |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (645) |  |  | (631) |  |  |  |  |
Other income, net |  | 3 |  |  | 171 |  |  |  |  |
Loss before income taxes |  | (6,209) |  |  | (5,681) |  |  |  |  |
Income tax benefit |  | — |  |  | 118 |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (6,209) |  |  | $ | (5,563) |  |  |  |  |
Net loss per share, basic and diluted (Note 2) |  | $ | (0.48) |  |  | $ | (0.44) |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average number of shares used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted (Note 2) |  | 12,943,237 |  |  | 12,595,715 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements
2

Exagen Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity
(in thousands, except share data)

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |
Balances at December 31, 2020 |  | 12,652,308 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 223,115 |  |  | $ | (181,289) |  |  | $ | 41,839 |
Issuance of stock in public offering, net of issuance costs of $4,435 |  | 4,255,000 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 64,705 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,709 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 3,381 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |
Issuance of stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  | 14,991 |  |  | — |  |  | 175 |  |  | — |  |  | 175 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 912 |  |  | — |  |  | 912 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,209) |  |  | (6,209) |
Balances at March 31, 2021 |  | 16,925,680 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 288,951 |  |  | $ | (187,498) |  |  | $ | 101,470 |

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |
Balances at December 31, 2019 |  | 12,560,990 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 220,248 |  |  | $ | (164,602) |  |  | $ | 55,659 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 43,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 431 |  |  | — |  |  | 431 |
Net exercise of common stock warrants |  | 22,366 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,563) |  |  | (5,563) |
Balances at March 31, 2020 |  | 12,627,056 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 220,689 |  |  | $ | (170,165) |  |  | $ | 50,537 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements
3

Exagen Inc.
Unaudited Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (6,209) |  |  | $ | (5,563) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  | 187 |  |  | 126 |
Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  | 73 |  |  | 65 |
Non-cash interest expense |  |  |  |  |  | 132 |  |  | 131 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (117) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | 912 |  |  | 431 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  |  |  |  | 689 |  |  | (128) |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  |  |  |  | 1,061 |  |  | 367 |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  | (48) |  |  | (14) |
Accounts payable |  |  |  |  |  | (792) |  |  | 1,054 |
Accrued and other current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | (317) |  |  | 347 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  |  |  |  | (4,312) |  |  | (3,301) |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  |  |  |  | (167) |  |  | (84) |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  |  |  |  | (167) |  |  | (84) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  | 44 |  |  | 10 |
Proceeds from common stock issued under Employee Stock Purchase Pan |  |  |  |  |  | 175 |  |  | — |
Principal payment on capital lease obligations |  |  |  |  |  | (96) |  |  | (61) |
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock in public offering, gross |  |  |  |  |  | 69,144 |  |  | — |
Payment of issuance costs related to public offering |  |  |  |  |  | (4,186) |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  |  |  |  | 65,081 |  |  | (51) |
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |  |  |  | 60,602 |  |  | (3,436) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period |  |  |  |  |  | 57,548 |  |  | 72,184 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 118,150 |  |  | $ | 68,748 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest expense |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 439 |  |  | $ | 432 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equipment purchased under capital lease obligations |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 384 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Costs incurred, but not paid, in connection with capital expenditures |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Issuance costs included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred offering costs reclassified to equity |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements
4

Exagen Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Interim Condensed Financial Statements
Note 1. Organization
Description of Business
Exagen Inc. (the Company) is dedicated to transforming the care continuum for patients suffering from debilitating and chronic autoimmune diseases by enabling timely differential diagnosis and optimizing therapeutic intervention.
Liquidity
The Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since inception. The Company anticipates that it will continue to incur net losses into the foreseeable future. At March 31, 2021, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $118.1 million and had an accumulated deficit of $187.5 million. Since inception, the Company has financed its operations primarily through a combination of equity financings of common stock and private placements of preferred securities, debt financing arrangements, and revenue from sales of the Company's products. Based on the Company's current business plan, management believes that its existing capital resources will be sufficient to fund the Company's obligations for at least twelve months following the issuance of these condensed financial statements.
To execute its business plans, the Company may need additional funding to support its continuing operations and pursue its growth strategy. Until such time as the Company can achieve significant cash flows from operations, if ever, it expects to finance its operations through the sale of its stock, debt financings or other strategic transactions. Although the Company has been successful in raising capital in the past, there is no assurance that it will be successful in obtaining such additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of the Company's stockholders. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of its programs, product portfolio expansion plans or commercialization efforts, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition and the Company's ability to achieve its intended business objectives.
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates
The accompanying interim condensed balance sheet as of March 31, 2021, the condensed statements of operations and the condensed statements of stockholders' equity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 and the related footnote disclosure are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) applicable to interim financial statements. In management's opinion, the unaudited interim condensed financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and include all normal adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company's financial position as of March 31, 2021 and its results of operations for the three month periods presented. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year or any other interim period. The year-end condensed balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These unaudited condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020, included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 16, 2021.
The preparation of the accompanying condensed financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.
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Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying condensed financial statements include, but are not limited to revenue recognition, the fair value of financial instruments measured at fair value, the recoverability of its long-lived assets (including goodwill) and net deferred tax assets (and related valuation allowance). The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.
Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risk and Uncertainties
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. Substantially all the Company's cash and cash equivalents are held at one financial institution that management believes is of high credit quality. Such deposits may, at times, exceed federally insured limits.
Significant payors and customers are those which represent more than 10% of the Company's total revenue or accounts receivable balance at each respective balance sheet date. For each significant payor and customer, revenue as a percentage of total revenue and accounts receivable as a percentage of total accounts receivable are as follows:

|  | Revenue
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Medicare |  | 18 | % |  | 25 | % |  |  |  |
Blue Shield |  | 12 | % |  | 12 | % |  |  |  |
Medicare Advantage |  | 12 | % |  | 13 | % |  |  |  |
United Healthcare |  | * |  | 10 | % |  |  |  |

* |  | Less than 10%.

|  |  |  | Accounts Receivable
|  |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Janssen (SIMPONI®) |  |  |  | 25 | % |  | 35 | %
Blue Shield |  |  |  | 13 | % |  | 11 | %

* |  | Less than 10%.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, approximately 81%, and 83%, respectively, of the Company's revenue was related to the AVISE® CTD test.
The Company is dependent on key suppliers for certain laboratory materials. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, approximately 98% and 96%, respectively, of the Company's diagnostic testing supplies were purchased from two suppliers. An interruption in the supply of these materials would impact the Company's ability to perform testing services.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following table includes the Company's revenues as disaggregated by payor and customer category (in thousands):
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|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Healthcare insurers |  | $ | 6,027 |  |  | $ | 6,062 |  |  |  |  |
Government |  | 2,009 |  |  | 2,245 |  |  |  |  |
Client(1) |  | 1,965 |  |  | 1,082 |  |  |  |  |
Other(2) |  | 286 |  |  | 195 |  |  |  |  |
Janssen (SIMPONI®) |  | 300 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total revenue |  | $ | 10,587 |  |  | $ | 9,584 |  |  |  |  |

(1)Includes hospitals, other laboratories, etc.
(2)Includes patient self-pay that is immaterial.
Fair Value Measurements
The carrying value of the Company's cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. Based on the borrowing rates currently available to the Company for debt with similar terms and consideration of default and credit risk, the carrying value of the Company's long-term borrowings approximates its fair value, which is considered a Level 2 input.
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.
The fair value hierarchy defines a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level I that are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity for the related assets or liabilities.
The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The Company considers all highly-liquid investments purchased with a remaining maturity date upon acquisition of three months or less to be cash equivalents and are stated at cost, which approximates fair value.
In 2016, the Company entered into an arrangement with a financial institution with which it has an existing banking relationship whereby in exchange for the issuance of corporate credit cards, the Company agreed to obtain a $0.1 million certificate of deposit with this financial institution as collateral for the balances borrowed on these credit cards. The Company has classified the value of this certificate of deposit (including all interest earned thereon) within other assets in the accompanying balance sheets. The Company has the right to terminate the credit card program at any time. Upon termination of the credit card program and repayment of all outstanding balances owed, the Company may redeem the certificate of deposit (and all interest earned thereon).
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash presented in the accompanying condensed statements of cash flows consist of the following (in thousands):
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|  |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  | $ | 118,050 |  |  | $ | 57,448 |
Restricted cash |  |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |
|  |  |  | $ | 118,150 |  |  | $ | 57,548 |

Revenue Recognition
Substantially all of the Company's revenue has been derived from sales of its testing products and is primarily comprised of a high volume of relatively low-dollar transactions. The Company primarily markets its testing products to rheumatologists and their physician assistants in the United States. The healthcare professionals who order the Company's testing products and to whom test results are reported are generally not responsible for payment for these products. The parties that pay for these services (the Payors) consist of healthcare insurers, government payors (primarily Medicare and Medicaid), client payors (i.e., hospitals, other laboratories, etc.), and patient self-pay. The Company's service is a single performance obligation that is completed upon the delivery of test results to the prescribing physician which triggers revenue recognition.
Payors are billed at the Company's list price. Net revenues recognized consist of amounts billed net of allowances for differences between amounts billed and the estimated consideration the Company expects to receive from such payors. The process for estimating revenues and the ultimate collection of accounts receivable involves significant judgment and estimation. The Company follows a standard process, which considers historical denial and collection experience, insurance reimbursement policies and other factors, to estimate allowances and implicit price concessions, recording adjustments in the current period as changes in estimates occur. Further adjustments to the allowances, based on actual receipts, is recorded upon settlement. The transaction price is estimated using an expected value method on a portfolio basis. The Company's portfolios are grouped per payor (i.e. each individual third-party insurance, Medicare, client payors, patient self-pay, etc.) and per test basis.
Collection of the Company's net revenues from payors is normally a function of providing complete and correct billing information to the healthcare insurers and generally occurs within 30 to 90 days of billing. Contracts do not contain significant financing components based on the typical period of time between performance of services and collection of consideration.
Janssen Promotion Agreement
In December 2018, the Company entered into a co-promotion agreement (the Janssen Agreement) with Janssen Biotech, Inc. (Janssen) to co-promote SIMPONI® in the United States. The Company is responsible for the costs associated with its sales force over the course of such co-promotion. Janssen is responsible for all other aspects of the commercialization of SIMPONI® under the Janssen Agreement. In exchange for the Company's sales and co-promotional services, the Company is entitled to a quarterly tiered promotion fee based on the incremental increase in total prescribed units of SIMPONI® for that quarter over a predetermined baseline. For quarter ended March 31, 2020, the tiered promotion fee ranged from $750 to $1,250 per prescription over a predetermined baseline. Due in part to COVID-19, in June 2020, the Janssen Agreement was amended (June Amended Janssen Agreement) to adjust the predetermined average baseline for the third and fourth quarters of 2020, and for each of the third and fourth quarters of 2020, the Company received a minimum promotion fee of $0.3 million and the fee was capped at 5% above the adjusted predetermined baseline. In December 2020, the Janssen Agreement was further amended. The Janssen Agreement, as amended in June 2020 and December 2020 is collectively referred to as the Amended Janssen Agreement. In accordance with the Amended Janssen Agreement, the predetermined average baseline for prescribed units for the quarters ending December 31, 2020, March 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021, was adjusted to approximately 28,750 prescribed units per quarter, subject to adjustment under certain circumstances. For the first and second quarter of 2021, the Company will be entitled to an amended tiered promotion fee ranging from $500 to $1,000 per prescription based on the incremental increase in total prescribed units. Pursuant to the Amended Janssen Agreement, for the first and second quarters of 2021, the Company will receive a minimum promotion fee of $0.3 million and the fee will be capped at 10% above the adjusted predetermined baseline. The quarterly tiered promotion fee for the remaining term of the Janssen Promotion Agreement beginning on July 1, 2021 will revert to the terms set forth in the Janssen Agreement prior to amendment, with no minimum promotion fee and no cap on predetermined baseline units. In addition, during the term of the Janssen Agreement, the Company is restricted
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from promoting any other biologic or Janus kinase inhibitor, or JAK inhibitor, used for treatment of indications covered by the agreement without first obtaining Janssen's written consent.
The Janssen Agreement expires on December 31, 2021, unless extended by the Company for an additional 12 months upon 180 days written notice prior to the end of the current term. If the Company elects to extend the term, the predetermined baseline for 2022 will be subject to future agreement by the Company and Janssen. Janssen may terminate the Amended Janssen Agreement at any time for any reason upon 30 days' notice to the Company, and the Company may terminate the Amended Janssen Agreement for any reason at the end of any calendar quarter upon 30 days' notice to Janssen. Either party may terminate the Amended Janssen Agreement in the event of the other party's default of any of its material obligations under the agreement if such default remains uncured for a specified period of time following receipt of written notice of such default.
The Company's obligations relating to sales and co-promotion services for SIMPONI® is a series of single performance obligations since Janssen simultaneously receives and consumes benefits provided by the Company's sales and co-promotional services. The method for measuring progress towards satisfying the performance obligations is based on prescribed units in excess of the contractual baseline at the contractual rate earned per unit since the agreement is cancelable. The Company recognized co-promotion revenue of approximately $0.3 million and no co-promotion revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The related expenses for marketing SIMPONI® are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and are expensed as incurred.
Research and Development
Costs associated with research and development activities are expensed as incurred and include, but are not limited to, personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation expense, materials, laboratory supplies, consulting costs, costs associated with setting up and conducting clinical studies and allocated overhead including rent and utilities.
Advertising and Marketing Costs
Costs associated with advertising and marketing activities are expensed as incurred. Total advertising and marketing costs were approximately $0.3 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying condensed statements of operations.
Shipping and Handling Costs
Costs incurred for shipping and handling are included in costs of revenue in the accompanying condensed statements of operations and totaled approximately $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards to employees and directors based on the grant-date estimated fair values over the requisite service period of the awards (usually the vesting period) on a straight-line basis. The fair value of stock options and purchases under the employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) rights is determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) option pricing model, which requires management to make certain assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. Equity award forfeitures are recorded as they occur.
The BSM option pricing model incorporates various estimates, including the fair value of the Company's common stock, expected volatility, expected term and risk-free interest rates. The weighted-average expected term of options was calculated using the simplified method. The risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant. The dividend yield was zero, as the Company has never declared or paid dividends and has no plans to do so in the foreseeable future.
The fair value of each restricted stock unit is determined on the grant date using the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date and generally vest annually from the grant date in four equal installments subject to the holder's continued service with the Company. The Company issues new shares to satisfy RSUs upon vesting.
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During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company awarded 185,000 RSUs to certain employees, all of which are outstanding and unvested as of March 31, 2021.
The fair value of the Company's common stock is determined by using the closing price of its common stock on the corresponding date.
Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss is defined as a change in equity of a business enterprise during a period, resulting from transactions from nonowner sources. There have been no items qualifying as other comprehensive loss and, therefore, for all periods presented, the Company's comprehensive loss was the same as its reported net loss.
Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock and if-converted methods. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents are comprised of warrants for the purchase of common stock, options and restricted stock units outstanding under the Company's 2019 Incentive Award Plan and shares of the Company's common stock pursuant to Employee Stock Purchase Plan. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, there is no difference in the number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted shares outstanding as the inclusion of the potentially dilutive securities would be antidilutive.
Potentially dilutive securities not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because to do so would be anti-dilutive are as follows (in common stock equivalent shares):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Warrants to purchase common stock |  | 426,827 |  |  | 436,581 |  |  |  |  |
Common stock options |  | 2,041,580 |  |  | 1,630,014 |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock units |  | 185,000 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Employee stock purchase plan |  | 2,869 |  |  | 2,021 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | 2,656,276 |  |  | 2,068,616 |  |  |  |  |

Segment Reporting
Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company views its operations as, and manages its business in, one operating segment.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (JOBS Act), the Company meets the definition of an emerging growth company. The Company has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations upon adoption.
In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The new topic supersedes Topic 840, Leases, and increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and requires disclosures of key information about
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leasing arrangements. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, which provides narrow amendments to clarify how to apply certain aspects of the new lease standard, and ASU 2018-11, Leases: Targeted Improvements, which was issued to provide relief to companies from restating comparative periods. Pursuant to this ASU, in the period of adoption the Company will not restate comparative periods presented in its condensed financial statements. The effective date of this guidance for public companies is for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. In June 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-05, which delays the adoption of ASU 2016-02 for non-public entities to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2022. As an emerging growth company as defined in the JOBS Act, the Company has elected to delay adoption of this ASU until January 1, 2022. Topic 842 mandates a modified retrospective transition method. The Company intends to adopt the new lease standard using a cumulative effect to accumulated deficit and will elect the package of practical expedients, which among other things will allow the Company to carry forward its historical lease classification. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of Topic 842 on its condensed financial statements.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The new guidance removes certain exceptions to the general principles of ASC 740 in order to simplify the complexities of its application. These changes include eliminations to the exceptions for intraperiod tax allocation, recognizing deferred tax liabilities related to outside basis differences, and year-to-date losses in interim periods, among others. The effective date of this guidance for public companies is for fiscal years, and interim period within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2021, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its condensed financial statements.
Note 3. Other Financial Information
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |
Diagnostic testing supplies |  | $ | 921 |  |  | $ | 1,203 |  |
Prepaid product royalties |  | 65 |  |  | 68 |  |
Prepaid maintenance and insurance contracts |  | 1,892 |  |  | 2,229 |  |
Other prepaid and other current assets |  | 220 |  |  | 659 |  |
Prepaid and other current assets |  | $ | 3,098 |  |  | $ | 4,159 |  |

Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |
Furniture and fixtures |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |
Laboratory equipment |  | 3,148 |  |  | 2,679 |  |
Computer equipment and software |  | 1,079 |  |  | 927 |  |
Leasehold improvements |  | 1,073 |  |  | 1,072 |  |
Construction in progress |  | 142 |  |  | 301 |  |
Total property and equipment |  | 5,506 |  |  | 5,043 |  |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (3,128) |  |  | (2,941) |  |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 2,378 |  |  | $ | 2,102 |  |

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Depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the gross book value of assets under capital lease was $1.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively, and is classified in "Laboratory equipment" in the table above.
Accrued and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued and other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |
Accrued payroll and related expenses |  | $ | 3,318 |  |  | $ | 3,589 |  |
Accrued interest |  | 148 |  |  | 147 |  |
Accrued purchases of goods and services |  | 493 |  |  | 311 |  |
Accrued royalties |  | 188 |  |  | 221 |  |
Accrued clinical study activity |  | 286 |  |  | 228 |  |
Capital lease obligations, current portion |  | 394 |  |  | 308 |  |
Other accrued liabilities |  | 887 |  |  | 953 |  |
Accrued and other current liabilities |  | $ | 5,714 |  |  | $ | 5,757 |  |

Note 4. Borrowings
2017 Term Loan
In September 2017, the Company executed a term loan agreement (the 2017 Term Loan) with Innovatus Life Sciences Lending Fund I, LP (Innovatus) and borrowed $20.0 million, $17.8 million of which was immediately used to repay the Company's existing loan with Capital Royalty Partners II L.P. and its affiliates. On December 7, 2018, the Company borrowed an additional $5.0 million under the 2017 Term Loan. At March 31, 2021, no additional amounts remain available to borrow under the 2017 Term Loan.
In November 2019, the Company executed the First Amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement (the 2017 Loan Amendment). The interest rate on all borrowings under the Loan Amendment is 8.5%, of which 2.0% is paid in-kind in the form of additional term loans (PIK Loans) until December of 2022, after which interest accrues at an annual rate of 8.5%. The Company has estimated the effective interest rate of this loan to be approximately 10%. Accrued interest is due and payable monthly, unless the Company elects to pay paid-in-kind interest. The outstanding principal and accrued interest on the Loan Amendment will be repaid in twenty-four equal monthly installments commencing in December 2022. Upon repayment of the final installment under the Loan Amendment, the Company is required to pay an additional fee of $1.0 million. This obligation is being accreted into interest expense over the term of Loan Amendment using the effective interest method. For each of the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company issued PIK Loans totaling $0.1 million.
The Loan Amendment requires a prepayment premium of 3% of the aggregate outstanding principal. The prepayment premium decreases by 1% during each subsequent twelve-month period after November 19, 2020.
The Loan Amendment is collateralized by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the Company's assets, including intellectual property. The affirmative covenants of the Loan Amendment require that the Company timely file taxes, maintain good standing and government compliance, maintain liability and other insurance, provide prompt notification of significant corporate events, and furnish audited financial statements within 150 days of fiscal year end without qualification as to the scope of the audit or as to going concern and without any other similar qualification.
The affirmative covenants require that the Company achieve a specified level of revenue, as measured quarterly on a rolling twelve-month basis. The consequences of failing to achieve the performance covenant may be cured if, within sixty days of failing to achieve the performance covenant, the Company issues additional equity securities or
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subordinated debt with net proceeds sufficient to fund any cash flow deficiency generated from operations, as defined. The Loan Amendment requires that the Company maintain certain levels of minimum liquidity and maintains an unrestricted cash balance of $2.0 million.
The negative covenants provide, among other things, that without the prior consent of Innovatus subject to certain exceptions, the Company may not dispose of certain assets, engage in certain business combinations or acquisitions, incur additional indebtedness or encumber any of the Company's property, pay dividends on the Company's capital stock or make prohibited investments. The Loan Amendment agreement provides that an event of default will occur if, among other triggers, (i) the Company defaults in the payment of any amount payable under the agreement when due, (ii) there occurs any circumstance(s) that could reasonably be expected to result in a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operations or condition, or on the Company's ability to perform its obligations under the agreement, (iii) the Company becomes insolvent, (iv) the Company undergoes a change in control or (v) the Company breaches any negative covenants or certain affirmative covenants in the agreement or, subject to a cure period, otherwise neglects to perform or observe any material item in the agreement.
At March 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all covenants of the Loan Amendment.
Upon an event of default in any of the Loan Amendment covenants, the repayment of the Loan Amendment may be accelerated, and the applicable interest rate will be increased by 4.0% until the default is cured. Although repayment of the Loan Amendment can be accelerated under certain circumstances, the Company believes acceleration of this loan is not probable as of the date of these condensed financial statements. Accordingly, the Company has reflected the amounts of the Loan Amendment due beyond twelve months of the balance sheet date as non-current.
Future Minimum Payments on the Outstanding Borrowings
As of March 31, 2021, future minimum aggregate payments, including interest, for outstanding borrowings under the Loan Amendment are as follows (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2021
2021 (remaining) |  | $ | 1,326 |
2022 |  | 2,996 |
2023 |  | 15,619 |
2024 |  | 14,280 |
2025 |  | — |
Total |  | 34,221 |
Less: |  |
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs |  | (273) |
Interest |  | (7,084) |
Total borrowings, net of discounts and debt issuance costs |  | $ | 26,864 |

Note 5. Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
As of March 31, 2021, the Company leases office and laboratory space in Vista, California, under leases that expire in January 2026, with an option to extend a portion of the lease for an additional 5-year period. In addition, the Company also leases additional office space in Vista, California, under a lease that expires in January 2026 with an option to extend the lease for an additional 5-year period. The Company's lease payments under each of these leases are subject to escalation clauses.
For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, rent expense was $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively.
Acquisition-related liabilities
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In connection with the acquisition of the medical diagnostics division of Cypress Bioscience, Inc. in 2010, the Company was required to pay certain amounts in the event that certain revenue milestones were achieved and upon the first commercial sale of a product associated with this acquisition. The acquisition also included amounts that may be due under several licensing agreements. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the remaining milestone obligation is for an additional $2.0 million payment due to Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. (Prometheus) for which the fair value was determined to be zero at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
In addition, the Company has ongoing royalty payment obligations on net sales of products which incorporate certain acquired technologies of 2.5%. Future royalties payable under these arrangements are limited to the lesser of an aggregate of $1.2 million (including an upfront payment of $100,000) or the total royalties earned through January 1, 2024.
Licensing Agreements
The Company has licensed technology for use in its diagnostic tests. In addition to the milestone payments required by these agreements as described above, individual license agreements generally provide for ongoing royalty payments on net sales of products which incorporate licensed technology, as defined, ranging from 2.0% to 3.0%. Royalties are accrued when earned and recorded in costs of revenue in the accompanying condensed statement of operations.
Subsequent to the first quarter of 2021, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, or AHN, to obtain an exclusive license to AHN's patent rights in certain inventions, or the AGN Patent Rights, in May 2021, pursuant to which the Company is required to pay AHN an initial license fee of $0.4 million.
Supply Agreement
In September 2020, the Company entered into an amended supply agreement with one supplier for reagents which includes minimum annual purchase commitments of $4.1 million and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively, with a 15% annual increase thereafter through the year ended December 31, 2025.
Collaboration Obligations
Subsequent to the first quarter 2021, the Company entered into a master research collaboration agreement with AHN in May 2021, pursuant to which the Company is required to pay AGN a collaboration fee of $0.4 million for each year during the initial term of the agreement.
Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications; including subpoenas and other civil investigative demands, from governmental agencies, Medicare or Medicaid payors and managed care organizations reviewing billing practices or requesting comment on allegations of billing irregularities that are brought to their attention through billing audits or third parties. The Company's exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but have not yet been made or of which of the Company believes to be immaterial. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.
Litigation
From time to time, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business activities.
Note 6. Fair Value Measurements
The following table sets forth the Company's financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):
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|  | March 31, 2021
|  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds, included in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 107,983 |  |  | $ | 107,983 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  | December 31, 2020
|  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds, included in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 34,507 |  |  | $ | 34,507 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

The fair value of the Company's money market funds is based on quoted market prices.
Note 7. Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock
On November 10, 2020, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (the Shelf Registration Statement), covering the offering, from time to time, of up to $150.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units, which Shelf Registration Statement became effective on November 19, 2020.
On March 25, 2021, the Company completed a public offering of 4,255,000 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $16.25 per share. Net proceeds from the offering were approximately $64.7 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses of $4.4 million. The shares were registered pursuant to the Company's Shelf Registration Statement discussed above.
Outstanding Warrants
The following equity classified warrants to purchase common stock were outstanding as of March 31, 2021:

| Shares |  | Exercise Price |  | Issuance date |  | Expiration date
Common stock warrants | 252,798 |  | $ | 1.84 |  |  | January 19, 2016 |  | January 19, 2026
Common stock warrants | 69,176 |  | 1.84 |  | March 31, 2016 |  | March 31, 2026
Common stock warrants | 131 |  | 1.84 |  | April 1, 2016 |  | April 1, 2026
Common stock warrants | 83,778 |  | 14.32 |  | September 7, 2017 |  | September 7, 2024
Common stock warrants | 20,944 |  | 14.32 |  | December 7, 2018 |  | December 7, 2025
| 426,827 |  |  |  |  |  |

Note 8. Stock Option Plan
2019 Incentive Award Plan
In September 2019, the Company's Board of Directors adopted, and the Company's stockholders approved, the 2019 Incentive Award Plan (the 2019 Plan). Under the 2019 Plan, which expires in September 2029, the Company may grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other awards to individuals who are then employees, officers, non-employee directors or consultants of the Company or its subsidiaries. The options generally expire ten years after the date of grant and are exercisable to the extent vested. Vesting is established by the Board of Directors and is generally four years from the date of grant. As of March 31, 2021, 1,391,215 shares remained available for future awards.
2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
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In September 2019, the Board of Directors adopted, and the Company's stockholders approved, the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the ESPP). The ESPP became effective on the day the ESPP was adopted by the Company's Board of Directors. The ESPP permits participants to purchase common stock through payroll deductions of up to 20% of their eligible compensation. As of March 31, 2021, 345,493 shares remained available for issuance under the ESPP.
Stock Options
Stock option activity under the Company's 2019 Plan is set forth below:

|  | Number of Options |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, December 31, 2020 |  | 1,975,761 |  |  | $ | 11.81 |  |  | 8.71 |  | $ | 6,750 |
Granted |  | 88,750 |  |  | $ | 18.20 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (3,381) |  |  | $ | 12.94 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (17,197) |  |  | $ | 12.16 |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  | (2,353) |  |  | $ | 29.08 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2021 |  | 2,041,580 |  |  | $ | 12.06 |  |  | 8.54 |  | $ | 13,247 |
Vested and expected to vest, March 31, 2021 |  | 2,041,580 |  |  | $ | 12.06 |  |  | 8.54 |  | $ | 13,247 |
Options exercisable, March 31, 2021 |  | 665,878 |  |  | $ | 9.52 |  |  | 8.06 |  | $ | 6,013 |

The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the fair value of the Company's common stock and the exercise price of the stock options. As of March 31, 2021, total unrecognized compensation cost related to option awards was $8.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average vesting period of 2.6 years.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock unit activity under the Company's 2019 Plan is set forth below:

|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, December 31, 2020 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Awards granted |  | 185,000 |  |  | $ | 18.20 |  |  |
Awards released |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Awards canceled |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2021 |  | 185,000 |  |  | $ | 18.20 |  |  | $ | 3,238 |

During the quarter ended March 31, 2021, the Company awarded 185,000 RSUs at a weighted-average grant date fair value per share of $18.20 to certain employees, all of which are outstanding and unvested as of March 31, 2021. As of March 31, 2021, total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units was $3.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average vesting period of 3.9 years.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Stock Options
The fair value of employee stock options was estimated using the following assumptions to determine the fair value of stock options granted:
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|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Expected volatility |  | 84% |  | 47%-50% |  |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate |  | 0.8% |  | 0.6%-1.7% |  |  |  |
Dividend yield |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |
Expected term (in years) |  | 6.08 |  | 6.08 |  |  |  |

Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The following assumptions were used to calculate the stock-based compensation for each stock purchase right granted under the ESPP:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Expected volatility |  | 60% |  | 58% |  |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate |  | 0.1% |  | 1.1% |  |  |  |
Dividend yield |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |
Expected term (in years) |  | 0.50 |  | 0.50 |  |  |  |

Stock-based compensation expense for the ESPP was immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. As of March 31, 2021, total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock purchase rights granted under the ESPP $0.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average vesting period of 0.4 years.
Total non-cash stock-based compensation expense recorded related to options granted, restricted stock units granted and stock purchase rights granted under the ESPP in the condensed statement of operations is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 791 |  |  | 422 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 110 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 431 |  |  |  |  |

Note 9. COVID-19
During 2020, due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the Company experienced a reduction in patient test volumes, delays in patient enrollment in ongoing and planned clinical studies, and delays in the procurement of its testing supplies. In response to the pandemic, the Company has curtailed non-essential employee travel, equipped employees with the ability to work remotely with the exception of clinical laboratory employees, and reduced marketing spend and employee headcount. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will directly or indirectly continue to impact the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain, including as a result of new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain it or treat COVID-19, as well as the economic impact on local, regional and international markets.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permits NOL carryovers and carrybacks to offset 100% of taxable income for taxable years beginning before 2021. The CARES Act did not have a material impact on the Company's effective tax rate or income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), NOLs generated post TCJA were allowed to be carried forward indefinitely but were only allowed to offset 80% of taxable income. As a result of the CARES Act and the change to permit NOLs generated in taxable years 2018, 2019 and 2020 to offset 100% of taxable income, the Company released valuation allowance
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against its deferred tax assets in the amount of $0.1 million. The release of valuation allowance resulted in a discrete tax benefit of $0.1 million in the first quarter of 2020.
On December 27, 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 was signed into law. It provides additional COVID-19 focused relief and extends certain provisions of the CARES Act. At this time, the Company does not believe that the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 has a material impact on its financial statements.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the unaudited condensed financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2020 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as amended.
Forward Looking Statements
The following discussion and other parts of this quarterly report contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this quarterly report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, current and future product offerings, reimbursement and coverage, our ability to implement an integrated testing and therapeutics strategy, the expected benefits from our partnerships or promotion arrangements with third-parties, research and development costs, timing and likelihood of success and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “estimate,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations. The forward-looking statements in this quarterly report are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, operating results, business strategy, and short-term and long-term business operations and objectives. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this quarterly report and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.
Overview
We are dedicated to transforming the care continuum for patients suffering from debilitating and chronic autoimmune diseases by enabling timely differential diagnosis and optimizing therapeutic intervention. We have developed and are commercializing a portfolio of innovative testing products under our AVISE® brand, several of which are based on our proprietary CB-CAPs technology. Our goal is to enable rheumatologists to improve care for patients through the differential diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of complex autoimmune and autoimmune-related diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, or SLE, and rheumatoid arthritis, or RA. Our strategy includes leveraging our portfolio of testing products to market therapeutics through our sales channel, targeting the approximately 5,000 rheumatologists across the United States. Our business model of integrating testing products and therapeutics positions us to offer targeted solutions to rheumatologists and, ultimately, better serve patients.
We currently market 10 testing products under our AVISE® brand that allow for the differential diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of complex autoimmune and autoimmune-related diseases. Our lead testing product, AVISE® CTD, enables differential diagnosis for patients presenting with symptoms indicative of a wide variety of CTDs and other related diseases with overlapping symptoms. We commercially launched AVISE® CTD in 2012 and revenue from this product comprised 81% and 83% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. There is an unmet need for rheumatologists to add clarity in their CTD clinical evaluation, and we believe there is a significant opportunity for our tests that enable the differential diagnosis of these diseases, particularly for potentially life-threatening diseases such as SLE.
We are leveraging our portfolio of testing products to establish partnerships with leading pharmaceutical companies, academic research centers and patient advocacy organizations. In December 2018 we entered into the co-promotion agreement, or the Janssen Agreement, with Janssen Biotech, Inc., or Janssen, to exclusively promote SIMPONI® in order to advance our integrated testing and therapeutics strategy and we began direct promotion of SIMPONI® in January 2019. Our SIMPONI® promotion efforts contributed approximately $0.3 million and no revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, with our quarterly tiered promotion fee based on the incremental increase in total prescribed units above a predetermined average baseline. See "-
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Janssen Promotion Agreement" below for additional terms of the agreement. We also have agreements with GlaxoSmithKline plc., or GSK, Covance Inc. and Parexel, among others, that leverage our testing products and/or the information generated from such tests. We provide GSK, a leader in lupus therapeutics, our test result data to provide market insight into and help increase awareness of the benefits of early and accurate diagnosis of SLE and lupus nephritis, and monitoring disease activity. We partner with academic research centers and patient advocacy organizations, such as Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hospital for Special Surgery, Duke University and Emory University as well as the Lupus Foundation of America, to help improve the quality of life for people affected by autoimmune diseases through programs of research, education, support and advocacy. We plan to pursue additional strategic partnerships that are synergistic with our evolving portfolio of testing products.
We perform all of our AVISE® tests in our approximately 10,000 square foot clinical laboratory, which is certified under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA, by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, and accredited by the College of American Pathologists, or CAP, and located in Vista, California. Our laboratory is certified for performance of high-complexity testing by CMS in accordance with CLIA. We are approved to offer our products in all 50 states. Our clinical laboratory reports all AVISE® testing product results within five business days. In the second half of 2021, we expect to begin the conversion of approximately 8,000 square feet of warehouse space into additional clinical laboratory and research and development facility space, which is expected to be completed in the first half of 2022. The expansion of our clinical laboratory and research and development facility are expected to allow us to enhance our testing capacity and improve efficiencies as well as allow us to develop molecular and multiomic capabilities and advance our product pipeline, including support of development of tests for fibromyalgia, RA, thrombosis and lupus nephritis.
We market our AVISE® testing products using our specialized sales force. As of March 31, 2021, we have a sales force of 60 representatives covering a total of 63 territories. Unlike many diagnostic sales forces that are trained only to understand the comparative benefits of their tests, the specialized backgrounds of our sales force coupled with our comprehensive training enables our sales representatives to interpret results from our de-identified patient test reports and provide unique insights in a highly tailored discussion with rheumatologists. Our integrated testing and therapeutics strategy results in a unique opportunity to promote and sell targeted therapies in patient focused sales calls with rheumatologists, including those with whom we have a longstanding relationship and history using our portfolio of testing products.
Reimbursement for our testing services comes from several sources, including commercial third-party payors, such as insurance companies and health maintenance organizations, government payors, such as Medicare, and patients. Reimbursement rates vary by product and payor. We continue to focus on expanding coverage among existing contracted rheumatologists and to achieve coverage with commercial payors, laboratory benefit managers and evidence review organizations.
Since inception we have devoted substantially all our efforts developing and marketing products for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of autoimmune diseases. Although our revenue has increased sequentially year over year, we have never been profitable and, as of March 31, 2021 we had an accumulated deficit of $187.5 million. We incurred net losses of $6.2 million and $5.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We expect to continue to incur operating losses in the near term as our operating expenses will increase to support the growth of our business, as well as additional costs associated with being a public company. We have funded our operations primarily through equity and debt financings and revenue from sales of our products. We completed our initial public offering, or IPO, in September 2019, raising net proceeds from the offering of approximately $50.4 million, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses, for aggregate expenses of approximately $7.5 million. In March 2021, we completed a public offering of 4,255,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $16.25 per share. Net proceeds from the offering were approximately $64.7 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs of $4.4 million. As of March 31, 2021, we had $118.1 million of cash and cash equivalents.
Impact of COVID-19
The current COVID-19 worldwide pandemic has presented substantial public health challenges and is affecting our employees, patients, physicians and other healthcare providers, communities and business operations, as well as the U.S. and global economies and financial markets. International and U.S. governmental authorities in impacted regions are taking actions in an effort to slow the spread of COVID-19, including issuing varying forms of "stay-at-home" orders, restricting business functions outside of one's home, restricting gatherings, restricting travel, and mandating social distancing and face coverings. Certain jurisdictions have begun a phased re-opening, although the
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potential to return to prior restrictions remains if there are increases in new COVID-19 cases in the future. Even in areas where "stay-at-home" restrictions have been lifted and the number of COVID-19 cases have declined, many individuals remain cautious about resuming activities such as preventative-care medical visits. As a result of COVID-19 related limitations and reordering of priorities across the U.S. healthcare system, a reduction in patient flow occurred and our test volumes began to decrease in the second half of March 2020 and we experienced an AVISE® CTD volume decrease of approximately 5% in the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to 2019. We substantially recovered to pre-COVID-19 AVISE® CTD tests delivered in the fourth quarter 2020. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the same period in 2020, we experienced a AVISE® CTD test volume increase of approximately 7%. However, the continued spread of COVID-19 may adversely affect testing volumes in future periods, the extent of which is highly uncertain.
In addition, we believe there are several other important factors that have impacted, and that we expect will impact our operating performance and results of operations, including shutdowns of our facilities and operations as well as those of our suppliers and courier services, disruptions to the supply chain of material needed for our tests, our sales and commercialization activities and our ability to receive specimens and perform or deliver the results from our tests, delays in reimbursement and coverage decisions from Medicare and third-party payors and in interactions with regulatory authorities, as well as our inability to achieve volume-based pricing discounts with our key suppliers and absorb fixed laboratory expenses. For example, we have experienced delays in patient enrollment for ongoing and planned clinical studies involving our tests, which may delay or prevent launch of future test products. We have also experienced delays in procurement of our testing supplies due to suppliers rationing testing supplies and prioritizing COVID-19 testing in the first quarter of 2021, which may continue into the future, and our partners, including Janssen, may also experience a disruption in their ability to readily obtain supply. Our sales force has been, and for an extended period of time may continue to be limited to their in-person interactions with healthcare providers, and therefore, also limited their ability to engage in various types of healthcare provider education activities. Healthcare providers and patients have canceled or delayed scheduling, and for an extended period of time may continue to cancel or delay scheduling, standard wellness visits and other non-emergency appointments and procedures, contributing to a decline in orders of our testing products. The portion of our workforce which has been working remotely in an effort to reduce the spread of COVID-19, may be infected from the virus or otherwise distracted. We may also face increased competition for laboratory employees due to the increased demand in the industry for such personnel. We may inaccurately estimate the duration or severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could cause us to misalign our staffing, spending, activities and precautionary measures with market current or future market conditions.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we initially curtailed non-essential travel and have equipped most of our employees with the ability to work remotely with the exception of our clinical laboratory employees, and implemented measures to protect the health of our employees and to support the functionality of our clinical laboratory, such as providing personal protective equipment (including face masks or shields) and maintaining social distancing. In addition, in the second quarter of 2020, our sales force recommenced certain field-based interactions and scaled marketing spend, although access to healthcare providers remains limited and the use of virtual sales tools has increased. From March 2020 through December 31, 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we terminated our temporary employees and 18 full-time employees, which included three employees at the vice president level. The full extent of which the COVID-19 pandemic will directly or indirectly continue to impact our business, results of operations and financial condition, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain, including as a result of new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain it or treat COVID-19, as well as the economic impact on local, regional, national and international markets.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
In addition to the impact of COVID-19, we believe there are several important factors that have impacted, and that we expect will impact, our operating performance and results of operations, including:
▪Continued Adoption of Our Testing Products. Since the launch of AVISE® CTD in 2012 and through March 31, 2021, we have delivered over 516,000 of these tests. Through the first quarter of 2021, 29,029 AVISE® CTD tests were delivered, representing approximately 7% growth over the same period in 2020. The number of ordering healthcare providers in the first quarter of 2021 was a record 1,763, representing an approximate 4% increase over the same period in 2020, and we had a record 659 adopting healthcare
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providers (defined as those who previously prescribed at least 11 diagnostic tests in the corresponding period) compared to 582 in the same period in 2020. A high percentage of adopting healthcare providers continue to order tests in subsequent quarters, as approximately 99% of adopting healthcare providers from the fourth quarter of 2020 ordered at least one diagnostic test in the first quarter of 2021. Revenue growth for our testing products will depend on our ability to continue to expand our base of ordering healthcare providers and increase our penetration with existing healthcare providers.
▪Reimbursement for Our Testing Products. Our revenue depends on achieving broad coverage and reimbursement for our tests from third-party payors, including both commercial and government payors such as Medicare. Payment from third-party payors differs depending on whether we have entered into a contract with the payors as a "participating provider" or do not have a contract and are considered a "non-participating provider." Payors will often reimburse non-participating providers, if at all, at a lower amount than participating providers. We have received a substantial portion of our revenue from a limited number of third-party commercial payors, most of which have not contracted with us to be a participating provider. Historically, we have experienced situations where commercial payers proactively reduced the amounts they were willing to reimburse for our tests, and in other situations, commercial payors have determined that the amounts they previously paid were too high and have sought to recover those perceived excess payments by deducting such amounts from payments otherwise being made. When we contract to serve as a participating provider, reimbursements are made pursuant to a negotiated fee schedule and are limited to only covered indications. If we are not able to obtain or maintain coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, we may not be able to effectively increase our testing volume and revenue as expected. Additionally, retrospective reimbursement adjustments can negatively impact our revenue and cause our financial results to fluctuate.
▪Promotion of SIMPONI®. We began promoting SIMPONI® in the United States under the Janssen Agreement in January 2019. Our SIMPONI® promotion efforts contributed approximately $0.3 million and no revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We may continue to encounter difficulties in successfully promoting SIMPONI® and generating significant revenue under the Janssen Agreement. Our ability to effectively promote SIMPONI® will require us to be successful in a range of activities, including creating demand for SIMPONI® through our own sales activities as well as those of Janssen. In interest of supporting these efforts we plan to continue to evaluate the reach and frequency of our sales force and the dedication of time and resources to supporting the co-promotion efforts of SIMPONI® as compared to other aspects of our business. We expect to encounter difficulties being able to maintain meaningful co-promotion revenue based on sales over the predetermined baseline in 2021 and we may not be successful in materially increasing market share, potentially resulting in the recognition of the minimum promotion fee of $0.3 million in the second quarter of 2021, which would cause us to continue to rely on our existing testing products to drive revenue growth. Additionally, there is no minimum promotion fee for the second half of 2021.
▪Development of Additional Testing Products. We rely on sales of our AVISE® CTD test to generate the significant majority of our revenue. We expect to continue to invest in research and development in order to develop additional testing products and expect these costs to increase. Our success in developing new testing products will be important in our efforts to grow our business by expanding the potential market for our testing products and diversifying our sources of revenue.
▪Maintain Meaningful Margin. We realized an increase to our gross margins beginning in the first quarter of 2020 following the expiration of a 10% annual royalty on our CB-CAPs technology. We believe we are well positioned to maintain meaningful margin through a continued focus on increasing operating leverage through the implementation of certain internal initiatives, such as conducting additional validation and reimbursement oriented clinical studies to facilitate payor coverage of our testing products, capitalizing on our growing reagent purchasing to negotiate improved volume-based pricing and automation in our clinical laboratory to reduce material and labor costs. However, our efforts to maintain a meaningful margin may be partially offset by our ability to generate meaningful co-promotion revenue in 2021.
▪Timing of Our Research and Development Expenses. Our spending on experiments and clinical studies may vary substantially from quarter to quarter. We also expend funds to secure clinical samples that can be used in discovery, product development, clinical validation, utility and outcome studies. The timing of these research and development activities is difficult to predict. If a substantial number of clinical samples are obtained in a given quarter or if a high-cost experiment is conducted in one quarter versus the next, the timing of these expenses will affect our financial results. We conduct clinical studies to validate our new testing products, as well as ongoing clinical and outcome studies to further expand the published evidence to support our commercialized AVISE® testing products. Spending on research and development for both experiments and studies may vary significantly by quarter depending on the timing of these various expenses.
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▪How We Recognize Revenue. We record revenue on an accrual basis based on our estimate of the amount that will be ultimately realized for each test upon delivery based on a historical analysis of amounts collected by test and by payor. Changes to such estimates may increase or decrease revenue recognized in future periods.
While each of these areas present significant opportunities for us, they also pose significant risks and challenges that we must address. We discuss many of these risks, uncertainties and other factors in the section entitled "Risk Factors."
Janssen Promotion Agreement
In December 2018, we entered into the Janssen Agreement, under which we are responsible for the costs associated with our sales force in promoting SIMPONI® in the United States. Janssen is responsible for all other costs associated with our promotion of SIMPONI® under the Janssen Agreement. In exchange for our sales and co-promotional services, we are entitled to a quarterly tiered promotion fee based on the incremental increase in total prescribed units of SIMPONI® for that quarter over a predetermined baseline. For the quarter ended March 31, 2020, the tiered promotion fee ranged from $750 to $1,250 per prescription over a predetermined baseline. Due in part to COVID-19, in June 2020 we amended the Janssen Agreement, to adjust the predetermined average baseline for total prescribed units of SIMPONI® to approximately 26,000 prescribed units per quarter. For each of the third and fourth quarters of 2020, we received a minimum promotion fee of $0.3 million and the fee was be capped at 5% above the adjusted predetermined baseline. In December 2020, we further amended the Janssen Agreement, pursuant to which the predetermined average baseline for total prescribed units of SIMPONI® for the quarters ending December 31, 2020, March 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021, was adjusted to approximately 28,750 prescribed units per quarter, subject to further adjustment under certain circumstances. For the first and second quarter of 2021, we will be entitled to an amended quarterly tiered promotion fee ranging from $500 to $1,000 per prescription based on the incremental increase in total prescribed units of SIMPONI® for that quarter over the predetermined baseline. Pursuant to the Amended Janssen Agreement, for each of the first and second quarters of 2021, we will receive a minimum promotion fee of $0.3 million and the fee will be capped at 10% above the adjusted predetermined baseline. The quarterly tiered promotion fee for the remaining term of the Amended Janssen Agreement beginning on July 1, 2021 will revert to the terms set forth in the Janssen Agreement prior to the amendment, with no minimum promotion fee and no cap on predetermined baseline units. The Janssen Agreement expires on December 31, 2021, unless extended by us for an additional 12 months upon 180 days written notice prior to the end of the current term. If we elect to extend the term, the predetermined baseline for 2022 will be subject to future agreement by us and Janssen. Janssen may terminate the Janssen Agreement at any time for any reason upon 30 days' notice to us, and we may terminate the Janssen Agreement for any reason at the end of any calendar quarter upon 30 days' notice to Janssen. Either party may terminate the Janssen Agreement in the event of the other party's default of any of its material obligations under the agreement if such default remains uncured for a specified period of time following receipt of written notice of such default.
We recognized approximately $0.3 million and no revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for our promotional efforts under the Janssen Agreement.
Seasonality
Based on our experience to date, we expect some seasonal variations in our financial results due to a variety of factors, such as the year-end holiday period and other major holidays, vacation patterns of both patients and healthcare providers, including medical conferences, climate and weather conditions in our markets, seasonal conditions that may affect medical practices and provider activity, including for example influenza outbreaks that may reduce the percentage of patients that can be seen, and other factors relating to the timing of patient benefit changes, as well as patient deductibles and co-insurance limits.
Financial Overview
Revenue
To date, we have derived nearly all of our revenue from the sale of our testing products, most of which is attributable to our AVISE® CTD test. We primarily market our testing products to rheumatologists in the United States. The
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rheumatologists who order our testing products and to whom results are reported are generally not responsible for payment for these products. The parties that pay for these services, or payors, consist of healthcare insurers, government payors (primarily Medicare and Medicaid), client payors (i.e. hospitals, other laboratories, etc.), and patient self-pay. Our service is completed upon the delivery of test results to the prescribing rheumatologists which triggers billing for the service.
We recognize revenue in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. We record revenue on an accrual basis based on our estimate of the amount that will be ultimately realized for each test upon delivery based on a historical analysis of amounts collected by test and by payor. These assessments require significant judgment by management.
Our ability to increase our revenue will depend on our ability to further penetrate the market for our current and future testing products, and increase our reimbursement and collection rates for tests delivered, as well as our ability to continue to generate meaningful co-promotion revenue. We expect to encounter difficulties promoting SIMPONI® above the predetermined baseline potentially resulting in us receiving the minimum promotion fee of $0.3 million in the second quarter of 2021. Additionally, there is no minimum promotion fee for the second half of 2021.
As discussed above, we substantially recovered to pre-COVID-19 AVISE® CTD tests delivered in the fourth quarter of 2020. However, the continued spread of COVID-19 may adversely affect testing volumes in future periods, the extent of which is highly uncertain.
Operating Expenses
Costs of Revenue
Costs of revenue represents the expenses associated with obtaining and testing patient specimens. The components of our costs of revenue include materials costs, direct labor, equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with testing specimens, shipping charges to transport specimens, blood specimen collections fees, royalties, depreciation and allocated overhead, including rent and utilities.
Each payor, commercial third-party, government, or individual, reimburses us at different amounts. These differences can be significant. As a result, our costs of revenue as a percentage of revenue may vary significantly from period to period due to the composition of payors for each month's billings.
Assuming future testing volumes are not negatively impacted by the spread of COVID-19, we expect that our costs of revenue will increase in absolute dollars as the number of tests we perform increases. However, we expect that the cost per test will decrease over time due to volume discounts on materials and shipping costs and other volume efficiencies we may gain as the number of tests we perform increases. As discussed above, the continued spread of COVID-19 may adversely affect testing volumes which may result in an increase in cost per test due to our inability to realize volume efficiencies.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation expense, direct marketing expenses, accounting and legal expenses, consulting costs, and allocated overhead including rent, information technology, depreciation and utilities.
We expect that our selling, general and administrative expenses will increase in absolute dollars in 2021 as compared to 2020, as we continue to evaluate the reach and frequency of our sales and sales support functions, expected additions to headcount and increases for personnel costs, including stock-based compensation.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses include costs incurred to develop our technology, testing products and product candidates, collect clinical specimens and conduct clinical studies to develop and support our testing products and product candidates. These costs consist of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation expense, materials, laboratory supplies, consulting costs, costs associated with setting up and conducting clinical
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studies and allocated overhead including rent and utilities. We expense all research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred.
We expect that our research and development expenses will increase in absolute dollars in 2021 as compared to 2020, as we continue to invest in research and development activities related to our existing testing products and product candidates, including the expansion of our clinical research and development facility, expected additions to headcount and increases for personnel costs, including stock-based compensation.
Interest Expense
Interest expense consists of cash and non-cash interest expense associated with our financing arrangements, including the borrowings under our amended loan and security agreement with Innovatus Life Sciences Lending Fund I, LP, or Innovatus.
We expect interest expense to remain consistent in 2021 as compared to 2020, and remain consistent thereafter until 2023.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net, consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents.
Income Tax Benefit
Income taxes include federal and state income taxes in the United States.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Change
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
|  | (unaudited, in thousands)
Revenue |  | $ | 10,587 |  |  | $ | 9,584 |  |  | $ | 1,003 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs of revenue |  | 4,711 |  |  | 4,545 |  |  | 166 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 10,040 |  |  | 9,626 |  |  | 414 |
Research and development expenses |  | 1,403 |  |  | 634 |  |  | 769 |
Total operating expenses |  | 16,154 |  |  | 14,805 |  |  | 1,349 |
Loss from operations |  | (5,567) |  |  | (5,221) |  |  | (346) |
Interest expense |  | (645) |  |  | (631) |  |  | (14) |
Other income, net |  | 3 |  |  | 171 |  |  | (168) |
Loss before income taxes |  | (6,209) |  |  | (5,681) |  |  | (528) |
Income tax benefit |  | — |  |  | 118 |  |  | (118) |
Net loss |  | $ | (6,209) |  |  | $ | (5,563) |  |  | $ | (646) |

Revenue
Revenue increased $1.0 million, or 10.5%, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to an increase in the number of diagnostic tests delivered resulting in part from volume reductions experienced in late March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of AVISE® CTD tests, which accounted for 81% and 83% of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, increased to 29,029 tests delivered in the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to 27,126 tests delivered in the same 2020 period. The adoption of the AVISE® CTD test by rheumatologists for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased to 1,763 ordering healthcare providers as compared to 1,692 ordering healthcare providers in the same 2020 period. In addition, revenue from the co-promotion of SIMPONI®
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increased to approximately $0.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to no co-promotion revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Costs of Revenue
Costs of revenue increased $0.2 million, or 3.7%, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. This increase was primarily due to increased direct costs such as materials and supplies, labor and shipping and handling associated with the increase in test volume in 2021 compared to 2020, partially offset by decreased royalty costs.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $0.4 million, or 4.3%, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. This increase was primarily due to an increase of $0.4 million of employee related expenses, including stock-based compensation and recruitment expenses, and increases related to insurance expenses of $0.1 million and legal expenses of $0.1 million, partially offset by decreases in audit and professional services of $0.1 million and marketing expenses of $0.1 million. The first quarter of 2020 included one-time restructuring charges of approximately $0.2 million.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses increased $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. This increase was primarily due to an increase of $0.4 million of employee related expenses, including stock-based compensation and recruitment expenses, and an increase related to clinical study expenses of $0.4 million.
Interest Expense
Interest expense remained consistent for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net, decreased $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily driven by lower money market interest rates in 2021 compared to 2020.
Income Tax Benefit
Income tax benefit decreased $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020 due to a change in tax law under the CARES Act enacted in 2020 that resulted in an income tax benefit during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have incurred net losses since our inception. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we incurred a net loss of $6.2 million and $5.6 million, respectively, and we expect to incur additional losses and increased operating expenses in future periods. As of March 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $187.5 million. To date, we have generated only limited revenue, and we may never achieve revenue sufficient to offset our expenses.
Through the date of our IPO in September 2019, our operations were financed primarily from sales of our common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock and borrowings under various debt financings. In September 2019, we completed our IPO and received net proceeds of approximately $50.4 million, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses, for aggregate expenses of approximately $7.5 million. On November 10, 2020, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (the Shelf Registration Statement), covering the offering, from time to time, of up to $150.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units, which Shelf Registration Statement became effective on November 19, 2020. In March 2021, we completed a
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public offering of 4,255,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $16.25 per share, which shares were sold under the Shelf Registration Statement. Net proceeds from the offering were approximately $64.7 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $4.4 million. As of March 31, 2021, we had $118.1 million of cash and cash equivalents. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested in accordance with our investment policy, primarily with a view to liquidity and capital preservation. Currently, our funds are held in cash and money market funds.
In September 2017, we entered into the loan and security agreement with Innovatus under which we immediately drew down $20.0 million. In December 2018, we borrowed an additional $5.0 million under the loan agreement. In November 2019, we amended the loan and security agreement with Innovatus, which we collectively refer to as the Amended Loan Agreement. Pursuant to the Amended Loan Agreement, the loan term is for five years with a final maturity date of November 2024. The Amended Loan Agreement accrues interest at an annual rate of 8.5%, of which 2.0%, during the first 36 months, will be treated as paid in-kind interest. Paid in-kind interest is added to the principal balance each period. After the initial 36 months of the loan, the entire 8.5% will be paid in cash at the end of each period. On or after the first anniversary of the Loan Amendment, but before the second anniversary of the Loan Amendment, we may, at our option, prepay the term loan borrowings by paying the lender a prepayment premium. Prepayment before the second anniversary of the Loan Amendment may only occur for specified reasons in the Amended Loan Agreement. The prepayment premium decreases by 1% during each subsequent twelve-month period after the first anniversary of the Loan Amendment.
Our obligations under the Amended Loan Agreement are secured by a security interest in substantially all of our assets, including our intellectual property. The Amended Loan Agreement contains customary conditions to borrowing, events of default, and covenants, including covenants requiring us to maintain certain levels of minimum liquidity of $2.0 million and achieve certain minimum amounts of revenue, and limiting our ability to dispose of assets, undergo a change in control, merge with or acquire other entities, incur debt, incur liens, pay dividends or other distributions to holders of our capital stock, repurchase stock and make investments, in each case subject to certain exceptions. The consequences of failing to achieve the performance covenant will be cured if, within sixty days of failing to achieve the performance covenant, we issue additional equity securities or subordinated debt with net proceeds sufficient to fund any cash flow deficiency generated from operations, as defined. At March 31, 2021, we were in compliance with all covenants of the Amended Loan Agreement. In addition, upon the occurrence of an event of default, Innovatus, among other things, can declare all indebtedness due and payable immediately, which would adversely impact our liquidity and reduce the availability of our cash flows to fund working capital needs, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes.
In connection with the execution of the loan and security agreement with Innovatus in November 2017, we issued the lender a seven-year warrant to purchase 15,384,615 shares of our Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock at an exercise price of $0.078 per share, and in December 2018, in connection with the additional $5.0 million borrowed under the loan and security agreement, we issued to the lender a seven-year warrant to purchase 3,846,154 shares of our Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock at an exercise price of $0.078 per share. In connection with the completion of our IPO in September 2019, the warrants were automatically converted into warrants exercisable for an aggregate of 104,722 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $14.32.
In April 2020, we received $0.7 million of funding under the CARES Act Provider Relief Fund, subject to our agreement to comply with the Department of Health & Human Services', or HHS, standard terms and conditions. The CARES Act Provider Relief Fund is a federal fund allocated for general distributions to Medicare facilities and providers impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and is intended to support healthcare-related expenses or lost revenue attributable to COVID-19.
Funding Requirements
Our primary uses of cash are to fund our operations as we continue to grow our business. We expect to continue to incur operating losses in the near term as our operating expenses will be increased to support the growth of our business. We expect that our costs of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses, and research and development expenses will continue to increase as we increase our test volume, expand our marketing efforts and increase our internal sales force to drive increased adoption of and reimbursement for our AVISE® testing products, promote SIMPONI®, prepare to commercialize new testing products, continue our research and development efforts and further develop our product pipeline. We believe we have sufficient laboratory capacity to support increased test volume. We expect to make significant investments for laboratory equipment and capital expenditures in the near term related to our laboratory facilities and expansion of research capabilities, including an investment to convert
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approximately 8,000 square feet of warehouse space into additional clinical laboratory and research and development facility space, which is expected to be completed in the first half of 2022. The expansion of our clinical laboratory and research development facility are expected to allow us to enhance our testing capacity and improve efficiencies as well as allow us to develop molecular and multiomic capabilities and advance our product pipeline, including support of development of tests for fibromyalgia, RA, thrombosis and lupus nephritis. Cash used to fund operating expenses is impacted by the timing of when we pay expenses, as reflected in the change in our outstanding accounts payable and accrued expenses.
We expect that our near- and longer-term liquidity requirements will continue to consist of working capital and general corporate expenses associated with the growth of our business, including payments we may be required to make upon the achievement of previously negotiated milestones associated with intellectual property we have licensed, payments related to non-cancelable purchase obligations with one supplier for reagents, payments related to our principal and interest under our long term borrowing arrangements, payments for operating leases related to our office and laboratory space in Vista, California and payments for capital leases related to our laboratory equipment. Based on our current business plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and our anticipated future revenue, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of this filing.
Our estimate of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement and involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors, including:
•the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, including challenges resulting from social distancing and stay-at home orders through a reduction in testing volumes;
•our ability to maintain and grow sales of our AVISE® testing products, as well as the costs associated with conducting clinical studies to demonstrate the utility of our products and support reimbursement efforts;
•our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors and adequate market share and revenue for our testing products;
•fluctuations in working capital;
•the costs of developing our product pipeline, including the costs associated with conducting our ongoing and future validation studies;
•the additional costs we may incur as a result of operating as a public company;
•the costs associated with our promotion of SIMPONI®, including the expansion of our sales capabilities, and the extent and timing of generating revenue from such promotion; and
•the extent to which we establish additional partnerships or in-license, acquire or invest in complementary businesses or products.
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate revenue to support our costs structure, we expect to finance our operations through equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, including potentially collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. If additional funding is required or desired, there can be no assurance that additional funds will be available to us on acceptable terms on a timely basis, if at all, or that we will generate sufficient cash from operations to adequately fund our operating needs or achieve or sustain profitability. If we are unable to raise additional capital or generate sufficient cash from operations to adequately fund our operations, we will need to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs, product portfolio expansion plans or commercialization efforts. Doing so will likely have an unfavorable effect on our ability to execute on our business plan and could have a negative impact on our relationships with parties such as Janssen. If we cannot expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities because we lack sufficient capital, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Cash Flows
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The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2021 |  | 2020
(in thousands) |  | (unaudited)
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | (4,312) |  |  | $ | (3,301) |
Investing activities |  | (167) |  |  | (84) |
Financing activities |  | 65,081 |  |  | (51) |
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 60,602 |  |  | $ | (3,436) |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $4.3 million and primarily resulted from our net loss of $6.2 million adjusted for non-cash charges of $1.3 million related to stock-based compensation, depreciation, amortization and non-cash interest and changes in our net operating assets of $0.6 million primarily related to net decreases in prepaid expenses and other current assets and accounts receivable, net, partially offset by net decreases in accounts payables and accrued and other current liabilities.
Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $3.3 million and primarily resulted from our net loss of $5.6 million adjusted for non-cash charges of $0.6 million related to depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation and non-cash interest. The net cash in operating activities were partially offset by changes in our net operating assets of $1.6 million primarily related to net increases in accounts payable and accrued and other current liabilities.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020 was $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, and was due to net purchases of property and equipment.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $65.1 million primarily resulting from the net proceeds received from our public offering in March 2021 of $65.0 million and proceeds from Employee Stock Purchase Plan purchases, partially offset by principal payments on capital lease obligations.
Net cash used by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $0.1 million and primarily resulted from principal payments on capital lease obligations.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our condensed financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The year-end condensed balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenue generated and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, and any such differences may be material.
For a description of our critical accounting policies, please see the section entitled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates" contained in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as amended. There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in Management’s
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Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Operations included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as amended, other than as set forth in Note 2 to the unaudited condensed financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Please see Note 2 to the unaudited condensed financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a summary of changes in significant accounting policies.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
During the periods presented we did not have, nor do we currently have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under the rules and regulations of the SEC.
JOBS Act Accounting Election
The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for an "emerging growth company." The JOBS Act permits an "emerging growth company" such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period under the JOBS Act until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our audited financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.
We will remain an emerging growth company until the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of our common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, which such fifth anniversary will occur in 2024. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we become a "large accelerated filer" as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, our annual gross revenues exceed $1.07 billion or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Not applicable.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our periodic and current reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable and not absolute assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. In addition, the design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls
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and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of March 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgement in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Part II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are currently not a party to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings or subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business. Regardless of the outcome, such proceedings or claims can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of resources and other factors, and there can be no assurances that favorable outcomes will be obtained.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as amended, other than changes to the risk factors set forth below:
Risks Related to Our Business and Strategy
Our business is subject to risks arising from epidemic diseases, such as the global pandemic of the COVID-19 coronavirus.
The current COVID-19 worldwide pandemic has presented substantial public health challenges and is affecting our employees, patients, physicians and other healthcare providers, communities and business operations, as well as the U.S. and global economies and financial markets. International and U.S. governmental authorities in impacted regions are taking actions in an effort to slow the spread of COVID-19, including issuing varying forms of "stay-at-home" orders, restricting business functions outside of one's home, restricting gatherings, restricting travel, and mandating social distancing and face coverings. Certain jurisdictions have begun a phased re-opening, although the potential to return to prior restrictions remains if there are increases in new COVID-19 cases in the future. Even in areas where "stay-at-home" restrictions have been lifted and the number of COVID-19 cases have declined, many individuals remain cautious about resuming activities such as preventative-care medical visits. A pandemic, including COVID-19 or other public health epidemic, poses the risk that we or our employees, contractors, suppliers, third-party shipping carries, government and third-party payors and other partners may be prevented from conducting business activities for an indefinite period of time, including due to spread of the disease within these groups or due to shutdowns that may be requested or mandated by governmental authorities. As a result of COVID-19 related limitations and reordering of priorities across the U.S. healthcare system, a reduction in patient flow occurred and our test volumes began to decrease in the second half of March 2020 and we experienced an AVISE® CTD volume decrease of approximately 5% in the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to 2019. We substantially recovered to pre-COVID-19 AVISE® CTD tests delivered in the fourth quarter 2020. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the same period in 2020, we experienced a AVISE® CTD volume increase of approximately 7%. However, the continued spread of COVID-19 may adversely affect testing volumes in future periods, the extent of which is highly uncertain. Healthcare providers and patients have canceled or delayed scheduling, and for an extended period of time may continue to cancel or delay scheduling, standard wellness visits and other non-emergency appointments and procedures, contributing to a decline in orders of our testing products. The economic downturn may also result in closures of the practices of our primary customers. As it relates to our promotion efforts of SIMPONI®, we may experience decreased demand for or discontinued treatment with SIMPONI® from patients who are infected by COVID-19 or who may be at higher risk of infection if it is determined that such patients should minimize exposure to immunosuppressant therapies.
In addition, we believe there are several other important factors that have impacted, and that we expect will impact our operating performance and results of operations, including shutdowns of our facilities and operations as well as those of our suppliers and courier services, disruptions to the supply chain of material needed for our tests, our sales and commercialization activities and our ability to receive specimens and perform or deliver the results from our tests, delays in reimbursement and coverage decisions from Medicare and third-party payors and in interactions with regulatory authorities, as well as our inability to achieve or re-negotiate volume-based discounts with our key suppliers and to absorb fixed laboratory expenses. For example, we have experienced delays in patient enrollment for ongoing and planned clinical studies involving our tests, which may delay or prevent launch of future test products. Our sales force has been, and for an extended period of time may continue to be limited to their in-person interactions with healthcare providers, and therefore, also limited their ability to engage in various types of healthcare provider education activities. The portion of our workforce which has been working remotely in an effort to reduce the spread of COVID-19, may be infected from the virus or otherwise distracted. We have also experienced delays in procurement of our testing supplies due to suppliers rationing testing supplies and prioritizing COVID-19 testing in the first quarter of 2021, which may continue into the future, and our partners, including Janssen, may also experience a disruption in their ability to readily obtain supply. We may also face increased competition for laboratory employees due to the increased demand in the industry for such personnel. We may inaccurately estimate the duration or severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could cause us to misalign our staffing, spending, activities and precautionary measures with market current or future market conditions.
Our laboratory operations, including laboratory employees and medical directors, may be subject to closure or shut down, either due to the spread of the disease within these individuals, or as part of a larger scale government
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recommendation or mandate. Any disruption in our laboratory operations would have a material adverse effect on our business and would impede our ability to process tests in a timely manner, or at all.
The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures have had and may continue to have an adverse impact on global economic conditions which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition, including impairing our ability to raise capital on a timely basis or at all. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our results will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of the virus and the actions to contain its impact. COVID-19 may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this section and in the "Risk Factors" section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as amended.
Developing new testing products involves a lengthy and complex process, and we may not be able to commercialize on a timely basis, or at all, other testing products we are developing.
We will continue to devote considerable resources to the research and development of our planned future testing products and enhancements to our current testing products. We may not be able to develop testing products with the clinical utility necessary to be useful and commercially successful. There are certain products for which a commercial launch would trigger additional payment obligations to licensors of the technology. In these cases, if the economic projections of the product do not outweigh the additional obligations, we may not launch these products. In order to develop and commercialize testing products, we need to:
•expend significant funds to conduct substantial research and development;
•conduct successful validation studies;
•develop and scale our laboratory processes to accommodate different tests;
•achieve and maintain required regulatory certifications;
•develop and scale our infrastructure to be able to analyze increasingly large amounts of data; and
•build the commercial infrastructure to market and sell new testing products.
Our testing product development process involves a high degree of risk and may take several years. Our testing product development efforts may fail for many reasons, including:
•failure to identify additional biomarkers to incorporate into our testing products;
•failure or sub-optimal performance of the testing product at the research or development stage;
•obtaining patient consent inclusive of genetic analysis;
•difficulty in accessing archival patient blood specimens, especially specimens with known clinical results; or
•failure of clinical validation studies to support the effectiveness of the test.
Typically, few research and development projects result in commercial products, and success in early clinical studies often is not replicated in later studies. At any point, we may abandon development of a testing product candidate or we may be required to expend considerable resources repeating clinical studies, which would adversely affect the timing for generating potential revenue from a new testing product and our ability to invest in other products in our pipeline.
In the second half of 2021, we expect to begin the conversion of approximately 8,000 square feet of warehouse space into an additional clinical laboratory and research and development facility space in order to develop molecular and multiomic capabilities. We have not yet developed any molecular or multiomic testing products nor do we have experience developing and integrating molecular biomarkers into new or existing testing products, and we may never be successful doing so in the future. As a result, there is considerable risk that the expansion of our clinical laboratory and research and development facility may not lead to the development of additional testing products that generate meaningful revenue. Further, as we begin to expand our clinical laboratory and research and development facility in order to develop molecular and multiomic capabilities, we expect to need to make significant investments in key personnel and highly trained scientists with relevant experience to handle the increased operations and development of molecular biomarkers.
In addition, as we develop testing products, we will have to make significant investments in product development, marketing and selling resources. If a clinical validation study fails to demonstrate the prospectively defined endpoints of the study, we might choose to abandon the development of the testing product or product feature that was the subject of the clinical study, which could harm our business. Additionally, competitors may develop and commercialize competing products or technologies faster than us or at a lower cost.
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Developing new testing products and enhancements to our existing technologies is expensive and time consuming, and there is no assurance that such activities will result in significant new marketable testing products, enhancements to our current technologies, design improvements, cost savings, revenue or other expected benefits. If we spend significant resources on research and development and are unable to generate an adequate return on our investment or divert resources away from other, more attractive growth opportunities, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Use of Proceeds
On September 18, 2019, the SEC declared effective our registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-233446), as amended, filed in connection with our IPO. At the closing of the offering on September 23, 2019, we issued and sold 4,140,00 shares of our common stock at the initial public offering price to the public of $14.00 per share, which included the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. We received gross proceeds from the IPO of $58.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses, which resulted in net proceeds of approximately $50.4 million and offering-related transaction costs of approximately $7.5 million. Cowen and Company, LLC, Cantor Fitzgerald & Co and William Blair & Company, L.L.C. acted as joint book-running managers for the offering. No offering expenses were paid or are payable, directly or indirectly, to our directors or officers, to persons owning 10% or more of any class of our equity securities or to any of our affiliates.
As of March 31, 2021, we have used approximately $21.1 million of the proceeds from our IPO primarily related to selling and marketing activities. There has been no material change in the planned use of such proceeds from that described in the final Prospectus filed by us with the SEC on September 20, 2019.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits

|  | Incorporated by Reference |
Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | File No. | Exhibit | Exhibit Filing Date | Filed/Furnished Herewith
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. | 8-K | 001-39049 | 3.1 | 9/23/2019 |
3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws. | 8-K | 001-39049 | 3.1 | 3/22/2021 |
4.1 | Specimen stock certificate evidencing the shares of common stock. | S-1/A | 333-233446 | 4.1 | 9/9/2019 |
4.2 | Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated July 12, 2019, by and among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders. | S-1/A | 333-233446 | 4.2 | 9/9/2019 |
4.3 | Amended and Restated Stockholders’ Agreement, dated July 12, 2019, by and among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders. | S-1/A | 333-233446 | 4.3 | 9/9/2019 |
4.4 | Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to investors by the Registrant in connection with private placement financings. | S-1/A | 333-233446 | 4.4 | 9/9/2019 |
10.1# | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Exagen Inc. 2019 Incentive Award Plan. | 10-K | 001-39049 | 10.5 | 3/16/2021 |
10.2 | First Amendment to Standard Industrial/Commercial Single-Tenant Lease, dated January 6, 2021, by and between Liberty Vista and the Registrant. | 10-K | 001-39049 | 10.34 | 3/16/2021 |
10.3# | Executive Change in Control Severance Plan. | 10-K | 001-39049 | 10.46 | 3/16/2021 |
31.1 | Certificate of Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 | Certificate of Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X
32.1* | Certifications Pursuant to U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X

* This certification is deemed not filed for purpose of section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
# Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
35

Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

|  | EXAGEN INC.
Date: May 11, 2021 | by: | /s/ Fortunato Ron Rocca
|  | Fortunato Ron Rocca
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: May 11, 2021 | by: | /s/ Kamal Adawi
|  | Kamal Adawi
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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