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Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2024
Receivables [Abstract] |
Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses Loans Major classifications within the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:
(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Commercial, financial, and agricultural | $ | 202,341 |  |  | $ | 226,275 |
Real estate construction − residential | 32,344 |  | 58,347
Real estate construction − commercial | 65,432 |  | 130,296
Real estate mortgage − residential | 369,103 |  | 372,391
Real estate mortgage − commercial | 782,487 |  | 731,024
Installment and other consumer | 15,044 |  | 20,814
Total loans held for investment | $ | 1,466,751 |  |  | $ | 1,539,147 |
The Bank grants real estate, commercial, installment, and other consumer loans to customers located within the Missouri communities surrounding Jefferson City, Columbia, Clinton, Warsaw, Springfield, and the greater Kansas City metropolitan area. As such, the Bank is susceptible to changes in the economic environment in these communities. The Bank does not have a concentration of credit in any one economic sector. Accrued interest on loans totaled $6.8 million and $7.2 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The total amount of accrued interest is excluded from the amortized cost basis of loans presented above. Further, the Company has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable. At September 30, 2024, loans of $720.7 million were pledged to the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) as collateral for borrowings and letters of credit. Allowance for Credit Losses The allowance for credit losses is measured using a lifetime expected loss model that incorporates relevant information about past events, including historical credit loss experience on loans with similar risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the loans. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis. Loans are aggregated into pools based on similar risk characteristics including borrower type, collateral type and expected credit loss patterns. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, primarily large loans on non-accrual status, are evaluated on an individual basis. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from loans amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the instrument. Expected recoveries are included in the allowance and do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Loans are charged off against the allowance for credit losses when management believes the balance has become uncollectible. For loans evaluated for credit losses on a collective basis, average historical loss rates are calculated for each pool using relevant peer historical net charge-offs (combined charge-offs and recoveries by observable historical reporting period) and the Company's outstanding loan balances during a lookback period. The Company chose to use relevant peer loan loss data due to statistical relevance concerns, low observation counts, historical data limitations, and the inability to secure through the cycle loan-level data. Lookback periods can be different based on the individual pool and represent management’s credit expectations for the pool of loans over the remaining contractual life. The calculated average net charge-off rate is then adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. These adjustments increase or decrease the average historical loss rate to reflect expectations of future losses given a single path economic forecast of a single macroeconomic variable, which is the civilian unemployment rate. The adjustments are based on results from various regression models projecting the impact of the selected macroeconomic variable to loss rates. The forecast is used for a reasonable and supportable period before reverting back to historical averages using a straight-line method. The forecast adjusted loss rate is applied to the loans over the remaining contractual lives, adjusted for expected prepayments. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications. Credit cards and certain similar consumer lines of credit do not have stated maturities and therefore, for these loan classes, remaining contractual lives are determined by estimating future cash flows expected to be received from customers until payments have been fully allocated to outstanding balances. Agriculture loans also use the remaining life methodology for estimating life of loan losses. Additionally, the allowance for credit losses considers qualitative or environmental factors, such as: lending policies and procedures; economic conditions; the nature, volume and terms of the portfolio; lending staff and management; past due loans; the loan review system; collateral values; concentrations of credit; and external factors. Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance-Sheet Credit Exposures The Company maintains a separate allowance for credit losses for off-balance-sheet credit exposures, including unfunded loan commitments, unless the associated obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. This allowance is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with associated expense recognized as a component of the provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income. The liability for unfunded lending commitments utilizes the same model as the allowance for credit losses on loans, however, the liability for unfunded lending commitments incorporates an assumption for the portion of unfunded commitments that are expected to be funded. Sensitivity in the Allowance for Credit Loss Model The allowance for credit losses is an estimate that requires significant judgment including projections of the macroeconomic environment. The forecasted macroeconomic environment continuously changes, which can cause fluctuations in estimated expected losses. The following tables illustrate the changes in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment:
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial, Financial, & Agricultural |  | Real Estate Construction - Residential |  | Real Estate Construction - Commercial |  | Real Estate Mortgage - Residential |  | Real Estate Mortgage - Commercial |  | Installment and Other Consumer |  | Un- allocated |  | Total
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,621 |  |  | $ | 598 |  |  | $ | 1,477 |  |  | $ | 5,213 |  |  | $ | 12,908 |  |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,980 |
Charge-offs | 270 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 343 |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 679 |
Recoveries | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |
Provision for (release of) credit losses | 263 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 347 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (165) |  |  | 593 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 1,630 |  |  | $ | 586 |  |  | $ | 1,824 |  |  | $ | 5,282 |  |  | $ | 12,634 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | (165) |  |  | $ | 21,937 |
Liability for Unfunded Commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 451 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 891 |
Provision for (release of) credit losses on unfunded commitments | 13 |  |  | (27) |  |  | (103) |  |  | (3) |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (93) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 798 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans and liability for unfunded commitments | $ | 1,734 |  |  | $ | 685 |  |  | $ | 2,172 |  |  | $ | 5,389 |  |  | $ | 12,773 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | (165) |  |  | $ | 22,735 |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial, Financial, & Agricultural |  | Real Estate Construction - Residential |  | Real Estate Construction - Commercial |  | Real Estate Mortgage - Residential |  | Real Estate Mortgage - Commercial |  | Installment and Other Consumer |  | Un- allocated |  | Total
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 3,208 |  |  | $ | 1,043 |  |  | $ | 3,273 |  |  | $ | 5,264 |  |  | $ | 10,537 |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 23,744 |
Charge-offs | 2,158 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 196 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,810 |
Recoveries | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |
Provision for (release of) credit losses | 544 |  |  | (457) |  |  | (1,449) |  |  | 29 |  |  | 2,530 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (352) |  |  | 875 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 1,630 |  |  | $ | 586 |  |  | $ | 1,824 |  |  | $ | 5,282 |  |  | $ | 12,634 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | (165) |  |  | $ | 21,937 |
Liability for Unfunded Commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 947 |
Provision for (release of) credit losses on unfunded commitments | (93) |  |  | (174) |  |  | 103 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | (18) |  |  | (149) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 798 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans and liability for unfunded commitments | $ | 1,734 |  |  | $ | 685 |  |  | $ | 2,172 |  |  | $ | 5,389 |  |  | $ | 12,773 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | (165) |  |  | $ | 22,735 |
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial, Financial, & Agricultural |  | Real Estate Construction - Residential |  | Real Estate Construction - Commercial |  | Real Estate Mortgage - Residential |  | Real Estate Mortgage - Commercial |  | Installment and Other Consumer |  | Un- allocated |  | Total
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,844 |  |  | $ | 748 |  |  | $ | 3,422 |  |  | $ | 5,465 |  |  | $ | 10,295 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 22,236 |
Charge-offs | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | 95 |
Recoveries | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |
Provision for (release of) credit losses | 99 |  |  | 125 |  |  | (157) |  |  | (153) |  |  | 440 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (148) |  |  | 300 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 1,936 |  |  | $ | 873 |  |  | $ | 3,265 |  |  | $ | 5,314 |  |  | $ | 10,733 |  |  | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 22,462 |
Liability for Unfunded Commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 1,137 |
Provision for (release of) credit losses on unfunded commitments | 9 |  | (68) |  | (110) |  | (4) |  | (1) |  | — |  | (16) |  | (190)
Balance at end of period | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | 304 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 947 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans and liability for unfunded commitments | $ | 2,057 |  |  | $ | 1,160 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 5,418 |  |  | $ | 10,858 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 23,409 |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial, Financial, & Agricultural |  | Real Estate Construction - Residential |  | Real Estate Construction - Commercial |  | Real Estate Mortgage - Residential |  | Real Estate Mortgage - Commercial |  | Installment and Other Consumer |  | Un- allocated |  | Total
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 2,735 |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 875 |  |  | $ | 3,329 |  |  | $ | 8,000 |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | 15,588 |
Adoption of ASU 2016-13 | (649) |  |  | 291 |  |  | 2,894 |  |  | 1,890 |  |  | 1,613 |  |  | (80) |  |  | (166) |  |  | 5,793 |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | 2,086 |  |  | 448 |  |  | 3,769 |  |  | 5,219 |  |  | 9,613 |  |  | 246 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,381 |
Charge-offs | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | 204 |  |  | — |  |  | 291 |
Recoveries | 183 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | 257 |
Provision for (release of) credit losses | (274) |  |  | 425 |  |  | (504) |  |  | 89 |  |  | 1,145 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 1,115 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 1,936 |  |  | $ | 873 |  |  | $ | 3,265 |  |  | $ | 5,314 |  |  | $ | 10,733 |  |  | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 22,462 |
Liability for Unfunded Commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Adoption of ASU 2016-13 | 104 |  |  | 341 |  |  | 569 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,272 |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | 104 |  |  | 341 |  |  | 569 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,272 |
Provision for (release of) credit losses on unfunded commitments | 17 |  |  | (54) |  |  | (265) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (25) |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | (325) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | 304 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 947 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans and liability for unfunded commitments | $ | 2,057 |  |  | $ | 1,160 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 5,418 |  |  | $ | 10,858 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 23,409 |
Collateral-Dependent loans Collateral-dependent loans are loans for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Under the CECL methodology, for collateral-dependent loans, the Company has adopted the practical expedient to measure the allowance on the fair value of collateral. The allowance is calculated on an individual loan basis based on the shortfall between the fair value of the loan’s collateral, which is adjusted for liquidation costs/discounts, and the loan’s amortized cost. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the loan’s amortized cost, no allowance is necessary. The Company’s policy is to obtain appraisals on any significant pieces of collateral. Higher discounts are applied in determining fair value for real estate collateral in industries that are undergoing significant stress, or for properties that are specialized use or have limited marketability. There have been no significant changes to the types of collateral securing the Company's collateral dependent loans since December 31, 2023. The amortized cost of collateral-dependent loans by class as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:
| Collateral Type |  |
(dollars in thousands) | Real Estate |  | Other |  | Allowance Allocated
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial, and agricultural | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,240 |  |  | $ | 124 |
Real estate construction − residential | 454 |  |  | — |  |  | 194 |
Real estate mortgage − commercial | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | 1,240 |  |  | $ | 318 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial, and agricultural | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,221 |  |  | $ | 1,300 |
Real estate construction − residential | 432 |  |  | — |  |  | 164 |
Real estate mortgage − residential | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Real estate mortgage − commercial | 2,369 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 2,847 |  |  | $ | 2,221 |  |  | $ | 1,483 |
Credit Quality The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based upon an internal rating system reflecting management’s risk assessment. •Pass - loans that are well protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor (or guarantors, if any) or by the fair value, less cost to acquire and sell in a timely manner, of any underlying collateral. •Watch - loans that have one or more weaknesses identified that may result in the borrower being unable to meet repayment terms or when the Company’s credit position could deteriorate at some future date. •Special Mention - loans that have negative financial trends, or other weaknesses that if left uncorrected, could threaten its capacity to meet its debt obligations. This is a transitional grade that is closely monitored by management for improvement or deterioration. •Substandard - loans that are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified may have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment of the debt. Such loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company may sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. •Doubtful - loans that have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified as Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable on the basis of currently known facts, conditions, and values. These loans are also on non-accrual status. •Non-accrual - loans that are delinquent for 90 days or more and the ultimate collectability of interest or principal is no longer probable. Real estate loans secured by one-to-four family residential properties are exempt from these non-accrual guidelines. These loans are placed on non-accrual status after they become 120 days past due (The majority of the Company's non-accrual loans have a substandard risk grade.) The following table presents the recorded investment by risk categories at September 30, 2024:
| Term Loans |  |  |  |  |  |
| Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and Risk Grades |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Total
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, Financial, & Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 19,766 |  |  | $ | 23,289 |  |  | $ | 34,214 |  |  | $ | 26,690 |  |  | $ | 27,620 |  |  | $ | 4,127 |  |  | $ | 53,944 |  |  | $ | 1,595 |  |  | $ | 191,245 |
Watch | — |  |  | 101 |  |  | 1,460 |  |  | — |  |  | 321 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 2,331 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,480 |
Substandard | 168 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,431 |  |  | 638 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,737 |
Doubtful | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 15 |
Non-accrual loans | 286 |  |  | 357 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 936 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,864 |
Total | $ | 20,220 |  |  | $ | 23,747 |  |  | $ | 39,255 |  |  | $ | 27,441 |  |  | $ | 27,978 |  |  | $ | 4,394 |  |  | $ | 57,711 |  |  | $ | 1,595 |  |  | $ | 202,341 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | — |  |  | 230 |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 1,746 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,158 |
Real Estate Construction - Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 10,959 |  |  | $ | 17,954 |  |  | $ | 2,187 |  |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31,890 |
Non-accrual loans | — |  |  | 454 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 454 |
Total | $ | 10,959 |  |  | $ | 18,408 |  |  | $ | 2,187 |  |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,344 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real Estate Construction - Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 38,257 |  |  | $ | 8,441 |  |  | $ | 11,047 |  |  | $ | 4,028 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 627 |  |  | $ | 1,814 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 64,847 |
Watch | 316 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 455 |
Substandard | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |
Non-accrual loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |
Total | $ | 38,573 |  |  | $ | 8,641 |  |  | $ | 11,061 |  |  | $ | 4,028 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 682 |  |  | $ | 1,814 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 65,432 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real Estate Mortgage - Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 20,351 |  |  | $ | 54,317 |  |  | $ | 119,466 |  |  | $ | 52,519 |  |  | $ | 43,373 |  |  | $ | 25,791 |  |  | $ | 43,632 |  |  | $ | 1,179 |  |  | $ | 360,628 |
Watch | 5,730 |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | 397 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 700 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,257 |
Substandard | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |
Non-accrual loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 431 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 232 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,113 |
Total | $ | 26,146 |  |  | $ | 54,317 |  |  | $ | 119,938 |  |  | $ | 53,005 |  |  | $ | 43,794 |  |  | $ | 26,836 |  |  | $ | 43,888 |  |  | $ | 1,179 |  |  | $ | 369,103 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |
Real Estate Mortgage - Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 41,722 |  |  | $ | 121,314 |  |  | $ | 215,466 |  |  | $ | 207,422 |  |  | $ | 74,842 |  |  | $ | 60,412 |  |  | $ | 16,630 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 737,859 |
Watch | 2,255 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 4,883 |  |  | 1,993 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 425 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 582 |  |  | 10,544 |
Special Mention | 27,655 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,747 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 33,402 |
Substandard | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | 206 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 503 |
Non-accrual loans | — |  |  | 101 |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 179 |
Total | $ | 71,679 |  |  | $ | 121,466 |  |  | $ | 226,380 |  |  | $ | 209,634 |  |  | $ | 75,152 |  |  | $ | 60,837 |  |  | $ | 16,706 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 782,487 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | — |  |  | 340 |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 433 |
Installment and other Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 1,965 |  |  | $ | 4,192 |  |  | $ | 4,179 |  |  | $ | 1,467 |  |  | $ | 708 |  |  | $ | 2,448 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,033 |
Non-accrual loans | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Total | $ | 1,965 |  |  | $ | 4,194 |  |  | $ | 4,188 |  |  | $ | 1,467 |  |  | $ | 708 |  |  | $ | 2,448 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,044 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | 10 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |
Total Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 133,020 |  |  | $ | 229,507 |  |  | $ | 386,559 |  |  | $ | 292,747 |  |  | $ | 147,345 |  |  | $ | 93,405 |  |  | $ | 116,094 |  |  | $ | 2,825 |  |  | $ | 1,401,502 |
Watch | 8,301 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 6,398 |  |  | 2,390 |  |  | 965 |  |  | 1,392 |  |  | 2,431 |  |  | 582 |  |  | 22,736 |
Special Mention | 27,655 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,747 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,402 |
Substandard | 280 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 3,637 |  |  | 857 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,420 |
Doubtful | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Non-accrual loans | 286 |  |  | 914 |  |  | 668 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 1,168 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,676 |
Total | $ | 169,542 |  |  | $ | 230,773 |  |  | $ | 403,009 |  |  | $ | 296,196 |  |  | $ | 148,434 |  |  | $ | 95,197 |  |  | $ | 120,193 |  |  | $ | 3,407 |  |  | $ | 1,466,751 |
Total Gross YTD charge-offs | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,769 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,810 |
The following table presents the recorded investment by risk categories at December 31, 2023:
| Term Loans |  |  |  |  |  |
| Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and Risk Grades |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Total
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, Financial, & Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 40,103 |  |  | $ | 43,082 |  |  | $ | 32,812 |  |  | $ | 30,965 |  |  | $ | 4,774 |  |  | $ | 5,022 |  |  | $ | 55,379 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 212,350 |
Watch | 1 |  |  | 2,505 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 586 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 282 |  |  | 2,502 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,911 |
Substandard | 371 |  |  | 3,758 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 323 |  |  | 1,299 |  |  | 5,786 |
Non-accrual loans | 159 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 317 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,649 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,228 |
Total | $ | 40,634 |  |  | $ | 49,441 |  |  | $ | 33,180 |  |  | $ | 31,567 |  |  | $ | 4,784 |  |  | $ | 5,304 |  |  | $ | 59,853 |  |  | $ | 1,512 |  |  | $ | 226,275 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 160 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 161 |
Real Estate Construction - Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 39,847 |  |  | $ | 17,259 |  |  | $ | 634 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 57,915 |
Non-accrual loans | 432 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 432 |
Total | $ | 40,279 |  |  | $ | 17,259 |  |  | $ | 634 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,347 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real Estate Construction - Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 49,041 |  |  | $ | 53,058 |  |  | $ | 24,371 |  |  | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 735 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 128,463 |
Watch | 934 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,054 |
Substandard | 710 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 710 |
Non-accrual loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |
Total | $ | 50,685 |  |  | $ | 53,075 |  |  | $ | 24,371 |  |  | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 804 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 130,296 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real Estate Mortgage - Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 65,472 |  |  | $ | 121,430 |  |  | $ | 62,998 |  |  | $ | 47,884 |  |  | $ | 7,242 |  |  | $ | 19,193 |  |  | $ | 44,574 |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 368,995 |
Watch | 179 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 1,310 |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,538 |
Substandard | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 129 |  |  | — |  |  | 126 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 271 |
Non-accrual loans | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 135 |  |  | — |  |  | 246 |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | 587 |
Total | $ | 65,667 |  |  | $ | 121,704 |  |  | $ | 63,502 |  |  | $ | 48,441 |  |  | $ | 7,313 |  |  | $ | 20,875 |  |  | $ | 44,687 |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 372,391 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |
Real Estate Mortgage - Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 99,081 |  |  | $ | 208,699 |  |  | $ | 204,789 |  |  | $ | 84,363 |  |  | $ | 27,085 |  |  | $ | 39,941 |  |  | $ | 16,059 |  |  | $ | 659 |  |  | $ | 680,676 |
Watch | 15,759 |  |  | 10,978 |  |  | 2,737 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 345 |  |  | 897 |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,877 |
Substandard | — |  |  | 215 |  |  | 15,944 |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | 289 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,493 |
Non-accrual loans | 1,817 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 712 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,978 |
Total | $ | 116,657 |  |  | $ | 219,946 |  |  | $ | 224,182 |  |  | $ | 84,666 |  |  | $ | 27,558 |  |  | $ | 41,127 |  |  | $ | 16,229 |  |  | $ | 659 |  |  | $ | 731,024 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |
Installment and other Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 7,430 |  |  | $ | 6,497 |  |  | $ | 2,720 |  |  | $ | 1,287 |  |  | $ | 987 |  |  | $ | 1,803 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,814 |
Total | $ | 7,430 |  |  | $ | 6,497 |  |  | $ | 2,720 |  |  | $ | 1,287 |  |  | $ | 987 |  |  | $ | 1,803 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,814 |
Gross YTD charge-offs | 84 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 232 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 347 |
Total Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 300,974 |  |  | $ | 450,025 |  |  | $ | 328,324 |  |  | $ | 165,714 |  |  | $ | 40,119 |  |  | $ | 66,694 |  |  | $ | 116,289 |  |  | $ | 1,074 |  |  | $ | 1,469,213 |
Watch | 16,873 |  |  | 13,751 |  |  | 3,180 |  |  | 970 |  |  | 419 |  |  | 2,489 |  |  | 2,698 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,380 |
Substandard | 1,097 |  |  | 3,973 |  |  | 15,963 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 1,299 |  |  | 23,260 |
Non-accrual loans | 2,408 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 1,122 |  |  | 347 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 315 |  |  | 1,839 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,294 |
Total | $ | 321,352 |  |  | $ | 467,922 |  |  | $ | 348,589 |  |  | $ | 167,176 |  |  | $ | 40,673 |  |  | $ | 69,913 |  |  | $ | 121,149 |  |  | $ | 2,373 |  |  | $ | 1,539,147 |
Total Gross YTD charge-offs | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 424 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 628 |
Delinquent and Non-Accrual Loans The delinquency status of loans is determined based on the contractual terms of the notes. Loans are generally classified as delinquent once payments become 30 days or more past due. The Company’s policy is to discontinue the accrual of interest income on any loan when, in the opinion of management, the ultimate collectability of interest or principal is no longer probable. In general, loans are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days or more past due. However, management considers many factors before placing a loan on non-accrual status, including the delinquency status of the loan, the overall financial condition of the borrower, the progress of management’s collection efforts and the value of the underlying collateral. Subsequent interest payments received on non-accrual loans are applied to principal if any doubt exists as to the collectability of such principal; otherwise, such receipts are recorded as interest income on a cash basis. Non-accrual loans are returned to accrual status when, in the opinion of management, the financial condition of the borrower indicates that the timely collectability of interest and principal is probable and the borrower demonstrates the ability to pay under the terms of the note through a sustained period of repayment performance, which is generally six months. The following table presents the recorded investment in non-accrual loans and loans past due over 90 days still on accrual by class of loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
(dollars in thousands) | Non-accrual with no Allowance |  | Non-accrual with Allowance |  | Total Non-accrual |  | 90 Days Past Due And Still Accruing |  | Total Non-performing Loans
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, Financial, and Agricultural | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 1,405 |  |  | $ | 1,879 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,879 |
Real estate construction − residential | — |  |  | 454 |  |  | 454 |  |  | — |  |  | 454 |
Real estate construction − commercial | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |
Real estate mortgage − residential | — |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 1,486 |
Real estate mortgage − commercial | — |  |  | 179 |  |  | 179 |  |  | — |  |  | 179 |
Installment and Other Consumer | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |
Total | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 3,217 |  |  | $ | 3,691 |  |  | $ | 375 |  |  | $ | 4,066 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, Financial, and Agricultural | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,228 |  |  | $ | 2,228 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,228 |
Real estate construction − residential | — |  |  | 432 |  |  | 432 |  |  | — |  | 432 |
Real estate construction − commercial | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  | 69 |
Real estate mortgage − residential | — |  |  | 587 |  |  | 587 |  |  | 115 |  | 702 |
Real estate mortgage − commercial | 2,368 |  |  | 610 |  |  | 2,978 |  |  | — |  | 2,978 |
Installment and Other Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Total | $ | 2,368 |  |  | $ | 3,926 |  |  | $ | 6,294 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 6,413 |
No material amount of interest income was recognized on non-accrual loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The following table provides aging information for the Company’s past due and non-accrual loans at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
(dollars in thousands) | Current or Less Than 30 Days Past Due |  | 30 - 89 Days Past Due |  | 90 Days Past Due And Still Accruing |  | Non-Accrual |  | Total
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, Financial, and Agricultural | $ | 200,451 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,879 |  |  | $ | 202,341 |
Real estate construction − residential | 31,487 |  |  | 403 |  |  | — |  |  | 454 |  |  | 32,344 |
Real estate construction − commercial | 65,251 |  |  | 126 |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | 65,432 |
Real estate mortgage − residential | 366,695 |  |  | 922 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 369,103 |
Real estate mortgage − commercial | 782,210 |  |  | 98 |  |  | — |  |  | 179 |  |  | 782,487 |
Installment and Other Consumer | 14,957 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 15,044 |
Total | $ | 1,461,051 |  |  | $ | 1,634 |  |  | $ | 375 |  |  | $ | 3,691 |  |  | $ | 1,466,751 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, Financial, and Agricultural | $ | 223,845 |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,228 |  |  | $ | 226,275 |
Real estate construction − residential | 57,568 |  |  | 347 |  |  | — |  |  | 432 |  |  | 58,347 |
Real estate construction − commercial | 130,227 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 130,296 |
Real estate mortgage − residential | 368,956 |  |  | 2,733 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 587 |  |  | 372,391 |
Real estate mortgage − commercial | 728,029 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,978 |  |  | 731,024 |
Installment and Other Consumer | 20,607 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,814 |
Total | $ | 1,529,232 |  |  | $ | 3,502 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 6,294 |  |  | $ | 1,539,147 |
Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty In the normal course of business, the Company may execute loan modifications with borrowers. These modifications are analyzed to determine whether the modification is considered concessionary, long-term and made to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. The Company’s modifications generally include interest rate adjustments, principal reductions, and amortization and maturity date extensions. If a loan modification is determined to be made to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, the loan is considered collateral-dependent and evaluated as part of the allowance for credit losses as described above in the Allowance for Credit Losses section of this note. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company did not modify any loans made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company monitors loan payments on an on-going basis to determine if a loan is considered to have a payment default. Determination of payment default involves analyzing the economic conditions that exist for each customer and their ability to generate positive cash flows during the loan term. Loans Held for Sale The Company designates certain long-term fixed rate personal real estate loans as held for sale. Prior to September 30, 2024, these loans were initially measured at fair value under the fair value option election with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in mortgage banking income. As of September 30, 2024, loans held for sale are being carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. The loans are primarily sold to Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, PennyMac, and various other secondary market investors. At September 30, 2024, the carrying amount of these loans was $0.3 million compared to $3.9 million at December 31, 2023.

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