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Debt | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Debt Disclosure [Abstract] |
Debt | Debt Convertible senior notes Convertible senior notes consist of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2019
| Principal/ Fair Value Amount |  | Debt Issuance Costs |  | Net Amount |  | Principal/ Fair Value Amount |  | Debt Issuance Costs |  | Net Amount
4.875% convertible senior notes due 2020 | $ | 113,000 |  |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | $ | 111,818 |  |  | $ | 1,905 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,905 |
3.25% convertible senior notes due 2020 * | 27,974 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,974 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
3.25% convertible senior notes due 2023 ** | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,753 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,753 |
Total convertible senior notes | $ | 140,974 |  |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | $ | 139,792 |  |  | $ | 52,658 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 52,658 |
* The amounts presented for the 3.25% convertible senior notes due 2020 within the table represent the fair value as of December 31, 2018 (see Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements). The notes were extinguished on August 9, 2019 in connection with the Recapitalization Transaction (defined below). The principal amount of these notes was $29.6 million and nil as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. ** The amounts presented for the 3.25% convertible senior notes due 2023 within the table represent the fair value as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019 (see Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements). The principal amount of these notes totaled nil and $37.6 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Also, the amount presented excludes accrued, but unpaid, payment-in-kind interest of $0.4 million as of December 31, 2019. In July 2013, the Company sold an aggregate of $100.0 million principal amount of 4.25% convertible senior notes due 2018 (the “2018 Notes”). The 2018 Notes, which were senior unsecured obligations of the Company, paid interest semi-annually in arrears on August 1 and February 1 of each year at a rate of 4.25% per annum and matured on August 1, 2018. The initial conversion rate for the 2018 Notes was 114.3674 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes, equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $8.74 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment in certain events. In 2016, the Company repurchased and retired an aggregate of approximately $6.1 million principal amount of the 2018 Notes. In addition, approximately $0.1 million of the unamortized debt issuance costs were written off and a nominal gain was recognized in conjunction with the retirement of the 2018 Notes. During the first quarter of 2017, the Company exchanged and retired $39.1 million principal amount of the 2018 Notes at par for $24.1 million in cash and approximately 2.9 million shares of its common stock. During the second quarter of 2017, the Company exchanged and retired $12.0 million principal amount of the 2018 Notes at par for $11.6 million in cash and 112,400 shares of its common stock, and approximately $0.1 million of the unamortized debt issuance costs were written off and a $0.1 million gain was recognized in conjunction with the exchange and retirement of the 2018 Notes. In August 2017, the Company agreed with Oasis Management and Oasis Investments II Master Fund Ltd., (collectively, “Oasis”) the holder of approximately $21.6 million face amount of its 2018 Notes, to extend the maturity date of these notes to November 1, 2020. In addition, the interest rate was reduced to 3.25% per annum and the conversion rate was increased to 328.0302 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes, among other things. After execution of a definitive agreement for the modification and final approval by the other members of the Company’s Board of Directors and Oasis’ Investment Committee, the transaction closed on November 7, 2017. In connection with this transaction, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of the debt of approximately $0.6 million. On July 26, 2018, the Company closed a transaction with Oasis to exchange $8.0 million face amount of the 2018 Notes with convertible senior notes similar to those issued to Oasis in November 2017. The July 26, 2018 $8.0 million Oasis notes mature on November 1, 2020, accrue interest at an annual rate of 3.25% and are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial rate of 322.2688 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the new notes. In connection with this transaction, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of the debt of approximately $0.5 million. The conversion price for the 3.25% convertible senior notes due 2020 was reset on November 1, 2018 and November 1, 2019 (each, a “reset date”) to a price equal to 105% above the 5-day Volume Weighted Average Price ("VWAP") preceding the reset date; provided, however, among other reset restrictions, that if the conversion price resulting from such reset is lower than 90 percent of the average VWAP during the 90 calendar days preceding the reset date, then the reset price shall be the 30-day VWAP preceding the reset date. The conversion price of the 3.25% convertible senior notes due 2020 reset on November 1, 2018 to $2.54 per share and the conversion rate was increased to 393.7008 shares of the Company's common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes. The remaining $13.2 million of 2018 Notes were redeemed at par at maturity on August 1, 2018. In August 2019, the Company entered into and consummated multiple, binding definitive agreements (collectively, the “Recapitalization Transaction”) among Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, Oasis Investments II Master Fund Ltd. and an ad hoc group of holders of the 4.875% convertible senior notes due 2020 ( the "Investor Parties") to recapitalize the Company’s balance sheet, including the extension to the Company of incremental liquidity and at least three-year extensions of substantially all of the Company’s outstanding convertible debt obligations and revolving credit facility. The Company’s term loan agreement entered into with Great American Capital Partners was paid in full and terminated in connection with the Recapitalization Transaction. In connection with the Recapitalization Transaction, the Company issued (i) amended and restated notes with respect to the $21.6 million Oasis Note issued on November 7, 2017, and the $8.0 million Oasis Note issued on July 26, 2018 (together, the “Existing Oasis Notes”), and (ii) a new $8.0 million convertible senior note having the same terms as such amended and restated notes (the "New $8.0 million Oasis Note" and collectively, the “New Oasis Notes” or the "3.25% convertible senior notes due 2023"). Interest on the New Oasis Notes is payable on each May 1 and November 1 until maturity and accrues at an annual rate of (i) 3.25% if paid in cash or 5.00% if paid in stock plus (ii) 2.75% payable in kind. The New Oasis Notes mature 91 days after the amounts outstanding under the New Term Loan are paid in full, and in no event later than July 3, 2023. The New Oasis Notes provide, among other things, that the initial conversion price is $1.00. The conversion price will be reset on each February 9 and August 9, starting on February 9, 2020 (each, a “reset date”) to a price equal to 105% of the 5-day VWAP preceding the applicable reset date. Under no circumstances shall the reset result in a conversion price be below the greater of (i) the closing price on the trading day immediately preceding the applicable reset date and (ii) 30% of the stock price as of the Transaction Agreement Date, or August 7, 2019, and will not be greater than the conversion price in effect immediately before such reset. The Company may trigger a mandatory conversion of the New Oasis Notes if the market price exceeds 150% of the conversion price under certain circumstances. The Company may redeem the New Oasis Notes in cash if a person, entity or group acquires shares of the Company’s Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), and as a result owns at least 49% of the Company’s issued and outstanding Common Stock. In connection with the issuance of the New Oasis Notes, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of the Existing Oasis Notes of approximately $10.4 million. The conversion price of the new Oasis Notes reset on February 9, 2020 to $1.00 per share. The Company has elected to measure and present the debt held by Oasis at fair value using Level 3 inputs and as a result, recognized a gain (loss) of ($0.3) million, $2.9 million and ($2.5) million for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively, related to changes in the fair value of the 3.25% convertible senior notes due 2020. The Company also recognized a loss of $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 related to changes in the fair value of the 3.25% convertible senior note due 2023. The Company evaluated its credit risk as of December 31, 2019, and determined that there was no change from December 31, 2018. In June 2014, the Company sold an aggregate of $115.0 million principal amount of 4.875% convertible senior notes due 2020 (the “2020 Notes”). The 2020 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company paying interest semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year at a rate of 4.875% per annum and will mature on June 1, 2020. The initial and still current conversion rate for the 2020 Notes is 103.7613 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes, equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $9.64 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment in certain events. Upon conversion, the 2020 Notes will be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock. Holders of the 2020 Notes may require that the Company repurchase for cash all or some of their notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the 2020 Notes). In January 2016, the Company repurchased and retired an aggregate of $2.0 million principal amount of the 2020 Notes. In addition, approximately $0.1 million of the unamortized debt issuance costs were written off and a $0.1 million gain was recognized in conjunction with the retirement of the 2020 Notes. In connection with the Recapitalization Transaction, 2020 Notes outstanding with a face amount of $111.1 million of the total $113.0 million that were outstanding at the time of the Recapitalization Transaction were refinanced and the maturity dates effectively extended. Of the refinanced amount, $103.8 million was refinanced with the Investor Parties through the issuance of the New Common Equity (as defined below), the New Preferred Equity (as defined below) (see Note 15 - Common Stock and Preferred Stock) and new secured term debt that matures in February 2023 (see Term Loan section below). Additionally, $1.0 million of accrued interest was refinanced with the Investor Parties. The remaining refinanced amount of $7.3 million was exchanged into the New $8.0 million Oasis Note discussed above. In connection with the issuance of the new secured term loan, as well as the New Common Equity and the New Preferred Equity, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of the 2020 Notes refinanced with the Investor Parties of approximately $2.4 million, and wrote off $0.7 million of unamortized debt issuance costs related to the 2020 Notes. The remaining $1.9 million principal amount of 2020 Notes are due and payable on June 1, 2020. The Company classified the remaining $1.9 million of the 2020 Notes, which are due June 2020, as current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the 4.875% convertible senior notes due 2020 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 was $93.2 million (principal amount $113.0 million) and $1.7 million (principal amount $1.9 million), respectively, based upon the most recent quoted market prices. The fair values of the convertible senior notes are considered to be Level 3 measurements on the fair value hierarchy. Key components of the 4.25% convertible senior notes due 2018 consist of the following (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Contractual interest expense | $ | 2,184 |  |  | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | — |
Amortization of debt issuance costs recognized as interest expense | 844 |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |
| $ | 3,028 |  |  | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | — |
Key components of the 4.875% convertible senior notes due 2020 consist of the following (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Contractual interest expense | $ | 5,509 |  |  | $ | 5,509 |  |  | $ | 3,370 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs recognized as interest expense | 789 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 460 |
| $ | 6,298 |  |  | $ | 6,298 |  |  | $ | 3,830 |
Key components of the 3.25% convertible senior notes due 2020 consist of the following (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Contractual interest expense | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 815 |  |  | $ | 580 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs recognized as interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 815 |  |  | $ | 580 |
Key components of the 3.25% convertible senior notes due 2023 consist of the following (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Contractual interest expense | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 899 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs recognized as interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 899 |
Term Loan Term loan consists of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2019
| Principal Amount** |  | Debt Discount/ Issuance Costs* |  | Net Amount |  | Principal Amount** |  | Debt Discount/ Issuance Costs* |  | Net Amount
Term Loan | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 134,801 |  |  | $ | (12,319 | ) |  | $ | 122,482 |
* The term loan was valued using the discounted cash flow method to determine the implied debt discount. The debt discount and issuance costs are being amortized over the life of the term loan. ** The amount presented excludes accrued, but unpaid, payment-in-kind interest of $1.3 million as of December 31, 2019. In August 2019, in connection with the Recapitalization Transaction, the Company entered into a First Lien Term Loan Facility Credit Agreement (the “New Term Loan Agreement”), with certain of the Investor Parties, and Cortland Capital Market Services LLC, as agent, for a $134.8 million first-lien secured term loan (the “New Term Loan”). The Company also issued common stock and preferred stock (see Note 15 - Common Stock and Preferred Stock) to the Investor Parties. Amounts outstanding under the New Term Loan accrue interest at 10.50% per annum, payable semi-annually (with 8% per annum payable in cash and 2.5% per annum payable in kind). The New Term Loan matures on February 9, 2023. The New Term Loan Agreement contains negative covenants that, subject to certain exceptions, limit the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, make restricted payments, pledge their assets as security, make investments, loans, advances, guarantees and acquisitions, undergo fundamental changes and enter into transactions with affiliates. Commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2020, the Company is also required to maintain a minimum EBITDA of not less than $34.0 million and a minimum liquidity of not less than $10.0 million. The New Term Loan Agreement contains events of default that are customary for a facility of this nature, including nonpayment of principal, nonpayment of interest, fees or other amounts, material inaccuracy of representations and warranties, violation of covenants, cross-default to other material indebtedness, bankruptcy or insolvency events, material judgment defaults and a change of control as specified in the New Term Loan Agreement. If an event of default occurs, the maturity of the amounts owed under the New Term Loan Agreement may be accelerated. The obligations under the New Term Loan Agreement are guaranteed by the Company, the subsidiary borrowers thereunder and certain of the other existing and future direct and indirect subsidiaries of the Company and are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company, the subsidiary borrowers thereunder and such other subsidiary guarantors, in each case, subject to certain exceptions and permitted liens. Amortization expense classified as interest expense related to the $3.8 million of debt issuance costs associated with the issuance of the New Term Loan was $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Amortization expense classified as interest expense related to the $10.1 million debt discount associated with the issuance of the New Term Loan was $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

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