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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021

OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________to _________

Commission File Number 0-1665

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 36-2476480
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

15 Joys Lane

Kingston, NY 12401
(Address of principal executive offices)

(845) 802-7900
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | KINS | Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 13, 2021, there were 10,564,299 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC.

INDEX

|  |  | PAGE |
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  | 4 |
Item 1 - | Financial Statements |  | 4 |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2021 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2020 |  | 4 |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 (Unaudited) and 2020 (Unaudited) |  | 5 |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 (Unaudited) and 2020 (Unaudited) |  | 6-7 |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2021 (Unaudited) and 2020 (Unaudited) |  | 8 |
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | 9 |
Item 2 - | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 40 |
Item 3 - | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 72 |
Item 4 - | Controls and Procedures |  | 72 |
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |  | 73 |
Item 1 - | Legal Proceedings |  | 73 |
Item 1A - | Risk Factors |  | 73 |
Item 2 - | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 73 |
Item 3 - | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 73 |
Item 4 - | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 73 |
Item 5 - | Other Information |  | 73 |
Item 6 - | Exhibits |  | 74 |
Signatures |  | 75 |

2
Table of Contents

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report contains forward‑looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The events described in forward‑looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report may not occur. Generally, these statements relate to business plans or strategies, projected or anticipated results or other consequences of our plans or strategies, projected or anticipated results from acquisitions to be made by us, or projections involving anticipated revenues, earnings, costs or other aspects of our operating results. The words “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “project,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” and “continue,” and their opposites and similar expressions are intended to identify forward‑looking statements. We caution you that these statements are not guarantees of future performance or events and are subject to a number of uncertainties, risks and other influences, many of which are beyond our control, which may influence the accuracy of the statements and the projections upon which the statements are based. Factors which may cause actual results and outcomes to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to the risks and uncertainties discussed in Part I Item 1A (“Risk Factors”) of our Annual Report under “Factors That May Affect Future Results and Financial Condition” on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 and Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report.

Any one or more of these uncertainties, risks and other influences could materially affect our results of operations and whether forward‑looking statements made by us ultimately prove to be accurate. Our actual results, performance and achievements could differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward‑looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward‑looking statements, whether from new information, future events or otherwise except as required by law

3
Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities, held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value of $10,458,317 at June 30, 2021 and $8,194,824 at December 31, 2020) |  | $ | 9,822,799 |  |  | $ | 7,368,815 |
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $128,897,850 at June 30, 2021 and $145,045,584 at December 31, 2020) |  |  | 137,916,652 |  |  |  | 157,549,272 |
Equity securities, at fair value (cost of $32,679,724 at June 30, 2021 and $32,571,166 at December 31, 2020) |  |  | 36,317,931 |  |  |  | 34,413,313 |
Other investments |  |  | 6,983,057 |  |  |  | 3,518,626 |
Total investments |  |  | 191,040,439 |  |  |  | 202,850,026 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 43,059,747 |  |  |  | 19,463,742 |
Premiums receivable, net |  |  | 10,719,732 |  |  |  | 11,819,639 |
Reinsurance receivables, net |  |  | 28,192,924 |  |  |  | 45,460,729 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs |  |  | 19,950,955 |  |  |  | 20,142,515 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 500,000 |  |  |  | 500,000 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 8,619,114 |  |  |  | 8,083,123 |
Other assets |  |  | 10,617,258 |  |  |  | 9,262,493 |
Total assets |  | $ | 312,700,169 |  |  | $ | 317,582,267 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves |  | $ | 85,025,038 |  |  | $ | 82,801,228 |
Unearned premiums |  |  | 88,072,566 |  |  |  | 90,009,272 |
Advance premiums |  |  | 5,242,684 |  |  |  | 2,660,354 |
Reinsurance balances payable |  |  | 2,026,000 |  |  |  | 6,979,735 |
Deferred ceding commission revenue |  |  | 84,588 |  |  |  | 93,519 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 8,535,418 |  |  |  | 8,433,233 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  |  | 4,013,528 |  |  |  | 4,156,913 |
Long-term debt, net |  |  | 29,735,701 |  |  |  | 29,647,611 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 222,735,523 |  |  |  | 224,781,865 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 11) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; authorized 2,500,000 shares |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock, $.01 par value; authorized 20,000,000 shares; issued 11,944,220 shares at June 30, 2021 and 11,871,307 shares at December 31, 2020; outstanding 10,561,143 shares at June 30, 2021 and 10,616,815 shares at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 119,442 |  |  |  | 118,713 |
Capital in excess of par |  |  | 71,567,797 |  |  |  | 70,769,165 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 7,127,003 |  |  |  | 9,880,062 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 16,086,337 |  |  |  | 15,928,345 |
|  |  | 94,900,579 |  |  |  | 96,696,285 |
Treasury stock, at cost, 1,383,077 shares at June 30, 2021 and 1,254,492 shares at December 31, 2020 |  |  | (4,935,933 | ) |  |  | (3,895,883 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 89,964,646 |  |  |  | 92,800,402 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 312,700,169 |  |  | $ | 317,582,267 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4
Table of Contents

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consdensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited)
|  | For the Three Months Ended |  |  | For the Six Months Ended |
|  | June 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 35,436,426 |  |  | $ | 26,636,856 |  |  | $ | 70,025,644 |  |  | $ | 53,578,306 |
Ceding commission revenue |  |  | 45,741 |  |  |  | 3,480,214 |  |  |  | 44,676 |  |  |  | 7,311,313 |
Net investment income |  |  | 1,678,075 |  |  |  | 1,612,006 |  |  |  | 3,461,271 |  |  |  | 3,277,850 |
Net gains (losses) on investments |  |  | 2,315,261 |  |  |  | 2,697,868 |  |  |  | 5,275,668 |  |  |  | (3,746,550 | )
Other income |  |  | 124,946 |  |  |  | 262,388 |  |  |  | 296,392 |  |  |  | 522,018 |
Total revenues |  |  | 39,600,449 |  |  |  | 34,689,332 |  |  |  | 79,103,651 |  |  |  | 60,942,937 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 20,759,210 |  |  |  | 12,813,631 |  |  |  | 43,319,882 |  |  |  | 29,199,452 |
Commission expense |  |  | 8,285,341 |  |  |  | 7,760,540 |  |  |  | 16,509,180 |  |  |  | 15,616,467 |
Other underwriting expenses |  |  | 6,692,920 |  |  |  | 6,325,472 |  |  |  | 13,159,962 |  |  |  | 13,087,264 |
Other operating expenses |  |  | 933,272 |  |  |  | 1,089,135 |  |  |  | 2,285,578 |  |  |  | 2,326,030 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 837,654 |  |  |  | 673,160 |  |  |  | 1,659,994 |  |  |  | 1,360,254 |
Interest expense |  |  | 456,545 |  |  |  | 456,545 |  |  |  | 913,090 |  |  |  | 913,090 |
Total expenses |  |  | 37,964,942 |  |  |  | 29,118,483 |  |  |  | 77,847,686 |  |  |  | 62,502,557 |
Income (loss) before taxes |  |  | 1,635,507 |  |  |  | 5,570,849 |  |  |  | 1,255,965 |  |  |  | (1,559,620 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 312,146 |  |  |  | 962,659 |  |  |  | 243,701 |  |  |  | (723,607 | )
Net income (loss) |  |  | 1,323,361 |  |  |  | 4,608,190 |  |  |  | 1,012,264 |  |  |  | (836,013 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale-securities |  |  | 1,074,164 |  |  |  | 10,887,611 |  |  |  | (2,749,115 | ) |  |  | 4,160,122 |
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income (loss) |  |  | (341,474 | ) |  |  | 148,495 |  |  |  | (735,771 | ) |  |  | 46,273 |
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) |  |  | 732,690 |  |  |  | 11,036,106 |  |  |  | (3,484,886 | ) |  |  | 4,206,395 |
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (153,865 | ) |  |  | (2,317,582 | ) |  |  | 731,827 |  |  |  | (883,342 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | 578,825 |  |  |  | 8,718,524 |  |  |  | (2,753,059 | ) |  |  | 3,323,053 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 1,902,186 |  |  | $ | 13,326,714 |  |  | $ | (1,740,795 | ) |  | $ | 2,487,040 |
Earnings (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.43 |  |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | (0.08 | )
Diluted |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.43 |  |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | (0.08 | )
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 10,670,831 |  |  |  | 10,733,354 |  |  |  | 10,673,550 |  |  |  | 10,770,598 |
Diluted |  |  | 10,846,724 |  |  |  | 10,734,784 |  |  |  | 10,809,924 |  |  |  | 10,770,598 |
Dividends declared and paid per common share |  | $ | 0.0400 |  |  | $ | 0.0400 |  |  | $ | 0.0800 |  |  | $ | 0.1025 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

5
Table of Contents

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
Three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Capital |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | in Excess |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Retained |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | of Par |  |  | Income (Loss) |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Total |
Balance, April 1, 2020 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 11,851,266 |  |  | $ | 118,512 |  |  | $ | 69,533,150 |  |  | $ | (626,601 | ) |  | $ | 10,792,934 |  |  |  | 1,069,873 |  |  | $ | (2,955,276 | ) |  |  | 76,862,719 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 454,937 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 454,937 |
Vesting of restricted stock awards |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,030 |  |  |  | 220 |  |  |  | (220 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Shares deducted from restricted stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
awards for payment of withholding taxes |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,042 | ) |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | (36,318 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (36,388 | )
Acquisition of treasury stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 126,236 |  |  |  | (559,064 | ) |  |  | (559,064 | )
Dividends |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (427,440 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (427,440 | )
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,608,190 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,608,190 |
Change in unrealized gains on available- |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
for-sale securities, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,718,524 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,718,524 |
Balance, June 30, 2020 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 11,866,254 |  |  | $ | 118,662 |  |  | $ | 69,951,549 |  |  | $ | 8,091,923 |  |  | $ | 14,973,684 |  |  |  | 1,196,109 |  |  | $ | (3,514,340 | ) |  | $ | 89,621,478 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Capital |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | in Excess |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Retained |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | of Par |  |  | Income |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Total |
Balance, April 1, 2021 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 11,935,321 |  |  | $ | 119,353 |  |  | $ | 71,116,917 |  |  | $ | 6,548,178 |  |  | $ | 15,190,031 |  |  |  | 1,262,527 |  |  | $ | (3,961,798 | ) |  | $ | 89,012,681 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 486,069 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 486,069 |
Vesting of restricted stock awards |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,201 |  |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | (132 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Shares deducted from restricted stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
awards for payment of withholding taxes |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,302 | ) |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | (35,057 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (35,100 | )
Acquisition of treasury stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 120,550 |  |  |  | (974,135 | ) |  |  | (974,135 | )
Dividends |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (427,055 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (427,055 | )
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,323,361 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,323,361 |
Change in unrealized gains on available- |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
for-sale securities, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 578,825 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 578,825 |
Balance, June 30, 2021 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 11,944,220 |  |  | $ | 119,442 |  |  | $ | 71,567,797 |  |  | $ | 7,127,003 |  |  | $ | 16,086,337 |  |  |  | 1,383,077 |  |  | $ | (4,935,933 | ) |  | $ | 89,964,646 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

6
Table of Contents

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
Six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Capital |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | in Excess |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Retained |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | of Par |  |  | Income |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Total |
Balance, January 1, 2020 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 11,824,889 |  |  | $ | 118,248 |  |  | $ | 69,133,918 |  |  | $ | 4,768,870 |  |  | $ | 16,913,097 |  |  |  | 1,027,439 |  |  | $ | (2,712,552 | ) |  |  | 88,221,581 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 942,387 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 942,387 |
Vesting of restricted stock awards |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 60,896 |  |  |  | 607 |  |  |  | (607 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Shares deducted from restricted stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
awards for payment of withholding taxes |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (19,531 | ) |  |  | (193 | ) |  |  | (124,149 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (124,342 | )
Acquisition of treasury stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 168,670 |  |  |  | (801,788 | ) |  |  | (801,788 | )
Dividends |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,103,400 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,103,400 | )
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (836,013 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (836,013 | )
Change in unrealized gains on available- |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
for-sale securities, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,323,053 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,323,053 |
Balance, June 30, 2020 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 11,866,254 |  |  | $ | 118,662 |  |  | $ | 69,951,549 |  |  | $ | 8,091,923 |  |  | $ | 14,973,684 |  |  |  | 1,196,109 |  |  | $ | (3,514,340 | ) |  | $ | 89,621,478 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Capital |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | in Excess |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Retained |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | of Par |  |  | Income |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Total |
Balance, January 1, 2021 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 11,871,307 |  |  | $ | 118,713 |  |  | $ | 70,769,165 |  |  | $ | 9,880,062 |  |  | $ | 15,928,345 |  |  |  | 1,254,492 |  |  | $ | (3,895,883 | ) |  | $ | 92,800,402 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 981,067 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 981,067 |
Vesting of restricted stock awards |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 99,123 |  |  |  | 991 |  |  |  | (991 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Shares deducted from restricted stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
awards for payment of withholding taxes |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (26,210 | ) |  |  | (262 | ) |  |  | (181,444 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (181,706 | )
Acquisition of treasury stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 128,585 |  |  |  | (1,040,050 | ) |  |  | (1,040,050 | )
Dividends |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (854,272 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (854,272 | )
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,012,264 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,012,264 |
Change in unrealized losses on available- |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
for-sale securities, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,753,059 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,753,059 | )
Balance, June 30, 2021 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 11,944,220 |  |  | $ | 119,442 |  |  | $ | 71,567,797 |  |  | $ | 7,127,003 |  |  | $ | 16,086,337 |  |  |  | 1,383,077 |  |  | $ | (4,935,933 | ) |  | $ | 89,964,646 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

7
Table of Contents

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |
Six months ended June 30, |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 1,012,264 |  |  | $ | (836,013 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains on sale of investments |  |  | (1,844,257 | ) |  |  | (275,158 | )
Net unrealized (gains) losses on equity investments |  |  | (1,924,072 | ) |  |  | 3,979,115 |
Net unrealized (gains) losses of other investments |  |  | (1,507,339 | ) |  |  | 42,593 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,659,994 |  |  |  | 1,360,254 |
Bad debts |  |  | 128,518 |  |  |  | 46,440 |
Amortization of bond premium, net |  |  | 107,068 |  |  |  | 302,279 |
Amortization of discount and issuance costs on long-term debt |  |  | 88,090 |  |  |  | 88,090 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 981,067 |  |  |  | 942,387 |
Deferred income tax expense |  |  | 588,442 |  |  |  | 1,017,179 |
(Increase) decrease in operating assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums receivable, net |  |  | 971,389 |  |  |  | (679,568 | )
Reinsurance receivables, net |  |  | 17,267,805 |  |  |  | (491,783 | )
Deferred policy acquisition costs |  |  | 191,560 |  |  |  | 1,112,036 |
Other assets |  |  | (1,365,167 | ) |  |  | (1,609,499 | )
Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves |  |  | 2,223,810 |  |  |  | (3,890,252 | )
Unearned premiums |  |  | (1,936,706 | ) |  |  | (5,376,958 | )
Advance premiums |  |  | 2,582,330 |  |  |  | 1,408,269 |
Reinsurance balances payable |  |  | (4,953,735 | ) |  |  | (6,247,621 | )
Deferred ceding commission revenue |  |  | (8,931 | ) |  |  | (756,824 | )
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 102,185 |  |  |  | (116,404 | )
Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 14,364,315 |  |  |  | (9,981,438 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase - fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity |  |  | (3,111,381 | ) |  |  | (4,041,750 | )
Purchase - fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale |  |  | (5,424,374 | ) |  |  | (12,447,259 | )
Purchase - equity securities |  |  | (8,431,047 | ) |  |  | (8,290,221 | )
Purchase - other investments |  |  | (2,000,000 | ) |  |  | - |
Sale or maturity - fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 625,000 |  |  |  | - |
Sale or maturity - fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale |  |  | 22,276,142 |  |  |  | 19,174,048 |
Sale - equity securities |  |  | 9,569,363 |  |  |  | 6,479,813 |
Acquisition of property and equipment |  |  | (2,195,985 | ) |  |  | (1,101,416 | )
Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 11,307,718 |  |  |  | (226,785 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Withholding taxes paid on vested retricted stock awards |  |  | (181,706 | ) |  |  | (124,342 | )
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  | (1,040,050 | ) |  |  | (801,788 | )
Dividends paid |  |  | (854,272 | ) |  |  | (1,103,400 | )
Net cash flows used in financing activities |  |  | (2,076,028 | ) |  |  | (2,029,530 | )
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 23,596,005 |  |  | $ | (12,237,753 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 19,463,742 |  |  |  | 32,391,485 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 43,059,747 |  |  | $ | 20,153,732 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 825,000 |  |  | $ | 825,000 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Kingstone Companies, Inc. (referred to herein as “Kingstone” or the “Company”), through the wholly owned subsidiary, Kingstone Insurance Company (“KICO”), underwrites property and casualty insurance exclusively through retail and wholesale agents and brokers. KICO is a licensed insurance company in the States of New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Maine and New Hampshire. KICO is currently offering its property and casualty insurance products in New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. Although New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Connecticut continue to be growing markets for the Company, 79.8% and 76.3% of KICO’s direct written premiums for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, came from the New York policies. Kingstone, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Cosi Agency, Inc. (“Cosi”), a multi-state licensed general agency, accesses alternate forms of distribution outside of the independent agent and broker network, through which KICO currently distributes its various products.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The principles for condensed interim financial information do not require the inclusion of all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020 and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 31, 2021. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm in accordance with standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) but, in the opinion of management, such financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations. The results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2021 may not be indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021.

Certain prior year balances were reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.

Note 2 - Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions, which include the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, and are subject to estimation errors due to the inherent uncertainty in projecting ultimate claim amounts that will be reported and settled over a period of many years. In addition, estimates and assumptions associated with receivables under reinsurance contracts related to contingent ceding commission revenue require judgments by management. On an ongoing basis, management reevaluates its assumptions and the methods for calculating these estimates. Actual results may differ significantly from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

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Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements consist of Kingstone and its following wholly owned subsidiaries: (1) KICO and its wholly owned subsidiaries, CMIC Properties, Inc. (“Properties”) and 15 Joys Lane, LLC (“15 Joys Lane”), which together own the land and building from which KICO operates, and (2) Cosi. All significant intercompany account balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Accounting Changes

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-12, Income Taxes - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”). Among other items, the amendments in ASU 2019-12 simplify the accounting treatment of tax law changes and year-to-date losses in interim periods. An entity generally recognizes the effects of a change in tax law in the period of enactment; however, there is an exception for tax laws with delayed effective dates. Under current guidance, an entity may not adjust its annual effective tax rate for a tax law change until the period in which the law is effective. This exception was removed under ASU 2019-12, thereby providing that all effects of a tax law change are recognized in the period of enactment, including adjustment of the estimated annual effective tax rate. Regarding year-to-date losses in interim periods, an entity is required to estimate its annual effective tax rate for the full fiscal year at the end of each interim period and use that rate to calculate its income taxes on a year-to-date basis. However, current guidance provides an exception that when a loss in an interim period exceeds the anticipated loss for the year, the income tax benefit is limited to the amount that would be recognized if the year-to-date loss were the anticipated loss for the full year. ASU 2019-12 removes this exception and provides that, in this situation, an entity would compute its income tax benefit at each interim period based on its estimated annual effective tax rate. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those annual periods. The Company adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021, and it did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). The revised accounting guidance requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts and requires enhanced disclosures related to the significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. In addition, ASU 2016-13 amends the accounting for credit losses of available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. ASU 2016-13 will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The Company is currently evaluating the effect the updated guidance will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company has determined that all other recently issued accounting pronouncements will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows, or do not apply to its operations.

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Note 3 - Investments

Fixed-Maturity Securities

The amortized cost, estimated fair value, and unrealized gains and losses on investments in fixed-maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows:

|  | June 30, 2021 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Cost or Amortized |  |  | Gross Unrealized |  |  | Less than 12 |  |  | More than 12 |  |  | Estimated Fair |  |  | Net Unrealized |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Months |  |  | Months |  |  | Value |  |  | Gains |
Fixed-Maturity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 2,008,936 |  |  | $ | 11,844 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,020,780 |  |  | $ | 11,844 |
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 8,587,648 |  |  |  | 275,691 |  |  |  | (32,208 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,831,131 |  |  |  | 243,483 |
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 97,021,903 |  |  |  | 8,314,462 |  |  |  | (16,838 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 105,319,527 |  |  |  | 8,297,624 |
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (1) |  |  | 21,279,363 |  |  |  | 546,118 |  |  |  | (2,560 | ) |  |  | (77,707 | ) |  |  | 21,745,214 |  |  |  | 465,851 |
Total |  | $ | 128,897,850 |  |  | $ | 9,148,115 |  |  | $ | (51,606 | ) |  | $ | (77,707 | ) |  | $ | 137,916,652 |  |  | $ | 9,018,802 |

(1) | KICO has placed certain residential mortgage backed securities as eligible collateral in a designated custodian account related to its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) (see Note 7). The eligible collateral would be pledged to FHLBNY if KICO draws an advance from the FHLBNY credit line. As of June 30, 2021, the estimated fair value of the eligible investments was approximately $10,837,000. KICO will retain all rights regarding all securities if pledged as collateral. As of June 30, 2021, there was no outstanding balance on the FHLBNY credit line.

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|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Cost or Amortized |  |  | Gross Unrealized |  |  | Less than 12 |  |  | More than 12 |  |  | Estimated Fair |  |  | Net Unrealized |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Months |  |  | Months |  |  | Value |  |  | Gains |
Fixed-Maturity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 3,020,710 |  |  | $ | 29,190 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,049,900 |  |  | $ | 29,190 |
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 5,287,561 |  |  |  | 355,541 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 5,643,102 |  |  |  | 355,541 |
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 108,573,422 |  |  |  | 11,634,123 |  |  |  | (13,216 | ) |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 120,194,329 |  |  |  | 11,620,907 |
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (1) |  |  | 28,163,891 |  |  |  | 617,368 |  |  |  | (7,371 | ) |  |  | (111,947 | ) |  | $ | 28,661,941 |  |  |  | 498,050 |
Total |  | $ | 145,045,584 |  |  | $ | 12,636,222 |  |  | $ | (20,587 | ) |  | $ | (111,947 | ) |  | $ | 157,549,272 |  |  | $ | 12,503,688 |

(1) | KICO placed certain residential mortgage backed securities as eligible collateral in a designated custodian account related to its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) (see Note 7). The eligible collateral would be pledged to FHLBNY if KICO draws an advance from the FHLBNY credit line. As of December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of the eligible investments was approximately $11,391,000. KICO will retain all rights regarding all securities if pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2020, there was no outstanding balance on the FHLBNY credit line.

A summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s investments in available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities by contractual maturity as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is shown below:

|  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |
Remaining Time to Maturity |  | Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Less than one year |  | $ | 7,198,128 |  |  | $ | 7,263,139 |  |  | $ | 8,559,005 |  |  | $ | 8,668,064 |
One to five years |  |  | 43,761,291 |  |  |  | 47,227,835 |  |  |  | 44,137,567 |  |  |  | 47,745,430 |
Five to ten years |  |  | 44,705,071 |  |  |  | 49,293,510 |  |  |  | 55,508,712 |  |  |  | 63,159,775 |
More than 10 years |  |  | 11,953,997 |  |  |  | 12,386,954 |  |  |  | 8,676,409 |  |  |  | 9,314,062 |
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities |  |  | 21,279,363 |  |  |  | 21,745,214 |  |  |  | 28,163,891 |  |  |  | 28,661,941 |
Total |  | $ | 128,897,850 |  |  | $ | 137,916,652 |  |  | $ | 145,045,584 |  |  | $ | 157,549,272 |

The actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

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Equity Securities

The cost and estimated fair value of, and gross unrealized gains and losses on, investments in equity securities as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

|  | June 30, 2021 |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  | Estimated |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Equity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stocks |  | $ | 18,344,078 |  |  | $ | 1,626,038 |  |  | $ | (87,248 | ) |  | $ | 19,882,868 |
Common stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds |  |  | 14,335,646 |  |  |  | 2,120,909 |  |  |  | (21,492 | ) |  |  | 16,435,063 |
Total |  | $ | 32,679,724 |  |  | $ | 3,746,947 |  |  | $ | (108,740 | ) |  | $ | 36,317,931 |

|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  | Estimated |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Equity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stocks |  | $ | 18,097,942 |  |  | $ | 853,277 |  |  | $ | (426,942 | ) |  | $ | 18,524,277 |
Common stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds |  |  | 14,473,224 |  |  |  | 1,820,512 |  |  |  | (404,700 | ) |  |  | 15,889,036 |
Total |  | $ | 32,571,166 |  |  | $ | 2,673,789 |  |  | $ | (831,642 | ) |  | $ | 34,413,313 |

Other Investments

The cost and estimated fair value of, and gross gains on, the Company’s other investments as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

|  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Estimated |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Fair Value |
Other Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedge fund |  | $ | 3,999,381 |  |  | $ | 2,876,584 |  |  | $ | 6,875,965 |  |  | $ | 1,999,381 |  |  | $ | 1,369,245 |  |  | $ | 3,368,626 |
Real estate limited partnership |  |  | 107,092 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 107,092 |  |  |  | 150,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 150,000 |
Total |  | $ | 4,106,473 |  |  | $ | 2,876,584 |  |  | $ | 6,983,057 |  |  | $ | 2,149,381 |  |  | $ | 1,369,245 |  |  | $ | 3,518,626 |

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Held-to-Maturity Securities

The cost or amortized cost and estimated fair value of, and unrealized gross gains and losses on, investments in held-to-maturity fixed-maturity securities as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows:

|  | June 30, 2021 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Cost or Amortized |  |  | Gross Unrealized |  |  | Less than 12 |  |  | More than 12 |  |  | Estimated Fair |  |  | Net Unrealized |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Months |  |  | Months |  |  | Value |  |  | Gains |
Held-to-Maturity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 729,618 |  |  | $ | 211,439 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 941,057 |  |  | $ | 211,439 |
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 998,336 |  |  |  | 36,789 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,035,125 |  |  |  | 36,789 |
Exchange traded debt |  |  | 949,142 |  |  |  | 35,289 |  |  |  | (1,684 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 982,747 |  |  |  | 33,605 |
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 7,145,703 |  |  |  | 358,265 |  |  |  | (4,580 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,499,388 |  |  |  | 353,685 |
Total |  | $ | 9,822,799 |  |  | $ | 641,782 |  |  | $ | (6,264 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 10,458,317 |  |  | $ | 635,518 |

|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Cost or |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated |  |  | Net |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Less than 12 |  |  | More than 12 |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Months |  |  | Months |  |  | Value |  |  | Gains |
Held-to-Maturity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 729,595 |  |  | $ | 319,714 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,049,309 |  |  | $ | 319,714 |
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 998,428 |  |  |  | 50,917 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,049,345 |  |  |  | 50,917 |
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 5,640,792 |  |  |  | 455,378 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,096,170 |  |  |  | 455,378 |
Total |  | $ | 7,368,815 |  |  | $ | 826,009 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 8,194,824 |  |  | $ | 826,009 |

Held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury securities are held in trust pursuant to various states’ minimum funds requirements.

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A summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s investments in held-to-maturity securities by contractual maturity as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is shown below:

|  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |
Remaining Time to Maturity |  | Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Less than one year |  | $ | 899,352 |  |  | $ | 916,678 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
One to five years |  |  | 1,699,763 |  |  |  | 1,822,853 |  |  |  | 2,598,193 |  |  |  | 2,777,936 |
Five to ten years |  |  | 1,508,198 |  |  |  | 1,701,590 |  |  |  | 1,502,603 |  |  |  | 1,727,316 |
More than 10 years |  |  | 5,715,486 |  |  |  | 6,017,196 |  |  |  | 3,268,019 |  |  |  | 3,689,572 |
Total |  | $ | 9,822,799 |  |  | $ | 10,458,317 |  |  | $ | 7,368,815 |  |  | $ | 8,194,824 |

The actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

Investment Income

Major categories of the Company’s net investment income are summarized as follows:

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Six months ended |
|  | June 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities |  | $ | 1,459,342 |  |  | $ | 1,394,284 |  |  | $ | 2,950,469 |  |  | $ | 2,841,771 |
Equity securities |  |  | 351,100 |  |  |  | 243,344 |  |  |  | 708,411 |  |  |  | 496,868 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 634 |  |  |  | 43,936 |  |  |  | 1,558 |  |  |  | 88,159 |
Other investments |  |  | (42,908 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (42,908 | ) |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 1,768,168 |  |  |  | 1,681,564 |  |  |  | 3,617,530 |  |  |  | 3,426,798 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment expenses |  |  | 90,093 |  |  |  | 69,558 |  |  |  | 156,259 |  |  |  | 148,948 |
Net investment income |  | $ | 1,678,075 |  |  | $ | 1,612,006 |  |  | $ | 3,461,271 |  |  | $ | 3,277,850 |

Proceeds from the redemption of fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity were $625,000 for the six month ended June 30, 2021 and $-0- for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Proceeds from the sale or maturity of fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale were $22,276,142 and $19,174,048 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Proceeds from the sale of equity securities were $9,569,363 and $6,479,813 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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The Company’s net gains (losses) on investments are summarized as follows:

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Six months ended |
|  | June 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Realized Gains (Losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  | $ | 367,756 |  |  | $ | 16,087 |  |  | $ | 777,296 |  |  | $ | 252,577 |
Gross realized losses |  |  | (26,255 | ) |  |  | (164,582 | ) |  |  | (41,499 | ) |  |  | (196,925 | )
|  |  | 341,501 |  |  |  | (148,495 | ) |  |  | 735,797 |  |  |  | 55,652 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  |  | 442,798 |  |  |  | 125,310 |  |  |  | 1,375,948 |  |  |  | 444,671 |
Gross realized losses |  |  | (67,276 | ) |  |  | (11,350 | ) |  |  | (267,488 | ) |  |  | (225,165 | )
|  |  | 375,522 |  |  |  | 113,960 |  |  |  | 1,108,460 |  |  |  | 219,506 |
Net realized gains (losses) |  |  | 717,023 |  |  |  | (34,535 | ) |  |  | 1,844,257 |  |  |  | 275,158 |
Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross gains |  |  | 920,863 |  |  |  | 2,177,605 |  |  |  | 1,924,072 |  |  |  | - |
Gross losses |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,979,115 | )
|  |  | 920,863 |  |  |  | 2,177,605 |  |  |  | 1,924,072 |  |  |  | (3,979,115 | )
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross gains |  |  | 677,375 |  |  |  | 554,798 |  |  |  | 1,507,339 |  |  |  | - |
Gross losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (42,593 | )
|  |  | 677,375 |  |  |  | 554,798 |  |  |  | 1,507,339 |  |  |  | (42,593 | )
Net unrealized gains (losses) |  |  | 1,598,238 |  |  |  | 2,732,403 |  |  |  | 3,431,411 |  |  |  | (4,021,708 | )
Net gains (losses) on investments |  | $ | 2,315,261 |  |  | $ | 2,697,868 |  |  | $ | 5,275,668 |  |  | $ | (3,746,550 | )

Impairment Review

Impairment of investment securities results in a charge to operations when a market decline below cost is deemed to be other-than-temporary. The Company regularly reviews its fixed-maturity securities to evaluate the necessity of recording impairment losses for other-than-temporary declines in the estimated fair value of investments. In evaluating potential impairment, GAAP specifies (i) if the Company does not have the intent to sell a debt security prior to recovery and (ii) it is more likely than not that it will not have to sell the debt security prior to recovery, the security would not be considered other-than-temporarily impaired unless there is a credit loss. When the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis, it will recognize the credit component of an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) of a debt security in earnings and the remaining portion in comprehensive income (loss). The credit loss component recognized in earnings is identified as the amount of principal cash flows not expected to be received over the remaining term of the security based on cash flow projections. For held-to-maturity fixed-maturity securities, the amount of OTTI recorded in comprehensive income (loss) for the noncredit portion of a previous OTTI is amortized prospectively over the remaining life of the security based on timing of future estimated cash flows of the security.

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OTTI losses are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as net realized losses on investments and result in a permanent reduction of the cost basis of the underlying investment. The determination of OTTI is a subjective process and different judgments and assumptions could affect the timing of loss realization. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were 15 and 16 fixed-maturity securities, respectively, that accounted for the gross unrealized losses. The Company determined that none of the unrealized losses were deemed to be OTTI for its portfolio of investments for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Significant factors influencing the Company’s determination that unrealized losses were temporary included the magnitude of the unrealized losses in relation to each security’s cost, the nature of the investment and management’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery of estimated fair value to the Company’s cost basis.

The Company held available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses representing declines that were considered temporary at June 30, 2021 as follows:

|  | June 30, 2021 |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or more |  |  | Total |
|  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | No. of |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | No. of |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |
|  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Positions |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Positions |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |
Category |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Held |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Held |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |
Fixed-Maturity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 1,073,200 |  |  |  | (32,208 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,073,200 |  |  |  | (32,208 | )
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 1,084,560 |  |  |  | (16,838 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,084,560 |  |  |  | (16,838 | )
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities |  |  | 3,083,104 |  |  |  | (2,560 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3,237,151 |  |  |  | (77,707 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 6,320,255 |  |  |  | (80,267 | )
Total fixed-maturity securities |  | $ | 5,240,864 |  |  | $ | (51,606 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 3,237,151 |  |  | $ | (77,707 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  | $ | 8,478,015 |  |  | $ | (129,313 | )

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The Company held available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses representing declines that were considered temporary at December 31, 2020 as follows:

|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or more |  |  | Total |
|  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | No. of |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | No. of |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |
|  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Positions |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Positions |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |
Category |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Held |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Held |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |
Fixed-Maturity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 1,006,901 |  |  |  | (13,216 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,006,901 |  |  |  | (13,216 | )
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities |  |  | 6,137,522 |  |  |  | (7,371 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 3,735,732 |  |  |  | (111,947 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 9,873,254 |  |  |  | (119,318 | )
Total fixed-maturity securities |  | $ | 7,144,423 |  |  | $ | (20,587 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 3,735,732 |  |  | $ | (111,947 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  | $ | 10,880,155 |  |  | $ | (132,534 | )

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Note 4 - Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents information about the Company’s investments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 indicating the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value:

|  | June 30, 2021 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 2,020,780 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,020,780 |
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,831,131 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,831,131 |
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 103,280,669 |  |  |  | 2,038,858 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 105,319,527 |
Residential mortgage backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,745,214 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,745,214 |
Total fixed maturities |  |  | 105,301,449 |  |  |  | 32,615,203 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 137,916,652 |
Equity securities |  |  | 36,317,931 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36,317,931 |
Total investments |  | $ | 141,619,380 |  |  | $ | 32,615,203 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 174,234,583 |

|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 3,049,900 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,049,900 |
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,643,102 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,643,102 |
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 118,123,890 |  |  |  | 2,070,439 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 120,194,329 |
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 28,661,941 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 28,661,941 |
Total fixed maturities |  |  | 121,173,790 |  |  |  | 36,375,482 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 157,549,272 |
Equity securities |  |  | 34,413,313 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,413,313 |
Total investments |  | $ | 155,587,103 |  |  | $ | 36,375,482 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 191,962,585 |

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The following table sets forth the Company’s investment in a hedge fund and real estate limited partnership both measured at Net Asset Value (“NAV”) per share as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The Company measures these investments at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value using NAV per share is as follows as of the dates indicated:

Category |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
Other Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedge fund |  | $ | 6,875,965 |  |  | $ | 3,368,626 |
Real estate limited partnership |  |  | 107,092 |  |  |  | 150,000 |
Total |  | $ | 6,983,057 |  |  | $ | 3,518,626 |

The hedge fund investment is generally redeemable with at least 45 days prior written notice. The hedge fund investment is accounted for as a limited partnership by the Company. Income is earned based upon the Company’s allocated share of the partnership’s changes in unrealized gains and losses to its partners. Such amounts have been recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) within net gains (losses) on investments.

The estimated fair value and the level of the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s long-term debt as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 not measured at fair value is as follows:

|  | June 30, 2021 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Long-term debt |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Notes due 2022 |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 27,294,128 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 27,294,128 |

|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Long-term debt |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Notes due 2022 |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 27,272,727 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 27,272,727 |

Note 5 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Real Estate

The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments and real estate as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

|  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Carrying |  |  | Estimated |  |  | Carrying |  |  | Estimated |
|  | Value |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Value |  |  | Fair Value |
Fixed-maturity securities-held-to maturity |  | $ | 9,822,799 |  |  | $ | 10,458,317 |  |  | $ | 7,368,815 |  |  | $ | 8,194,824 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 43,059,747 |  |  | $ | 43,059,747 |  |  | $ | 19,463,742 |  |  | $ | 19,463,742 |
Premiums receivable, net |  | $ | 10,719,732 |  |  | $ | 10,719,732 |  |  | $ | 11,819,639 |  |  | $ | 11,819,639 |
Reinsurance receivables, net |  | $ | 28,192,924 |  |  | $ | 28,192,924 |  |  | $ | 45,460,729 |  |  | $ | 45,460,729 |
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation |  | $ | 2,181,335 |  |  | $ | 2,705,000 |  |  | $ | 2,219,999 |  |  | $ | 2,705,000 |
Reinsurance balances payable |  | $ | 2,026,000 |  |  | $ | 2,026,000 |  |  | $ | 6,979,735 |  |  | $ | 6,979,735 |

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Note 6 - Property and Casualty Insurance Activity

Premiums Earned

Premiums written, ceded and earned are as follows:

|  | Direct |  |  | Assumed |  |  | Ceded |  |  | Net |
Six months ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums written |  | $ | 82,744,761 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (14,630,872 | ) |  | $ | 68,113,889 |
Change in unearned premiums |  |  | 1,936,706 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (24,951 | ) |  |  | 1,911,755 |
Premiums earned |  | $ | 84,681,467 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (14,655,823 | ) |  | $ | 70,025,644 |
Six months ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums written |  | $ | 79,347,406 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (28,066,253 | ) |  | $ | 51,281,153 |
Change in unearned premiums |  |  | 5,376,958 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,079,805 | ) |  |  | 2,297,153 |
Premiums earned |  | $ | 84,724,364 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (31,146,058 | ) |  | $ | 53,578,306 |
Three months ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums written |  | $ | 44,615,644 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (7,301,365 | ) |  | $ | 37,314,279 |
Change in unearned premiums |  |  | (1,852,772 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (25,081 | ) |  |  | (1,877,853 | )
Premiums earned |  | $ | 42,762,872 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (7,326,446 | ) |  | $ | 35,436,426 |
Three months ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums written |  | $ | 42,650,477 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (14,559,998 | ) |  | $ | 28,090,479 |
Change in unearned premiums |  |  | (527,742 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (925,881 | ) |  |  | (1,453,623 | )
Premiums earned |  | $ | 42,122,735 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (15,485,879 | ) |  | $ | 26,636,856 |

Premium receipts in advance of the policy effective date are recorded as advance premiums. The balance of advance premiums as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $5,242,684 and $2,660,354, respectively.

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Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) reserves:

|  | Six months ended |
|  | June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 82,801,228 |  |  | $ | 80,498,611 |
Less reinsurance recoverables |  |  | (20,154,251 | ) |  |  | (15,728,224 | )
Net balance, beginning of period |  |  | 62,646,977 |  |  |  | 64,770,387 |
Incurred related to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  |  | 43,328,342 |  |  |  | 29,373,472 |
Prior years |  |  | (8,460 | ) |  |  | (174,020 | )
Total incurred |  |  | 43,319,882 |  |  |  | 29,199,452 |
Paid related to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  |  | 19,716,893 |  |  |  | 14,223,404 |
Prior years |  |  | 14,799,794 |  |  |  | 20,204,732 |
Total paid |  |  | 34,516,687 |  |  |  | 34,428,136 |
Net balance at end of period |  |  | 71,450,172 |  |  |  | 59,541,702 |
Add reinsurance recoverables |  |  | 13,574,866 |  |  |  | 17,066,657 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 85,025,038 |  |  | $ | 76,608,359 |

Incurred losses and LAE are net of reinsurance recoveries under reinsurance contracts of $881,729 and $10,219,432 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Prior year incurred loss and LAE development is based upon estimates by line of business and accident year. Prior year loss and LAE development incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 was $8,460 favorable and $174,020 favorable, respectively. Management periodically performs a review of open liability claims to assess carried case and incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserve levels, giving consideration to both Company and industry trends.

Loss and LAE reserves

The reserving process for loss and LAE reserves provides for the Company’s best estimate at a particular point in time of the ultimate unpaid cost of all losses and LAE incurred, including settlement and administration of losses, and is based on facts and circumstances then known including losses that have occurred but that have not yet been reported. The process relies on standard actuarial reserving methodologies, judgments relative to estimates of ultimate claim severity and frequency, the length of time before losses will develop to their ultimate level (‘tail’ factors), and the likelihood of changes in the law or other external factors that are beyond the Company’s control. Several actuarial reserving methodologies are used to estimate required loss reserves. The process produces carried reserves set by management based upon the actuaries’ best estimate and is the cumulative combination of the best estimates made by line of business, accident year, and loss and LAE. The amount of loss and LAE reserves for individual reported claims (the “case reserve”) is determined by the claims department and changes over time as new information is gathered. Such information is critical to the review of appropriate IBNR reserves and includes a review of coverage applicability, comparative liability on the part of the insured, injury severity, property damage, replacement cost estimates, and any other information considered pertinent to estimating the exposure presented by the claim. The amounts of loss and LAE reserves for unreported claims and development on known claims (IBNR reserves) are determined using historical information aggregated by line of insurance as adjusted to current conditions. Since this process produces loss reserves set by management based upon the actuaries’ best estimate, there is no explicit or implicit provision for uncertainty in the carried loss reserves.

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Due to the inherent uncertainty associated with the reserving process, the ultimate liability may differ, perhaps substantially, from the original estimate. Such estimates are regularly reviewed and updated and any resulting adjustments are included in the current period’s results. Reserves are closely monitored and are recomputed periodically using the most recent information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews by line of business existing reserves, new claims, changes to existing case reserves, and paid losses with respect to the current and prior periods. Several methods are used, varying by line of business and accident year, in order to select the estimated period-end loss reserves. These methods include the following:

Paid Loss Development - historical patterns of paid loss development are used to project future paid loss emergence in order to estimate required reserves.

Incurred Loss Development - historical patterns of incurred loss development, reflecting both paid losses and changes in case reserves, are used to project future incurred loss emergence in order to estimate required reserves.

Paid Bornhuetter-Ferguson (“BF”) - an estimated loss ratio for a particular accident year is determined, and is weighted against the portion of the accident year claims that have been paid, based on historical paid loss development patterns. The estimate of required reserves assumes that the remaining unpaid portion of a particular accident year will pay out at a rate consistent with the estimated loss ratio for that year. This method can be useful for situations where an unusually high or low amount of paid losses exists at the early stages of the claims development process.

Incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson (“BF”) - an estimated loss ratio for a particular accident year is determined, and is weighted against the portion of the accident year claims that have been reported, based on historical incurred loss development patterns. The estimate of required reserves assumes that the remaining unreported portion of a particular accident year will pay out at a rate consistent with the estimated loss ratio for that year. This method can be useful for situations where an unusually high or low amount of reported losses exists at the early stages of the claims development process.

Incremental Claim-Based Methods - historical patterns of incremental incurred losses and paid LAE during various stages of development are reviewed and assumptions are made regarding average loss and LAE development applied to remaining claims inventory. Such methods more properly reflect changes in the speed of claims closure and the relative adequacy of case reserve levels at various stages of development. These methods may provide a more accurate estimate of IBNR for lines of business with relatively few remaining open claims but for which significant recent settlement activity has occurred.

Frequency / Severity Based Methods - historical measurements of claim frequency and average paid claim size (severity) are reviewed for more mature accident years where a majority of claims have been reported and/or closed. These historical averages are trended forward to more recent periods in order to estimate ultimate losses for newer accident years that are not yet fully developed. These methods are useful for lines of business with slow and/or volatile loss development patterns, such as liability lines where information pertaining to individual cases may not be completely known for many years. The claim frequency and severity information for older periods can then be used as reasonable measures for developing a range of estimates for more recent immature periods.

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Management’s best estimate of required reserves is generally based on an average of the methods above, with appropriate weighting of methods based on the line of business and accident year being projected. In some cases, additional methods or historical data from industry sources are employed to supplement the projections derived from the methods listed above.

Three key assumptions that materially affect the estimate of loss reserves are the loss ratio estimate for the current accident year used in the BF methods, the loss development factor selections used in the loss development methods, and the loss severity assumptions used in the frequency / severity method described above. The loss ratio estimates used in the BF methods are selected after reviewing historical accident year loss ratios adjusted for rate changes, trend, and mix of business. The severity assumptions used in the frequency / severity method are determined by reviewing historical average claim severity for older more mature accident periods, trended forward to less mature accident periods.

COVID-19 has introduced additional uncertainty to recent claim trends. The Company reviews the carried reserves levels at a regular basis as additional information becomes available and makes adjustments in the periods in which such adjustments are determined to be necessary. The Company is not aware of any other claim trends that have emerged or that would cause future adverse development that have not already been contemplated in setting current carried reserves levels.

In New York State, lawsuits for negligence are subject to certain limitations and must be commenced within three years from the date of the accident or are otherwise barred. Accordingly, the Company’s exposure to unreported claims (“pure” IBNR) for accident dates of June 30, 2018 and prior is limited, although there remains the possibility of adverse development on reported claims (“case development” IBNR). In certain rare circumstances states have retroactively revised a statute of limitations. The Company is not aware of any such effort that would have a material impact on the Company’s results.

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The following is information about incurred and paid claims development as of June 30, 2021, net of reinsurance, as well as the cumulative reported claims by accident year and total IBNR reserves as of June 30, 2021 included in the net incurred loss and allocated expense amounts. The historical information regarding incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2012 to December 31, 2020 is presented as supplementary unaudited information.

All Lines of Business |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except reported claims data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | As of |
|  | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |  |  | June 30, 2021 |
Accident |  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Six months ended |  |  |  |  |  | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
Year |  | 2012 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | IBNR |  |  | by Accident Year |
|  | (Unaudited 2012 - 2020) |  |  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2012 |  | $ | 9,539 |  |  | $ | 9,344 |  |  | $ | 10,278 |  |  | $ | 10,382 |  |  | $ | 10,582 |  |  | $ | 10,790 |  |  | $ | 10,791 |  |  | $ | 11,015 |  |  | $ | 10,885 |  |  | $ | 10,880 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  | 4,704 | (1)
2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,728 |  |  |  | 9,745 |  |  |  | 9,424 |  |  |  | 9,621 |  |  |  | 10,061 |  |  |  | 10,089 |  |  |  | 10,607 |  |  |  | 10,495 |  |  |  | 10,512 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1,564 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,193 |  |  |  | 14,260 |  |  |  | 14,218 |  |  |  | 14,564 |  |  |  | 15,023 |  |  |  | 16,381 |  |  |  | 16,428 |  |  |  | 16,404 |  |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 2,138 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,340 |  |  |  | 21,994 |  |  |  | 22,148 |  |  |  | 22,491 |  |  |  | 23,386 |  |  |  | 23,291 |  |  |  | 23,459 |  |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 2,558 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26,062 |  |  |  | 24,941 |  |  |  | 24,789 |  |  |  | 27,887 |  |  |  | 27,966 |  |  |  | 27,549 |  |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | 2,879 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31,605 |  |  |  | 32,169 |  |  |  | 35,304 |  |  |  | 36,160 |  |  |  | 36,213 |  |  |  | 496 |  |  |  | 3,393 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54,455 |  |  |  | 56,351 |  |  |  | 58,441 |  |  |  | 58,935 |  |  |  | 1,503 |  |  |  | 4,218 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 75,092 |  |  |  | 72,368 |  |  |  | 72,322 |  |  |  | 7,872 |  |  |  | 4,460 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 63,083 |  |  |  | 62,835 |  |  |  | 7,510 |  |  |  | 5,809 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 41,012 |  |  |  | 12,085 |  |  |  | 1,646 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  |  | $ | 360,121 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) Reported claims for accident year 2012 includes 3,406 claims from Superstorm Sandy.

All Lines of Business
(in thousands)
|  | Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
Accident Year |  | 2012 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021 |
|  | (Unaudited 2012 - 2020) |  |  | (Unaudited) |
2012 |  | $ | 3,950 |  |  | $ | 5,770 |  |  | $ | 7,127 |  |  | $ | 8,196 |  |  | $ | 9,187 |  |  | $ | 10,236 |  |  | $ | 10,323 |  |  | $ | 10,428 |  |  | $ | 10,451 |  |  | $ | 10,540 |
2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,405 |  |  |  | 5,303 |  |  |  | 6,633 |  |  |  | 7,591 |  |  |  | 8,407 |  |  |  | 9,056 |  |  |  | 9,717 |  |  |  | 10,016 |  |  |  | 10,136 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,710 |  |  |  | 9,429 |  |  |  | 10,738 |  |  |  | 11,770 |  |  |  | 13,819 |  |  |  | 14,901 |  |  |  | 15,491 |  |  |  | 15,509 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,295 |  |  |  | 16,181 |  |  |  | 18,266 |  |  |  | 19,984 |  |  |  | 21,067 |  |  |  | 22,104 |  |  |  | 22,229 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,364 |  |  |  | 19,001 |  |  |  | 21,106 |  |  |  | 23,974 |  |  |  | 25,234 |  |  |  | 25,599 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,704 |  |  |  | 24,820 |  |  |  | 28,693 |  |  |  | 31,393 |  |  |  | 32,036 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32,383 |  |  |  | 44,516 |  |  |  | 50,553 |  |  |  | 51,311 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40,933 |  |  |  | 54,897 |  |  |  | 57,396 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 39,045 |  |  |  | 48,313 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,475 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  |  | $ | 291,545 |

Net liability for unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses for the accident years presented |  | $ | 68,576 |
All outstanding liabilities before 2011, net of reinsurance |  |  | 110 |
Liabilities for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance |  | $ | 68,686 |

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Reported claim counts are measured on an occurrence or per event basis. A single claim occurrence could result in more than one loss type or claimant; however, the Company counts claims at the occurrence level as a single claim regardless of the number of claimants or claim features involved.

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid loss development tables to the loss and LAE reserves in the consolidated balance sheet is as follows:

|  | As of |
(in thousands) |  | June 30, 2021 |
Liabilities for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance |  | $ | 68,686 |
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses |  |  | 13,575 |
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 2,764 |
Total gross liability for loss and LAE reserves |  | $ | 85,025 |

Reinsurance

Effective December 15, 2019, the Company entered into a quota share reinsurance treaty for its personal lines business, which primarily consisted of homeowners’ policies, covering the period from December 15, 2019 through December 30, 2020 (“2019/2020 Treaty”). Effective December 31, 2020, the 2019/2020 Treaty expired on a cut off basis; this treaty was not renewed. The Company entered into new excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties effective July 1, 2021. Material terms for reinsurance treaties in effect for the treaty years shown below are as follows:

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|  | Treaty Year |
|  | December 15, 2019 |
|  | to |
Line of Business |  | December 30, 2020 |
Personal Lines: |  |  |
Homeowners, dwelling fire and and canine legal liability |  |  |
Quota share treaty: |  |  |
Percent ceded |  |  | 25 | %

|  | Treaty Year |
|  | July 1, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  | July 1, 2020 |  |  | December 15, 2019 |
|  | to |  |  | to |  |  | to |  |  | to |
Line of Business |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 30, 2020 |  |  | June 30, 2020 |
Personal Lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homeowners, dwelling fire and |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
and canine legal liability |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quota share treaty: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk retained on intial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$1,000,000 of losses (7) |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |
Losses per occurrence subject |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
to quota share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
reinsurance coverage |  | None (7) |  |  | None (7) |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Expiration date |  | NA (7) |  |  | NA (7) |  |  | December 30, 2020 |  |  | December 30, 2020 |
Excess of loss coverage and |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
facultative facility |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
coverage (1) |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |  | $ | 9,000,000 |
|  | in excess of |  |  | in excess of |  |  | in excess of |  |  | in excess of |
|  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Total reinsurance coverage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
per occurrence (7) |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |  | $ | 8,250,000 |  |  | $ | 9,250,000 |
Losses per occurrence subject |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
to reinsurance coverage |  | $ | 9,000,000 |  |  | $ | 9,000,000 |  |  | $ | 9,000,000 |  |  | $ | 10,000,000 |
Expiration date (7) |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | June 30, 2020 |
Catastrophe Reinsurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Initial loss subject to personal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
lines quota share treaty |  | None (7) |  |  | None (7) |  |  | $ | 7,500,000 |  |  | $ | 7,500,000 |
Risk retained per catastrophe |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
occurrence (2) (7) |  | $ | 10,000,000 |  |  | $ | 10,000,000 |  |  | $ | 8,125,000 |  |  | $ | 5,625,000 |
Catastrophe loss coverage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
in excess of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
quota share coverage (3) (7) |  | $ | 490,000,000 |  |  | $ | 475,000,000 |  |  | $ | 475,000,000 |  |  | $ | 602,500,000 |
Reinstatement premium |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
protection (4) (5) (6) |  | Yes |  |  | Yes |  |  | Yes |  |  | Yes |

(1) | For personal lines, includes the addition of an automatic facultative facility allowing KICO to obtain homeowners single risk coverage up to $10,000,000 in total insured value, which covers direct losses from $3,500,000 to $10,000,000 through June 30, 2020. For the period July 1, 2020 through June 30, 2022, direct losses are covered up to $9,000,000.
(2) | Plus losses in excess of catastrophe coverage. For the period July 1, 2020 through December 30, 2020, there was no reinsurance coverage for the $2,500,000 gap between quota share limit of $7,500,000 and first $10,000,000 layer of catastrophe coverage (see note (7) below).
(3) | Catastrophe coverage is limited on an annual basis to two times the per occurrence amounts. Duration of 168 consecutive hours for a catastrophe occurrence from windstorm, hail, tornado, hurricane and cyclone.
(4) | For the period July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020, reinstatement premium protection for $292,500,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $7,500,000.
(5) | For the period July 1, 2020 through June 30, 2021, reinstatement premium protection for $70,000,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000.
(6) | For the period July 1, 2021 through June 30, 2022, reinstatement premium protection for $70,000,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000.

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(7) | The personal lines quota share (homeowners, dwelling fire and canine legal liability) expired on December 30, 2020; reinsurance coverage from December 31, 2020 through June 30, 2022 is only for excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance.

|  | Treaty Year |
|  | July 1, 2021 |  |  | July 1, 2020 |  |  | July 1, 2019 |
|  | to |  |  | to |  |  | to |
Line of Business |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | June 30, 2020 |
Personal Lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal Umbrella |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quota share treaty: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Percent ceded - first $1,000,000 of coverage |  |  | 90 | % |  |  | 90 | % |  |  | 90 | %
Percent ceded - excess of $1,000,000 of coverage |  |  | 95 | % |  |  | 95 | % |  |  | 100 | %
Risk retained |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence |  | $ | 4,700,000 |  |  | $ | 4,700,000 |  |  | $ | 4,900,000 |
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage |  | $ | 5,000,000 |  |  | $ | 5,000,000 |  |  | $ | 5,000,000 |
Expiration date |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | June 30, 2020 |
Commercial Lines (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General liability commercial policies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quota share treaty |  |  |  |  |  | None |  |  | None |
Risk retained |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |
Excess of loss coverage above risk retained |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,750,000 |  |  | $ | 3,750,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  | in excess of |  |  | in excess of |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,750,000 |  |  | $ | 3,750,000 |
Losses per occurrence subject to reinsurance coverage |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,500,000 |  |  | $ | 4,500,000 |
Commercial Umbrella |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quota share treaty |  |  |  |  |  | None |  |  | None |

(1) | Coverage on all commercial lines policies expired in September 2020; reinsurance coverage is based on treaties in effect on the date of loss.

The Company’s reinsurance program has been structured to enable the Company to grow its premium volume while maintaining regulatory capital and other financial ratios generally within or below the expected ranges used for regulatory oversight purposes. The reinsurance program also provides income as a result of ceding commissions earned pursuant to the quota share reinsurance contracts. The Company’s participation in reinsurance arrangements does not relieve the Company of its obligations to policyholders.

Ceding Commission Revenue

The Company earned ceding commission revenue under its expired quota share reinsurance agreements based on: (i) a fixed provisional commission rate at which provisional ceding commissions were earned, and (ii) a continuing sliding scale of commission rates and ultimate treaty year loss ratios on the policies reinsured under each of these agreements based upon which contingent ceding commissions are earned. The sliding scale includes minimum and maximum commission rates in relation to specified ultimate loss ratios. The commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned increases when the estimated ultimate loss ratio decreases and, conversely, the commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned decreases when the estimated ultimate loss ratio increases.

The Company’s estimated ultimate treaty year loss ratios (the “Loss Ratio(s)”) for treaties in effect during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020 are attributable to contracts under the 2019/2020 Treaty. There was no treaty in effect during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021. In addition to the treaty that was in effect during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Loss Ratios from prior years’ treaties are subject to change as incurred losses from those periods increase or decrease, resulting in an increase or decrease in the commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned.

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Ceding commission revenue consists of the following:

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Six months ended |
|  | June 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Provisional ceding commissions earned |  | $ | 49,589 |  |  | $ | 3,440,676 |  |  | $ | 95,088 |  |  | $ | 7,161,036 |
Contingent ceding commissions earned |  |  | (3,848 | ) |  |  | 39,538 |  |  |  | (50,412 | ) |  |  | 150,277 |
|  | $ | 45,741 |  |  | $ | 3,480,214 |  |  | $ | 44,676 |  |  | $ | 7,311,313 |

Provisional ceding commissions are settled monthly. Balances due from reinsurers for contingent ceding commissions on quota share treaties are settled periodically based on the Loss Ratio of each treaty year that ends on June 30. As discussed above, the Loss Ratios from prior years’ treaties are subject to change as incurred losses from those periods develop, resulting in an increase or decrease in the commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned. As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, net contingent ceding commissions payable to reinsurers under all treaties was approximately $2,026,000 and $2,604,000, respectively, which is recorded in reinsurance balances payable on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Note 7 - Debt

Federal Home Loan Bank

In July 2017, KICO became a member of, and invested in, the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”). KICO is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of FHLBNY. Based on redemption provisions of FHLBNY, the stock has no quoted market value and is carried at cost. At its discretion, FHLBNY may declare dividends on the stock. Management reviews for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the cost basis in the stock. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, no impairment has been recognized. FHLBNY members have access to a variety of flexible, low cost funding through FHLBNY’s credit products, enabling members to customize advances, which are to be fully collateralized. Eligible collateral to pledge to FHLBNY includes residential and commercial mortgage backed securities, along with U.S. Treasury and agency securities. See Note 3 - Investments for eligible collateral held in a designated custodian account available for future advances. Advances are limited to 5% of KICO’s net admitted assets as of the previous quarter and are due and payable within ninety days of borrowing. The maximum allowable advance as of June 30, 2021 was approximately $12,480,000. Advances are limited to 85% of the amount of available collateral, which was approximately $9,211,000 as of June 30, 2021. There were no borrowings under this facility during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.

Long-term Debt

On December 19, 2017, the Company issued $30 million of its 5.50% Senior Unsecured Notes due December 30, 2022 (the “Notes”) in an underwritten public offering. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each year, which began on June 30, 2018 at the rate of 5.50% per annum. The net proceeds of the issuance were $29,121,630, net of discount of $163,200 and transaction costs of $715,170, for an effective yield of 5.67% per annum. The balance of long-term debt as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is as follows:

|  | June 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
5.50% Senior Unsecured Notes |  | $ | 30,000,000 |  |  | $ | 30,000,000 |
Discount |  |  | (48,662 | ) |  |  | (64,883 | )
Issuance costs |  |  | (215,637 | ) |  |  | (287,506 | )
Long-term debt, net |  | $ | 29,735,701 |  |  | $ | 29,647,611 |

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The Notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and are not the obligations of or guaranteed by any of the Company’s subsidiaries. The Notes rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s existing and future indebtedness that is by its terms expressly subordinated or junior in right of payment to the Notes. The Notes rank equally in right of payment to all of the Company’s existing and future senior indebtedness, but will be effectively subordinated to any secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such secured indebtedness. In addition, the Notes will be structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other obligations of the Company’s subsidiaries. The Company may redeem the Notes, at any time in whole or from time to time in part, at the redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed; and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest on the Notes to be redeemed that would be due if the Notes matured on the applicable redemption date (exclusive of interest accrued to the applicable redemption date) discounted to the redemption date on a semi-annual basis at the Treasury Rate, plus 50 basis points.

The Company has used an aggregate $28,256,335 of the net proceeds from the offering to contribute capital to KICO in order to support additional growth. The remainder of the net proceeds was used for general corporate purposes. A registration statement relating to the debt issued in the offering was filed with the SEC, which became effective on November 28, 2017.

Note 8 - Stockholders’ Equity

Dividends Declared and Paid

Dividends declared and paid on Common Stock were $854,272 and $1,103,400 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company’s Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend on July 29, 2021 of $.04 per share payable in cash on September 15, 2021 to stockholders of record as of August 31, 2021 (see Note 13 - Subsequent Events).

Stock Options

Effective August 12, 2014, the Company adopted the 2014 Equity Participation Plan (the “2014 Plan”) pursuant to which a maximum of 700,000 shares of Common Stock of the Company were initially authorized to be issued pursuant to the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock bonuses. Incentive stock options granted under the 2014 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant (except no later than five years for a grant to a 10% stockholder). Non-statutory stock options granted under the 2014 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. The Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee determines the vesting provisions for stock awards granted under the 2014 Plan, subject to the provisions of the 2014 Plan. On August 5, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved amendments to the 2014 Plan, including an increase in the maximum number of shares of Common Stock of the Company that are authorized to be issued pursuant to the 2014 Plan to 1,400,000.

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The results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 include stock-based compensation expense for stock options totaling approximately $14,000 and $21,000, respectively. The results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 include stock-based compensation expense for stock options totaling approximately $29,000 and $38,000, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options is net of estimated forfeitures of approximately 16% for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Such amounts have been included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) within other operating expenses.

No options were granted during the six months ended June 30, 2021. The weighted average estimated fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $2.40 per share. The fair value of stock options at the grant date was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

The following weighted average assumptions were used for grants during the following periods:

|  | Six months ended |
|  | June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Dividend Yield |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 3.14 | %
Volatility |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 37.69 | %
Risk-Free Interest Rate |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 1.40 | %
Expected Life |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 2.75 | %

The Black-Scholes option pricing model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options, which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. Because the Company’s stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management’s opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of the Company’s stock options.

A summary of stock option activity under the Company’s 2014 Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2021 is as follows:

Stock Options |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding at January 1, 2021 |  |  | 119,966 |  |  | $ | 8.26 |  |  |  | 3.55 |  |  | $ | - |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |
Exercised |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |
Expired |  |  | (12,000 | ) |  | $ | 7.85 |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |
Outstanding at June 30, 2021 |  |  | 107,966 |  |  | $ | 8.31 |  |  |  | 3.43 |  |  | $ | - |
Vested and Exercisable at June 30, 2021 |  |  | 27,500 |  |  | $ | 8.64 |  |  |  | 2.94 |  |  | $ | - |

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The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and options exercisable at June 30, 2021 is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the market price of the Company’s Common Stock for the options that had exercise prices that were lower than the $7.80 closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on June 30, 2021. No options were exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2021. The total intrinsic value of options expired during the six months ended June 30, 2021 was $-0-, determined as of the date of expiration.

Participants in the 2014 Plan may exercise their outstanding vested options, in whole or in part, by having the Company reduce the number of shares otherwise issuable by a number of shares having a fair market value equal to the exercise price of the option being exercised (“Net Exercise”), or by exchanging a number of shares owned for a period of greater than one year having a fair market value equal to the exercise price of the option being exercised (“Share Exchange”).

As of June 30, 2021, the estimated fair value of unamortized compensation cost related to unvested stock option awards was approximately $36,000. Unamortized compensation cost as of June 30, 2021 is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average vesting period of 0.82 years.

As of June 30, 2021, there were 504,376 shares reserved for grants under the 2014 Plan.

Restricted Stock Awards

A summary of the restricted Common Stock activity under the Company’s 2014 Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2021 is as follows:

Restricted Stock Awards |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share |  |  | Aggregate Fair Value |
Balance at January 1, 2021 |  |  | 370,964 |  |  | $ | 9.96 |  |  | $ | 3,990,999 |
Granted |  |  | 321,335 |  |  | $ | 6.95 |  |  | $ | 2,233,366 |
Vested |  |  | (99,123 | ) |  | $ | 9.24 |  |  | $ | (916,198 | )
Forfeited |  |  | (7,133 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Balance at June 30, 2021 |  |  | 586,043 |  |  | $ | 8.92 |  |  | $ | 5,308,167 |

Fair value was calculated using the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the grant date. For the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, stock-based compensation for these grants was approximately $472,000 and $434,000, respectively, which is included in other operating expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, stock-based compensation for these grants was approximately $952,000 and $905,000, respectively, which is included in other operating expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). These amounts reflect the Company’s accounting expense and do not correspond to the actual value that will be recognized by the directors, executives and employees.

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Note 9 - Income Taxes

The Company files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return that includes all wholly owned subsidiaries. State tax returns are filed on a consolidated or separate return basis depending on applicable laws. The Company records adjustments related to prior years’ taxes during the period when they are identified, generally when the tax returns are filed. The effect of these adjustments on the current and prior periods (during which the differences originated) is evaluated based upon quantitative and qualitative factors and are considered in relation to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole for the respective periods.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined using the enacted tax rates applicable to the period the temporary differences are expected to be recovered. Accordingly, the current period income tax provision can be affected by the enactment of new tax rates. The net deferred income taxes on the balance sheets reflect temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and income tax purposes, tax effected at various rates depending on whether the temporary differences are subject to federal taxes, state taxes, or both.

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

|  | June 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Deferred tax asset: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carryovers (1) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Claims reserve discount |  |  | 955,790 |  |  |  | 838,030 |
Unearned premium |  |  | 3,908,439 |  |  |  | 3,880,275 |
Deferred ceding commission revenue |  |  | 17,763 |  |  |  | 19,639 |
Other |  |  | 651,819 |  |  |  | 648,691 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 5,533,811 |  |  |  | 5,386,635 |
Deferred tax liability: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in KICO (2) |  |  | 759,543 |  |  |  | 759,543 |
Deferred acquisition costs |  |  | 4,189,701 |  |  |  | 4,229,928 |
Intangible asset |  |  | 105,000 |  |  |  | 105,000 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 796,799 |  |  |  | 954,446 |
Net unrealized gains of securities - available-for-sale |  |  | 3,696,296 |  |  |  | 3,494,631 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 9,547,339 |  |  |  | 9,543,548 |
Net deferred income tax liability |  | $ | (4,013,528 | ) |  | $ | (4,156,913 | )

(1) | The deferred tax assets from net operating loss carryovers (“NOL”) are as follows:

Type of NOL |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  | Expiration |
Federal only, current year (A) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,200,056 |  |  |  |
NOL carried back |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,200,056 | ) |  |  |
Federal only, current year |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | None |
State only (B) |  |  | 1,993,964 |  |  |  | 1,815,546 |  |  | December 31, 2040 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (1,993,964 | ) |  |  | (1,815,546 | ) |  |  |
State only, net of valuation allowance |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |
Total deferred tax asset from net operating loss carryovers |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  |

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(A) | On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law, allowing for a five year carryback of 2020 and 2019 NOLs. The Company elected on its 2019 federal income tax return to carry back the 2019 NOL to tax years 2014 and 2015. The Company will elect on its 2020 federal income tax return to carry back the 2020 NOL to tax year 2015. The corporate tax rate in 2014 and 2015 was 34%, compared to the corporate tax rate of 21% in 2020 and 2019.
(B) | Kingstone generates operating losses for state purposes and has prior year NOLs available. The state NOL as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was approximately $30,676,000 and $27,931,000, respectively. KICO, the Company’s insurance underwriting subsidiary, is not subject to state income taxes. KICO’s state tax obligations are paid through a gross premiums tax, which is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other underwriting expenses. Kingstone has recorded a valuation allowance due to the uncertainty of generating enough state taxable income to utilize 100% of the available state NOLs over their remaining lives, which expire between 2027 and 2041.
(2) | Deferred tax liability - Investment in KICO
| On July 1, 2009, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the issued and outstanding common stock of KICO (formerly known as Commercial Mutual Insurance Company (“CMIC”)) pursuant to the conversion of CMIC from an advance premium cooperative to a stock property and casualty insurance company. Pursuant to the plan of conversion, the Company acquired a 100% equity interest in KICO, in consideration for the exchange of $3,750,000 principal amount of surplus notes of CMIC. In addition, the Company forgave all accrued and unpaid interest on the surplus notes as of the date of conversion. As of the date of acquisition, unpaid accrued interest on the surplus notes along with the accretion of the discount on the original purchase of the surplus notes totaled $2,921,319 (together “Untaxed Interest”). As of the date of acquisition, the deferred tax liability on the Untaxed Interest was $1,169,000. A temporary difference with an indefinite life exists when the parent has a lower carrying value of its subsidiary for income tax purposes. The deferred tax liability was reduced to $759,543 upon the reduction of federal income tax rates as of December 31, 2017. The Company is required to maintain its deferred tax liability of $759,543 related to this temporary difference until the stock of KICO is sold, or the assets of KICO are sold or KICO and the parent are merged.

In assessing the valuation of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. No valuation allowance against deferred tax assets has been established, except for NOL limitations, as the Company believes it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will be realized based on the historical taxable income of KICO, or by offset to deferred tax liabilities.

The Company had no material unrecognized tax benefit and no adjustments to liabilities or operations were required. There were no interest or penalties related to income taxes that have been accrued or recognized as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. If any had been recognized these would have been reported in income tax expense.

Generally, taxing authorities may examine the Company’s tax returns for the three years from the date of filing. The Company’s tax returns for the years ended December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2019 remain subject to examination.

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Note 10 -Earnings/(Loss) Per Common Share

Basic net earnings/(loss) per common share is computed by dividing income/(loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. Diluted earnings/(loss) per common share reflect, in periods in which they have a dilutive effect, the impact of common shares issuable upon exercise of stock options as well as non-vested restricted stock awards. The computation of diluted earnings/(loss) per common share excludes those options with an exercise price in excess of the average market price of the Company’s Common Stock during the periods presented.

The computation of diluted earnings/(loss) per common share excludes outstanding options in periods where the exercise of such options would be anti-dilutive. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, no options were included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share as they would have been anti-dilutive for the relevant periods and, as a result, the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock used in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share has not been adjusted for the effect of such options.

The reconciliation of the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per common share follows:

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Six months ended |
|  | June 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding |  |  | 10,670,831 |  |  |  | 10,733,354 |  |  |  | 10,673,550 |  |  |  | 10,770,598 |
Effect of dilutive securities, common share equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock awards |  |  | 175,893 |  |  |  | 1,430 |  |  |  | 136,374 |  |  |  | - |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, used for computing diluted earnings per share |  |  | 10,846,724 |  |  |  | 10,734,784 |  |  |  | 10,809,924 |  |  |  | 10,770,598 |

Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. For example, to the extent a claim is asserted by a third party in a lawsuit against one of the Company’s insureds covered by a particular policy, the Company may have a duty to defend the insured party against the claim. These claims may relate to bodily injury, property damage or other compensable injuries as set forth in the policy. Such proceedings are considered in estimating the liability for loss and LAE expenses.

Office Lease

The Company enters into lease agreements for real estate that is primarily used for office space in the ordinary course of business. These leases are accounted for as operating leases, whereby lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. See Note 2 - Accounting Policies for additional information regarding the accounting for leases.

The Company is a party to a non-cancellable operating lease, dated March 27, 2015, for its office facility for KICO located in Valley Stream, New York expiring March 31, 2024.

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On July 8, 2019, the Company entered into a lease agreement for an additional office facility for Cosi located in Valley Stream, New York under a non-cancelable operating lease. The lease has a term of seven years and two months expiring December 31, 2026.

Additional information regarding the Company’s office operating leases is as follows:

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Six months ended |
Lease cost |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |
Operating leases |  | $ | 58,988 |  |  | $ | 117,977 |
Short-term leases |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total lease cost (1) |  | $ | 58,988 |  |  | $ | 117,977 |
Other information on operating leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash payments included in the measurement of lease |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
liability reported in operating cash flows |  | $ | 66,531 |  |  | $ | 131,510 |
Discount rate |  |  | 5.50 | % |  |  | 5.50 | %
Remaining lease term in years |  | 6.25 years |  |  | 6.25 years |

(1) | Included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) within other underwriting expenses for KICO and within other operating expenses for Cosi.

The following table presents the contractual maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities as of June 30, 2021:

For the Year Ending December 31, |  | Total |
Remainder of 2021 |  | $ | 133,061 |
2022 |  |  | 273,831 |
2023 |  |  | 283,415 |
2024 |  |  | 140,739 |
2025 |  |  | 94,799 |
Thereafter |  |  | 98,117 |
Total undiscounted lease payments |  |  | 1,023,962 |
Less: present value adjustment |  |  | 152,191 |
Operating lease liability |  | $ | 871,771 |

Rent expense for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 amounted to $58,988 and $61,297, respectively. Rent expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 amounted to $117,977 and $122,594, respectively. Rent expense is included in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) within other underwriting expenses.

Employment Agreements

Barry Goldstein, President, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman of the Board

On October 14, 2019, the Company and Barry B. Goldstein, the Company’s President, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman of the Board, entered into a Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement (the “Amended Employment Agreement”). The Amended Employment Agreement is effective as of January 1, 2020 and expires on December 31, 2022. The Amended Employment Agreement extends the expiration date of the employment agreement in effect for Mr. Goldstein from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022.

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Pursuant to the Amended Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein is entitled to receive an annual base salary of $500,000 and an annual bonus equal to 6% of the Company’s consolidated income from operations before taxes, exclusive of the Company’s consolidated net investment income (loss), net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities and net realized gains (losses) on investments, up to a maximum of 2.5 times his base salary. In addition, pursuant to the Amended Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein is entitled to receive a long-term compensation (“LTC”) award of between $945,000 and $2,835,000 based on a specified minimum increase in the Company’s adjusted book value per share (as defined in the Amended Employment Agreement) as of December 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2019 (with the maximum LTC payment being due if the average per annum increase is at least 14%). Further, pursuant to the Amended Employment Agreement, in the event that Mr. Goldstein’s employment is terminated by the Company without cause or he resigns for good reason (each as defined in the Amended Employment Agreement), Mr. Goldstein would be entitled to receive his base salary, the 6% bonus and the LTC payment for the remainder of the term. In addition, in the event of Mr. Goldstein’s death, his estate would be entitled to receive his base salary, accrued bonus and accrued LTC payment through the date of death. Further, in the event that Mr. Goldstein’s employment is terminated by the Company without cause or he resigns for good reason, or, in the event of the termination of Mr. Goldstein’s employment due to disability or death, Mr. Goldstein’s granted but unvested restricted stock awards will vest. Mr. Goldstein would be entitled, under certain circumstances, to a payment equal to 3.82 times his then annual salary, the target LTC payment of $1,890,000 and his accrued 6% bonus in the event of the termination of his employment within eighteen months following a change of control of the Company.

Pursuant to the Amended Employment Agreement, in January 2020, Mr. Goldstein received a grant of 157,431 shares of restricted stock under the terms of the Company’s 2014 Plan determined by dividing $1,250,000 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. This 2020 grant vested with respect to one-third of the award on the first anniversary of the grant date and will vest with respect to one-third of the award on each of the second anniversary of the grant date and December 31, 2022 based on the continued provision of services through the applicable vesting date. Also pursuant to the Amended Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein received a grant, under the terms of the 2014 Plan, during January 2021, of 230,769 shares of restricted stock determined by dividing $1,500,000 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. This 2021 grant will vest with respect to one-half of the award on each of the first anniversary of the grant date and on December 31, 2022 based on the continued provision of services through the applicable vesting date. Further, pursuant to the Amended Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein received in 2020 and 2021, and will be entitled to receive during 2022, a grant, under the terms of the 2014 Plan, of a number of shares of restricted stock determined by dividing $136,500 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. In January 2020, Mr. Goldstein was granted 17,191 shares of restricted stock pursuant to this provision. This grant vested with respect to one-third of the award on the first anniversary of the grant date and will vest with respect to one-third of the award on each of the second anniversary of the grant date and on December 31, 2022 based on the continued provision of services through the applicable vesting date. In January 2021, Mr. Goldstein was granted 21,000 shares of restricted stock pursuant to the provision. This grant will vest with respect to one-half of the award on each of the first anniversary of the grant date and on December 31, 2022 based on the continued provision of services through the applicable vesting date. The 2022 grant will vest on December 31, 2022 based on the continued provision of services through such date.

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Dale A. Thatcher

Effective July 19, 2019 (the “Separation Date”), Dale A. Thatcher retired and resigned his positions as Chief Executive Officer and President of the Company and KICO. At such time, he also resigned his positions on the Board of Directors of each of the Company and KICO. Effective upon Mr. Thatcher’s separation from employment, the Board appointed Barry B. Goldstein, former Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors, to the position of Chief Executive Officer and President of each of the Company and KICO. Mr. Goldstein previously served as Chief Executive Officer and President of the Company from March 2001 through December 31, 2018, and as Chief Executive Officer and President of KICO from January 2012 through December 31, 2018.

In connection with his separation from employment, each of the Company and KICO entered into an Agreement and General Release (the “Separation Agreement”) with Mr. Thatcher. Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, the Company and KICO provided the following payments and benefits to Mr. Thatcher in full satisfaction of all payments and benefits and other amounts due to him under the terms of the existing employment agreements upon his separation from employment: (i) $381,111 (representing the amount of base salary he would have received had he remained employed through March 31, 2020), (ii) $5,000 in full satisfaction for any bonus payments payable under the existing employment agreements, (iii) continuing group health coverage commencing on the Separation Date and ending on March 31, 2020, and (iv) continued vesting of all stock awards previously granted to Mr. Thatcher in his capacity as an executive officer but which were unvested as of the Separation Date (the “Shares”) (Mr. Thatcher shall not be entitled to any further grants of stock awards after the Separation Date).

Effective January 27, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement (the “Relinquishment Agreement”) with Mr. Thatcher. Pursuant to the Relinquishment Agreement, Mr. Thatcher relinquished his right to receive 14,077 unissued Shares which vested on January 1, 2021, the right to receive 11,905 Shares which were scheduled to vest on March 14, 2021 and the right to receive 14,076 Shares which were scheduled to vest on January 1, 2022 in full consideration of the payment by the Company of an aggregate of $280,406.In addition, the Company and KICO agreed to provide Mr. Thatcher with a severance payment of $20,000 in consideration for a release. Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, Mr. Thatcher agreed that, for a period of three years following the Separation Date, he shall not accept any operating executive role with another property and casualty insurance company.

Meryl Golden, Chief Operating Officer

On September 16, 2019, the Company and Meryl Golden entered into an employment agreement (the “Golden Employment Agreement”) pursuant to which Ms. Golden serves as the Company’s Chief Operating Officer. Ms. Golden also serves as KICO’s Chief Operating Officer. The Golden Employment Agreement became effective as of September 25, 2019 (amended on December 24, 2020) and now expires on December 31, 2022.

Pursuant to the Golden Employment Agreement, Ms. Golden is entitled to receive an annual salary of $500,000. The Golden Employment also provides for the grant on the effective date of a five year option for the purchase of 50,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock pursuant to the 2014 Plan. The options granted vest in four equal installments, with the first installment vesting on the grant date, and the remaining installments vesting on the first, second, and third anniversaries of the grant date, subject to the terms of the stock option agreement between the Company and Ms. Golden. In January 2021, pursuant to the Golden Employment Agreement as amended, Ms. Golden was granted 30,000 shares of restricted Common Stock pursuant to the 2014 Plan and will be entitled to receive in January 2022 an additional grant of 30,000 shares of restricted Common Stock pursuant to the 2014 Plan. Each such grant will vest in three equal installments on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the grant date.

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COVID-19

The outbreak of the coronavirus, also known as “COVID-19”, has spread across the globe and is impacting worldwide economic activity. Conditions surrounding the coronavirus continue to rapidly evolve and government authorities have implemented emergency measures to mitigate the spread of the virus. The outbreak and the related mitigation measures have had and will continue to have a material adverse impact on global economic conditions as well as on the Company’s business activities. The extent to which COVID-19 may impact the Company’s business activities will depend on future developments, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions, business disruptions, and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain, prevent and treat the disease. These events are highly uncertain and, as such, the Company cannot determine their financial impact at this time. No adjustments have been made to the amounts reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements as a result of this matter.

Note 12 - Deferred Compensation Plan

On June 18, 2018, the Company adopted the Kingstone Companies, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Deferred Compensation Plan”). The Deferred Compensation Plan is offered to a select group (“Participants”), consisting of management and highly compensated employees as a method of recognizing and retaining such Participants. The Deferred Compensation Plan provides for eligible Participants to elect to defer up to 75% of their base compensation and up to 100% of bonuses and other compensation and to have such deferred amounts deemed to be invested in specified investment options. In addition to the Participant deferrals, the Company may choose to make matching contributions to some or all of the Participants in the Deferred Compensation Plan to the extent the Participant did not receive the maximum matching or non-elective contributions permissible under the Company’s 401(k) Plan due to limitations under the Internal Revenue Code or the 401(k) Plan. Participants may elect to receive payment of their account balances in a single cash payment or in annual installments for a period of up to ten years. The deferred compensation liability as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 amounted to $826,626 and $763,789, respectively, and is recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company did not make any voluntary contributions for the six months ended June 20, 2021 and 2020.

Note 13 - Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated events that occurred subsequent to June 30, 2021 through the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued for matters that required disclosure or adjustment in these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Reinsurance

Effective July 1, 2021, the Company entered into new excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties (see Note 6 - Property and Casualty Insurance Activity - “Reinsurance”).

A. M. Best

On August 6, 2021, KICO’s A.M. Best financial strength rating was downgraded from B++ (Good) to B+ (Good) and its long-term issuer credit rating (“Long-Term ICR”) was downgraded from “bbb” to “bbb-”. Concurrently, A.M. Best also downgraded the Company’s Long-Term ICR from “bb” to “bb-”. Also downgraded was the long-term issue credit rating on the Company’s $30.0 million 5.50% senior unsecured notes due 2022 from “bb” to “bb-”.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On June 19, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “Purchase Plan”), subject to stockholder approval. Such approval was obtained on August 10, 2021. The purpose of the Purchase Plan is to provide eligible employees of the Company with an opportunity to use payroll deductions to purchase shares of Common Stock of the Company. The maximum number of shares of Common Stock that may be purchased under the Purchase Plan is 750,000, subject to adjustment as provided for in the Purchase Plan.

Dividends Declared

On July 29, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.04 per share payable in cash on September 15, 2021 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on August 31, 2021 (see Note 8 - Stockholders’ Equity).

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

We offer property and casualty insurance products to individuals through our wholly owned subsidiary, Kingstone Insurance Company (“KICO”). KICO’s insureds are located primarily in downstate New York, consisting of New York City, Long Island and Westchester County, although we are actively writing business in New Jersey, Rhode Island, Connecticut and Massachusetts. We are licensed in the States of New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maine, and New Hampshire. For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, 79.8% and 76.3% of KICO’s direct written premiums came from the New York policies.

In addition, through our subsidiary, Cosi Agency, Inc. (“Cosi”), a multi-state licensed general agency, we access alternative distribution channels. Cosi receives commission revenue from KICO for the policies it places with others and pays commissions to these agencies. Cosi retains the profit between the commission revenue received and the commission expense paid (“Net Cosi Revenue”). Commission expense is reduced by Net Cosi Revenue and Cosi-related operating expenses are included in other operating expenses. Cosi-related operating expenses are not included in our stand-alone insurance underwriting business and, accordingly, Cosi’s expenses are not included in the calculation of our combined ratio as described below.

We derive substantially all of our revenue from KICO, which includes revenues from earned premiums, ceding commissions from quota share reinsurance, net investment income generated from its portfolio, and net realized gains and losses on investment securities. All of KICO’s insurance policies are written for a one-year term. Earned premiums represent premiums received from insureds, which are recognized as revenue over the period of time that insurance coverage is provided (i.e., ratably over the one-year life of the policy). A significant period of time can elapse from the receipt of insurance premiums to the payment of insurance claims. During this time, KICO invests the premiums, earns investment income and generates net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses on investments. Our holding company earns investment income from its cash holdings and may also generate net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses on future investments.

Our expenses include the insurance underwriting expenses of KICO and other operating expenses. Insurance companies incur a significant amount of their total expenses from losses incurred by policyholders, which are referred to as claims. In settling these claims, various loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) are incurred such as insurance adjusters’ fees and legal expenses. In addition, insurance companies incur policy acquisition costs. Policy acquisition costs include commissions paid to producers, premium taxes, and other expenses related to the underwriting process, including employees’ compensation and benefits.

Other operating expenses include our corporate expenses as a holding company and operating expenses of Cosi. These corporate expenses include legal and auditing fees, executive employment costs, and other costs directly associated with being a public company. Cosi operating expenses primarily include employment, occupancy and consulting costs.

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Product Lines

Our product lines include the following:

Personal lines: Our largest line of business is personal lines, consisting of homeowners, dwelling fire, cooperative/condominium, renters, and personal umbrella policies.

Commercial liability: Through July 2019, we offered businessowners policies, which consist primarily of small business retail, service, and office risks, with limited property exposures. We also wrote artisan’s liability policies for small independent contractors with smaller sized workforces. In addition, we wrote special multi-peril policies for larger and more specialized businessowners risks, including those with limited residential exposures. Further, we offered commercial umbrella policies written above our supporting commercial lines policies.

In May 2019, due to the poor performance of this line we placed a moratorium on new commercial lines and new commercial umbrella submissions while we further reviewed this business. In July 2019, due to the continuing poor performance of these lines, we made the decision to no longer underwrite commercial lines or commercial umbrella risks. In-force policies as of July 31, 2019 for these lines were non-renewed at the end of their annual terms. As of June 30, 2021 there are no commercial liability policies in-force. As of June 30, 2021, these expired policies represent approximately 26.5% of loss and LAE reserves net of reinsurance recoverables. See discussion below under “Additional Financial Information”.

Livery physical damage: We write for-hire vehicle physical damage only policies for livery and car service vehicles and taxicabs. These policies insure only the physical damage portion of insurance for such vehicles, with no liability coverage included.

Other: We write canine legal liability policies and have a small participation in mandatory state joint underwriting associations.

Key Measures

We utilize the following key measures in analyzing the results of our insurance underwriting business:

Net loss ratio: The net loss ratio is a measure of the underwriting profitability of an insurance company’s business. Expressed as a percentage, this is the ratio of net losses and LAE incurred to net premiums earned.

Net underwriting expense ratio: The net underwriting expense ratio is a measure of an insurance company’s operational efficiency in administering its business. Expressed as a percentage, this is the ratio of the sum of acquisition costs (the most significant being commissions paid to our producers) and other underwriting expenses less ceding commission revenue less other income to net premiums earned.

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Net combined ratio: The net combined ratio is a measure of an insurance company’s overall underwriting profit. This is the sum of the net loss and net underwriting expense ratios. If the net combined ratio is at or above 100 percent, an insurance company cannot be profitable without investment income, and may not be profitable if investment income is insufficient.

Underwriting income: Underwriting income is net pre-tax income attributable to our insurance underwriting business before investment activity. It excludes net investment income, net realized gains from investments, and depreciation and amortization (net premiums earned less expenses included in combined ratio). Underwriting income is a measure of an insurance company’s overall operating profitability before items such as investment income, depreciation and amortization, interest expense and income taxes.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Kingstone Companies, Inc. and all majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires our management to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. In preparing these condensed consolidated financial statements, our management has utilized information including our past history, industry standards, and the current economic environment, and other factors, in forming its estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the condensed consolidated financial statements, giving due consideration to materiality. It is possible that the ultimate outcome as anticipated by our management in formulating its estimates in these financial statements may not materialize. Application of the critical accounting policies involves the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. In addition, other companies may utilize different estimates, which may impact comparability of our results of operations to those of similar companies.

We believe that the most critical accounting policies relate to the reporting of reserves for loss and LAE, including losses that have occurred but have not been reported prior to the reporting date, amounts recoverable from third party reinsurers, deferred ceding commission revenue, deferred policy acquisition costs, deferred income taxes, the impairment of investment securities, intangible assets and the valuation of stock-based compensation. See Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2020

The following table summarizes the changes in the results of our operations (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

|  | Six months ended June 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct written premiums |  | $ | 82,745 |  |  | $ | 79,347 |  |  | $ | 3,398 |  |  |  | 4.3 | %
Assumed written premiums |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | na | %
|  |  | 82,745 |  |  |  | 79,347 |  |  |  | 3,398 |  |  |  | 4.3 | %
Ceded written premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ceded to quota share treaties |  |  | 236 |  |  |  | 15,600 |  |  |  | (15,364 | ) |  |  | (98.5 | )%
Ceded to excess of loss treaties |  |  | 1,059 |  |  |  | 947 |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 11.8 | %
Ceded to catastrophe treaties |  |  | 13,336 |  |  |  | 11,519 |  |  |  | 1,817 |  |  |  | 15.8 | %
Total ceded written premiums |  |  | 14,631 |  |  |  | 28,066 |  |  |  | (13,435 | ) |  |  | (47.9 | )%
Net written premiums |  |  | 68,114 |  |  |  | 51,281 |  |  |  | 16,833 |  |  |  | 32.8 | %
Change in unearned premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct and assumed |  |  | 1,937 |  |  |  | 5,377 |  |  |  | (3,440 | ) |  |  | (64.0 | )%
Ceded to quota share treaties |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (3,080 | ) |  |  | 3,055 |  |  |  | 99.2 | %
Change in net unearned premiums |  |  | 1,912 |  |  |  | 2,297 |  |  |  | (385 | ) |  |  | (16.8 | )%
Premiums earned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct and assumed |  |  | 84,681 |  |  |  | 84,724 |  |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | (0.1 | )%
Ceded to reinsurance treaties |  |  | (14,655 | ) |  |  | (31,146 | ) |  |  | 16,491 |  |  |  | 52.9 | %
Net premiums earned |  |  | 70,026 |  |  |  | 53,578 |  |  |  | 16,448 |  |  |  | 30.7 | %
Ceding commission revenue |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 7,311 |  |  |  | (7,266 | ) |  |  | (99.4 | )%
Net investment income |  |  | 3,461 |  |  |  | 3,278 |  |  |  | 183 |  |  |  | 5.6 | %
Net gains (losses) on investments |  |  | 5,276 |  |  |  | (3,746 | ) |  |  | 9,022 |  |  |  | na | %
Other income |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 522 |  |  |  | (226 | ) |  |  | (43.3 | )%
Total revenues |  |  | 79,104 |  |  |  | 60,943 |  |  |  | 18,161 |  |  |  | 29.8 | %
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct and assumed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 44,096 |  |  |  | 37,081 |  |  |  | 7,015 |  |  |  | 18.9 | %
Losses from catastrophes (1) |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 2,338 |  |  |  | (2,232 | ) |  |  | (95.5 | )%
Total direct and assumed loss and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 44,202 |  |  |  | 39,419 |  |  |  | 4,783 |  |  |  | 12.1 | %
Ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 882 |  |  |  | 9,592 |  |  |  | (8,710 | ) |  |  | (90.8 | )%
Losses from catastrophes (1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 628 |  |  |  | (628 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )%
Total ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 882 |  |  |  | 10,220 |  |  |  | (9,338 | ) |  |  | (91.4 | )%
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 43,214 |  |  |  | 27,489 |  |  |  | 15,725 |  |  |  | 57.2 | %
Losses from catastrophes (1) |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 1,710 |  |  |  | (1,604 | ) |  |  | (93.8 | )%
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 43,320 |  |  |  | 29,199 |  |  |  | 14,121 |  |  |  | 48.4 | %
Commission expense |  |  | 16,509 |  |  |  | 15,616 |  |  |  | 893 |  |  |  | 5.7 | %
Other underwriting expenses |  |  | 13,160 |  |  |  | 13,087 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 0.6 | %
Other operating expenses |  |  | 2,286 |  |  |  | 2,326 |  |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | (1.7 | )%
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,660 |  |  |  | 1,360 |  |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 22.1 | %
Interest expense |  |  | 913 |  |  |  | 913 |  |  |  | - |  |  | - | %
Total expenses |  |  | 77,849 |  |  |  | 62,503 |  |  |  | 15,347 |  |  |  | 24.6 | %
Income (loss) before taxes |  |  | 1,256 |  |  |  | (1,560 | ) |  |  | 2,816 |  |  |  | na | %
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 244 |  |  |  | (724 | ) |  |  | 968 |  |  |  | na | %
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 1,012 |  |  | $ | (836 | ) |  | $ | 1,848 |  |  |  | na | %

(1) | The six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 include catastrophe losses, which are defined as losses from an event for which a catastrophe bulletin and related serial number has been issued by the Property Claims Services (PCS) unit of the Insurance Services Office (ISO). PCS catastrophe bulletins are issued for events that cause more than $25 million in total insured losses and affect a significant number of policyholders and insurers.

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|  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Percentage Point Change |  |  | Percent Change |
Key ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss ratio |  |  | 61.9 | % |  |  | 54.5 | % |  |  | 7.4 |  |  |  | 13.6 | %
Net underwriting expense ratio |  |  | 41.9 | % |  |  | 39.0 | % |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 7.4 | %
Net combined ratio |  |  | 103.8 | % |  |  | 93.5 | % |  |  | 10.3 |  |  |  | 11.0 | %

Direct Written Premiums

Direct written premiums during the six months ended June 30, 2021 (“Six Months 2021”) were $82,745,000 compared to $79,347,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2020 (“Six Months 2020”). The increase of $3,398,000, or 4.3%, was primarily due an increase in premiums from our personal lines business. Direct written premiums from our personal lines business for Six Months 2021 were $78,608,000, an increase of $2,650,000, or 3.5%, from $75,958,000 in Six Months 2020. Direct written premiums from our livery physical damage business for Six Months 2021 were $4,023,000, an increase of $602,000, or 17.6%, from $3,421,000 in Six Months 2020. The increase in livery physical damage direct written premiums is due to the declining effect of the Covid-19 pandemic in our geographic area.

Beginning in 2017 we started writing homeowners policies in New Jersey. Through 2019 we expanded to Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Connecticut. We refer to our New York business as our “Core” business and the business outside of New York as our “Expansion” business. Direct written premiums from our Expansion business were $19,571,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to $15,096,000 in Six Months 2020. Direct written premiums from our Core business were $63,173,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to $64,251,000 in Six Months 2020.

Net Written Premiums and Net Premiums Earned

Effective December 15, 2019, we entered into a quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business covering the period from December 15, 2019 through December 30, 2020 (“2019/2020 Treaty”). Effective December 31, 2020, the 2019/2020 Treaty expired on a cut off basis; this treaty was not renewed. In addition to the 2019/2020 Treaty, our personal lines quota share reinsurance treaty in effect for Six Months 2020 also included the run-off of the personal lines quota share treaty (“2018/2019 Treaty”) that expired on June 30, 2019. The run-off covered the period from July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020 (“2019/2020 Run-Off”). The following table describes the quota share reinsurance ceding rates in effect during Six Months 2021 and Six Months 2020. This table should be referred to in conjunction with the discussions for net written premiums, net premiums earned, ceding commission revenue and net loss and loss adjustment expenses that follow.

|  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Quota share reinsurance rates |  |  |  |
Personal lines |  |  |  |  |  |
2019/2020 Treaty |  |  | n/a |  |  | 25% (1) |
2018/2019 Treaty |  |  | n/a |  |  | 10% (2) |

(1) | The 2019/2020 Treaty was effective from December 15, 2019 through December 30, 2020 with a quota share reinsurance rate of 25%.
(2) | The 2018/2019 Treaty expired on a run-off basis from July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020.

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Net written premiums increased $16,833,000, or 32.8%, to $68,114,000 in Six Months 2021 from $51,281,000 in Six Months 2020. Net written premiums include direct and assumed premiums, less the amount of written premiums ceded under our reinsurance treaties (quota share, excess of loss, and catastrophe). The increase in net written premiums in Six Months 2021 was attributable to the expiration of the 2019/2020 Treaty on December 30, 2020 on a cut-off basis (see table above). In Six Months 2021, our premiums ceded under quota share treaties decreased by $15,364,000 in comparison to ceded premiums in Six Months 2020. Our personal lines business was subject to the 2019/2020 Treaty from December 15, 2019 through December 30, 2020. Our personal lines business was subject to the 2018/2019 Treaty through June 30, 2019. Following June 30, 2019, any earned premium and associated claims for policies still in force continued to be ceded under the 10% quota share rate until such policies expired (run-off) over the next year. The 2019/2020 run-off period was from July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020 and there was no return of unearned premiums under this arrangement.

Excess of loss reinsurance treaties

An increase in written premiums will increase the premiums ceded under our excess of loss treaties. In Six Months 2021, our ceded excess of loss reinsurance premiums increased by $112,000 over the comparable ceded premiums for Six Months 2020. The increase was due to an increase in premiums subject to excess of loss reinsurance.

Catastrophe reinsurance treaties

Most of the premiums written under our personal lines policies are also subject to our catastrophe treaties. An increase in our personal lines business gives rise to more property exposure, which increases our exposure to catastrophe risk; therefore, our premiums ceded under catastrophe treaties will increase. This results in an increase in premiums ceded under our catastrophe treaties provided that reinsurance rates are stable or are increasing. In Six Months 2021, our premiums ceded under catastrophe treaties increased by $1,817,000 over the comparable ceded premiums in Six Months 2020. The change was due to an increase in reinsurance rates effective July 1, 2020, partially offset by a decrease in our limit effective July 1, 2020. Through June 30, 2020, our ceded catastrophe premiums were paid based on the total direct written premiums subject to the catastrophe reinsurance treaty. Effective July 1, 2020, and continuing through June 30, 2021, our ceded catastrophe premiums were paid based on the total insured value of our risks calculated as of August 31, 2020.

Net premiums earned

Net premiums earned increased $16,448,000, or 30.7%, to $70,026,000 in Six Months 2021 from $53,578,000 in Six Months 2020. The increase was due to the expiration of both the 2019/2020 Treaty on December 30, 2020 on a cut-off basis and the 2019/2020 Run-Off as of June 30, 2020.

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Ceding Commission Revenue

The following table summarizes the changes in the components of ceding commission revenue (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

|  | Six Months ended June 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |
Provisional ceding commissions earned |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 7,161 |  |  | $ | (7,066 | ) |  |  | (98.7 | )%
Contingent ceding commissions earned |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | (200 | ) |  |  | n/a |
Total ceding commission revenue |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 7,311 |  |  | $ | (7,266 | ) |  |  | (99.4 | )%

Ceding commission revenue was $45,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to $7,311,000 in Six Months 2020. The decrease of $7,266,000 was due to a decrease in both provisional ceding commissions earned and contingent ceding commissions earned. See below for a discussion of provisional ceding commissions earned and contingent ceding commissions earned.

Provisional Ceding Commissions Earned

Through December 30, 2020, we received a provisional ceding commission based on ceded written premiums. The $7,066,000 decrease in provisional ceding commissions earned was due to the expiration of both the 2019/2020 Treaty on December 30, 2020 on a cut-off basis and the 2019/2020 Run-Off as of June 30, 2020.

Contingent Ceding Commissions Earned

The structure of the 2019/2020 Treaty and 2019/2020 Run-Off called for a higher upfront provisional ceding commission and there was not an opportunity to earn additional contingent ceding commissions under those treaties. The amount of contingent ceding commissions we are eligible to receive under our prior years’ quota share treaties is subject to change based on losses incurred related to claims with accident dates before July 1, 2017. Under our prior years’ quota share treaties, we received a contingent ceding commission based on a sliding scale in relation to the losses incurred under our quota share treaties. The lower the ceded loss ratio, the more contingent commission we receive.

Net Investment Income

Net investment income was $3,461,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to $3,278,000 in Six Months 2020, an increase of $183,000, or 5.6%. The average yield on invested assets was 3.45% as of June 30, 2021 compared to 3.53% as of June 30, 2020.

Cash and invested assets were $234,100,000 as of June 30, 2021 compared to $218,739,000 as of June 30, 2020. The $15,361,000 increase in cash and invested assets was primarily attributable to the return of premiums ceded, net of ceding commissions, at the expiration of the 2019/2020 Treaty and by an increase in unrealized gains during the periods after June 30, 2020.

Net Gains and Losses on Investments

Net gains on investments were $5,276,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to net losses of $3,746,000 in Six Months 2020. Unrealized gains on our equity securities and other investments in Six Months 2021 were $3,431,000, compared to unrealized losses of $4,022,000 in Six Months 2020. Realized gains on sales of investments were $1,844,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to a gain of $275,000 in Six Months 2020.

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Other Income

Other income was $296,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to $522,000 in Six Months 2020. The decrease of $226,000, or 43.3%, was primarily due to the elimination of fees in our commercial lines business that was in run-off in Six Months 2020, a result of our decision in July 2019 to no longer underwrite this line of business.

Net Loss and LAE

Net loss and LAE was $43,320,000 for Six Months 2021 compared to $29,199,000 for Six Months 2020. The net loss ratio was 61.9% in Six Months 2021 compared to 54.5% in Six Months 2020, an increase of 7.4 percentage points.

The following graph summarizes the changes in the components of net loss ratio for the periods indicated, along with the comparable components excluding commercial lines business:

(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

During Six Months 2021, the loss ratio was higher than Six Months 2020 mainly due to an elevated frequency of personal lines liability claims as well as water damage property claims. There were more liability claims reported during Six Month 2021 from both Homeowners and Dwelling Fire lines. Water losses were higher during Six Months 2021 compared to prior year period, but the observed activity was in the historical range.

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The impact of catastrophe losses was low for Six Months 2021 due to a mild winter season. There were only four minor winter events classified as catastrophe during 2021 through June. The estimated net catastrophe losses were $106,000, which contributed 0.2 point to the loss ratio. This compares to a 3.2 points impact from catastrophe events from the corresponding period from prior year which also had a relatively mild winter.

Prior year development continued to be stable for Six Months 2021. There was an overall favorable development of $8,000, which had marginal impact on the loss ratio.

See table below under “Additional Financial Information” summarizing net loss ratios by line of business.

Commission Expense

Commission expense was $16,509,000 in Six Months 2021 or 19.5% of direct earned premiums. Commission expense was $15,616,000 in Six Months 2020 or 18.4% of direct earned premiums. The increase of $893,000 is primarily due to an increase in the estimate for annual contingent commissions for Six Months 2021 as compared to Six Months 2020.

Other Underwriting Expenses

Other underwriting expenses were $13,160,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to $13,087,000 in Six Months 2020. The modest increase of $73,000, or 0.6%, was primarily due to an initiative to reduce expenses with the use of technology.

Our largest single component of other underwriting expenses is salaries and employment costs, with costs of $5,079,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to $5,342,000 in Six Months 2020. The decrease of $263,000, or 4.9%, compares favorably with the 3.5% increase in personal lines direct written premiums. The decrease in employment costs was attributable to staff reductions.

Our net underwriting expense ratio in Six Months 2021 was 41.9% compared to 39.0% in Six Months 2020. The following table shows the individual components of our net underwriting expense ratio for the periods indicated:

|  | Six months ended |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Point Change |
Other underwriting expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employment costs |  |  | 7.3 | % |  |  | 10.0 | % |  |  | (2.7 | )
Underwriting fees (inspections/data services) |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | (1.6 | )
IT expenses |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Other expenses |  |  | 6.9 |  |  |  | 9.0 |  |  |  | (2.1 | )
Total other underwriting expenses |  |  | 18.7 |  |  |  | 24.5 |  |  |  | (5.8 | )
Commission expense |  |  | 23.6 |  |  |  | 29.1 |  |  |  | (5.5 | )
Ceding commission revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provisional |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (13.4 | ) |  |  | 13.3 |
Contingent |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | 0.4 |
Total ceding commission revenue |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13.7 | ) |  |  | 13.7 |
Other income |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  |  | 0.5 |
Net underwriting expense ratio |  |  | 41.9 | % |  |  | 39.0 | % |  |  | 2.9 |

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The overall 13.7 percentage point decrease in the benefit from ceding commissions in Six Months 2020 was driven by the reduction in provisional ceding commission revenue due to the expiration of the 2019/2020 Treaty on December 30, 2020. The components of our net underwriting expense ratio related to other underwriting expenses and commissions decreased in all categories due to more retention after the expiration of the 2019/2020 Treaty on December 30, 2020, resulting in an 11.3 percentage point decrease in these components of the net underwriting expense ratio.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses, related to the expenses of our holding company and Cosi, were $2,286,000 for Six Months 2021 compared to $2,326,000 for Six Months 2020. The decrease in Six Months 2021 of $40,000, or 1.7%, as compared to Six Months 2020 was primarily due to a decrease in professional fees, partially offset by an increase in employment costs due to fluctuations in deferred compensation liability related to changes in the underlying invested portfolio and compensation paid pursuant to a relinquishment agreement with Dale A. Thatcher, our former Chef Executive Officer (see Note 11 to the condensed consolidated financial statements).

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization was $1,660,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to $1,360,000 in Six Months 2020. The increase of $300,000, or 22.1%, in depreciation and amortization was primarily due to depreciation of new system platforms for policy and claims management and newly purchased assets used to upgrade our other systems.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $913,000 for both Six Months 2021 and Six Months 2020. We incurred interest expense in connection with our $30.0 million issuance of long-term debt in December 2017.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense in Six Months 2021 was $244,000, which resulted in an effective tax expense rate of 19.4%. Income tax benefit in Six Months 2020 was $724,000, which resulted in an effective tax expense rate of 46.4%. Income before taxes was $1,256,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to loss before taxes of $1,560,000 in Six Months 2020. On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law, allowing for a five year carryback of 2020 NOLs. We will elect on our 2020 federal income tax return to carry back the entire annual 2020 NOL of $5,715,000 to tax year 2015. The corporate tax rate in 2015 was 34%, compared to the corporate tax rate of 21% in 2020.

Net Income (Loss)

Net income was $1,012,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to net loss of $836,000 in Six Months 2020. The increase in net income of $1,848,000 was due to the circumstances described above, which caused the increases in our net premiums earned, net investment income and net gains on investments, partially offset by the increases in net loss ratio, commission expense, other underwriting expenses, other operating expenses, depreciation and amortization, income tax expense and decreased in ceding commission revenue and other income.

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Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2020

The following table summarizes the changes in the results of our operations (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct written premiums |  | $ | 44,616 |  |  | $ | 42,650 |  |  | $ | 1,966 |  |  |  | 4.6 | %
Assumed written premiums |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | na | %
|  |  | 44,616 |  |  |  | 42,650 |  |  |  | 1,966 |  |  |  | 4.6 | %
Ceded written premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ceded to quota share treaties |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 8,502 |  |  |  | (8,404 | ) |  |  | (98.8 | )%
Ceded to excess of loss treaties |  |  | 535 |  |  |  | 452 |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 18.4 | %
Ceded to catastrophe treaties |  |  | 6,669 |  |  |  | 5,606 |  |  |  | 1,063 |  |  |  | 19.0 | %
Total ceded written premiums |  |  | 7,302 |  |  |  | 14,560 |  |  |  | (7,258 | ) |  |  | (49.8 | )%
Net written premiums |  |  | 37,314 |  |  |  | 28,090 |  |  |  | 9,224 |  |  |  | 32.8 | %
Change in unearned premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct and assumed |  |  | (1,852 | ) |  |  | (527 | ) |  |  | (1,325 | ) |  |  | (251.4 | )%
Ceded to quota share treaties |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (926 | ) |  |  | 901 |  |  |  | 97.3 | %
Change in net unearned premiums |  |  | (1,877 | ) |  |  | (1,453 | ) |  |  | (424 | ) |  |  | (29.2 | )%
Premiums earned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct and assumed |  |  | 42,762 |  |  |  | 42,123 |  |  |  | 639 |  |  |  | 1.5 | %
Ceded to reinsurance treaties |  |  | (7,326 | ) |  |  | (15,486 | ) |  |  | 8,160 |  |  |  | 52.7 | %
Net premiums earned |  |  | 35,436 |  |  |  | 26,637 |  |  |  | 8,799 |  |  |  | 33.0 | %
Ceding commission revenue |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 3,480 |  |  |  | (3,434 | ) |  |  | (98.7 | )%
Net investment income |  |  | 1,678 |  |  |  | 1,612 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 4.1 | %
Net gains on investments |  |  | 2,315 |  |  |  | 2,698 |  |  |  | (383 | ) |  |  | 14.2 | %
Other income |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | (137 | ) |  |  | (52.3 | )%
Total revenues |  |  | 39,600 |  |  |  | 34,689 |  |  |  | 4,911 |  |  |  | 14.2 | %
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct and assumed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 20,940 |  |  |  | 15,109 |  |  |  | 5,831 |  |  |  | 38.6 | %
Losses from catastrophes (1) |  |  | (123 | ) |  |  | 2,057 |  |  |  | (2,180 | ) |  |  | na | %
Total direct and assumed loss and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 20,817 |  |  |  | 17,166 |  |  |  | 3,651 |  |  |  | 21.3 | %
Ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 3,808 |  |  |  | (3,750 | ) |  |  | (98.5 | )%
Losses from catastrophes (1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 545 |  |  |  | (545 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )%
Total ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 4,353 |  |  |  | (4,295 | ) |  |  | (98.7 | )%
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 20,882 |  |  |  | 11,301 |  |  |  | 9,581 |  |  |  | 84.8 | %
Losses from catastrophes (1) |  |  | (123 | ) |  |  | 1,512 |  |  |  | (1,635 | ) |  |  | na | %
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 20,759 |  |  |  | 12,813 |  |  |  | 7,946 |  |  |  | 62.0 | %
Commission expense |  |  | 8,286 |  |  |  | 7,761 |  |  |  | 525 |  |  |  | 6.8 | %
Other underwriting expenses |  |  | 6,693 |  |  |  | 6,325 |  |  |  | 368 |  |  |  | 5.8 | %
Other operating expenses |  |  | 933 |  |  |  | 1,089 |  |  |  | (156 | ) |  |  | (14.3 | )%
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 837 |  |  |  | 673 |  |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | 24.4 | %
Interest expense |  |  | 457 |  |  |  | 457 |  |  |  | - |  |  | - | %
Total expenses |  |  | 37,965 |  |  |  | 29,118 |  |  |  | 8,847 |  |  |  | 30.4 | %
Income before taxes |  |  | 1,636 |  |  |  | 5,571 |  |  |  | (3,935 | ) |  |  | (70.6 | )%
Income tax expense |  |  | 312 |  |  |  | 963 |  |  |  | (651 | ) |  |  | (67.6 | )%
Net income |  | $ | 1,324 |  |  | $ | 4,608 |  |  | $ | (3,284 | ) |  |  | (71.3 | )%

(2) | The three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 include catastrophe losses, which are defined as losses from an event for which a catastrophe bulletin and related serial number has been issued by the Property Claims Services (PCS) unit of the Insurance Services Office (ISO). PCS catastrophe bulletins are issued for events that cause more than $25 million in total insured losses and affect a significant number of policyholders and insurers.

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|  | Three months ended June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Percentage Point Change |  |  | Percent Change |
Key ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss ratio |  |  | 58.6 | % |  |  | 48.1 | % |  |  | 10.5 |  |  |  | 21.8 | %
Net underwriting expense ratio |  |  | 41.8 | % |  |  | 38.8 | % |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 7.7 | %
Net combined ratio |  |  | 100.4 | % |  |  | 86.9 | % |  |  | 13.5 |  |  |  | 15.5 | %

Direct Written Premiums

Direct written premiums during the three months ended June 30, 2021 (“Three Months 2021”) were $44,616,000 compared to $42,650,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2020 (“Three Months 2020”). The increase of $1,966,000, or 4.6%, was primarily due an increase in premiums from our personal lines business. Direct written premiums from our personal lines business for Three Months 2021 were $42,450,000, an increase of $927,000, or 2.2%, from $41,523,000 in Three Months 2020. Direct written premiums from our livery physical damage business for Three Months 2021 were $2,119,000, an increase of $1,013,000, or 91.6%, from $1,106,000 in Three Months 2020. The increase in livery physical damage direct written premiums is due to the declining effect of the Covid-19 pandemic in our geographic area.

Beginning in 2017 we started writing homeowners policies in New Jersey. Through 2019 we expanded to Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Connecticut. We refer to our New York business as our “Core” business and the business outside of New York as our “Expansion” business. Direct written premiums from our Expansion business were $9,002,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $8,761,000 in Three Months 2020. Direct written premiums from our Core business were $35,614,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $33,889,000 in Three Months 2020.

Net Written Premiums and Net Premiums Earned

Effective December 15, 2019, we entered into a quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business covering the period from December 15, 2019 through December 30, 2020 (“2019/2020 Treaty”). Effective December 31, 2020, the 2019/2020 Treaty expired on a cut off basis; this treaty was not renewed. In addition to the 2019/2020 Treaty, our personal lines quota share reinsurance treaty in effect for Three Months 2020 also included the run-off of the personal lines quota share treaty (“2018/2019 Treaty”) that expired on June 30, 2019. The run-off covered the period from July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020 (“2019/2020 Run-Off”). The following table describes the quota share reinsurance ceding rates in effect during Three Months 2021 and Three Months 2020. This table should be referred to in conjunction with the discussions for net written premiums, net premiums earned, ceding commission revenue and net loss and loss adjustment expenses that follow.

|  | Three months ended June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Quota share reinsurance rates |  |  |  |
Personal lines |  |  |  |  |  |
2019/2020 Treaty |  |  | n/a |  |  | 25% (1) |
2018/2019 Treaty |  |  | n/a |  |  | 10% (2) |

(3) | The 2019/2020 Treaty was effective from December 15, 2019 through December 30, 2020 with a quota share reinsurance rate of 25%.
(4) | The 2018/2019 Treaty expired on a run-off basis from July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020.

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Net written premiums increased $9,224,000, or 32.8%, to $37,314,000 in Three Months 2021 from $28,090,000 in Three Months 2020. Net written premiums include direct and assumed premiums, less the amount of written premiums ceded under our reinsurance treaties (quota share, excess of loss, and catastrophe). The increase in net written premiums in Three Months 2021 was attributable to the expiration of the 2019/2020 Treaty on December 30, 2020 on a cut-off basis (see table above). In Three Months 2021, our premiums ceded under quota share treaties decreased by $8,404,000 in comparison to ceded premiums in Three Months 2020. Our personal lines business was subject to the 2019/2020 Treaty from December 15, 2019 through December 30, 2020. Our personal lines business was subject to the 2018/2019 Treaty through June 30, 2019. Following June 30, 2019, any earned premium and associated claims for policies still in force continued to be ceded under the 10% quota share rate until such policies expired (run-off) over the next year. The 2019/2020 run-off period was from July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020 and there was no return of unearned premiums under this arrangement.

Excess of loss reinsurance treaties

An increase in written premiums will increase the premiums ceded under our excess of loss treaties. In Three Months 2021, our ceded excess of loss reinsurance premiums increased by $83,000 over the comparable ceded premiums for Three Months 2020. The increase was due to an increase in premiums subject to excess of loss reinsurance.

Catastrophe reinsurance treaties

Most of the premiums written under our personal lines policies are also subject to our catastrophe treaties. An increase in our personal lines business gives rise to more property exposure, which increases our exposure to catastrophe risk; therefore, our premiums ceded under catastrophe treaties will increase. This results in an increase in premiums ceded under our catastrophe treaties provided that reinsurance rates are stable or are increasing. In Three Months 2021, our premiums ceded under catastrophe treaties increased by $1,063,000 over the comparable ceded premiums in Three Months 2020. The change was due to an increase in reinsurance rates effective July 1, 2020, partially offset by a decrease in our limit effective July 1, 2020. Through June 30, 2020, our ceded catastrophe premiums were paid based on the total direct written premiums subject to the catastrophe reinsurance treaty. Effective July 1, 2020, and continuing through June 30, 2021, our ceded catastrophe premiums were paid based on the total insured value of our risks calculated as of August 31, 2020.

Net premiums earned

Net premiums earned increased $8,799,000, or 33.0%, to $35,436,000 in Three Months 2021 from $26,637,000 in Three Months 2020. The increase was due to the expiration of both the 2019/2020 Treaty on December 30, 2020 on a cut-off basis and the 2019/2020 Run-Off as of June 30, 2020.

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Ceding Commission Revenue

The following table summarizes the changes in the components of ceding commission revenue (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months ended June 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |
Provisional ceding commissions earned |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 3,441 |  |  | $ | (3,391 | ) |  |  | (98.5 | )%
Contingent ceding commissions earned |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | n/a |
Total ceding commission revenue |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 3,480 |  |  | $ | (3,434 | ) |  |  | (98.7 | )%

Ceding commission revenue was $46,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $3,480,000 in Three Months 2020. The decrease of $3,434,000 was due to a decrease in both provisional ceding commissions earned and contingent ceding commissions earned. See below for a discussion of provisional ceding commissions earned and contingent ceding commissions earned.

Provisional Ceding Commissions Earned

Through December 30, 2020, we received a provisional ceding commission based on ceded written premiums. The $3,391,000 decrease in provisional ceding commissions earned was due to the expiration of both the 2019/2020 Treaty on December 30, 2020 on a cut-off basis and the 2019/2020 Run-Off as of June 30, 2020.

Contingent Ceding Commissions Earned

The structure of the 2019/2020 Treaty and 2019/2020 Run-Off called for a higher upfront provisional ceding commission and there was not an opportunity to earn additional contingent ceding commissions under those treaties. The amount of contingent ceding commissions we are eligible to receive under our prior years’ quota share treaties is subject to change based on losses incurred related to claims with accident dates before July 1, 2017. Under our prior years’ quota share treaties, we received a contingent ceding commission based on a sliding scale in relation to the losses incurred under our quota share treaties. The lower the ceded loss ratio, the more contingent commission we receive.

Net Investment Income

Net investment income was $1,678,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $1,612,000 in Three Months 2020, an increase of $66,000, or 4.1%. The average yield on invested assets was 3.45% as of June 30, 2021 compared to 3.53% as of June 30, 2020.

Cash and invested assets were $234,100,000 as of June 30, 2021 compared to $218,739,000 as of June 30, 2020. The $15,361,000 increase in cash and invested assets was primarily attributable to the return of premiums ceded, net of ceding commissions, at the expiration of the 2019/2020 Treaty and by an increase in unrealized gains during the periods after June 30, 2020.

Net Gains and Losses on Investments

Net gains on investments were $2,315,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $2,698,000 in Three Months 2020. Unrealized gains on our equity securities and other investments in Three Months 2021 were $1,598,000, compared to $2,732,000 in Three Months 2020. Realized gains on sales of investments were $717,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $35,000 in Three Months 2020.

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Other Income

Other income was $125,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $262,000 in Three Months 2020. The decrease of $137,000, or 52.3%, was primarily due to the elimination of fees in our commercial lines business that was in run-off in Three Months 2020, a result of our decision in July 2019 to no longer underwrite this line of business.

Net Loss and LAE

Net loss and LAE was $20,759,000 for Three Months 2021 compared to $12,813,000 for Three Months 2020. The net loss ratio was 58.6% in Three Months 2021 compared to 48.1% in Three Months 2020, an increase of 10.5 percentage points.

The following graph summarizes the changes in the components of net loss ratio for the periods indicated, along with the comparable components excluding commercial lines business:

(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

During Three Months 2021, the loss ratio was higher than Three Months 2020 mainly due to an elevated frequency of liability claims from personal property lines. Additionally, the frequency of the livery physical damage claims were higher as they returned to the pre-pandemic level.

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The impact of catastrophe losses was low for Three Months 2021. There was only one minor wind event classified as catastrophe during Three Months 2021. There was also some favorable development on catastrophe losses occurred during Three Months 2021. The estimated total net catastrophe losses were $(123,000), which contributed (0.3) point to the loss ratio. This compares to a 5.7 points impact from catastrophe events from the corresponding period for the prior year which had several small catastrophe events and one larger wind event.

Prior year development continued to be stable for Three Months 2021. The loss estimates from all prior years were adjusted up by $3,000, which had a marginal impact on the loss ratio.

See table below under “Additional Financial Information” summarizing net loss ratios by line of business.

Commission Expense

Commission expense was $8,286,000 in Three Months 2021 or 19.4% of direct earned premiums. Commission expense was $7,761,000 in Three Months 2020 or 18.4% of direct earned premiums. The increase of $525,000 is primarily due to an increase in the estimate for annual contingent commissions for Three Months 2021 as compared to Three Months 2020.

Other Underwriting Expenses

Other underwriting expenses were $6,693,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $6,325,000 in Three Months 2020. The increase of $368,000, or 5.8%, was primarily due an increase in consulting fees and IT expense as part of an initiative to reduce overall expenses with the use of technology. This initiative resulted in a decrease or modest increase in the remaining other underwriting expenses.

Our largest single component of other underwriting expenses is salaries and employment costs, with costs of $2,540,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $2,601,000 in Three Months 2020. The decrease of $61,000, or 2.3%, compares favorably with the 4.6% increase in direct written premiums. The decrease in employment costs was attributable to staff reductions.

Our net underwriting expense ratio in Three Months 2021 was 41.8% compared to 38.8% in Three Months 2020. The following table shows the individual components of our net underwriting expense ratio for the periods indicated:

|  | Three months ended |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Point Change |
Other underwriting expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employment costs |  |  | 7.2 | % |  |  | 9.8 | % |  |  | (2.6 | )
Underwriting fees (inspections/data services) |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | (1.5 | )
IT expenses |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 2.7 |  |  |  | 0.4 |
Other expenses |  |  | 7.1 |  |  |  | 8.3 |  |  |  | (1.2 | )
Total other underwriting expenses |  |  | 18.8 |  |  |  | 23.7 |  |  |  | (4.9 | )
Commission expense |  |  | 23.4 |  |  |  | 29.1 |  |  |  | (5.7 | )
Ceding commission revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provisional |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (12.9 | ) |  |  | 12.8 |
Contingent |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | 0.2 |
Total ceding commission revenue |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13.0 | ) |  |  | 13.0 |
Other income |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  |  | 0.6 |
Net underwriting expense ratio |  |  | 41.8 | % |  |  | 38.8 | % |  |  | 3.0 |

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The overall 13.0 percentage point decrease in the benefit from ceding commissions in Three Months 2020 was driven by the reduction in provisional ceding commission revenue due to the expiration of the 2019/2020 Treaty on December 30, 2020. The components of our net underwriting expense ratio related to other underwriting expenses and commissions decreased in all categories due to more retention after the expiration of the 2019/2020 Treaty on December 30, 2020, resulting in a 10.6 percentage point decrease in these components of the net underwriting expense ratio.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses, related to the expenses of our holding company and Cosi, were $933,000 for Three Months 2021 compared to $1,089,000 for Three Months 2020. The decrease in Three Months 2021 of $156,000, or 14.3%, as compared to Three Months 2020 was primarily due to a decrease in professional fees and employment costs.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization was $837,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $673,000 in Three Months 2020. The increase of $164,000, or 24.4%, in depreciation and amortization was primarily due to depreciation of new system platforms for policy and claims management and newly purchased assets used to upgrade our other systems.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $457,000 for both Three Months 2021 and Three Months 2020. We incurred interest expense in connection with our $30.0 million issuance of long-term debt in December 2017.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense in Three Months 2021 was $312,000, which resulted in an effective tax expense rate of 19.1%. Income expense in Three Months 2020 was $963,000, which resulted in an effective tax expense rate of 17.3%. Income before taxes was $1,636,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $5,571,000 in Three Months 2020. On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law, allowing for a five year carryback of 2020 NOLs. We will elect on our 2020 federal income tax return to carry back the entire annual 2020 NOL of $5,715,000 to tax year 2015. The corporate tax rate in 2015 was 34%, compared to the corporate tax rate of 21% in 2020.

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Net Income

Net income was $1,324,000 in Three Months 2021 compared to $4,608,000 in Three Months 2020. The decrease in net income of $3,284,000 was due to the circumstances described above, which caused the increases in net loss ratio, commission expense, other underwriting expenses, depreciation and amortization, and decreases in ceding commission revenue, net gains on investments and other income, partially offset by increases in our net premiums earned, net investment income and income tax expense.

Additional Financial Information

We operate our business as one segment, property and casualty insurance. Within this segment, we offer an array of property and casualty policies to our producers. The following table summarizes gross and net written premiums, net premiums earned, and net loss and loss adjustment expenses by major product type, which were determined based primarily on similar economic characteristics and risks of loss.

|  | For the Three Months Ended |  |  | For the Six Months Ended |
|  | June 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Gross premiums written: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal lines(3) |  | $ | 42,449,870 |  |  | $ | 41,522,768 |  |  | $ | 78,608,363 |  |  | $ | 75,957,604 |
Livery physical damage |  |  | 2,119,436 |  |  |  | 1,106,405 |  |  |  | 4,023,428 |  |  |  | 3,420,806 |
Other(1) |  |  | 46,719 |  |  |  | 54,876 |  |  |  | 113,826 |  |  |  | 129,731 |
Total without commercial lines |  |  | 44,616,025 |  |  |  | 42,684,049 |  |  |  | 82,745,617 |  |  |  | 79,508,141 |
Commercial lines (in run-off effective July 2019)(2) |  |  | (381 | ) |  |  | (33,572 | ) |  |  | (856 | ) |  |  | (160,735 | )
Total gross premiums written |  | $ | 44,615,644 |  |  | $ | 42,650,477 |  |  | $ | 82,744,761 |  |  | $ | 79,347,406 |
Net premiums written: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal lines(3) |  | $ | 35,149,321 |  |  | $ | 27,103,665 |  |  | $ | 63,979,133 |  |  | $ | 48,315,146 |
Livery physical damage |  |  | 2,119,436 |  |  |  | 1,106,405 |  |  |  | 4,023,428 |  |  |  | 3,420,806 |
Other(1) |  |  | 45,903 |  |  |  | 42,579 |  |  |  | 112,184 |  |  |  | 101,158 |
Total without commercial lines |  |  | 37,314,660 |  |  |  | 28,252,649 |  |  |  | 68,114,745 |  |  |  | 51,837,110 |
Commercial lines (in run-off effective July 2019)(2) |  |  | (381 | ) |  |  | (162,170 | ) |  |  | (856 | ) |  |  | (555,957 | )
Total net premiums written |  | $ | 37,314,279 |  |  | $ | 28,090,479 |  |  | $ | 68,113,889 |  |  | $ | 51,281,153 |
Net premiums earned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal lines(3) |  | $ | 33,573,620 |  |  | $ | 23,614,240 |  |  | $ | 66,338,707 |  |  | $ | 46,213,874 |
Livery physical damage |  |  | 1,804,543 |  |  |  | 2,182,438 |  |  |  | 3,569,819 |  |  |  | 4,789,017 |
Other(1) |  |  | 58,644 |  |  |  | 48,999 |  |  |  | 117,974 |  |  |  | 99,148 |
Total without commercial lines |  |  | 35,436,807 |  |  |  | 25,845,677 |  |  |  | 70,026,500 |  |  |  | 51,102,039 |
Commercial lines (in run-off effective July 2019)(2) |  |  | (381 | ) |  |  | 791,179 |  |  |  | (856 | ) |  |  | 2,476,267 |
Total net premiums earned |  | $ | 35,436,426 |  |  | $ | 26,636,856 |  |  | $ | 70,025,644 |  |  | $ | 53,578,306 |
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses(4): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal lines |  | $ | 18,638,287 |  |  | $ | 10,639,057 |  |  | $ | 39,394,940 |  |  | $ | 23,153,625 |
Livery physical damage |  |  | 1,015,064 |  |  |  | 369,120 |  |  |  | 1,702,476 |  |  |  | 1,149,690 |
Other(1) |  |  | 223,472 |  |  |  | (72,436 | ) |  |  | 253,821 |  |  |  | (23,639 | )
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 909,591 |  |  |  | 1,242,516 |  |  |  | 1,915,872 |  |  |  | 2,012,328 |
Total without commercial lines |  |  | 20,786,414 |  |  |  | 12,178,257 |  |  |  | 43,267,109 |  |  |  | 26,292,004 |
Commercial lines (in run-off effective July 2019)(2) |  |  | (27,204 | ) |  |  | 635,374 |  |  |  | 52,773 |  |  |  | 2,907,448 |
Total net loss and loss adjustment expenses |  | $ | 20,759,210 |  |  | $ | 12,813,631 |  |  | $ | 43,319,882 |  |  | $ | 29,199,452 |
Net loss ratio(4): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal lines |  |  | 55.5 | % |  |  | 45.1 | % |  |  | 59.4 | % |  |  | 50.1 | %
Livery physical damage |  |  | 56.3 | % |  |  | 16.9 | % |  |  | 47.7 | % |  |  | 24.0 | %
Other(1) |  |  | 381.1 | % |  |  | -147.8 | % |  |  | 215.1 | % |  |  | -23.8 | %
Total without commercial lines |  |  | 58.7 | % |  |  | 47.1 | % |  |  | 61.8 | % |  |  | 51.5 | %
Commercial lines (in run-off effective July 2019)(2) |  | na |  |  |  | 80.3 | % |  |  | 61.9 | % |  |  | 117.4 | %
Total |  |  | 58.6 | % |  |  | 48.1 | % |  |  | 61.9 | % |  |  | 54.5 | %

(1) | “Other” includes, among other things, premiums and loss and loss adjustment expenses from our participation in a mandatory state joint underwriting association and loss and loss adjustment expenses from commercial auto.
(2) | In July 2019, we decided that we will no longer underwrite Commercial Liability risks. See discussions above regarding the discontinuation of this line of business.
(3) | See discussion above with regard to “Net Written Premiums and Net Premiums Earned”, as to changes in quota share ceding rates, effective December 31, 2020, December 15, 2019 and July 1, 2019.
(4) | See discussion above with regard to “Net Loss and LAE”, as to catastrophe losses in the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.

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Insurance Underwriting Business on a Standalone Basis

Our insurance underwriting business reported on a standalone basis for the periods indicated is as follows:

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Six months ended |
|  | June 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 35,436,426 |  |  | $ | 26,636,856 |  |  | $ | 70,025,644 |  |  | $ | 53,578,306 |
Ceding commission revenue |  |  | 45,741 |  |  |  | 3,480,214 |  |  |  | 44,676 |  |  |  | 7,311,313 |
Net investment income |  |  | 1,678,075 |  |  |  | 1,611,837 |  |  |  | 3,461,271 |  |  |  | 3,277,230 |
Net gains (losses) on investments |  |  | 2,254,299 |  |  |  | 2,655,541 |  |  |  | 5,166,824 |  |  |  | (3,653,643 | )
Other income |  |  | 124,243 |  |  |  | 261,145 |  |  |  | 294,552 |  |  |  | 506,119 |
Total revenues |  |  | 39,538,784 |  |  |  | 34,645,593 |  |  |  | 78,992,967 |  |  |  | 61,019,325 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 20,759,210 |  |  |  | 12,813,631 |  |  |  | 43,319,882 |  |  |  | 29,199,452 |
Commission expense |  |  | 8,285,341 |  |  |  | 7,760,540 |  |  |  | 16,509,180 |  |  |  | 15,616,467 |
Other underwriting expenses |  |  | 6,692,920 |  |  |  | 6,325,472 |  |  |  | 13,159,962 |  |  |  | 13,087,264 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 804,462 |  |  |  | 639,968 |  |  |  | 1,593,297 |  |  |  | 1,293,870 |
Total expenses |  |  | 36,541,933 |  |  |  | 27,539,611 |  |  |  | 74,582,321 |  |  |  | 59,197,053 |
Income from operations |  |  | 2,996,851 |  |  |  | 7,105,982 |  |  |  | 4,410,646 |  |  |  | 1,822,272 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 569,266 |  |  |  | 1,387,003 |  |  |  | 820,831 |  |  |  | 179,034 |
Net income |  | $ | 2,427,585 |  |  | $ | 5,718,979 |  |  | $ | 3,589,815 |  |  | $ | 1,643,238 |
Key Measures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss ratio |  |  | 58.6 | % |  |  | 48.1 | % |  |  | 61.9 | % |  |  | 54.5 | %
Net underwriting expense ratio |  |  | 41.8 | % |  |  | 38.8 | % |  |  | 41.9 | % |  |  | 39.0 | %
Net combined ratio |  |  | 100.4 | % |  |  | 86.9 | % |  |  | 103.8 | % |  |  | 93.5 | %
Reconciliation of net underwriting expense ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition costs and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
underwriting expenses |  | $ | 14,978,261 |  |  | $ | 14,086,012 |  |  | $ | 29,669,142 |  |  | $ | 28,703,731 |
Less: Ceding commission revenue |  |  | (45,741 | ) |  |  | (3,480,214 | ) |  |  | (44,676 | ) |  |  | (7,311,313 | )
Less: Other income |  |  | (124,243 | ) |  |  | (261,145 | ) |  |  | (294,552 | ) |  |  | (506,119 | )
Net underwriting expenses |  | $ | 14,808,277 |  |  | $ | 10,344,653 |  |  | $ | 29,329,914 |  |  | $ | 20,886,299 |
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 35,436,426 |  |  | $ | 26,636,856 |  |  | $ | 70,025,644 |  |  | $ | 53,578,306 |
Net Underwriting Expense Ratio |  |  | 41.8 | % |  |  | 38.8 | % |  |  | 41.9 | % |  |  | 39.0 | %

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An analysis of our direct, assumed and ceded earned premiums, loss and loss adjustment expenses, and loss ratios is shown below:

|  | Direct |  |  | Assumed |  |  | Ceded |  |  | Net |
Six months ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Written premiums |  | $ | 82,744,761 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (14,630,872 | ) |  | $ | 68,113,889 |
Change in unearned premiums |  |  | 1,936,706 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (24,951 | ) |  |  | 1,911,755 |
Earned premiums |  | $ | 84,681,467 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (14,655,823 | ) |  | $ | 70,025,644 |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses exluding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
the effect of catastrophes |  | $ | 44,096,040 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (881,729 | ) |  | $ | 43,214,311 |
Catastrophe loss |  |  | 105,571 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 105,571 |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses |  | $ | 44,201,611 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (881,729 | ) |  | $ | 43,319,882 |
Loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 52.1 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 6.0 | % |  |  | 61.7 | %
Catastrophe loss |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.2 | %
Loss ratio |  |  | 52.2 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 6.0 | % |  |  | 61.9 | %
Six months ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Written premiums |  | $ | 79,347,406 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (28,066,253 | ) |  | $ | 51,281,153 |
Change in unearned premiums |  |  | 5,376,958 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,079,805 | ) |  |  | 2,297,153 |
Earned premiums |  | $ | 84,724,364 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (31,146,058 | ) |  | $ | 53,578,306 |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses exluding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
the effect of catastrophes |  | $ | 37,080,936 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (9,591,600 | ) |  | $ | 27,489,336 |
Catastrophe loss |  |  | 2,337,948 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (627,832 | ) |  |  | 1,710,116 |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses |  | $ | 39,418,884 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (10,219,432 | ) |  | $ | 29,199,452 |
Loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 43.8 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 30.8 | % |  |  | 51.3 | %
Catastrophe loss |  |  | 2.8 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |  | 3.2 | %
Loss ratio |  |  | 46.6 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 32.8 | % |  |  | 54.5 | %
Three months ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Written premiums |  | $ | 44,615,644 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (7,301,365 | ) |  | $ | 37,314,279 |
Change in unearned premiums |  |  | (1,852,772 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (25,081 | ) |  |  | (1,877,853 | )
Earned premiums |  | $ | 42,762,872 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (7,326,446 | ) |  | $ | 35,436,426 |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses exluding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
the effect of catastrophes |  | $ | 20,940,307 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (57,873 | ) |  | $ | 20,882,434 |
Catastrophe loss |  |  | (123,224 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (123,224 | )
Loss and loss adjustment expenses |  | $ | 20,817,083 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (57,873 | ) |  | $ | 20,759,210 |
Loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 49.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | 58.9 | %
Catastrophe loss |  |  | -0.3 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | -0.3 | %
Loss ratio |  |  | 48.7 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | 58.6 | %
Three months ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Written premiums |  | $ | 42,650,477 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (14,559,998 | ) |  | $ | 28,090,479 |
Change in unearned premiums |  |  | (527,742 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (925,881 | ) |  |  | (1,453,623 | )
Earned premiums |  | $ | 42,122,735 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (15,485,879 | ) |  | $ | 26,636,856 |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses exluding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
the effect of catastrophes |  | $ | 15,109,585 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (3,807,610 | ) |  | $ | 11,301,975 |
Catastrophe loss |  |  | 2,056,580 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (544,924 | ) |  |  | 1,511,656 |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses |  | $ | 17,166,165 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (4,352,534 | ) |  | $ | 12,813,631 |
Loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 35.9 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 24.5 | % |  |  | 42.4 | %
Catastrophe loss |  |  | 4.9 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 3.5 | % |  |  | 5.7 | %
Loss ratio |  |  | 40.8 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 28.1 | % |  |  | 48.1 | %

(Percent components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

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The key measures for our insurance underwriting business for the periods indicated are as follows:

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Six months ended |
|  | June 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 35,436,426 |  |  | $ | 26,636,856 |  |  | $ | 70,025,644 |  |  | $ | 53,578,306 |
Ceding commission revenue |  |  | 45,741 |  |  |  | 3,480,214 |  |  |  | 44,676 |  |  |  | 7,311,313 |
Other income |  |  | 124,243 |  |  |  | 261,145 |  |  |  | 294,552 |  |  |  | 506,119 |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses (1) |  |  | 20,759,210 |  |  |  | 12,813,631 |  |  |  | 43,319,882 |  |  |  | 29,199,452 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commission expense |  |  | 8,285,341 |  |  |  | 7,760,540 |  |  |  | 16,509,180 |  |  |  | 15,616,467 |
Other underwriting expenses |  |  | 6,692,920 |  |  |  | 6,325,472 |  |  |  | 13,159,962 |  |  |  | 13,087,264 |
Total acquisition costs and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
underwriting expenses |  |  | 14,978,261 |  |  |  | 14,086,012 |  |  |  | 29,669,142 |  |  |  | 28,703,731 |
Underwriting (loss) income |  | $ | (131,061 | ) |  | $ | 3,478,572 |  |  | $ | (2,624,152 | ) |  | $ | 3,492,555 |
Key Measures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes |  |  | 58.9 | % |  |  | 42.4 | % |  |  | 61.7 | % |  |  | 51.3 | %
Effect of catastrophe loss on net loss ratio (1) |  |  | -0.3 | % |  |  | 5.7 | % |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | 3.2 | %
Net loss ratio |  |  | 58.6 | % |  |  | 48.1 | % |  |  | 61.9 | % |  |  | 54.5 | %
Net underwriting expense ratio excluding the |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
effect of catastrophes |  |  | 41.8 | % |  |  | 38.8 | % |  |  | 41.9 | % |  |  | 39.0 | %
Effect of catastrophe loss on net underwriting |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
expense ratio |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %
Net underwriting expense ratio |  |  | 41.8 | % |  |  | 38.8 | % |  |  | 41.9 | % |  |  | 39.0 | %
Net combined ratio excluding the effect |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
of catastrophes |  |  | 100.7 | % |  |  | 81.2 | % |  |  | 103.6 | % |  |  | 90.3 | %
Effect of catastrophe loss on net combined |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ratio (1) |  |  | -0.3 | % |  |  | 5.7 | % |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | 3.2 | %
Net combined ratio |  |  | 100.4 | % |  |  | 86.9 | % |  |  | 103.8 | % |  |  | 93.5 | %
Reconciliation of net underwriting expense ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition costs and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
underwriting expenses |  | $ | 14,978,261 |  |  | $ | 14,086,012 |  |  | $ | 29,669,142 |  |  | $ | 28,703,731 |
Less: Ceding commission revenue |  |  | (45,741 | ) |  |  | (3,480,214 | ) |  |  | (44,676 | ) |  |  | (7,311,313 | )
Less: Other income |  |  | (124,243 | ) |  |  | (261,145 | ) |  |  | (294,552 | ) |  |  | (506,119 | )
|  | $ | 14,808,277 |  |  | $ | 10,344,653 |  |  | $ | 29,329,914 |  |  | $ | 20,886,299 |
Net earned premium |  | $ | 35,436,426 |  |  | $ | 26,636,856 |  |  | $ | 70,025,644 |  |  | $ | 53,578,306 |
Net Underwriting Expense Ratio |  |  | 41.8 | % |  |  | 38.8 | % |  |  | 41.9 | % |  |  | 39.0 | %

(1) | For the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, includes the sum of net catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses of $(123,224) and $1,511,656, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, includes the sum of net catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses of $105,571 and $1,710,116, respectively.

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Investments

Portfolio Summary

Fixed-Maturity Securities

The following table presents a breakdown of the amortized cost, estimated fair value, and unrealized gains and losses of our investments in fixed-maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

|  | June 30, 2021 |
|  | Cost or |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated |  |  | % of |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Less than 12 |  |  | More than 12 |  |  | Fair |  |  | Estimated |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Months |  |  | Months |  |  | Value |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 2,008,936 |  |  | $ | 11,844 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,020,780 |  |  |  | 1.5 | %
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 8,587,648 |  |  |  | 275,691 |  |  |  | (32,208 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,831,131 |  |  |  | 6.4 | %
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 97,021,903 |  |  |  | 8,314,462 |  |  |  | (16,838 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 105,319,527 |  |  |  | 76.3 | %
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (1) |  |  | 21,279,363 |  |  |  | 546,118 |  |  |  | (2,560 | ) |  |  | (77,707 | ) |  |  | 21,745,214 |  |  |  | 15.8 | %
Total |  | $ | 128,897,850 |  |  | $ | 9,148,115 |  |  | $ | (51,606 | ) |  | $ | (77,707 | ) |  | $ | 137,916,652 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | KICO has placed certain residential mortgage backed securities as eligible collateral in a designated custodian account related to its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) (see Note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements). The eligible collateral would be pledged to FHLBNY if KICO draws an advance from the FHLBNY credit line. As of June 30, 2021, the estimated fair value of the eligible investments was approximately $10,837,000. KICO will retain all rights regarding all securities if pledged as collateral. As of June 30, 2021, there was no outstanding balance on the FHLBNY credit line.

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|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Cost or |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated |  |  | % of |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Less than 12 |  |  | More than 12 |  |  | Fair |  |  | Estimated |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Months |  |  | Months |  |  | Value |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 3,020,710 |  |  | $ | 29,190 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,049,900 |  |  |  | 1.9 | %
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 5,287,561 |  |  |  | 355,541 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,643,102 |  |  |  | 3.6 | %
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 108,573,422 |  |  |  | 11,634,123 |  |  |  | (13,216 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 120,194,329 |  |  |  | 76.3 | %
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (1) |  |  | 28,163,891 |  |  |  | 617,368 |  |  |  | (7,371 | ) |  |  | (111,947 | ) |  |  | 28,661,941 |  |  |  | 18.2 | %
Total fixed-maturity securities |  | $ | 145,045,584 |  |  | $ | 12,636,222 |  |  | $ | (20,587 | ) |  | $ | (111,947 | ) |  | $ | 157,549,272 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | KICO placed certain residential mortgage backed securities as eligible collateral in a designated custodian account related to its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) (see Note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements). The eligible collateral would be pledged to FHLBNY if KICO draws an advance from the FHLBNY credit line. As of December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of the eligible investments was approximately $11,391,000. KICO will retain all rights regarding all securities if pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2020, there was no outstanding balance on the FHLBNY credit line.

Equity Securities

The following table presents a breakdown of the cost and estimated fair value of, and gross gains and losses on, investments in equity securities as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

|  | June 30, 2021 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Estimated |  |  | % of |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  | Fair |  |  | Estimated |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |  |  | Fair Value |
Equity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stocks |  | $ | 18,344,078 |  |  | $ | 1,626,038 |  |  | $ | (87,248 | ) |  | $ | 19,882,868 |  |  |  | 54.7 | %
Common stocks and exchange traded mutual funds |  |  | 14,335,646 |  |  |  | 2,120,909 |  |  |  | (21,492 | ) |  |  | 16,435,063 |  |  |  | 45.3 | %
Total |  | $ | 32,679,724 |  |  | $ | 3,746,947 |  |  | $ | (108,740 | ) |  | $ | 36,317,931 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

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|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Estimated |  |  | % of |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  | Fair |  |  | Estimated |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |  |  | Fair Value |
Equity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stocks |  | $ | 18,097,942 |  |  | $ | 853,277 |  |  | $ | (426,942 | ) |  | $ | 18,524,277 |  |  |  | 53.8 | %
Common stocks and exchange traded mutual funds |  |  | 14,473,224 |  |  |  | 1,820,512 |  |  |  | (404,700 | ) |  |  | 15,889,036 |  |  |  | 46.2 | %
Total |  | $ | 32,571,166 |  |  | $ | 2,673,789 |  |  | $ | (831,642 | ) |  | $ | 34,413,313 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Other Investments

The following table presents a breakdown of the cost and estimated fair value of, and gross gains on, our other investments as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

|  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Estimated |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Fair Value |
Other Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedge fund |  | $ | 3,999,381 |  |  | $ | 2,876,584 |  |  | $ | 6,875,965 |  |  | $ | 1,999,381 |  |  | $ | 1,369,245 |  |  | $ | 3,368,626 |
Real estate limited partnership |  |  | 107,092 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 107,092 |  |  |  | 150,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 150,000 |
Total |  | $ | 4,106,473 |  |  | $ | 2,876,584 |  |  | $ | 6,983,057 |  |  | $ | 2,149,381 |  |  | $ | 1,369,245 |  |  | $ | 3,518,626 |

Held-to-Maturity Securities

The following table presents a breakdown of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of, and gross unrealized gains and losses on, investments in held-to-maturity securities as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

|  | June 30, 2021 |
|  | Cost or |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated |  |  | % of |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Less than 12 |  |  | More than 12 |  |  | Fair |  |  | Estimated |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Months |  |  | Months |  |  | Value |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 729,618 |  |  | $ | 211,439 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 941,057 |  |  |  | 9.0 | %
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 998,336 |  |  |  | 36,789 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,035,125 |  |  |  | 9.9 | %
Exchange traded debt |  |  | 949,142 |  |  |  | 35,289 |  |  |  | (1,684 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 982,747 |  |  |  | 9.4 | %
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 7,145,703 |  |  |  | 358,265 |  |  |  | (4,580 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,499,388 |  |  |  | 71.7 | %
Total |  | $ | 9,822,799 |  |  | $ | 641,782 |  |  | $ | (6,264 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 10,458,317 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

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|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Cost or |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated |  |  | % of |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Less than 12 |  |  | More than 12 |  |  | Fair |  |  | Estimated |
Category |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Months |  |  | Months |  |  | Value |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 729,595 |  |  | $ | 319,714 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,049,309 |  |  |  | 12.8 | %
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 998,428 |  |  |  | 50,917 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,049,345 |  |  |  | 12.8 | %
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 5,640,792 |  |  |  | 455,378 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,096,170 |  |  |  | 74.4 | %
Total |  | $ | 7,368,815 |  |  | $ | 826,009 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 8,194,824 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury securities are held in trust pursuant to various states’ minimum fund requirements.

A summary of the amortized cost and fair value of our investments in held-to-maturity securities by contractual maturity as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is shown below:

|  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |
Remaining Time to Maturity |  | Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Less than one year |  | $ | 899,352 |  |  | $ | 916,678 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
One to five years |  |  | 1,699,763 |  |  |  | 1,822,853 |  |  |  | 2,598,193 |  |  |  | 2,777,936 |
Five to ten years |  |  | 1,508,198 |  |  |  | 1,701,590 |  |  |  | 1,502,603 |  |  |  | 1,727,316 |
More than 10 years |  |  | 5,715,486 |  |  |  | 6,017,196 |  |  |  | 3,268,019 |  |  |  | 3,689,572 |
Total |  | $ | 9,822,799 |  |  | $ | 10,458,317 |  |  | $ | 7,368,815 |  |  | $ | 8,194,824 |

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Credit Rating of Fixed-Maturity Securities

The table below summarizes the credit quality of our available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 as rated by Standard & Poor’s (or, if unavailable from Standard & Poor’s, then Moody’s or Fitch):

|  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Estimated |  |  | Percentage of |  |  | Estimated |  |  | Percentage of |
|  | Fair Market |  |  | Fair Market |  |  | Fair Market |  |  | Fair Market |
|  | Value |  |  | Value |  |  | Value |  |  | Value |
Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 2,020,780 |  |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | $ | 3,049,900 |  |  |  | 1.9 | %
Corporate and municipal bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AAA |  |  | 2,519,170 |  |  |  | 1.8 | % |  |  | 1,453,924 |  |  |  | 0.9 | %
AA |  |  | 5,233,677 |  |  |  | 3.8 | % |  |  | 3,572,164 |  |  |  | 2.3 | %
A |  |  | 21,332,628 |  |  |  | 15.5 | % |  |  | 23,989,619 |  |  |  | 15.2 | %
BBB |  |  | 84,036,791 |  |  |  | 61.0 | % |  |  | 95,814,824 |  |  |  | 60.9 | %
Non rated |  |  | 1,028,392 |  |  |  | 0.7 | % |  |  | 1,006,901 |  |  |  | 0.6 | %
Total corporate and municipal bonds |  |  | 114,150,658 |  |  |  | 82.8 | % |  |  | 125,837,432 |  |  |  | 79.9 | %
Residential mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AAA |  |  | 1,997,000 |  |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  | 5,467,075 |  |  |  | 3.5 | %
AA |  |  | 16,196,173 |  |  |  | 11.9 | % |  |  | 18,865,749 |  |  |  | 12.0 | %
A |  |  | 1,991,531 |  |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  | 2,451,635 |  |  |  | 1.6 | %
BBB |  |  | 37,105 |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 50,276 |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
CCC |  |  | 481,770 |  |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | 960,042 |  |  |  | 0.6 | %
CC |  |  | 58,874 |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 62,029 |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
C |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 15,161 |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
D |  |  | 62,876 |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 119,144 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
Non rated |  |  | 919,885 |  |  |  | 0.7 | % |  |  | 670,829 |  |  |  | 0.4 | %
Total residential mortgage backed securities |  |  | 21,745,214 |  |  |  | 15.7 | % |  |  | 28,661,940 |  |  |  | 18.2 | %
Total |  | $ | 137,916,652 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 157,549,272 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

The table below summarizes the average yield by type of fixed-maturity security as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

Category |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  |  | 3.58 | % |  |  | 2.59 | %
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 3.13 | % |  |  | 3.05 | %
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 3.59 | % |  |  | 3.52 | %
Residential mortgage backed securities |  |  | 0.82 | % |  |  | 1.18 | %
Total |  |  | 3.23 | % |  |  | 3.07 | %

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The table below lists the weighted average maturity and effective duration in years on our fixed-maturity securities as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

|  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
Weighted average effective maturity |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  | 5.2 |
Weighted average final maturity |  |  | 6.6 |  |  |  | 6.6 |
Effective duration |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  | 4.7 |

Fair Value Consideration

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in a transaction involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities between market participants (an “exit price”). The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between inputs based on market data from independent sources (“observable inputs”) and a reporting entity’s internal assumptions based upon the best information available when external market data is limited or unavailable (“unobservable inputs”). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes fair value measurements into three levels based on the nature of the inputs. Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets have the highest priority (“Level 1”), followed by observable inputs other than quoted prices including prices for similar but not identical assets or liabilities (“Level 2”), and unobservable inputs, including the reporting entity’s estimates of the assumption that market participants would use, having the lowest priority (“Level 3”). As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, 81% of the investment portfolio recorded at fair value was priced based upon quoted market prices.

The table below summarizes the gross unrealized losses of our fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale and equity securities by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

|  | June 30, 2021 |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or more |  |  | Total |
|  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | No. of |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | No. of |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |
|  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Positions |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Positions |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |
Category |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Held |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Held |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |
Fixed-Maturity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | 1,073,200 |  |  |  | (32,208 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,073,200 |  |  |  | (32,208 | )
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 1,084,560 |  |  |  | (16,838 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,084,560 |  |  |  | (16,838 | )
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities |  |  | 3,083,104 |  |  |  | (2,560 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3,237,151 |  |  |  | (77,707 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 6,320,255 |  |  |  | (80,267 | )
Total fixed-maturity securities |  | $ | 5,240,864 |  |  | $ | (51,606 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 3,237,151 |  |  | $ | (77,707 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  | $ | 8,478,015 |  |  | $ | (129,313 | )

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|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or more |  |  | Total |
|  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | No. of |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | No. of |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |
|  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Positions |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Positions |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |
Category |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Held |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Held |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |
Fixed-Maturity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 1,006,901 |  |  |  | (13,216 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,006,901 |  |  |  | (13,216 | )
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities |  |  | 6,137,522 |  |  |  | (7,371 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 3,735,732 |  |  |  | (111,947 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 9,873,254 |  |  |  | (119,318 | )
Total fixed-maturity securities |  | $ | 7,144,423 |  |  | $ | (20,587 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 3,735,732 |  |  | $ | (111,947 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  | $ | 10,880,155 |  |  | $ | (132,534 | )

There were 15 securities at June 30, 2021 that accounted for the gross unrealized loss of our fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale, none of which were deemed by us to be other than temporarily impaired. There were 16 securities at December 31, 2020 that accounted for the gross unrealized loss, none of which were deemed by us to be other than temporarily impaired. Significant factors influencing our determination that unrealized losses were temporary included the magnitude of the unrealized losses in relation to each security’s cost, the nature of the investment and management’s intent not to sell these securities and it being not more likely than not that we will be required to sell these investments before anticipated recovery of fair value to our cost basis.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

The primary sources of cash flow are from our insurance underwriting subsidiary, KICO, and include direct premiums written, ceding commissions from our quota share reinsurers, loss recovery payments from our reinsurers, investment income and proceeds from the sale or maturity of investments. Funds are used by KICO for ceded premium payments to reinsurers, which are paid on a net basis after subtracting losses paid on reinsured claims and reinsurance commissions. KICO also uses funds for loss payments and loss adjustment expenses on our net business, commissions to producers, salaries and other underwriting expenses as well as to purchase investments and fixed assets.

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the primary source of cash flow for our holding company was the dividends received from KICO, subject to statutory restrictions. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, KICO paid dividends of $2,000,000 to us.

KICO is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”), which provides additional access to liquidity. Members have access to a variety of flexible, low cost funding through FHLBNY’s credit products, enabling members to customize advances. Advances are to be fully collateralized; eligible collateral to pledge to FHLBNY includes residential and commercial mortgage backed securities, along with U.S. Treasury and agency securities. See Note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements - Investments, for eligible collateral held in a designated custodian account available for future advances. Advances are limited to 5% of KICO’s net admitted assets as of the end of the previous quarter, which is March 31, 2021, and are due and payable within 90 days of borrowing. The maximum allowable advance as of June 30, 2021, based on the net admitted assets as of March 31, 2021, was approximately $12,480,000. Advances are limited to 85% of the amount of available collateral, which was approximately $9,211,000 as of June 30, 2021. There were no borrowings under this facility during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

As of June 30, 2021, invested assets and cash in our holding company totaled approximately $2,053,000. If the aforementioned sources of cash flow currently available are insufficient to cover our holding company cash requirements, we will seek to obtain additional financing.

Our reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operations is generally influenced by the collection of premiums in advance of paid losses, the timing of reinsurance, issuing company settlements and loss payments.

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Cash flow and liquidity are categorized into three sources: (1) operating activities; (2) investing activities; and (3) financing activities, which are shown in the following table:

Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Cash flows provided by (used in): |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | 14,364,315 |  |  | $ | (9,981,438 | )
Investing activities |  |  | 11,307,718 |  |  |  | (226,785 | )
Financing activities |  |  | (2,076,028 | ) |  |  | (2,029,530 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 23,596,005 |  |  |  | (12,237,753 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 19,463,742 |  |  |  | 32,391,485 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 43,059,747 |  |  | $ | 20,153,732 |

Net cash provided by operating activities was $14,364,000 in Six Months 2021 as compared to $9,981,000 used in operating activities in Six Months 2020. The $24,345,000 increase in cash flows provided by operating activities in Six Months 2021 was primarily the result of an increase in cash arising from net fluctuations in assets and liabilities, partially offset by net income (adjusted for non-cash items) of $7,377,000. The net fluctuations in assets and liabilities are related to operating activities of KICO as affected by growth or declines in its operations, payments on claims and other changes, which are described above.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $11,307,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to $227,000 used in investing activities in Six Months 2020. The $11,535,000 increase in net cash provided by investing activities was the result of an $5,812,000 decrease in the acquisition of invested assets, partially offset by a $6,817,000 increase in disposals of invested assets in Six Months 2021.

Net cash used in financing activities was $2,076,000 in Six Months 2021 compared to $2,030,000 used in Six Months 2020. The $47,000 increase in net cash used in financing activities was attributable to a $249,000 reduction in dividends paid offset by a $238,000 increase in purchases of treasury stock in Six Months 2021 compared to Six Months 2020.

Reinsurance

Effective December 15, 2019, we entered into a quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business covering the period from December 15, 2019 through December 30, 2020 (“2019/2020 Treaty”). Effective December 31, 2020 the 2019/2020 Treaty expired on a cut off basis; this treaty was not renewed. In addition to the 2019/2020 Treaty, our personal lines quota share reinsurance treaty in effect for Three Months 2020 also included the run-off of the personal lines quota share treaty (“2018/2019 Treaty”) that expired on June 30, 2019. The run-off covered the period from July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020 (“2019/2020 Run-off”). We entered into new excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties effective July 1, 2021. Material terms for our reinsurance treaties in effect for the treaty years shown below are as follows:

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|  | Treaty Year |
|  | December 15, 2019 |
|  | to |
Line of Business |  | December 30, 2020 |
Personal Lines: |  |  |
Homeowners, dwelling fire and and canine legal liability |  |  |
Quota share treaty: |  |  |
Percent ceded |  |  | 25 | %

|  | Treaty Year |
|  | July 1, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  | July 1, 2020 |  |  | December 15, 2019 |
|  | to |  |  | to |  |  | to |  |  | to |
Line of Business |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 30, 2020 |  |  | June 30, 2020 |
Personal Lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homeowners, dwelling fire and |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
and canine legal liability |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quota share treaty: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk retained on intial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$1,000,000 of losses (7) |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |
Losses per occurrence subject |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
to quota share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
reinsurance coverage |  | None (7) |  |  | None (7) |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Expiration date |  | NA (7) |  |  | NA (7) |  |  | December 30, 2020 |  |  | December 30, 2020 |
Excess of loss coverage and |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
facultative facility |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
coverage (1) |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |  | $ | 9,000,000 |
|  | in excess of |  |  | in excess of |  |  | in excess of |  |  | in excess of |
|  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Total reinsurance coverage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
per occurrence (7) |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |  | $ | 8,250,000 |  |  | $ | 9,250,000 |
Losses per occurrence subject |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
to reinsurance coverage |  | $ | 9,000,000 |  |  | $ | 9,000,000 |  |  | $ | 9,000,000 |  |  | $ | 10,000,000 |
Expiration date (7) |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | June 30, 2020 |
Catastrophe Reinsurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Initial loss subject to personal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
lines quota share treaty |  | None (7) |  |  | None (7) |  |  | $ | 7,500,000 |  |  | $ | 7,500,000 |
Risk retained per catastrophe |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
occurrence (2) (7) |  | $ | 10,000,000 |  |  | $ | 10,000,000 |  |  | $ | 8,125,000 |  |  | $ | 5,625,000 |
Catastrophe loss coverage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
in excess of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
quota share coverage (3) (7) |  | $ | 490,000,000 |  |  | $ | 475,000,000 |  |  | $ | 475,000,000 |  |  | $ | 602,500,000 |
Reinstatement premium |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
protection (4) (5) (6) |  | Yes |  |  | Yes |  |  | Yes |  |  | Yes |

(1) | For personal lines, includes the addition of an automatic facultative facility allowing KICO to obtain homeowners single risk coverage up to $10,000,000 in total insured value, which covers direct losses from $3,500,000 to $10,000,000 through June 30, 2020. For the period July 1, 2020 through June 30, 2022, direct losses are covered up to $9,000,000.
(2) | Plus losses in excess of catastrophe coverage. For the period July 1, 2020 through December 30, 2020, there was no reinsurance coverage for the $2,500,000 gap between quota share limit of $7,500,000 and first $10,000,000 layer of catastrophe coverage (see note (7) below).
(3) | Catastrophe coverage is limited on an annual basis to two times the per occurrence amounts. Duration of 168 consecutive hours for a catastrophe occurrence from windstorm, hail, tornado, hurricane and cyclone.
(4) | For the period July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020, reinstatement premium protection for $292,500,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $7,500,000.
(5) | For the period July 1, 2020 through June 30, 2021, reinstatement premium protection for $70,000,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000.

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(6) | For the period July 1, 2021 through June 30, 2022, reinstatement premium protection for $70,000,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000.
(7) | The personal lines quota share (homeowners, dwelling fire and canine legal liability) expired on December 30, 2020; reinsurance coverage from December 31, 2020 through June 30, 2022 is only for excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance.

|  | Treaty Year |
|  | July 1, 2021 |  |  | July 1, 2020 |  |  | July 1, 2019 |
|  | to |  |  | to |  |  | to |
Line of Business |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | J une 30, 2020 |
Personal Lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal Umbrella |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quota share treaty: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Percent ceded - first $1,000,000 of coverage |  |  | 90 | % |  |  | 90 | % |  |  | 90 | %
Percent ceded - excess of $1,000,000 of coverage |  |  | 95 | % |  |  | 95 | % |  |  | 100 | %
Risk retained |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence |  | $ | 4,700,000 |  |  | $ | 4,700,000 |  |  | $ | 4,900,000 |
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage |  | $ | 5,000,000 |  |  | $ | 5,000,000 |  |  | $ | 5,000,000 |
Expiration date |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | June 30, 2020 |
Commercial Lines (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General liability commercial policies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quota share treaty |  |  |  |  |  | None |  |  | None |
Risk retained |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |
Excess of loss coverage above risk retained |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,750,000 |  |  | $ | 3,750,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  | in excess of |  |  | in excess of |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,750,000 |  |  | $ | 3,750,000 |
Losses per occurrence subject to reinsurance coverage |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,500,000 |  |  | $ | 4,500,000 |
Commercial Umbrella |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quota share treaty |  |  |  |  |  | None |  |  | None |

(1) | Coverage on all commercial lines policies expired in September 2020; reinsurance coverage is based on treaties in effect on the date of loss.

Inflation

Premiums are established before we know the amount of losses and loss adjustment expenses or the extent to which inflation may affect such amounts. We attempt to anticipate the potential impact of inflation in establishing our reserves, especially as it relates to medical and hospital rates where historical inflation rates have exceeded the general level of inflation. Inflation in excess of the levels we have assumed could cause loss and loss adjustment expenses to be higher than we anticipated, which would require us to increase reserves and reduce earnings.

Fluctuations in rates of inflation also influence interest rates, which in turn impact the market value of our investment portfolio and yields on new investments. Operating expenses, including salaries and benefits, generally are impacted by inflation.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

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Outlook

The impacts of COVID-19 and related economic conditions on our results are highly uncertain and outside our control. The scope, duration and magnitude of the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 are evolving rapidly and in ways that are difficult or impossible to anticipate. The impact of COVID-19 on our results for the period ended June 30, 2021 may not be indicative of its impact on our results for the remainder of 2021. For additional information on the risks posed by COVID-19, see “The impact of COVID-19 and related risks could materially affect our results of operations, financial position and/or liquidity” included in Part II, Item 1A- “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report.

Our net premiums earned may be impacted by a number of factors. Net premiums earned are a function of net written premium volume. Net written premiums comprise both renewal business and new business and are recognized as earned premium over the term of the underlying policies. Net written premiums from both renewal and new business are impacted by competitive market conditions as well as general economic conditions. As a result of COVID-19, economic conditions in the United States rapidly deteriorated. The decreased levels of economic activity have negatively impacted, and may continue to negatively impact, premium volumes generated by new business. We began to experience this impact in March 2020 and it became more significant in the second and third quarters of 2020. We also expect this impact will further persist but to a lesser extent for the remainder of 2021, but the degree of the impact will depend on the extent and duration of the economic contraction and could be material. We have also made underwriting changes to emphasize profitability over growth and have culled out the type of risks that do not generate an acceptable level of return. This action has led, and may continue to lead, to a slowdown in premium growth, particularly in new business.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

This item is not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to assure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that, as of June 30, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were: (i) effective in recording, processing, summarizing, and reporting information on a timely basis that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, and (ii) effective in ensuring that information that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2021.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during our most recently completed fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitation on Effectiveness of Controls

Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, and effected by the board of directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP including those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

None.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

For a discussion of the Company’s potential risks and uncertainties, see Part I, Item 1A- “Risk Factors” and Part II, Item 7- “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report filed with the SEC, and Part I, Item 2-”Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” herein, in each case as updated by the Company’s periodic filings with the SEC. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

(a) None.

(b) Not applicable.

(c) The following table sets forth certain information with respect to purchases of common stock made by us during the quarter ended June 30, 2021:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) |  |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2) |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(2) |
4/1/21 - 4/30/21 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,162,925 |
5/1/21 - 5/31/21 |  |  | 4,750 |  |  | $ | 8.08 |  |  |  | 4,750 |  |  |  | 1,158,175 |
6/1/21 - 6/30/21 |  |  | 115,800 |  |  | $ | 8.07 |  |  |  | 115,800 |  |  |  | 1,042,375 |
Total |  |  | 120,550 |  |  | $ | 8.07 |  |  |  | 120,550 |  |  |  | 1,042,375 |

(1) | Purchases were made by us in open market transactions.
(2) | Up to $10,000,000 of common stock may be purchased pursuant to our repurchase plan announced on March 18, 2021; the maximum number of shares shown is based on the June 30, 2021 closing stock price.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

3(a) |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(a) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2014 filed on May 15, 2014).
3(b) |  | By-laws, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 9, 2009).
31(a) |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31(b) |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32+ |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
101.CAL |  | 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.DEF |  | 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
101.LAB |  | 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE |  | 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.
+ |  | This exhibit will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act of 1934, as amended.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. |
Dated: August 16, 2021 | By: | /s/ Barry B. Goldstein |
|  | Barry B. Goldstein |
|  | Chief Executive Officer |
Dated: August 16, 2021 | By: | /s/ Richard Swartz |
|  | Richard Swartz |
|  | Principal Financial Officer |

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