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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The Company files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return that includes all wholly owned subsidiaries. State tax returns are filed on a consolidated or separate return basis depending on applicable laws. The Company records adjustments related to prior years’ taxes during the period when they are identified, generally when the tax returns are filed. The effect of these adjustments on the current and prior periods (during which the differences originated) is evaluated based upon quantitative and qualitative factors and are considered in relation to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole for the respective periods. The provision for income taxes is comprised of the following:
Years ended December 31, |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Current federal income tax expense |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |
Current state income tax expense |  | 2,160 |  |  | 2,730 |  |
Deferred federal and state income tax (benefit) |  | 4,927,561 |  |  | (1,199,915) |  |
Income tax (benefit) |  | $ | 4,929,721 |  |  | $ | (1,197,185) |  |
A reconciliation of the federal statutory rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:
Years ended December 31, |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Computed expected tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 4,890,513 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | (1,546,925) |  |  | 21.0 | % |
State taxes, net of Federal benefit |  | (431,749) |  |  | (1.9) |  |  | (271,543) |  |  | 3.7 |  |
State valuation allowance |  | 439,905 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 282,864 |  |  | (3.8) |  |
Permanent differences |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends received deduction |  | (64,525) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (74,323) |  |  | 1.0 |  |
Non-taxable investment income |  | (122,194) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (98,767) |  |  | 1.3 |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | (280,104) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | 62,801 |  |  | (0.9) |  |
Sale leaseback transaction |  | 99,775 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 315,894 |  |  | (4.3) |  |
Other permanent differences |  | 191,488 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 96,789 |  |  | (1.3) |  |
Prior year tax matters |  | 173,572 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 27,460 |  |  | (0.4) |  |
Other |  | 33,040 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 8,565 |  |  | (0.1) |  |
Income tax expense (benefit), as reported |  | $ | 4,929,721 |  |  | 21.2 | % |  | $ | (1,197,185) |  |  | 16.3 | % |
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined using the enacted tax rates applicable to the period the temporary differences are expected to be recovered. Accordingly, the current period income tax provision can be affected by the enactment of new tax rates. The net deferred income taxes on the balance sheets reflect temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and income tax purposes, tax effected at various rates depending on whether the temporary differences are subject to federal taxes, state taxes, or both. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |
Deferred tax asset: |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carryovers (1) |  | $ | 419,357 |  |  | $ | 5,283,016 |  |
Claims reserve discount |  | 1,305,466 |  |  | 1,204,334 |  |
Unearned premium |  | 3,810,973 |  |  | 2,742,603 |  |
Deferred ceding commission revenue |  | 2,423,660 |  |  | 1,986,782 |  |
Net unrealized losses on securities |  | 3,069,900 |  |  | 3,357,463 |  |
Other |  | 834,921 |  |  | 1,153,903 |  |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 11,864,277 |  |  | 15,728,101 |  |
Deferred tax liability: |  |  |  |  |
Investment in KICO (2) |  | 759,543 |  |  | 759,543 |  |
Deferred acquisition costs |  | 5,193,798 |  |  | 4,158,538 |  |
Intangibles |  | 105,000 |  |  | 105,000 |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 208,016 |  |  | 153,201 |  |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | 6,266,357 |  |  | 5,176,282 |  |
Net deferred income tax asset |  | $ | 5,597,920 |  |  | $ | 10,551,819 |  |
(1)The deferred tax assets from net operating loss carryovers are as follows:
Type of NOL |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Expiration |
Federal only, NOL from 2024 and 2023 |  | $ | 419,357 |  |  | $ | 5,283,016 |  |  | None |
State only (A) |  | 3,075,395 |  |  | 2,560,372 |  |  | December 2027 - December 2043 |
Valuation allowance |  | (3,075,395) |  |  | (2,560,372) |  |  |  |
State only, net of valuation allowance |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  |
Total deferred tax asset from net operating loss carryovers |  | $ | 419,357 |  |  | $ | 5,283,016 |  |  |  |
(A) Kingstone generates operating losses for state purposes and has prior year NOLs available. The state NOL as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $47,313,775 and $39,390,000, respectively. KICO, the Company’s insurance underwriting subsidiary, is not subject to state income taxes. KICO’s state tax obligations are paid through a gross premiums tax, which is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) within other underwriting expenses. Kingstone has recorded a valuation allowance due to the uncertainty of generating enough state taxable income to utilize 100% of the available state NOLs over their remaining lives, which expire between 2027 and 2044. (2)Deferred tax liability - investment in KICO On July 1, 2009, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the issued and outstanding common stock of KICO (formerly known as Commercial Mutual Insurance Company (“CMIC”)) pursuant to the conversion of CMIC from an advance premium cooperative insurance company to a stock property and casualty insurance company. Pursuant to the plan of conversion, the Company acquired a 100% equity interest in KICO, in consideration for the exchange of $3,750,000 principal amount of surplus notes of CMIC. In addition, the Company forgave all accrued and unpaid interest on the surplus notes as of the date of conversion. As of the date of acquisition, unpaid accrued interest on the surplus notes along with the accretion of the discount on the original purchase of the surplus notes totaled $2,921,319 (collectively the “Untaxed Interest”). As of the date of acquisition, the deferred tax liability on the Untaxed Interest was $1,169,000. Under GAAP guidance for business combinations, a temporary difference with an indefinite life exists when the parent company has a lower carrying value of its subsidiary for income tax purposes. The deferred tax liability was reduced to $759,543 upon the reduction of federal income tax rates as of December 31, 2017. The Company is required to maintain its deferred tax liability of $759,543 related to this temporary difference until the stock of KICO is sold, or the assets of KICO are sold or KICO and the parent are merged. The table below reconciles the changes in net deferred income tax assets (liabilities) to the deferred income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2024:
Decrease in net deferred income tax assets | $ | 4,953,899 |  |
Less: Deferred tax expense allocated to other comprehensive income | 26,338 |  |
Deferred income tax | $ | 4,927,561 |  |
In assessing the valuation of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. No valuation allowance against deferred tax assets has been established, except for NOL limitations, as the Company believes it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will be realized based on the historical taxable income of KICO, or by offset to deferred tax liabilities. The Company had no material unrecognized tax benefit and no adjustments to liabilities or operations were required. There were no interest or penalties related to income taxes that have been accrued or recognized as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. If any had been recognized these would have been reported in income tax expense. Generally, taxing authorities may examine the Company’s tax returns for the three years from the date of filing. The Company’s tax returns for the years ended December 31, 2021 through December 31, 2023 remain subject to examination.

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