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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
20222021
Current:
Federal$— $— 
State24 27 
Total current24 27 
Deferred:
Federal(137)137 
State(169)11 
Total deferred(306)148 
Provision (benefit) for income tax$(282)$175 
The effective tax rate of our provision for income taxes differs from the federal statutory rate as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
20222021
Federal statutory tax rate(21.0)%(21.0)%
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefits(4.3)%(3.8)%
Research and development tax credits(1.5)%(1.2)%
Stock compensation1.4 %0.9 %
Non-deductible expenses0.9 %1.1 %
Change in valuation allowance23.9 %24.6 %
Effective tax rate(0.6)%0.6 %
Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are shown below (in thousands). A valuation allowance has been established as realization of the Company’s deferred tax assets has not met the more likely-than-not threshold requirement. If the Company’s judgment changes and it is determined that the Company will be able to realize these deferred tax assets, the tax benefits relating to any reversal of the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets will be accounted for as a reduction to income tax expense.
December 31,
20222021
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards$29,789 $22,365 
Research and development tax credits2,216 1,102 
Accruals, reserves and other349 1,055 
Interest expense2,236 1,953 
Indefinite lived assets362 — 
Stock compensation1,606 1,407 
Lease liability1,374 — 
Capitalization of research and experimentation costs2,047 — 
Total gross deferred tax assets39,979 27,882 
Less: valuation allowance(38,567)(27,158)
Deferred tax assets, net1,412 724 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Financing and acquisition-related liabilities— (335)
Indefinite lived assets— (521)
Right of use assets(1,206)— 
Basis differences in fixed and intangible assets(206)(175)
Deferred tax liabilities, net(1,412)(1,031)
Net deferred tax liabilities$— $(307)
Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, which related primarily to increases in net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards, research and development tax credits, capitalization of research and experimentation costs, and impairment of goodwill were as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
20222021
Valuation allowance at the beginning of the year$27,158 $20,596 
Increases recorded to income tax provision11,409 6,562 
Valuation allowance at the end of the year$38,567 $27,158 
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had federal NOL carryforwards of approximately $118.4 million and $89.4 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had state NOL carryforwards of $87.0 million and $61.0 million, respectively. Approximately $43.5 million of the federal tax loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2023, unless previously utilized. The federal NOL carryforwards generated in after December 31, 2017 of $74.9 million will carryforward indefinitely. The Company’s state tax loss carryforwards will expire in 2030, unless previously utilized.
At December 31, 2022, the Company's deferred tax assets are primarily comprised of federal and state tax NOL carryforwards. The Company completed a formal study through the year ended December 31, 2019 and determined ownership changes within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code (IRC), Section 382 had occurred in 2003, 2008, 2012, 2017 and 2019.
The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and in various state jurisdictions. The Company’s tax years for 2003 and forward are subject to examination by the U.S. and state tax authorities due to the carryforward of unutilized net operating losses and research and development credits.
The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in its provision for income taxes. The Company does not have any material accruals for, and did not recognize any, material interest or penalties in these financial statements in any period presented.
Uncertain Tax Positions
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits.
The Company does not believe that the balance of unrecognized tax benefits will materially change within the next twelve months.