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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 1-38874

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia | 54-1232965
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
112 West King Street, Strasburg, Virginia | 22657
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(540) 465-9121

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $1.25 per share | FXNC | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☒
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date. As of May 10, 2023, 6,264,286 shares of common stock, par value $1.25 per share, of the registrant were outstanding.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) | 9
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 10
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 43
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 43
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 44
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 44
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 44
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 44
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 44
Item 5. | Other Information | 44
Item 6. | Exhibits | 45

2

Table of Contents

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

|  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |
|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022* |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 17,950 |  |  | $ | 20,784 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks |  |  | 59,851 |  |  |  | 46,130 |
Securities available for sale, at fair value |  |  | 162,355 |  |  |  | 162,907 |
Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (net of allowance for credit losses of $132 at March 31, 2023) |  |  | 151,301 |  |  |  | 153,158 |
Restricted securities, at cost |  |  | 1,803 |  |  |  | 1,908 |
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses, 2023, $8,717; 2022, $7,446 |  |  | 909,250 |  |  |  | 913,077 |
Other real estate owned, net of valuation allowance |  |  | 184 |  |  |  | 184 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 21,637 |  |  |  | 21,876 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 4,389 |  |  |  | 4,543 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 24,424 |  |  |  | 24,531 |
Goodwill |  |  | 3,030 |  |  |  | 3,030 |
Core deposit intangibles, net |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 136 |
Other assets |  |  | 16,027 |  |  |  | 17,119 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,372,332 |  |  | $ | 1,369,383 |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits |  | $ | 410,019 |  |  | $ | 427,344 |
Savings and interest-bearing demand deposits |  |  | 676,875 |  |  |  | 677,139 |
Time deposits |  |  | 154,631 |  |  |  | 136,849 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 1,241,525 |  |  | $ | 1,241,332 |
Subordinated debt, net of issuance cost |  |  | 4,996 |  |  |  | 4,995 |
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 9,279 |  |  |  | 9,279 |
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities |  |  | 4,721 |  |  |  | 5,417 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 1,260,521 |  |  | $ | 1,261,023 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $1.25 per share; authorized 1,000,000 shares; none issued and outstanding |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Common stock, par value $1.25 per share; authorized 8,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding, 2023, 6,280,378 shares; 2022, 6,264,912 shares |  |  | 7,851 |  |  |  | 7,831 |
Surplus |  |  | 32,937 |  |  |  | 32,716 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 91,239 |  |  |  | 90,284 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net |  |  | (20,216 | ) |  |  | (22,471 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 111,811 |  |  | $ | 108,360 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,372,332 |  |  | $ | 1,369,383 |

*Derived from audited consolidated financial statements.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3

Table of Contents

FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |  |  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Interest and Dividend Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans |  | $ | 11,512 |  |  | $ | 9,496 |
Interest on deposits in banks |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | 70 |
Interest and dividends on securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable interest |  |  | 1,339 |  |  |  | 1,132 |
Tax-exempt interest |  |  | 306 |  |  |  | 305 |
Dividends |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 21 |
Total interest and dividend income |  | $ | 13,528 |  |  | $ | 11,024 |
Interest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits |  | $ | 2,216 |  |  | $ | 340 |
Interest on subordinated debt |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 69 |
Interest on junior subordinated debt |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 67 |
Total interest expense |  | $ | 2,352 |  |  | $ | 476 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 11,176 |  |  | $ | 10,548 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses |  | $ | 11,176 |  |  | $ | 10,548 |
Noninterest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  | $ | 646 |  |  | $ | 609 |
ATM and check card fees |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | 750 |
Wealth management fees |  |  | 776 |  |  |  | 803 |
Fees for other customer services |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 233 |
Brokered mortgage fees |  |  | — |  |  |  | 94 |
Income from bank owned life insurance |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 144 |
Other operating income |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | 78 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 2,778 |  |  | $ | 2,711 |
Noninterest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 5,346 |  |  | $ | 5,124 |
Occupancy |  |  | 528 |  |  |  | 572 |
Equipment |  |  | 587 |  |  |  | 559 |
Marketing |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 151 |
Supplies |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 136 |
Legal and professional fees |  |  | 343 |  |  |  | 333 |
ATM and check card expense |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 303 |
FDIC assessment |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 152 |
Bank franchise tax |  |  | 254 |  |  |  | 216 |
Data processing expense |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 236 |
Amortization expense |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 4 |
Other real estate owned expense, net |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 28 |
Other operating expense |  |  | 1,010 |  |  |  | 830 |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 9,200 |  |  | $ | 8,644 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

4

Table of Contents

FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

(Continued)

(in thousands, except per share data)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |  |  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 4,754 |  |  | $ | 4,615 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 905 |  |  |  | 886 |
Net income |  | $ | 3,849 |  |  | $ | 3,729 |
Earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.61 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.61 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

5

Table of Contents

FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited)

(in thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |  |  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net income |  | $ | 3,849 |  |  | $ | 3,729 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on available for sale securities, net of tax of $576 and ($3,786) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively |  |  | 2,162 |  |  |  | (14,243 | )
Amortization of unrealized holding losses on available-for-sale securities transferred to held to maturity, net of tax of $84 and $0 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of cash flow hedges, net of tax ($60) and $146 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively |  |  | (223 | ) |  |  | 553 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 2,255 |  |  |  | (13,690 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 6,104 |  |  | $ | (9,961 | )

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

6

Table of Contents

FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(in thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |  |  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 3,849 |  |  | $ | 3,729 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment |  |  | 398 |  |  |  | 378 |
Amortization of core deposit intangibles |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 4 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Net losses on sale of other real estate owned |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |
Increase in cash value of bank owned life insurance |  |  | (149 | ) |  |  | (144 | )
Accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on securities, net |  |  | 249 |  |  |  | 320 |
Accretion of premium on time deposits |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (67 | )
Accretion of certain acquisition-related loan discounts, net |  |  | (145 | ) |  |  | (367 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 338 |  |  |  | 485 |
Excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |
(Gains) losses on disposal of premises and equipment, net |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 2 |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 325 |  |  |  | 200 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Decrease (increase) in interest receivable |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | (153 | )
Decrease in other assets |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 4,660 |
(Decrease) in accrued interest payable and other liabilities |  |  | (849 | ) |  |  | (440 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 4,553 |  |  | $ | 8,624 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities, calls, principal payments, and sales of securities available for sale |  | $ | 3,056 |  |  | $ | 7,422 |
Proceeds from maturities, calls, and principal payments of securities held to maturity |  |  | 2,109 |  |  |  | 813 |
Purchases of securities available for sale |  |  | — |  |  |  | (21,147 | )
Purchases of securities held to maturity |  |  | — |  |  |  | (49,034 | )
Net redemption (purchase) of restricted securities |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | (95 | )
Purchase of premises and equipment |  |  | (159 | ) |  |  | (195 | )
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9 |
Proceeds from cash value of bank owned life insurance |  |  | 256 |  |  |  | — |
Net decrease (increase) in loans |  |  | 1,786 |  |  |  | (10,820 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | $ | 7,155 |  |  | $ | (73,047 | )

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

7

Table of Contents

FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(Continued)

(in thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |  |  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase in demand deposits and savings accounts |  | $ | (17,589 | ) |  | $ | 48,641 |
Net increase (decrease) in time deposits |  |  | 17,807 |  |  |  | (4,434 | )
Repayment of subordinated debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,000 | )
Cash dividends paid on common stock, net of reinvestment |  |  | (901 | ) |  |  | (817 | )
Repurchase of common stock, stock incentive plan |  |  | (113 | ) |  |  | (183 | )
Repurchase of common stock, stock repurchase plan |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | — |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | $ | (821 | ) |  | $ | 38,207 |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 10,887 |  |  | $ | (26,216 | )
Cash and Cash Equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning |  | $ | 66,914 |  |  | $ | 176,006 |
Ending |  | $ | 77,801 |  |  | $ | 149,790 |
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash payments for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 2,186 |  |  | $ | 486 |
Supplemental Disclosures of Noncash Investing and Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale |  | $ | 2,738 |  |  | $ | (18,030 | )
Change in fair value of cash flow hedges |  | $ | (283 | ) |  | $ | 699 |
Transfer from other real estate owned to premises and equipment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 60 |
Issuance of common stock, dividend reinvestment plan |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 57 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

8

Table of Contents

FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Surplus |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 7,785 |  |  | $ | 31,966 |  |  | $ | 76,990 |  |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 117,039 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,729 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,729 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13,690 | ) |  |  | (13,690 | )
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.14 per share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (874 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (874 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 485 |
Issuance of 2,757 shares of common stock, dividend reinvestment plan |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57 |
Issuance of 27,134 shares of common stock, stock incentive plan |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Repurchase of 8,283 shares of common stock, stock incentive plan |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (173 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (183 | )
Balance, March 31, 2022 |  | $ | 7,812 |  |  | $ | 32,298 |  |  | $ | 79,845 |  |  | $ | (13,392 | ) |  | $ | 106,563 |

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Surplus |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 7,831 |  |  | $ | 32,716 |  |  | $ | 90,284 |  |  | $ | (22,471 | ) |  | $ | 108,360 |
Adoption of new accounting standard (ASU 2016-13) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,952 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,952 | )
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,849 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,849 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,255 |  |  |  | 2,255 |
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.15 per share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (942 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (942 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | 338 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 338 |
Issuance of 2,216 shares of common stock, dividend reinvestment plan |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41 |
Issuance of 21,302 shares of common stock, stock incentive plan |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Repurchase of 1,557 shares of common stock, stock repurchase plan |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (25 | )
Repurchase of 6,495 shares of common stock, stock incentive plan |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (113 | )
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 7,851 |  |  | $ | 32,937 |  |  | $ | 91,239 |  |  | $ | (20,216 | ) |  | $ | 111,811 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

9

Table of Contents

FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1. General

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of First National Corporation (the Company) and its subsidiary, First Bank (the Bank), have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and in accordance with guidance provided by the SEC. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for annual year-end financial statements. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments and reclassifications of a normal and recurring nature considered necessary to present fairly the financial positions at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the statements of income and comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the changes in shareholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023. Certain items in the prior period financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on prior year net income or shareholders' equity.

Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates
Application of the principles of GAAP and practices within the banking industry requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgements that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgements are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements may reflect different estimates, assumptions and judgements. Certain policies inherently rely more extensively on the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgements and as such may have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Material estimates that
are particularly susceptible to significant changes in the near term include estimates related to the determination of the allowance for credit losses.
The Company’s significant accounting policies followed in the preparation of the unaudited consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note 1 of the audited financial statements and notes for the year ended December 31, 2022 and are contained in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to the application of significant accounting policies since December 31, 2022, except for the following:

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

ASU 2016-13: On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 326). This standard replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) methodology. CECL requires an estimate of credit losses for the remaining estimated life of the financial asset using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts and generally applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities, and some off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded commitments to extend credit. Financial assets measured at amortized cost will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by using an allowance for credit losses.

In addition, CECL made changes to the accounting for available for sale debt securities. One such change is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on available for sale debt securities if management does not intend to sell and does not believe that it is more likely than not that they will be required to sell.

The Company adopted ASC 326 and all related subsequent amendments thereto effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective approach for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The transition adjustment of the adoption of CECL included an increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans of $2.2 million, which is presented as a reduction to net loans outstanding, and an increase in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $153 thousand, which is recorded within other liabilities. The Company recorded an allowance for credit losses for held to maturity securities of $132 thousand, which is presented as a reduction to held to maturity securities outstanding. The Company recorded a net decrease to retained earnings of $2.0 million as of January 1, 2023 for the cumulative effect of adopting CECL, which reflects the transition adjustments noted above, net of the applicable deferred tax assets recorded. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under CECL while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable accounting standards.

The Company adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for PCD assets that were previously classified as purchase credit impaired (“PCI”) under ASC 310-30. In accordance with the standard, management did not reassess whether PCI assets met the criteria of PCD assets as of the date of adoption. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had no loans classified as PCD.

The Company adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for debt securities for which other-than-temporary impairment had been recognized prior to January 1, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any other-than-temporary impaired investment securities. Therefore, upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company determined that an allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities was not required.

The Company elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable and instead elected to reverse interest income on loans or securities that are placed on nonaccrual status, which is generally when the instrument is 90 days past due, or earlier if the Company believes the collection of interest is doubtful. The Company has concluded that this policy results in the timely reversal of uncollectible interest.

|  | January 1, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
|  | As reported Under |  |  | Pre-ASC 326 |  |  | Impact of ASC |
(dollars in thousands) |  | ASC 326 |  |  | Adoption |  |  | 326 Adoption |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses on held to maturity securities: |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |
Corporate securities |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 132 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |
Construction and land development |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 546 |  |  |  | (313 | )
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 2,517 |  |  |  | 1,108 |  |  |  | 1,409 |
Other real estate loans |  |  | 5,311 |  |  |  | 3,609 |  |  |  | 1,702 |
Commercial and industrial loans |  |  | 1,487 |  |  |  | 1,874 |  |  |  | (387 | )
Consumer and other loans |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | (225 | )
Allowance for credit losses on loans |  |  | 9,632 |  |  |  | 7,446 |  |  |  | 2,186 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 153 |

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Allowance for Credit Losses – Held-to-Maturity Securities

The Company estimates expected credit losses on held-to-maturity securities on an individual basis based on a Probability of Default/Loss Given Default (“PD/LGD”) methodology primarily using security-level credit ratings. The primary indicators of credit quality for the Company’s held-to-maturity portfolio are security type and credit ratings, which are influenced by a number of factors including obligor cash flow, geography, seniority, among other factors. The Company’s held-to-maturity securities with credit risk are municipal bonds and corporate debt securities. All other held-to-maturity securities are covered by the explicit or implied guarantee of the United States government or one if its agencies.

Change in the allowance for credit loss are recorded as provision for (or recovery of) credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company recorded an allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity securities of $132 thousand upon adoption of ASC 326 and the allowance was unchanged as of March 31, 2023.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale Securities

Management evaluates all available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. If the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the security is written down to fair value and the entire loss is recorded in earnings.

If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making the assessment, the Company may consider various factors including the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, downgrades in the ratings of the security by a rating agency, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments and adverse conditions specific to the security. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and any deficiency is recorded as an allowance for credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any amount of unrealized loss that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the allowance for credit loss are recorded as a provision for (or recovery of) credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Losses are charged against the allowance for credit loss when management believes an available-for-sale security is confirmed to be uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. At March 31, 2023, there was no allowance for credit loss related to the available-for-sale portfolio.

Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities totaled $803 thousand at March 31, 2023 and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans

The allowance for loan credit losses represents an amount which, in management’s judgement, is adequate to absorb the lifetime expected losses that may be sustained on outstanding loans at the balance sheet date based on the evaluation of the size and current risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, past events, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and prepayment experience. The allowance for loan credit losses is measured and recorded upon the initial recognition of a financial asset. The allowance for loan credit losses is reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries of previous losses, and is increased or decreased by a provision for (or recovery of) credit losses, which is recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The Company is utilizing a discounted cash flow model to estimate its current expected credit losses. For the purposes of calculating its quantitative reserves, the Company has segmented its loan portfolio based on loans which share similar risk characteristics. Within the quantitative portion of the calculation, the Company utilizes at least one or a combination of loss drivers, which may include unemployment rates, home price indices, and/or gross domestic product (“GDP”), to adjust its loss rates over a reasonable and supportable forecast period of one year. A straight-line reversion technique is used for the following eight quarters, at which time the Company reverts to historical averages. To further adjust the allowance for credit losses for expected losses not already included within the quantitative component of the calculation, the Company may consider qualitative factors, including but not limited to: variability in the economic forecast, changes in volume and severity of adversity classified loans, changes in concentrations of credit, changes in the nature and volume of the loan segments, factors related to credit administration, and other idiosyncratic risks not embedded in the data used in the model.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. The Company designates individually evaluated loans on nonaccrual status as collateral dependent loans, as well as other loans that management of the Company designates as having higher risk and loans for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. These loans do not share common risk characteristics and are not included within the collectively evaluated loans for determining the allowance for credit losses. Under CECL, for collateral dependent loans, the Company has adopted the practical expedient to measure the allowance for credit losses based on the fair value of collateral. The allowance for credit losses is calculated on an individual loan basis based on the shortfall between the fair value of the loan’s collateral, which is adjusted for liquidation costs/discounts, and amortized cost. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the amortized cost, no allowance is required.

The adoption of CECL did not result in a significant change to any other credit risk management and monitoring processes, including identification of past due or delinquent borrowers, nonaccrual practices or charge-off policy.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Allowance for Credit Losses – Unfunded Commitments

Financial Instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit issued to meet customer financing needs. The Company’s exposure to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for off-balance sheet loan commitments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

The Company records all allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, unless the commitments to extend credit are unconditionally cancelable, through a charge to provision for (or recovery of) credit losses in the Consolidated Statement of Income. The allowances for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is estimated by loan segment at each balance sheet date under the current expected credit losses model using the same methodology as the loan portfolio, taking into consideration the likelihood that funding will occur as well as any third-party guarantees. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

Accrued Interest Receivable

The Company has elected to exclude the accrued interest from the amortized cost basis in its determination of the allowance for credit losses for both loans and held-to-maturity securities, as well as elected the policy to write-off accrued interest receivable directly through the reversal of interest income. Accrued interest receivable totaled $4.4 million on loans and $600 thousand on held-to-maturity securities at March 31, 2023, and is included in “Accrued Interest Receivable” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

ASU 2022-01:

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-01, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Fair Value Hedging—Portfolio Layer Method.” ASU 2022-01 clarifies the guidance in ASC 815 on fair value hedge accounting of interest rate risk for portfolios of financial assets and is intended to better align hedge accounting with an organization’s risk management strategies. In 2017, FASB issued ASU 2017-12 to better align the economic results of risk management activities with hedge accounting. One of the major provisions of that standard was the addition of the last-of-layer hedging method. For a closed portfolio of fixed-rate prepayable financial assets or one or more beneficial interests secured by a portfolio of prepayable financial instruments, such as mortgages or mortgage-backed securities, the last-of-layer method allows an entity to hedge its exposure to fair value changes due to changes in interest rates for a portion of the portfolio that is not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults, and other events affecting the timing and amount of cash flows. ASU 2022-01 renames that method the portfolio layer method. The Company adopted ASU 2022-01 prospectively and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2022-02: On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures." ASU 2022-02 addresses areas identified by the FASB as part of its post-implementation review of the credit losses standards (ASU 2016-13) that introduced the CECL model. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings (TDR's) by creditors that have adopted the CECL model and enhance the disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments require that the Company disclose current-period gross write-offs for financing receivables and net investment in leases by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. The Company adopted the standard prospectively and it did not have a material impact on the financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting”. These amendments provide temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. It is intended to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period. The guidance is effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Subsequently, in January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01 “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope”. This ASU clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. The ASU also amends the expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 to capture the incremental consequences of the scope clarification and to tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition. An entity may elect to apply ASU 2021-01 on contract modifications that change the interest rate used for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment retrospectively as of any date from the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020, or prospectively to new modifications from any date within the interim period that includes or is subsequent to January 7, 2021, up to the date that financial statements are available to be issued. An entity may elect to apply ASU 2021-01 to eligible hedging relationships existing as of the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020, and to new eligible hedging relationships entered into after the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020. The Company has identified loans and other financial instruments that are directly or indirectly influenced by LIBOR. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2020-04 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions.” ASU 2022-03 clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2022-03 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2023-01, “Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements”. These amendments require entities to amortize leasehold improvements associated with common control leases over the useful life to the common control group. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. Transition can be done either retrospectively or prospectively. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-01 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2023-02, “Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method”. These amendments allow reporting entities to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. The ASU is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities in any interim period. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-02 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 2. Securities

The Company invests in U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities, obligations of state and political subdivisions, and corporate debt securities. Amortized costs, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses, and fair values of debt securities at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized (Losses) |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 12,471 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,026 | ) |  | $ | 11,445 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 106,764 |  |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | (11,944 | ) |  |  | 94,906 |  |  |  | — |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 64,301 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (8,313 | ) |  |  | 56,004 |  |  |  | — |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 183,536 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | (21,283 | ) |  | $ | 162,355 |  |  | $ | — |
Securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 38,423 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (300 | ) |  | $ | 38,123 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 98,048 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,866 | ) |  |  | 90,182 |  |  |  | — |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 11,962 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | (1,045 | ) |  |  | 10,954 |  |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (303 | ) |  |  | 2,697 |  |  |  | (132 | )
Total securities held to maturity |  | $ | 151,433 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | (9,514 | ) |  | $ | 141,956 |  |  | $ | (132 | )
Total securities |  | $ | 334,969 |  |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | (30,797 | ) |  | $ | 304,311 |  |  | $ | (132 | )

|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized (Losses) |  |  | Fair Value |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 12,468 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,239 | ) |  | $ | 11,229 |
U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 109,972 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | (13,149 | ) |  |  | 96,918 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 64,386 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (9,630 | ) |  |  | 54,760 |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 186,826 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | (24,018 | ) |  | $ | 162,907 |
Securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 38,211 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (568 | ) |  | $ | 37,643 |
U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 99,374 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,189 | ) |  |  | 90,185 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 12,573 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,252 | ) |  |  | 11,321 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (352 | ) |  |  | 2,648 |
Total securities held to maturity |  | $ | 153,158 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (11,361 | ) |  | $ | 141,797 |
Total securities |  | $ | 339,984 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | (35,379 | ) |  | $ | 304,704 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Information pertaining to securities with gross unrealized losses aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position is as follows (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or more |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized (Loss) |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized (Loss) |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized (Loss) |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,445 |  |  | $ | (1,026 | ) |  | $ | 11,445 |  |  | $ | (1,026 | )
U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 4,232 |  |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | 84,936 |  |  |  | (11,889 | ) |  |  | 89,168 |  |  |  | (11,944 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 7,840 |  |  |  | (116 | ) |  |  | 41,831 |  |  |  | (8,197 | ) |  |  | 49,671 |  |  |  | (8,313 | )
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 12,072 |  |  | $ | (171 | ) |  | $ | 138,212 |  |  | $ | (21,112 | ) |  | $ | 150,284 |  |  | $ | (21,283 | )

|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or more |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized (Loss) |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized (Loss) |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized (Loss) |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 9,041 |  |  | $ | (932 | ) |  | $ | 2,188 |  |  | $ | (307 | ) |  | $ | 11,229 |  |  | $ | (1,239 | )
U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 27,282 |  |  |  | (1,945 | ) |  |  | 62,342 |  |  |  | (11,204 | ) |  |  | 89,624 |  |  |  | (13,149 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 24,689 |  |  |  | (2,581 | ) |  |  | 26,362 |  |  |  | (7,049 | ) |  |  | 51,051 |  |  |  | (9,630 | )
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 61,012 |  |  | $ | (5,458 | ) |  | $ | 90,892 |  |  | $ | (18,560 | ) |  | $ | 151,904 |  |  | $ | (24,018 | )
Securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 19,302 |  |  | $ | (258 | ) |  | $ | 18,342 |  |  | $ | (310 | ) |  | $ | 37,644 |  |  | $ | (568 | )
U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 58,019 |  |  |  | (6,848 | ) |  |  | 32,167 |  |  |  | (2,341 | ) |  |  | 90,186 |  |  |  | (9,189 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 8,648 |  |  |  | (1,008 | ) |  |  | 2,672 |  |  |  | (244 | ) |  |  | 11,320 |  |  |  | (1,252 | )
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 2,648 |  |  |  | (352 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,648 |  |  |  | (352 | )
Total securities held to maturity |  | $ | 88,617 |  |  | $ | (8,466 | ) |  | $ | 53,181 |  |  | $ | (2,895 | ) |  | $ | 141,798 |  |  | $ | (11,361 | )
Total securities |  | $ | 149,629 |  |  | $ | (13,924 | ) |  | $ | 144,073 |  |  | $ | (21,455 | ) |  | $ | 293,702 |  |  | $ | (35,379 | )

The tables above provide information about securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve consecutive months and securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for twelve consecutive months or more. Management evaluates securities to determine whether the impairment is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation. Consideration is given to the extent to which fair the fair value is less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the intent and ability of the Company to retains its investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. Presently, the Company does not intend to sell any of these securities, does not expect to be required to sell these securities, and expects to recover the entire amortized cost of all the securities.

Accrued interest receivable on securities available for sale and securities held to maturity totaled $803 thousand and $600 thousand, respectively at March 31, 2023. Accrued interest on debt securities is included in accrued interest receivable on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

At March 31, 2023, there were 3 out of 3 U.S. Treasury securities, 94 out of 109 U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities, and 80 out of 98 obligations of states and political subdivisions in an unrealized loss position. One hundred percent of the Company’s investment portfolio is considered investment grade. The weighted-average re-pricing term of the portfolio was 6.5 years at March 31, 2023. One hundred percent of the Company’s investment portfolio was considered investment grade at December 31, 2022. The weighted-average re-pricing term of the portfolio was 6.5 years at December 31, 2022. The unrealized losses at March 31, 2023 in the U.S. Treasury securities portfolio, U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities portfolio, obligations of states and political subdivisions portfolio, and the corporate debt securities portfolio were related to changes in market interest rates and not credit concerns of the issuers.

On September 1, 2022, the Bank transferred 24 securities designated as available for sale with a combined book value of $82.2 million, market value of $74.4 million, and unrealized loss of $7.8 million, to securities designated held to maturity. The unrealized loss is being amortized monthly over the life of the securities with an increase to the carrying value of securities and a decrease to the related accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is included in the shareholders’ equity section of the Company’s balance sheet. The amortization of the unrealized loss on the transferred securities totaled $316 thousand for the first quarter of 2023. The securities selected for transfer had larger potential decreases in their fair market values in higher interest rate environments than most of the other securities in the available for sale portfolio and included U.S. Treasury, agency, municipal and commercial mortgage-backed securities. The securities were transferred to mitigate the potential unfavorable impact that higher market interest rates may have on the carrying value of the securities and on the related accumulated other comprehensive loss.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The amortized cost and fair value of securities at March 31, 2023 by contractual maturity are shown below (in thousands). Expected maturities of mortgage-backed securities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

|  | Available for Sale |  |  | Held to Maturity |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Due within one year |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 19,949 |  |  | $ | 19,779 |
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 20,323 |  |  |  | 19,219 |  |  |  | 27,721 |  |  |  | 27,181 |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 40,251 |  |  |  | 37,157 |  |  |  | 24,100 |  |  |  | 21,910 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 122,462 |  |  |  | 105,479 |  |  |  | 79,663 |  |  |  | 73,086 |
|  | $ | 183,536 |  |  | $ | 162,355 |  |  | $ | 151,433 |  |  | $ | 141,956 |

Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank, and Community Bankers’ Bank stock are generally viewed as long-term investments and as restricted securities, which are carried at cost, because there is a minimal market for the stock. Therefore, when evaluating restricted securities for impairment, their value is based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value.

The composition of restricted securities at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | $ | 691 |  |  | $ | 796 |
Federal Reserve Bank stock |  |  | 980 |  |  |  | 980 |
Community Bankers’ Bank stock |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 132 |
|  | $ | 1,803 |  |  | $ | 1,908 |

The Company also holds limited partnership investments in Small Business Investment Companies (SBICs), which are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The limited partnership investments are measured as equity investments without readily determinable fair values at their cost, less any impairment. The amounts included in other assets for the limited partnership investments were $636 thousand and $599 thousand at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Credit Quality Indicators & Allowance for Credit Losses - HTM

The Company monitors the credit quality of the debt securities held to maturity through the use of credit ratings from Moody's, S&P, and Egan-Jones. The Company monitors the credit ratings on a quarterly basis. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of debt securities held to maturity at March 31, 2023, aggregated by credit quality indicators.

|  | U.S. Treasury securities |  |  | U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | Corporate debt securities |  |  | Total Held to Maturity Securities |
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aaa |  | $ | 38,423 |  |  | $ | 22,763 |  |  | $ | 2,911 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 64,097 |
Aa1 / Aa2 / Aa3 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,051 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,051 |
Baa1 / Baa2 / Baa3 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | 3,000 |
Not rated - Agency (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 75,285 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 75,285 |
Total |  | $ | 38,423 |  |  | $ | 98,048 |  |  | $ | 11,962 |  |  | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | 151,433 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aaa |  | $ | 38,211 |  |  | $ | 22,706 |  |  | $ | 3,126 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 64,043 |
Aa1 / Aa2 / Aa3 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,447 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,447 |
Baa1 / Baa2 / Baa3 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | 3,000 |
Not rated - Agency (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76,668 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76,668 |
Total |  | $ | 38,211 |  |  | $ | 99,374 |  |  | $ | 12,573 |  |  | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | 153,158 |

________________________________________

(1) Generally considered not to have credit risk given the implied governmental guarantees associated with these agencies

The following table summarizes the change in the allowance for credit losses on held to maturity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

|  | U.S. Treasury securities |  |  | U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | Corporate debt securities |  |  | Total Held to Maturity Securities |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-13 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 132 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Charge-offs of securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Recoveries |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 132 |

At March 31, 2023, the Company had no securities held-to-maturity that were past due 30 days or more as to principal and interest payments. The Company had no securities held-to-maturity classified as nonaccrual for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 3. Loans

Loans at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  | $ | 48,610 |  |  | $ | 51,840 |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 334,302 |  |  |  | 331,421 |
Other real estate loans |  |  | 416,001 |  |  |  | 418,456 |
Commercial and industrial loans |  |  | 110,937 |  |  |  | 111,225 |
Consumer and other loans |  |  | 8,117 |  |  |  | 7,581 |
Total loans |  | $ | 917,967 |  |  | $ | 920,523 |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (8,717 | ) |  |  | (7,446 | )
Loans, net |  | $ | 909,250 |  |  | $ | 913,077 |

Net deferred loan fees included in the above loan categories were $864 thousand and $838 thousand at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Consumer and other loans included $179 thousand and $197 thousand of demand deposit overdrafts at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Risk characteristics of each loan portfolio class that are considered by the Company include:

| • | 1-4 family residential mortgage loans carry risks associated with the continued creditworthiness of the borrower and changes in the value of the collateral.

| • | Real estate construction and land development loans carry risks that the project may not be finished according to schedule, the project may not be finished according to budget, and the value of the collateral may, at any point in time, be less than the principal amount of the loan. Construction loans also bear the risk that the general contractor, who may or may not be a loan customer, may be unable to finish the construction project as planned because of financial pressure or other factors unrelated to the project.

| • | Other real estate loans carry risks associated with the successful operation of a business or a real estate project, in addition to other risks associated with the ownership of real estate, because repayment of these loans may be dependent upon the profitability and cash flows of the business or project.

| • | Commercial and industrial loans carry risks associated with the successful operation of a business because repayment of these loans may be dependent upon the profitability and cash flows of the business. In addition, there is risk associated with the value of collateral other than real estate which may depreciate over time and cannot be appraised with as much reliability. Commercial and industrial loans also include purchased loans which could have been originated outside of the Company's market area.

| • | Consumer and other loans carry risks associated with the continued creditworthiness of the borrower and the value of the collateral, if any. Consumer loans are typically either unsecured or secured by rapidly depreciating assets such as automobiles. They are also likely to be immediately and adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness, personal bankruptcy, or other changes in circumstances. Consumer and other loans also include purchased consumer loans which could have been originated outside of the Company's market area. Other loans included in this category include loans to states and political subdivisions.

Loans acquired in business combinations are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value at the acquisition date under the acquisition method of accounting. The principal balance of purchased loans is included in the allowance for credit losses calculation. The remaining net discount on purchased loans at March 31, 2023 was $2.4 million. The outstanding principal balance and the carrying amount at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 of loans acquired in business combinations were as follows:

|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Acquired Loans- |  |  | Acquired Loans- |
|  | Non-Purchased |  |  | Non-Purchased |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Credit Deteriorated |  |  | Credit Deteriorated |
Outstanding principal balance |  | $ | 178,664 |  |  | $ | 187,017 |
Carrying amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  | $ | 9,876 |  |  | $ | 9,823 |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 41,013 |  |  |  | 42,915 |
Other real estate loans |  |  | 99,115 |  |  |  | 103,521 |
Commercial and industrial loans |  |  | 22,737 |  |  |  | 24,661 |
Consumer and other loans |  |  | 3,531 |  |  |  | 3,560 |
Total acquired loans |  | $ | 176,272 |  |  | $ | 184,480 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The following tables provide a summary of loan classes and an aging of past due loans as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |
|  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | > 90 Days Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Current |  |  | Total Loans |  |  | Non-accrual Loans |  |  | 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  | $ | 427 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,003 |  |  | $ | 1,430 |  |  | $ | 47,180 |  |  | $ | 48,610 |  |  | $ | 1,044 |  |  | $ | — |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 1,422 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 1,520 |  |  |  | 332,782 |  |  |  | 334,302 |  |  |  | 474 |  |  |  | — |
Other real estate loans |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 415,875 |  |  |  | 416,001 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 47 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 110,916 |  |  |  | 110,937 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Consumer and other loans |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 8,100 |  |  |  | 8,117 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,874 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 1,194 |  |  | $ | 3,114 |  |  | $ | 914,853 |  |  | $ | 917,967 |  |  | $ | 1,591 |  |  | $ | 47 |

|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | > 90 Days Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Current |  |  | Total Loans |  |  | Non-accrual Loans |  |  | 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 1,045 |  |  | $ | 1,180 |  |  | $ | 50,660 |  |  | $ | 51,840 |  |  | $ | 1,045 |  |  | $ | — |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 1,033 |  |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 207 |  |  |  | 1,300 |  |  |  | 330,121 |  |  |  | 331,421 |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | — |
Other real estate loans |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 418,347 |  |  |  | 418,456 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 1,085 |  |  |  | 1,246 |  |  |  | 109,979 |  |  |  | 111,225 |  |  |  | 1,085 |  |  |  | — |
Consumer and other loans |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 7,530 |  |  |  | 7,581 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,314 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 3,886 |  |  | $ | 916,637 |  |  | $ | 920,523 |  |  | $ | 2,673 |  |  | $ | — |

Credit Quality Indicators

As part of the ongoing monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including trends related to the risk grading of specified classes of loans. The Company utilizes a risk grading matrix to assign a rating to each of its loans. The loan ratings are summarized into the following categories: pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful, and loss. Pass rated loans include all risk rated credits other than those included in special mention, substandard, or doubtful. Loans classified as loss are charged-off. Loan officers assign risk grades to loans at origination and as renewals arise. The Bank’s Credit Administration department reviews risk grades for accuracy on a quarterly basis and as credit issues arise. In addition, a certain amount of loans are reviewed each year through the Company’s internal and external loan review process. A description of the general characteristics of the loan grading categories is as follows:

Pass – Loans classified as pass exhibit acceptable operating trends, balance sheet trends, and liquidity. Sufficient cash flow exists to service the loan. All obligations have been paid by the borrower as agreed.

Special Mention – Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or the Bank’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard – Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and payment capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The Company considers all doubtful loans to be impaired and places the loan on non-accrual status.

Loss – Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectable and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The following table presents the Company's recorded investment in loans by credit quality indicators by year of origination as of March 31, 2023 (in thousands).

|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans by Year of Origination |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving |  |  | Total |
Construction and land development |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 627 |  |  | $ | 3,598 |  |  | $ | 8,074 |  |  | $ | 2,695 |  |  | $ | 2,327 |  |  | $ | 3,863 |  |  | $ | 26,382 |  |  | $ | 47,566 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,044 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,044 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Construction and land development |  | $ | 627 |  |  | $ | 3,598 |  |  | $ | 8,074 |  |  | $ | 2,695 |  |  | $ | 2,327 |  |  | $ | 4,907 |  |  | $ | 26,382 |  |  | $ | 48,610 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 8,910 |  |  | $ | 65,912 |  |  | $ | 65,803 |  |  | $ | 41,706 |  |  | $ | 32,203 |  |  | $ | 74,313 |  |  | $ | 44,685 |  |  | $ | 333,532 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 770 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 770 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Secured by 1-4 family residential |  | $ | 8,910 |  |  | $ | 65,912 |  |  | $ | 65,803 |  |  | $ | 41,706 |  |  | $ | 32,203 |  |  | $ | 75,083 |  |  | $ | 44,685 |  |  | $ | 334,302 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other real estate loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 2,488 |  |  | $ | 94,258 |  |  | $ | 88,542 |  |  | $ | 42,553 |  |  | $ | 41,713 |  |  | $ | 135,868 |  |  | $ | 9,137 |  |  | $ | 414,559 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,369 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,369 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 73 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Other real estate loans |  | $ | 2,488 |  |  | $ | 94,258 |  |  | $ | 88,542 |  |  | $ | 43,922 |  |  | $ | 41,713 |  |  | $ | 135,941 |  |  | $ | 9,137 |  |  | $ | 416,001 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 5,659 |  |  | $ | 35,448 |  |  | $ | 29,514 |  |  | $ | 4,743 |  |  | $ | 7,709 |  |  | $ | 11,446 |  |  | $ | 16,349 |  |  | $ | 110,868 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 69 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 5,659 |  |  | $ | 35,448 |  |  | $ | 29,514 |  |  | $ | 4,812 |  |  | $ | 7,709 |  |  | $ | 11,446 |  |  | $ | 16,349 |  |  | $ | 110,937 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 851 |
Consumer and other loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 1,365 |  |  | $ | 2,028 |  |  | $ | 606 |  |  | $ | 1,643 |  |  | $ | 2,344 |  |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 8,117 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Consumer and other loans |  | $ | 1,365 |  |  | $ | 2,028 |  |  | $ | 606 |  |  | $ | 1,643 |  |  | $ | 2,344 |  |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 8,117 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 126 |

The following tables provide an analysis of the credit risk profile of each loan class as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Pass |  |  | Special Mention |  |  | Substandard |  |  | Doubtful |  |  | Total |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  | $ | 50,795 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,045 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51,840 |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 330,590 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 831 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 331,421 |
Other real estate loans |  |  | 416,559 |  |  |  | 1,884 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 418,456 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 110,065 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 1,085 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 111,225 |
Consumer and other loans |  |  | 7,581 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,581 |
Total |  | $ | 915,590 |  |  | $ | 1,959 |  |  | $ | 2,974 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 920,523 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 4. Allowance for Credit Losses

The following tables present, as of and during the periods ended March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022, the activity in the ACLL by portfolio, and information about individually evaluated and collectively evaluated loans (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |
|  | Construction and Land Development |  |  | Secured by 1-4 Family Residential |  |  | Other Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer and Other Loans |  |  | Total |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 546 |  |  | $ | 1,108 |  |  | $ | 3,609 |  |  | $ | 1,874 |  |  | $ | 309 |  |  | $ | 7,446 |
Adjustment to allowance for adoption of ASU 2016-13 |  |  | (313 | ) |  |  | 1,409 |  |  |  | 1,705 |  |  |  | (391 | ) |  |  | (224 | ) |  |  | 2,186 |
Charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (851 | ) |  |  | (126 | ) |  |  | (977 | )
Recoveries |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 62 |
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | (150 | ) |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | — |
Ending Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | 2,596 |  |  | $ | 5,166 |  |  | $ | 617 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 8,717 |
Ending Balance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Collectively evaluated |  |  | 244 |  |  |  | 2,596 |  |  |  | 5,166 |  |  |  | 617 |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 8,717 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 48,610 |  |  | $ | 334,302 |  |  | $ | 416,001 |  |  | $ | 110,937 |  |  | $ | 8,117 |  |  | $ | 917,967 |
Individually evaluated |  |  | 1,044 |  |  |  | 474 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,591 |
Collectively evaluated |  |  | 47,566 |  |  |  | 333,828 |  |  |  | 415,928 |  |  |  | 110,937 |  |  |  | 8,117 |  |  |  | 916,376 |

|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Construction and Land Development |  |  | Secured by 1-4 Family Residential |  |  | Other Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer and Other Loans |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 1,077 |  |  | $ | 3,230 |  |  | $ | 718 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 5,710 |
Charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | (491 | ) |  |  | (529 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | 415 |
Provision for (recovery of) loan losses |  |  | 191 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 364 |  |  |  | 1,043 |  |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 1,850 |
Ending Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 546 |  |  | $ | 1,108 |  |  | $ | 3,609 |  |  | $ | 1,874 |  |  | $ | 309 |  |  | $ | 7,446 |
Ending Balance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 888 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 888 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 546 |  |  |  | 1,108 |  |  |  | 3,609 |  |  |  | 986 |  |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | 6,558 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 51,840 |  |  | $ | 331,421 |  |  | $ | 418,456 |  |  | $ | 111,225 |  |  | $ | 7,581 |  |  | $ | 920,523 |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  |  | 1,045 |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 1,085 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,673 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 50,795 |  |  |  | 330,891 |  |  |  | 418,443 |  |  |  | 110,140 |  |  |  | 7,581 |  |  |  | 917,850 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

|  | March 31, 2022 |
|  | Construction and Land Development |  |  | Secured by 1-4 Family Residential |  |  | Other Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer and Other Loans |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 1,077 |  |  | $ | 3,230 |  |  | $ | 718 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 5,710 |
Charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (98 | ) |  |  | (106 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 224 |
(Recovery of) provision for loan losses |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (113 | ) |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | — |
Ending Balance, March 31, 2022 |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | 969 |  |  | $ | 3,377 |  |  | $ | 810 |  |  | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 5,828 |
Ending Balance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 969 |  |  |  | 3,377 |  |  |  | 810 |  |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 5,828 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 49,308 |  |  | $ | 290,408 |  |  | $ | 384,191 |  |  | $ | 103,682 |  |  | $ | 8,834 |  |  | $ | 836,423 |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 619 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 1,483 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,130 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 49,308 |  |  |  | 289,789 |  |  |  | 384,163 |  |  |  | 102,199 |  |  |  | 8,834 |  |  |  | 834,293 |

Nonaccrual loans

The following is a summary of the Company's nonaccrual loans by major categories for the periods indicated (in thousands):

|  | CECL |  |  | Incurred Loss |
|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Nonaccrual Loans with No Allowance |  |  | Nonaccrual loans with an Allowance |  |  | Total Nonaccrual Loans |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  | $ | 1,044 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,044 |  |  | $ | 1,045 |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 474 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 474 |  |  |  | 530 |
Other real estate loans |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 13 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,085 |
Total |  | $ | 1,591 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,591 |  |  | $ | 2,673 |

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, loans were considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it was probable the Company would be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreements. Impaired loans included loans on nonaccrual status and accruing troubled debt restructurings. When determining if the Company would be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement, the Company considered the borrower's capacity to pay, which included such factors as the borrower's current financial statements, an analysis of global cash flow sufficient to pay all debt obligations and an evaluation of secondary sources of repayment, such as guarantor support and collateral value. The Company individually assessed for impairment all nonaccrual loans and troubled debt restructurings. The tables below include information on all loans deemed impaired. Interest payments on impaired loans were typically applied to principal unless collectability of the principal amount was reasonably assured, in which case interest was recognized on a cash basis.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Impaired loans and the related allowance as of and for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022, were as follows (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment with No Allowance |  |  | Recorded Investment with Allowance |  |  | Total Recorded Investment |  |  | Related Allowance |  |  | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  | $ | 2,412 |  |  | $ | 1,045 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,045 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 75 |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 680 |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 580 |  |  |  | 11 |
Other real estate loans |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 1,084 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,085 |  |  |  | 1,085 |  |  |  | 888 |  |  |  | 650 |  |  |  | 40 |
Total |  | $ | 4,202 |  |  | $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | 1,085 |  |  | $ | 2,673 |  |  | $ | 888 |  |  | $ | 1,282 |  |  | $ | 126 |

|  | March 31, 2022 |
|  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment with No Allowance |  |  | Recorded Investment with Allowance |  |  | Total Recorded Investment |  |  | Related Allowance |  |  | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  | $ | 743 |  |  | $ | 618 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 618 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 732 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Other real estate loans |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 0 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 1,680 |  |  |  | 1,484 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,484 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,491 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 2,462 |  |  | $ | 2,130 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,130 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,252 |  |  | $ | 1 |

The “Recorded Investment” amounts in the table above represent the outstanding principal balance on each loan represented in the table. The “Unpaid Principal Balance” represents the outstanding principal balance on each loan represented in the table plus any amounts that have been charged off on each loan and/or payments that have been applied towards principal on non-accrual loans. Only loan classes with balances are included in the tables above.

As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022, loans classified as troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) and included in impaired loans in the disclosure above totaled $101 thousand and $1.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022, none of the loans classified as TDRs were performing under the restructured terms and all were considered non-performing assets. Modified terms under TDRs included rate reductions, extension of terms that are considered to be below market, conversion to interest only, and other actions intended to minimize the economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of the collateral. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no loans classified as TDRs.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no TDRs that subsequently defaulted within twelve months of the loan modification. Management defines default as over ninety days past due or the foreclosure and repossession of the collateral or charge-off of the loan during the twelve month period subsequent to the modification.

Collateral-Dependent Loans

The Company may determine that an individual loan exhibits unique risk characteristics which differentiate it from other loans within our loan pools. In such cases, the loans are evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and excluded from the collective evaluation. Specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses are determined by analyzing the borrower’s ability to repay amounts owed, collateral deficiencies, the relative risk grade of the loan and economic conditions affecting the borrower’s industry, among other things. A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when, based upon management's assessment, the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In such cases, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date, adjusted for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends on the sale of the collateral. We reevaluate the fair value of collateral supporting collateral dependent loans on a quarterly basis. The fair value of real estate collateral supporting collateral dependent loans is evaluated by appraisal services using a methodology that is consistent with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice. The underlying collateral can vary based upon the type of loan. The following provides more detail about the types of collateral that secure collateral dependent loans:

| • | Commercial real estate loans can be secured by either owner occupied commercial real estate or non-owner occupied investment commercial real estate. Typically, owner occupied commercial real estate loans are secured by office buildings, warehouses, manufacturing facilities and other commercial and industrial properties occupied by operating companies. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans are generally secured by office buildings and complexes, retail facilities, multifamily complexes, land under development, industrial properties, as well as other commercial or industrial real estate.

| • | Residential real estate loans are typically secured by first mortgages, and in some cases could be secured by a second mortgage.
| • | Home equity lines of credit are generally secured by second mortgages on residential real estate property.
| • | Consumer loans are generally secured by automobiles, motorcycles, recreational vehicles and other personal property. Some consumer loans are unsecured and have no underlying collateral.

The following table presents the amortized cost of collateral-dependent loans (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Real Estate Secured |  |  | Non-Real Estate Secured |  |  | Total Collateral-Dependent Loans |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  | $ | 1,044 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,044 |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 474 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 474 |
Other real estate loans |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 73 |
Total |  | $ | 1,591 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,591 |

At March 31, 2023, there was no allowance for credit losses on collateral-dependent loans.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon asset origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company uses a probability of default/loss given default model to determine the allowance for credit losses. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification.

Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. Occasionally, the Company modifies loans by providing principal forgiveness on certain of its real estate loans. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amortized cost basis of the asset is written off against the allowance for credit losses. The amount of the principal forgiveness is deemed to be uncollectible; therefore, that portion of the loan is written off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the allowance for credit losses.

In some cases, the Company will modify a certain loan by providing multiple types of concessions. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted. For the real estate loans included in the “combination” columns below, multiple types of modifications have been made on the same loan within the current reporting period. The combination is at least two of the following: a term extension, principal forgiveness, and interest rate reduction.

The following table shows the amortized cost basis as of March 31, 2023 of the loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class of loans and type of concession granted and describes the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

|  | Term Extension
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  |  | % of Total Loan Type |  | Financial Effect
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 0.02 | % | Converted HELOC to 15 year term loan.
Other real estate loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |
Total |  | $ | 76 |  |  |  | 0.02 | % |

|  | Principal Forgiveness
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  |  | % of Total Loan Type |  | Financial Effect
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |
Secured by 1-4 family residential |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 0.01 | % | Reduced the amortized cost basis of the loan by $29 thousand.
Other real estate loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |
Total |  | $ | 20 |  |  |  | 0.01 | % |

Upon the Company's determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no payment defaults of modified loans that were modified during the previous twelve months.

Unfunded Commitments

The Company maintains a separate reserve for credit losses on off-balance-sheet credit exposures, including unfunded loan commitments, which is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The reserve for credit losses on off-balance-sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit losses in the income statement. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life, utilizing the same models and approaches for the Company's other loan portfolio segments described in Note 1, as these unfunded commitments share similar risk characteristics as its loan portfolio segments. The Company has identified the unfunded portion of certain lines of credit as unconditionally cancellable credit exposures, meaning the Company can cancel the unfunded commitment at any time. No credit loss estimate is reported for off-balance-sheet credit exposures that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company or for undrawn amounts under such arrangements that may be drawn prior to the cancellation of the arrangement.

On January 1, 2023, the Company recorded an adjustment for unfunded commitments of $153 thousand for the adoption of ASC Topic 326. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not record a provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments. At March 31, 2023, the liability for credit losses on off-balance-sheet exposures included in other liabilities was $153 thousand.

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Note 5. Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share represents income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share reflects additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance.

The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |
(Numerator): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 3,849 |  |  | $ | 3,729 |
(Denominator): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic |  |  | 6,273,913 |  |  |  | 6,238,973 |
Potentially dilutive common shares – restricted stock units |  |  | 7,203 |  |  |  | 6,732 |
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted |  |  | 6,281,116 |  |  |  | 6,245,705 |
Income per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.61 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.61 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |

Restricted stock units for 882 shares of common stock were not considered in computing diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 because they were antidilutive. There were restricted stock units for 193 shares of common stock considered antidilutive for the three months ended March 31, 2023

Note 6. Fair Value Measurements

Determination of Fair Value

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. In accordance with the “Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures” topic of FASB ASC, the fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

The fair value guidance provides a consistent definition of fair value, which focuses on exit price in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, a change in valuation technique or the use of multiple valuation techniques may be appropriate. In such instances, determining the price at which willing market participants would transact at the measurement date under current market conditions depends on the facts and circumstances and requires the use of significant judgment. The fair value is a reasonable point within the range that is most representative of fair value under current market conditions.

Fair Value Hierarchy

In accordance with this guidance, the Company groups its assets and liabilities generally measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

| Level 1 - | Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 1 assets and liabilities generally include debt and equity securities that are traded in an active exchange market. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

| Level 2 - | Valuation is based on inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. The valuation may be based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

| Level 3 - | Valuation is based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which determination of fair value requires a significant management judgment or estimation.

An instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain assets recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the financial statements:

Securities available for sale

Securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted market prices, when available (Level 1). If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data. Third party vendors compile prices from various sources and may determine the fair value of identical or similar securities by using pricing models that consider observable market data (Level 2).

Derivative asset/liability - cash flow hedges

Cash flow hedges are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value of the Company's cash flow hedges is determined by a third party vendor using the discounted cash flow method (Level 2).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The following tables present the balances of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands).

|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2023 |
Description |  | Balance as of March 31, 2023 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 11,445 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,445 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 94,906 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 94,906 |  |  |  | — |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 56,004 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 56,004 |  |  |  | — |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 162,355 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 162,355 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivatives - cash flow hedges |  |  | 2,396 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,396 |  |  |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 164,751 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 164,751 |  |  | $ | — |

|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 |
Description |  | Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 11,229 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,229 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 96,918 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 96,918 |  |  |  | — |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 54,760 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54,760 |  |  |  | — |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 162,907 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 162,907 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivatives - cash flow hedges |  |  | 2,679 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,679 |  |  |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 165,586 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 165,586 |  |  | $ | — |

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. Adjustments to the fair value of these assets usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in the financial statements:

Collateral Dependent Loans with an ACLL

In accordance with ASC 326, the Company may determine that an individual loan exhibits unique risk characteristics which differentiate it from other loans within our loan pools. In such cases, the loans are evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and excluded from the collective evaluation. Specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses are determined by analyzing the borrower’s ability to repay amounts owed, collateral deficiencies, the relative risk grade of the loan and economic conditions affecting the borrower’s industry, among other things. A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when, based upon management's assessment, the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In such cases, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date, adjusted for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends on the sale of the collateral. We reevaluate the fair value of collateral supporting collateral dependent loans on a quarterly basis. The fair value of real estate collateral supporting collateral dependent loans is evaluated by appraisal services using a methodology that is consistent with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice. There was no allowance for credit losses on collateral dependent loans at March 31, 2023.

Other Real Estate Owned

Certain assets such as OREO are measured at fair value less cost to sell. Valuation of OREO is determined using current appraisals from independent parties, a Level 2 input. If current appraisals cannot be obtained prior to reporting dates, or if declines in value are identified after a recent appraisal is received, appraisal values are discounted, resulting in Level 3 estimates. If the Company markets the property with a realtor, estimated selling costs reduce the fair value, resulting in a valuation based on Level 3 inputs.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The following tables summarize the Company’s assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2023 |
Description |  | Balance as of March 31, 2023 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Other real estate owned |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 184 |
Collateral dependent loans |  |  | 1,591 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,591 |

|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 |
Description |  | Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Other real estate owned |  | $ | 1,848 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 184 |
Impaired loans, net |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 197 |

|  | Quantitative information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements for March 31, 2023 |
|  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average) (1) |
Other real estate owned |  | $ | 184 |  | Property appraisals |  | Selling cost |  |  | 10.00 | %
Collateral dependent loans |  | $ | 1,591 |  | Present value of cash flows |  | Discount rate |  |  | 6.50 | %

|  | Quantitative information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements for December 31, 2022 |
|  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average) (1) |
Other real estate owned |  | $ | 184 |  | Property appraisals |  | Selling cost |  |  | 10.00 | %
Impaired loans, net |  |  | 197 |  | Present value of cash flows |  | Discount rate |  |  | 6.50 | %

(1) | Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Accounting guidance requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or non-recurring basis. The carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2023 Using |
|  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1 |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2 |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3 |  |  | Fair Value |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and interest-bearing deposits in banks |  | $ | 77,801 |  |  | $ | 77,801 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 77,801 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 162,355 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 162,355 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 162,355 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 151,301 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 141,956 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 141,956 |
Restricted securities |  |  | 1,803 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,803 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,803 |
Loans, net |  |  | 909,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 877,833 |  |  |  | 877,833 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 24,424 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,424 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,424 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 4,389 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,389 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,389 |
Derivatives - cash flow hedges |  |  | 2,396 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,396 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,396 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 1,241,525 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 1,086,894 |  |  |  | 150,040 |  |  | $ | 1,236,934 |
Subordinated debt |  |  | 4,996 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,318 |  |  |  | 5,318 |
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 9,279 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,936 |  |  |  | 5,936 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 354 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 354 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 354 |

|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using |
|  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1 |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2 |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3 |  |  | Fair Value |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and interest-bearing deposits in banks |  | $ | 66,914 |  |  | $ | 66,914 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 66,914 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 162,907 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 162,907 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 162,907 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 153,158 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 141,797 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 141,797 |
Restricted securities |  |  | 1,908 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,908 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,908 |
Loans, net |  |  | 913,077 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 880,473 |  |  |  | 880,473 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 24,531 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,531 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,531 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 4,543 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,543 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,543 |
Derivatives - cash flow hedges |  |  | 2,679 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,679 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,679 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 1,241,332 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,104,483 |  |  | $ | 131,304 |  |  | $ | 1,235,787 |
Subordinated debt |  |  | 4,995 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,267 |  |  |  | 5,267 |
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 9,279 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,067 |  |  |  | 6,067 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 163 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The Company assumes interest rate risk (the risk that general interest rate levels will change) as a result of its normal operations. As a result, the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments will change when interest rate levels change and that change may be either favorable or unfavorable to the Company. Management attempts to match maturities of assets and liabilities to the extent believed necessary to minimize interest rate risk. However, borrowers with fixed rate obligations are less likely to prepay in a rising rate environment and more likely to prepay in a falling rate environment. Conversely, depositors who are receiving fixed rates are more likely to withdraw funds before maturity in a rising rate environment and less likely to do so in a falling rate environment. Management monitors rates and maturities of assets and liabilities and attempts to minimize interest rate risk by adjusting terms of new loans and deposits and by investing in securities with terms that mitigate the Company’s overall interest rate risk.

Note 7. Stock Compensation Plans

On May 13, 2014, the Company’s shareholders approved the First National Corporation 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, which makes available up to 240,000 shares of common stock for the granting of stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, and other stock-based awards. Awards are made at the discretion of the Board of Directors and compensation cost equal to the fair value of the award is recognized over the vesting period.

Stock Awards

Whenever the Company deems it appropriate to grant a stock award, the recipient receives a specified number of unrestricted shares of employer stock. Stock awards may be made by the Company at its discretion without cash consideration and may be granted as settlement of a performance-based compensation award.

Compensation expense related to stock awards totaled $200 thousand and $352 thousand for the three months e nded March 31, 2023, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units are an award of units that correspond in number and value to a specified number of shares of employer stock which the recipient receives according to a vesting plan and distribution schedule after achieving required performance milestones or upon remaining with the employer for a particular length of time. Each restricted stock unit that vests entitles the recipient to receive one share of common stock on a specified issuance date.

During the first quarter of 2023, 13,727 restricted stock units were granted to employees, with 4,580 units vesting immediately, and 9,147 units subject to a two year vesting schedule with one half of the units vesting each year. The recipient does not have any stockholder rights, including voting, dividend, or liquidation rights, with respect to the shares underlying awarded restricted stock units until vesting has occurred and the recipient becomes the record holder of those shares. The unvested restricted stock units will vest on the established schedule if the employees remain employed by the Company on future vesting dates.

A summary of the activity for the Company’s restricted stock units for the period indicated is presented in the following table:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2023 |
|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Unvested, beginning of year |  |  | 29,181 |  |  | $ | 20.31 |
Granted |  |  | 13,727 |  |  |  | 17.54 |
Vested |  |  | (11,401 | ) |  |  | 19.2 |
Forfeited |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Unvested, end of period |  |  | 31,507 |  |  | $ | 20.31 |

At March 31, 2023, based on restricted stock unit awards outstanding at that time, the total unrecognized pre-tax compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock unit awards was $411 thousand. This expense is expected to be recognized through 2026. Compensation expense related to restricted stock unit awards recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 totaled $138 thousand and $134 thousand, respectively.

On May 11, 2023, the Company’s shareholders approved the First National Corporation 2023 Stock Incentive Plan, which makes available up to 325,000 shares of common stock for the granting of stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, and other stock-based awards. Awards are made at the discretion of the Board of Directors and compensation cost is equal to the fair value of the award and recognized over the vesting period. Beginning on May 11, 2023, equity awards granted by the Company would be from the 2023 Stock Incentive Plan and would not be granted from the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 8. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows (in thousands):

|  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Securities |  |  | Change in Fair Value of Cash Flow Hedges |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | $ | (445 | ) |  | $ | 743 |  |  | $ | 298 |
Unrealized holding losses (net of tax, ($3,786)) |  |  | (14,243 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,243 | )
Change in fair value of cash flow hedge (net of tax, $146) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | 553 |
Change during period |  |  | (14,243 | ) |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | (13,690 | )
Balance at March 31, 2022 |  | $ | (14,688 | ) |  | $ | 1,296 |  |  | $ | (13,392 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | (24,587 | ) |  | $ | 2,116 |  |  | $ | (22,471 | )
Unrealized holding losses (net of tax, $576) |  |  | 2,162 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,162 |
Amortization of unrealized holding losses on available-for-sale securities transferred to held to maturity (net of tax of $84) |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 316 |
Change in fair value of cash flow hedge (net of tax, ($60)) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (223 | ) |  |  | (223 | )
Change during period |  |  | 2,478 |  |  |  | (223 | ) |  |  | 2,255 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | (22,109 | ) |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | (20,216 | )

The following table presents information related to reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Details About Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Income
|  | Three Months Ended |  |
|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net securities gains reclassified into earnings |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | Net gains on securities available for sale
Related income tax expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | Income tax expense
Total reclassifications |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | Net of tax

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 9. Revenue Recognition

Most revenue associated with financial instruments, including interest income, loan origination fees, and credit card fees, is outside the scope of ASC topic 606. Gains and losses on investment securities, derivatives, financial guarantees, and sales of financial instruments are similarly excluded from the scope. The guidance is applicable to noninterest revenue streams such as service charges on deposit accounts, ATM and check card fees, wealth management fees, and fees for other customer services. Noninterest revenue streams within the scope of Topic 606 are discussed below.

Service charges on deposit accounts

Service charges on deposit accounts consist of monthly service fees, overdraft and nonsufficient funds fees, and other deposit account related fees. The Company's performance obligation for monthly service fees is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to customers' accounts. Overdraft and nonsufficient funds fees and other deposit account related fees are transactional based, and therefore, the Company's performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time.

ATM and check card fees

ATM fees are primarily generated when a Company cardholder uses a non-Company ATM or a non-Company cardholder uses a Company ATM. ATM fees are transactional based, and therefore, the Company's performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. Check card fees are primarily comprised of interchange fee income. Interchange fees are earned whenever the Company's debit cards are processed through card payment networks, such as Visa. The Company's performance obligation for interchange fee income is largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized, when the services are rendered or upon completion. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month. In compliance with Topic 606, debit card fee income is presented net of associated expense.

Wealth management fees

Wealth management fees are primarily comprised of fees earned from the management and administration of trusts and other customer assets. The Company's performance obligation is generally satisfied over time and the resulting fees are primarily recognized monthly, based upon the month-end market value of the assets under management and the applicable fee rate. Payment is generally received a few days after month-end through a direct charge to customers' accounts. Estate management fees are based upon the size of the estate. Revenue for estate management fees are recorded periodically, according to a fee schedule, and are based on the services that have been provided.

Brokered mortgage fees

Brokered mortgage fees are comprised of loan fee income earned from generating loans in the secondary market. Brokered mortgage fee income is recognized at loan closing.

Fees for other customer services

Fees for other customer services include fees for brokered loans, check ordering charges, merchant services income, safe deposit box rental fees, and other service charges. Check ordering charges are transactional based, and therefore, the Company's performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. Merchant services income mainly represent fees charged to merchants to process their debit and credit card transactions. The Company's performance obligation for merchant services income is largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized, when the services are rendered or upon completion. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month. Safe deposit box rental fees are charged to the customer on an annual basis and recognized upon receipt of payment. The Company determined that since rentals and renewals occur fairly consistently over time, revenue is recognized on a basis consistent with the duration of the performance obligation.

The following table presents noninterest income, segregated by revenue streams in-scope and out-of-scope of Topic 606, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |
Noninterest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  | $ | 646 |  |  | $ | 609 |
ATM and check card fees |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | 750 |
Wealth management fees |  |  | 776 |  |  |  | 803 |
Brokered mortgage fees |  |  | — |  |  |  | 94 |
Fees for other customer services |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 233 |
Noninterest income (in-scope of Topic 606) |  | $ | 2,418 |  |  | $ | 2,489 |
Noninterest income (out-of-scope of Topic 606) |  |  | 360 |  |  |  | 222 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 2,778 |  |  | $ | 2,711 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 10. Derivative Financial Instruments

On April 21, 2020, the Company entered into two interest rate swap agreements related to its outstanding junior subordinated debt. One swap agreement was related to the Company’s junior subordinated debt with a redemption date of June 17, 2034, which became effective on March 17, 2020. The notional amount of the interest rate swap was $5.0 million and terminates on June 17, 2034. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company pays interest quarterly at a fixed rate of 0.79% and receives interest quarterly at a variable rate of three-month LIBOR. The variable rate resets on each interest payment date. The other swap agreement was related to the Company’s junior subordinated debt with a redemption date of October 1, 2036, which became effective on April 1, 2020. The notional amount of the interest rate swap was $4.0 million and terminates on October 1, 2036. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company pays interest quarterly at a fixed rate of 0.82% and receives interest quarterly at a variable rate of three-month LIBOR. The variable rate resets on each interest payment date. The Company expects the junior subordinated debt instruments to transition from a LIBOR-indexed floating rate of interest to a SOFR-indexed floating rate by June 30, 2023.

The Company entered into interest rate swaps to reduce interest rate risk and to manage interest expense. By entering into these agreements, the Company converted variable rate debt into fixed rate debt. Alternatively, the Company may enter into interest rate swap agreements to convert fixed rate debt into variable rate debt. Interest differentials paid or received under interest rate swap agreements are reflected as adjustments to interest expense. The Company designated the interest rate swaps as hedging instruments in qualifying cash flow hedges. Changes in fair value of these designated hedging instruments is reported as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges are expected to be highly effective in offsetting the effect of changes in interest rates on the amount of variable rate interest payments, and the Company assesses the effectiveness of each hedging relationship quarterly. If the Company determines that a cash flow hedge is no longer highly effective, future changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument would be reported as earnings. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has designated cash flow hedges to manage its exposure to variability in cash flows on certain variable rate borrowings for periods that end between June 2034 and October 2036. The notional amounts of the interest rate swaps were not exchanged and do not represent exposure to credit loss. In the event of default by a counterparty, the risk in these transactions is the cost of replacing the agreements at current market rates.

All interest rate swaps were entered into with counterparties that met the Company's credit standards and the agreements contain collateral provisions protecting the at-risk party. The Company believes that the credit risk inherent in these derivative contracts is not significant.

Unrealized gains or losses recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income related to cash flow hedges are reclassified into earnings in the same period(s) during which the hedged interest payments affect earnings. When a designated hedging instrument is terminated and the hedged interest payments remain probable of occurring, any remaining unrecognized gain or loss in other comprehensive (loss) income is reclassified into earnings in the period(s) during which the forecasted interest payments affect earnings. Amounts reclassified into earnings and interest receivable or payable under designated interest rate swaps are reported in interest expense. The Company does not expect any unrealized losses related to cash flow hedges to be reclassified into earnings in the next twelve months.

The following table summarizes key elements of the Company's derivative instruments at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |
|  | Notional Amount |  |  | Assets |  |  | Liabilities |  |  | Collateral Pledged(1) |
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | $ | 9,000 |  |  | $ | 2,396 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Notional Amount |  |  | Assets |  |  | Liabilities |  |  | Collateral Pledged(1) |
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | $ | 9,000 |  |  | $ | 2,679 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(1) | Collateral pledged may be comprised of cash or securities.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

First National Corporation (the Company) makes forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding profitability, liquidity, adequacy of capital, allowance for credit losses, interest rate sensitivity, market risk, growth strategy. The words “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “anticipates,” “forecasts,” “intends,” or other similar words or terms are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to significant uncertainties because they are based upon or are affected by factors including:

| • | general business conditions, as well as conditions within the financial markets;

| • | general economic conditions, including unemployment levels, inflation and slowdowns in economic growth;

| • | the Company’s branch and market expansions, technology initiatives and other strategic initiatives;

| • | the impact of competition from banks and non-banks, including financial technology companies (Fintech);

| • | the composition of the loan and deposit portfolio, including the types of accounts and customers, may change, which could impact the amount of net interest income and noninterest income in future periods, including revenue from service charges on deposits;

| • | limited availability of financing or inability to raise capital;

| • | reliance on third parties for key services;

| • | the Company’s credit standards and its on-going credit assessment processes might not protect it from significant credit losses;

| • | the quality of the loan portfolio and the value of the collateral securing those loans;
| • | demand for loan products;
| • | deposit flows;

| • | the level of net charge-offs on loans and the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses;

| • | the concentration in loans secured by real estate may adversely affect earnings due to changes in the real estate markets;

| • | the value of securities held in the Company's investment portfolio;

| • | legislative or regulatory changes or actions, including the effects of changes in tax laws;

| • | changes in accounting principles, policies and guidelines and elections made by the Company thereunder;

| • | cyber threats, attacks or events;

| • | the ability to maintain adequate liquidity by retaining deposit customers and secondary funding sources, especially if the Company’s or the Industry's reputation were to become damaged;

| • | monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Government, including policies of the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve Board, and the effect of those policies on interest rates and business in the Company's markets;

| • | changes in interest rates could have a negative impact on the value of the Company’s securities portfolio and its net interest income and an unfavorable impact on the Company’s customers’ ability to repay loans;
| • | geopolitical conditions, including acts or threats of terrorism, international hostilities, or actions taken by the U.S. or other governments in response to acts or threats of terrorism and/or military conflicts, which could impact business and economic conditions in the U.S. and abroad; and

| • | other factors identified in Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2022.

Because of these and other uncertainties, actual results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. In addition, past results of operations do not necessarily indicate future results. The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition at March 31, 2023 and statements of income of the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Part I, Item 1, of this Form 10-Q and in Part II, Item 8, of the Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2022. The statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 may not be indicative of the results to be achieved for the year.

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Executive Overview

The Company

First National Corporation (the Company) is the bank holding company of:

| • | First Bank (the Bank). The Bank owns:

| • | First Bank Financial Services, Inc.

| • | Bank of Fincastle Services, Inc.
| • | ESF, LLC
| • | Shen-Valley Land Holdings, LLC

| • | First National (VA) Statutory Trust II (Trust II)

| • | First National (VA) Statutory Trust III (Trust III and, together with Trust II, the Trusts)

First Bank Financial Services, Inc. owns an interest in an entity that provides title insurance services. Bank of Fincastle Services, Inc. is no longer an active operating entity. Shen-Valley Land Holdings, LLC and ESF, LLC were formed to hold other real estate owned and future office sites. The Trusts were formed for the purpose of issuing redeemable capital securities, commonly known as trust preferred securities and are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with authoritative accounting guidance because management has determined that the Trusts qualify as variable interest entities.

Products, Services, Customers and Locations

The Bank offers loan, deposit, and wealth management products and services. Loan products and services include consumer loans, residential mortgages, home equity loans, and commercial loans. Deposit products and services include checking accounts, treasury management solutions, savings accounts, money market accounts, certificates of deposit, and individual retirement accounts. Wealth management services include estate planning, investment management of assets, trustee under an agreement, trustee under a will, individual retirement accounts, and estate settlement. Customers include small and medium-sized businesses, individuals, estates, local governmental entities, and non-profit organizations. The Bank’s office locations are well-positioned in attractive markets along the Interstate 81, Interstate 66, and Interstate 64 corridors in the Shenandoah Valley, the Roanoke Valley, central regions of Virginia, and the city of Richmond. Within these markets, there are diverse types of industry including medical and professional services, manufacturing, retail, warehousing, Federal and local government, hospitality, and higher education. The Bank’s products and services are delivered through 20 bank branch offices, a loan production office and customer service centers in two retirement villages. For the location and general character of each of these offices, see Item 2 of the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Many of the Bank’s services are also delivered through the Bank’s mobile banking platform, its website, www.fbvirginia.com, and a network of ATMs located throughout its market area.

Revenue Sources and Expense Factors

The primary source of revenue is from net interest income earned by the Bank. Net interest income is the difference between interest income and interest expense and typically represents between 70% and 80% of the Company’s total revenue. Interest income is determined by the amount of interest-earning assets outstanding during the period and the interest rates earned on those assets. The Bank’s interest expense is a function of the amount of interest-bearing liabilities outstanding during the period and the interest rates paid. In addition to net interest income, noninterest income is the other source of revenue for the Company. Noninterest income is derived primarily from service charges on deposits, fee income from wealth management services, and ATM and check card fees.

Primary expense categories are salaries and employee benefits, which comprised 58% of noninterest expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023, followed by occupancy and equipment expense, which comprised 12% of noninterest expenses. The provision for credit losses is also typically a primary expense of the Bank. The provision is determined by factors that include net charge-offs, asset quality, economic conditions, and loan growth. Changing economic conditions caused by inflation, recession, unemployment, or other factors beyond the Company’s control have a direct correlation with asset quality, net charge-offs, and ultimately the required provision for credit losses.

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Overview of Quarterly Financial Performance

Net income increased $120 thousand, or 3%, to $3.8 million, or $0.61 per diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $3.7 million, or $0.60 per diluted share, for the same period in 2022. Return on average assets was 1.15% and return on average equity was 14.2% for the first quarter of 2023, compared to 1.06% and 13.4%, respectively, for the same period in 2022.

The increase in net income resulted primarily from a $628 thousand, or 6%, increase in net interest income, and a $67 thousand, or 2%, increase in total noninterest income, which were partially offset by a $556 thousand, or 6%, increase in total noninterest expense. There was no provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2023 or 2022.

Net interest income increased by $628 thousand from a $2.5 million, or 23%, increase in total interest income, and was partially offset by a $1.9 million, or 394%, increase in total interest expense. Although total average earning assets decreased by 6% in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period of 2022, total interest income increased from an increase in the yield on all earning asset classes and a change in the composition of earning assets. Average loans increased $88.7 million, while average interest-bearing deposits in banks decreased $142.7 million. Total interest expense increased from higher interest rates paid on deposits and was partially offset by a $73.8 million decrease in average interest-bearing deposits.

Accretion of discounts on purchased loans, net of premium amortization, and accretion of fee income on Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans, net of costs, which were recorded in interest income and fees on loans, both decreased comparing the periods. Net accretion of discounts on purchased loans totaled $145 thousand in the first quarter of 2023, compared to $367 thousand in the first quarter of 2022, and net accretion from PPP fee income, net of costs, totaled $8 thousand in the first quarter of 2023, compared to $323 thousand in the first quarter of 2022.

There was no provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2023 or 2022. The allowance for credit losses on loans totaled $8.7 million, or 0.95% of total loans, on March 31, 2023, 0.81% of total loans on December 31, 2022, and 0.70% of total loans on March 31, 2022. Although net charge-offs of loans totaled $915 thousand in the first quarter of 2023, there was no impact on the provision for credit losses as the Bank established adequate specific reserves for the charged-off portion of the loans in its allowance for loan losses in a prior period. In addition to the allowance for credit losses on loans, the Bank established a $132 thousand allowance for credit losses on securities held to maturity along with the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023. The allowance for credit losses on securities held to maturity was unchanged at $132 thousand at March 31, 2023, and as a result, it was not necessary to record a provision for credit losses on securities held to maturity in the first quarter of 2023. The Bank also recorded an allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $153 thousand upon adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures was unchanged at $153 thousand at March 31, 2023, and as a result, it was not necessary to record a provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures in the first quarter of 2023.

Total noninterest income increased $67 thousand, or 2%, primarily from an increase in service charges on deposits, ATM and check card fees, and other operating income, which were partially offset by decreases in fee income from other customer services and brokered mortgage fee income.

Total noninterest expense increased $556 thousand, or 6%, primarily from increases in salaries and employee benefits, marketing, ATM and check card expense, bank franchise tax, and other operating expense, which were partially offset by decreases in occupancy, FDIC assessment, and data processing expense.

For a more detailed discussion of the Company's quarterly performance, see "Net Interest Income,” “Provision for Credit Losses,” "Noninterest Income," "Noninterest Expense" and "Income Taxes" below.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This report refers to the efficiency ratio, which is computed by dividing noninterest expense, excluding amortization of intangibles, net gains on disposal of premises and equipment, and merger related expenses, by the sum of net interest income on a tax-equivalent basis and noninterest income, excluding securities gains. This is a non-GAAP financial measure that the Company believes provides investors with important information regarding operational efficiency. Such information is not prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be construed as such. Management believes, however, such financial information is meaningful to the reader in understanding operating performance, but cautions that such information not be viewed as a substitute for GAAP. The methodology for determining this measurement may differ among companies. The Company, in referring to its net income, is referring to income under GAAP. The components of the efficiency ratio calculation are summarized in the following table (dollars in thousands).

|  | Efficiency Ratio |
|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |
Noninterest expense |  | $ | 9,200 |  |  | $ | 8,644 |
Add/(Subtract): other real estate owned expense, net |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (28 | )
Subtract: amortization of intangibles |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
Subtract: merger related expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20 | )
|  | $ | 9,192 |  |  | $ | 8,592 |
Tax-equivalent net interest income |  | $ | 11,258 |  |  | $ | 10,634 |
Noninterest income |  |  | 2,778 |  |  |  | 2,711 |
|  | $ | 14,036 |  |  | $ | 13,345 |
Efficiency ratio |  |  | 65.49 | % |  |  | 64.38 | %

This report also refers to net interest margin, which is calculated by dividing tax equivalent net interest income by total average earning assets. Because a portion of interest income earned by the Company is nontaxable, the tax equivalent net interest income is considered in the calculation of this ratio. Tax equivalent net interest income is calculated by adding the tax benefit realized from interest income that is nontaxable to total interest income then subtracting total interest expense. The tax rate utilized in calculating the tax benefit for both 2023 and 2022 is 21%. The reconciliation of tax equivalent net interest income, which is not a measurement under GAAP, to net interest income, is reflected in the table below (in thousands).

|  | Reconciliation of Net Interest Income to Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income |
|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |
GAAP measures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income – loans |  | $ | 11,512 |  |  | $ | 9,496 |
Interest income – investments and other |  |  | 2,016 |  |  |  | 1,528 |
Interest expense – deposits |  |  | (2,216 | ) |  |  | (340 | )
Interest expense – subordinated debt |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | (69 | )
Interest expense – junior subordinated debt |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | (67 | )
Total net interest income |  | $ | 11,176 |  |  | $ | 10,548 |
Non-GAAP measures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax benefit realized on non-taxable interest income – loans |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |
Tax benefit realized on non-taxable interest income – municipal securities |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 81 |
Total tax benefit realized on non-taxable interest income |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 89 |
Total tax-equivalent net interest income |  | $ | 11,258 |  |  | $ | 10,637 |

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Critical Accounting Policies

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The financial information contained within our statements is, to a significant extent, based on measures of the financial effects of transactions and events that have already occurred. A variety of factors could affect the ultimate value obtained when earning income, recognizing an expense, recovering an asset or relieving a liability. Although the economics of the Company’s transactions may not change, the timing of events that would impact the transactions could change.

Critical accounting policies are most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition or results of operations and require management’s most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. If conditions occur that differ from our assumptions, depending upon the severity of such differences, the Company’s financial condition or results of operations may be materially impacted. The Company evaluates its critical accounting estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and updates them as needed. The Company provides additional information on its critical accounting policies and estimates under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies” in its 2022 Form 10-K and in Note 1 “Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates” in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report.

Lending Policies

There have been no material changes in the Company’s lending policies disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Results of Operations

General

Net interest income represents the primary source of earnings for the Company. Net interest income equals the amount by which interest income on interest-earning assets, predominantly loans and securities, exceeds interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, including deposits, other borrowings, subordinated debt, and junior subordinated debt. Changes in the volume and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as their respective yields and rates, are the components that impact the level of net interest income. The net interest margin is calculated by dividing tax-equivalent net interest income by average earning assets. The provision for credit losses, noninterest income, and noninterest expense are the other components that determine net income. Noninterest income and expense primarily consist of income from service charges on deposit accounts, revenue from wealth management services, ATM and check card income, revenue from other customer services, income from bank owned life insurance, general and administrative expenses, amortization expense, and other real estate owned expense.

Net Income

Net income increased by $120 thousand, or 3%, to $3.8 million, or $0.61 per diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $3.7 million, or $0.60 per diluted share, for the same period in 2022. Return on average assets was 1.15% and return on average equity was 14.20% for the first quarter of 2023, compared to 1.06% and 13.40%, respectively, for the same period in 2022.

The increase in net income resulted from a $628 thousand, or 6%, increase in net interest income and a $67 thousand, or 2%, increase in total noninterest income, which were partially offset by a $556 thousand, or 6%, increase in total noninterest expense and a $19 thousand increase in income tax expense. There was no provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 2023 or 2022.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income increased by $628 thousand from a $2.5 million increase in total interest income, which was partially offset by a $1.9 million increase in total interest expense. Although total average earning assets decreased by 6%, total interest income increased from a change in the composition of earning assets and from higher yields earned on interest-bearing deposits in banks, securities, and loans. The composition of earning assets changed as average loans increased $88.7 million, while average interest-bearing deposits in banks decreased $142.7 million. Interest income and fees on loans increased $2.0 million, or 21%, interest income on deposits in banks increased $274 thousand, or 391%, and interest income on total securities increased $214 thousand, or 15%.

The increase in total interest expense resulted from a $1.9 million, or 552%, increase in interest expense on deposits. Interest expense on deposits increased as the Bank increased interest rates on certain deposit accounts while there were customer deposits that shifted from accounts paying lower interest rates to accounts paying higher interest rates. The unfavorable impact of the Bank’s increase of interest rates paid on deposits and the customers' shift of their deposits into accounts paying higher interest rates was partially offset by a $73.8 million decrease in average interest-bearing deposits.

The net interest margin increased by 41-basis points from 3.19% in the first quarter of 2022 to 3.60% in the first quarter of 2023 and was partially offset by the 6% decrease in average earning assets. The increase in the net interest margin resulted from a 102-basis point increase in the yield on earning assets and was partially offset by a 61-basis point increase in interest expense as a percentage of average earning assets.

The 102-basis point increase in the yield on earning assets was attributable to higher yields in all earning asset categories and a change in the earning asset composition. Average loans as a percentage of earning assets increased to 72% in the first quarter of 2023 from 61% in the first quarter of 2022, while average interest-bearing deposits in banks decreased to 3% from 13%, and average securities decreased to 25% from 26% of average earning assets.

The 61-basis point increase in interest expense as a percentage of average earning assets was attributable to an increase in the cost of interest-bearing deposits, which increased to 1.11% for the first quarter of 2023 from 0.16% for the first quarter of 2022.

Accretion of discounts on purchased loans, net of premium amortization, and accretion of fee income on PPP loans, net of costs, was recorded in interest income and fees on loans and positively impacted net interest income. Net accretion of discounts on purchased loans totaled $145 thousand in the first quarter of 2023, compared to $367 thousand in the first quarter of 2022. Net accretion from PPP fee income, net of costs, totaled $8 thousand in the first quarter of 2023, compared to $323 thousand in the first quarter of 2022.

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The following tables show interest income on earning assets and related average yields as well as interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and related average rates paid for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

Average Balances, Income and Expenses, Yields and Rates (Taxable Equivalent Basis)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |
|  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest Income/Expense |  |  | Yield/Rate |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest Income/Expense |  |  | Yield/Rate |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  | $ | 260,034 |  |  | $ | 1,339 |  |  |  | 2.09 | % |  | $ | 284,016 |  |  | $ | 1,132 |  |  |  | 1.62 | %
Tax-exempt (1) |  |  | 54,733 |  |  |  | 388 |  |  |  | 2.87 | % |  |  | 61,308 |  |  |  | 386 |  |  |  | 2.55 | %
Restricted |  |  | 1,905 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 5.85 | % |  |  | 1,825 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 4.72 | %
Total securities |  | $ | 316,672 |  |  | $ | 1,754 |  |  |  | 2.25 | % |  | $ | 347,149 |  |  | $ | 1,539 |  |  |  | 1.80 | %
Loans: (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  | $ | 915,863 |  |  | $ | 11,512 |  |  |  | 5.10 | % |  | $ | 824,988 |  |  | $ | 9,477 |  |  |  | 4.66 | %
Tax-exempt (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,223 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 4.49 | %
Total loans |  | $ | 915,863 |  |  | $ | 11,512 |  |  |  | 5.10 | % |  | $ | 827,211 |  |  | $ | 9,504 |  |  |  | 4.66 | %
Federal funds sold |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Interest-bearing deposits with other institutions |  |  | 35,293 |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | 3.95 | % |  |  | 177,951 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 0.16 | %
Total earning assets |  | $ | 1,267,829 |  |  | $ | 13,610 |  |  |  | 4.35 | % |  | $ | 1,352,311 |  |  | $ | 11,113 |  |  |  | 3.33 | %
Less: allowance for credit losses on loans |  |  | (9,534 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,766 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-earning assets |  |  | 93,334 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83,979 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,351,629 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,430,524 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking |  | $ | 276,611 |  |  | $ | 942 |  |  |  | 1.38 | % |  | $ | 289,475 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  |  | 0.14 | %
Regular savings |  |  | 194,751 |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 0.13 | % |  |  | 206,798 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 0.05 | %
Money market accounts |  |  | 198,177 |  |  |  | 746 |  |  |  | 1.53 | % |  |  | 246,958 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 0.08 | %
Time deposits |  |  | 143,070 |  |  |  | 467 |  |  |  | 1.32 | % |  |  | 143,201 |  |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 0.46 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 812,609 |  |  | $ | 2,216 |  |  |  | 1.11 | % |  | $ | 886,432 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  |  | 0.16 | %
Federal funds purchased |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.05 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
Subordinated debt |  |  | 4,995 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 5.62 | % |  |  | 6,244 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 4.50 | %
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 9,279 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 2.91 | % |  |  | 9,279 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 2.91 | %
Other borrowings |  |  | 222 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 827,111 |  |  | $ | 2,352 |  |  |  | 1.15 | % |  | $ | 901,955 |  |  | $ | 476 |  |  |  | 0.21 | %
Non-interest bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits |  |  | 409,777 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 411,576 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  | 4,817 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,171 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 1,241,705 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,317,702 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | 109,924 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 112,822 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and Shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,351,629 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,430,524 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,258 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,637 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.20 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.12 | %
Cost of funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.77 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.15 | %
Interest expense as a percent of average earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.75 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.14 | %
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.60 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.19 | %

(1) | Income and yields are reported on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming a federal tax rate of 21%. The tax-equivalent adjustment was $82 and $89 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(2) | Loans on non-accrual status are reflected in the balances.

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Provision for Credit Losses

There was no provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2023 or 2022. The allowance for credit losses on loans totaled $8.7 million, or 0.95% of total loans on March 31, 2023, $7.4 million, or 0.81% of total loans on December 31, 2022, and $5.8 million, or 0.70% of total loans on March 31, 2022. Although net charge-offs of loans totaled $916 thousand in the first quarter of 2023, there was no impact on the provision for credit losses as the Bank established adequate specific reserves for the charged-off off portion of the loans in its allowance for loan losses in a prior period. There were no qualitative factor adjustments to the general reserve in the first quarter of 2023.

The Bank established a $132 thousand allowance for credit losses on securities held to maturity along with the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023. The allowance for credit losses on securities held to maturity was unchanged at $133 thousand at March 31, 2023, and as a result, it was not necessary to record a provision for credit losses for securities held to maturity in the first quarter of 2023. The Bank also recorded an allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $153 thousand upon adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures was unchanged at $153 thousand at March 31, 2023, and as a result, it was not necessary to record a provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures in the first quarter of 2023.

Noninterest Income

Total noninterest income increased $67 thousand, or 3%, primarily from an increase in service charges on deposits, ATM and check card fees, and other operating income, which were partially offset by decreases in fee income for other customer services and brokered mortgage fee income. Changes in the volume of customer transactions impacted service charges of deposits, ATM and check fees, fees for other customer services, and brokered mortgage fee income. The increase in other operating income was attributable to a death benefit payment received from a bank-owned life insurance policy.

Noninterest Expense

Total noninterest expense increased $556 thousand, or 6%, primarily from increases in salaries and employee benefits, marketing, ATM and check card expense, bank franchise tax, and other operating expense, which were partially offset by decreases in occupancy, FDIC assessment, and data processing expense. Other operating expense increased from recruiting, education and training, loan collections, and losses from fraudulent check and debit card activity in customer accounts.

Salaries and employee benefits expense increased $222 thousand, or 4%, primarily from increases in employee salaries and wages. Marketing expenses increased $117 thousand, or 78%, primarily from the timing of marketing initiatives. ATM and check card expense increased $97 thousand, or 32%, from an increase in the volume of customer transactions and an increase in transaction costs. The $181 thousand increase in other operating expense was attributable to several items, including an increase in miscellaneous losses, education and training, director fees, loan collection expense, and an increase in losses related to customer account fraud. The increases were partially offset by decreases in occupancy, FDIC assessments, and data processing expense.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense increased $19 thousand for the first quarter of 2023, compared to the same period one year ago. The effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2023 was 19.0% compared to 19.2% for the same period in 2022. The reduced effective tax rate for 2023 was primarily the result of higher non-taxable income relative to taxable income in 2023 compared to 2022. The Company’s income tax expense differed from the amount of income tax determined by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate to pretax income for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022. The difference was a result of net permanent tax deductions, primarily comprised of tax-exempt interest income, and income from bank owned life insurance. A more detailed discussion of the Company’s tax calculation is contained in Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Financial Condition

General

At March 31, 2023, assets totaled $1.4 billion, which was an increase of $2.9 million from December 31, 2022. The increase from the prior period was primarily due to a $13.7 million increase in interest-bearing deposits in banks and was partially offset by decreases in cash and due from banks, securities, loans, and other assets.

Total liabilities decreased slightly by $548 thousand as total deposits increased by $193 thousand, which was offset by accrued interest payable and other liabilities that decreased by $742 thousand during the quarter. Although total deposits increased slightly, the composition of deposits changed as noninterest-bearing deposits and savings and interest-bearing deposits decreased $17.3 million and $264 thousand, respectively, while time deposits increased $17.8 million.

Total shareholders’ equity increased by $3.5 million during the first quarter from a $955 thousand increase in retained earnings and a $2.3 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss was attributable to an improvement in unrealized losses in the available-for-sale securities portfolio, primarily from changes in market rates. During the first quarter, retained earnings increased after absorbing cash dividend payments to common shareholders of $0.15 per share and a $1.9 million decrease to retained earnings on January 1, 2023 from the adoption of CECL. The Company's capital ratios continued to exceed the minimum capital requirements for regulatory purposes.

Loans

Loans totaled $918.0 million at March 31, 2023, which was a decrease of $2.6 million from December 31, 2022. Average loans totaled $915.9 million for the first quarter of 2023, which was an increase of $1.0 million from the fourth quarter of 2022. There were no significant changes in the loan portfolio composition during the first quarter.

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Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off generally are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances less the allowance for credit losses and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income is accrued and credited to income based on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method. Interest income includes amortization of purchase premiums and discounts, recognized evenly over the life of the loans.

A loan’s past due status is based on the contractual due date of the most delinquent payment due. Loans are generally placed on non-accrual status when the collection of principal or interest is 90 days or more past due, or earlier, if collection is uncertain based on an evaluation of the net realizable value of the collateral and the financial strength of the borrower. Loans greater than 90 days past due may remain on accrual status if management determines it has adequate collateral to cover the principal and interest. Loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing totaled $47 thousand at March 31, 2023. There were no loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing at December 31, 2022. For those loans that are carried on non-accrual status, payments are first applied to principal outstanding. A loan may be returned to accrual status if the borrower has demonstrated a sustained period of repayment performance in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan and there is reasonable assurance the borrower will continue to make payments as agreed. These policies are applied consistently across the loan portfolio.

All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on non-accrual or charged off is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. When a loan is returned to accrual status, interest income is recognized based on the new effective yield to maturity of the loan.

Any unsecured loan that is deemed uncollectible is charged-off in full. Any secured loan that is considered by management to be uncollectible is partially charged-off and carried at the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs. This charge-off policy applies to all loan segments.

Asset Quality

Management classifies non-performing assets as non-accrual loans and OREO. Non-performing assets totaled $1.8 million and $2.9 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, representing approximately 0.13% and 0.21% of total assets, respectively. OREO represents real property taken by the Bank when its customers do not meet the contractual obligation of their loans, either through foreclosure or through a deed in lieu thereof from the borrower and properties originally acquired for, or used in branch operations, but no longer intended to be used for that purpose. OREO is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, less estimated selling costs, and is marketed by the Bank through brokerage channels. The Bank had $184 thousand in unimproved real estate classified as OREO at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Bank did not have any consumer mortgage loans secured by real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process as of March 31, 2023.

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At March 31, 2023, 27% of non-performing assets were comprised of residential real estate loans. Additionally, 10% was comprised of OREO. Non-performing assets could increase due to other loans identified by management as potential problem loans. Other potential problem loans are defined as performing loans that possess certain risks, including the borrower’s ability to pay and the collateral value securing the loan, that management has identified that may result in the loans not being repaid in accordance with their terms. Other potential problem loans totaled $1.7 million and $2.3 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The amount of other potential problem loans in future periods may be dependent on economic conditions and other factors influencing a customers’ ability to meet their debt requirements.

Management believes, based upon its review and analysis, that the Bank has sufficient reserves to cover losses inherent within the loan portfolio. For each period presented, the provision for credit losses charged to expense was based on management’s judgment after taking into consideration all factors connected with the collectability of the existing portfolio. Management considers economic conditions, historical loss factors, past due percentages, internally generated loan quality reports, and other relevant factors when evaluating the loan portfolio. There can be no assurance, however, that an additional provision for credit losses will not be required in the future, including as a result of changes in the qualitative factors underlying management’s estimates and judgments, changes in accounting standards, adverse developments in the economy, on a national basis or in the Company’s market area, loan growth, or changes in the circumstances of particular borrowers. For further discussion regarding the allowance for credit losses, see “Critical Accounting Policies” above.

Securities

The securities portfolio plays a primary role in the management of the Company’s interest rate sensitivity and serves as a source of liquidity. The portfolio is used as needed to meet collateral requirements, such as those related to secure public deposits and balances with the Reserve Bank. The investment portfolio consists of held to maturity, available for sale, and restricted securities. Securities are classified as available for sale or held to maturity based on the Company’s investment strategy and management’s assessment of the intent and ability to hold the securities until maturity. Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. If management has the intent and the Company has the ability at the time of purchase to hold the investment securities to maturity, they are classified as investment securities held to maturity and are stated at amortized cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts using the interest method. Investment securities which the Company may not hold to maturity are classified as investment securities available for sale, as management has the intent and ability to hold such investment securities for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Securities available for sale may be sold in response to changes in market interest rates, changes in prepayment risk, increases in loan demand, general liquidity needs and other similar factors and are carried at estimated fair value. Restricted securities, including Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank, and Community Bankers’ Bank stock, are generally viewed as long-term investments because there is minimal market for the stock and are carried at cost.

On March 31, 2023 securities totaled $315.5 million, a decrease of $2.5 million, or 0.8%, from $318.0 million at December 31, 2022. Investment securities are comprised of U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities, obligations of state and political subdivisions, corporate debt securities, and restricted securities. As of March 31, 2023, neither the Company nor the Bank held any derivative financial instruments in their respective investment security portfolios. Gross unrealized gains in the available for sale portfolio totaled $102 thousand and $99 thousand at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Gross unrealized losses in the available for sale portfolio totaled $21.3 million and $24.0 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Gross unrealized gains in the held to maturity portfolio totaled $37 thousand and $0 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Gross unrealized losses in the held to maturity portfolio totaled $9.5 million and $11.4 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The change in the unrealized gains and losses of investment securities from December 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023 was related to changes in market interest rates and was not related to credit concerns of the issuers.

On September 1, 2022, the Bank transferred 24 securities designated as available for sale with a combined book value of $82.2 million, market value of $74.4 million, and unrealized loss of $7.8 million, to securities designated held to maturity. The unrealized loss is being amortized monthly over the life of the securities with an increase to the carrying value of securities and a decrease to the related accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is included in the shareholders’ equity section of the Company’s balance sheet. The amortization of the unrealized loss on the transferred securities totaled $400 thousand, or $316 thousand net of tax, for the first quarter of 2023. Securities designated as held to maturity are carried on the balance sheet at amortized cost, while securities designated as available for sale are carried at fair market value.

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Deposits

Deposits totaled $1.2 billion at March 31, 2023, which was an increase of $193 thousand from December 31, 2022. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits decreased $17.3 million and savings and interest-bearing demand deposits decreased $264 thousand, while time deposits increased $17.8 million. Average deposits totaled $1.2 billion for the first quarter of 2023, a decrease of $42.7 million, or 3%, compared to the fourth quarter of 2022. The decrease in the average balance of deposits was primarily a result of typical fluctuations in customer deposit balances.

Liquidity

Liquidity sources available to the Bank, including interest-bearing deposits in banks, unpledged securities available for sale, at fair value, and available lines of credit, totaled $471.2 million, $417.2 million, and $535.7 million at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022, respectively. Additionally, unpledged securities held-to-maturity, at par, that were eligible to be pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank through its Bank Term Funding Program (the “BTFP” or the “Program”), totaled $91.2 million at March 31, 2023.

The BTFP was first made available on March 13, 2023, and provides any U.S. federally insured depository institution, including the Bank, with a line of credit facility equal to the par value of securities pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank under the Program. Advances from the BTFP may be requested by the Bank for a term up to one year and until March 11, 2024. The Bank did not pledge securities to, or borrow from, the BTFP facility during the first quarter of 2023.

The Bank maintains on-balance sheet liquidity and off-balance sheet liquidity to fund loan growth and meet the potential demand from its deposit customers, including potential volatile deposits. The estimated amount of uninsured customer deposits totaled $212.3 million at March 31, 2023, $261.7 million at December 31, 2022, and $235.3 million at March 31, 2022. Excluding municipal deposits, the estimated amount of uninsured customer deposits totaled $135.2 million at March 31, 2023, $185.3 million at December 31, 2022, and $169.5 million at March 31, 2022.

The Bank’s on-balance sheet liquidity was comprised of interest-bearing deposits in banks and unpledged securities, available for sale, at fair value, and totaled $142.1 million at March 31, 2023, $129.4 million at December 31, 2022, and $294.6 at March 31, 2022.

The following table provides on-balance sheet liquidity information at the periods ended (dollars in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks |  | $ | 59,851 |  |  | $ | 46,130 |  |  | $ | 129,801 |
Securities, available for sale, at fair |  |  | 162,355 |  |  |  | 162,907 |  |  |  | 284,893 |
Pledged securities, available for sale, at fair value |  |  | (80,221 | ) |  |  | (79,590 | ) |  |  | (120,093 | )
Unpledged securities, available for sale, at fair value |  |  | 82,134 |  |  |  | 83,317 |  |  |  | 164,800 |
Totals |  | $ | 141,985 |  |  | $ | 129,447 |  |  | $ | 294,601 |

The Bank also has access to off-balance sheet liquidity through its available lines of credit from other institutions, which totaled $329.1 million at March 31, 2023, $287.3 million at December 31, 2022, and $241.1 million at March 31, 2022. The available lines of credit were comprised of secured and unsecured lines of credit. The Bank had no borrowings on the lines of credit at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, or March 31, 2022.

The following table provides information about off-balance sheet liquidity available to the Bank through lines of credit with other institutions at the periods ended (dollars in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |
Available unsecured Federal funds lines |  | $ | 51,000 |  |  | $ | 51,000 |  |  | $ | 51,000 |
Available secured lines of credit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta |  |  | 219,026 |  |  |  | 182,839 |  |  |  | 141,697 |
Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window |  |  | 59,068 |  |  |  | 53,923 |  |  |  | 48,420 |
Total available secured lines of credit |  |  | 278,094 |  |  |  | 236,762 |  |  |  | 190,117 |
Totals |  | $ | 329,094 |  |  | $ | 287,762 |  |  | $ | 241,117 |

Additionally, unpledged securities, held to maturity, at par, that were eligible to be pledged as collateral to the BTFP, totaled $91.2 million at March 31, 2023. The BTFP was first made available on March 13, 2023, and provides any U.S. federally insured depository institution, including the Bank, with a line of credit facility equal to the par value of securities pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank under the Program. Advances from the BTFP may be requested by the Bank for up to one year until March 11, 2024. The Bank did not pledge securities to, or borrow from, the BTFP facility during the first quarter of 2023.

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Capital Resources

The adequacy of the Company’s capital is reviewed by management on an ongoing basis with reference to the size, composition, and quality of the Company’s asset and liability levels and consistent with regulatory requirements and industry standards. Management seeks to maintain a capital structure that will assure an adequate level of capital to support anticipated asset growth and absorb potential losses. The Company meets eligibility criteria of a small bank holding company in accordance with the Federal Reserve Board’s Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement issued in February 2015 and is not obligated to report consolidated regulatory capital.

Effective January 1, 2015, the Bank became subject to capital rules adopted by federal bank regulators implementing the Basel III regulatory capital reforms adopted by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the Basel Committee), and certain changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act.

The minimum capital level requirements applicable to the Bank under the final rules are as follows: a new common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6%; a total capital ratio of 8%; and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% for all institutions. The final rules also established a “capital conservation buffer” above the new regulatory minimum capital requirements. The capital conservation buffer was phased-in over four years and, as fully implemented effective January 1, 2019, requires a buffer of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets. This results in the following minimum capital ratios beginning in 2019: a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.0%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5%, and a total capital ratio of 10.5%. Under the final rules, institutions are subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the buffer amount. These limitations establish a maximum percentage of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions. Management believes, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, that the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject, including the capital conservation buffer.

The following table shows the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios at March 31, 2023:

|  | First Bank |
Total capital to risk-weighted assets |  |  | 14.88 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets |  |  | 13.94 | %
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets |  |  | 13.94 | %
Tier 1 capital to average assets |  |  | 9.70 | %
Capital conservation buffer ratio(1) |  |  | 6.88 | %

(1) | Calculated by subtracting the regulatory minimum capital ratio requirements from the Company’s actual ratio for Common equity Tier 1, Tier 1, and Total risk based capital. The lowest of the three measures represents the Bank’s capital conservation buffer ratio.

The prompt corrective action framework is designed to place restrictions on insured depository institutions if their capital levels begin to show signs of weakness. Under the prompt corrective action requirements, which are designed to complement the capital conservation buffer, insured depository institutions are required to meet the following capital level requirements in order to qualify as “well capitalized:” a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5%; a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8%; a total capital ratio of 10%; and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5%. The Bank met the requirements to qualify as "well capitalized" as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a stock repurchase plan pursuant to which the Company could repurchase up to $5.0 million of its outstanding common stock through December 31, 2023. The Company repurchased 1,557 shares under this plan during the first quarter of 2023 at an average price of $16.06 per share.

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Contractual Obligations

There have been no material changes outside the ordinary course of business to the contractual obligations disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company, through the Bank, is a party to credit related financial instruments with risk not reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and commercial letters of credit. Such commitments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The Bank’s exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual amount of these commitments. The Bank follows the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

Commitments to extend credit, which amounte d to $170.2 million a t March 31, 2023, and $158.3 million at December 31, 2022, are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The commitments for lines of credit may expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The amount of collateral obtained, if it is deemed necessary by the Bank, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer.

Unfunded commitments under commercial lines of credit, revolving credit lines, and overdraft protection agreements are commitments for possible future extensions of credit to existing customers. These lines of credit are collateralized as deemed necessary and may or may not be drawn upon to the total extent to which the Bank is committed.

On January 1, 2023, the Company recorded an adjustment for unfunded commitments of $153 thousand for the adoption of ASC Topic 326. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not record a provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments. At March 31, 2023, the liability for credit losses on off-balance sheet exposures included in other liabilities was $153 thousand.

Commercial and standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Bank to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those letters of credit are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. Essentially all letters of credit issued have expiration dates within one year. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Bank generally holds collateral supporting those commitments if deemed necessary. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Bank had $17.6 million and $18.0 million in outstanding standby letters of credit, respectively.

On April 21, 2020, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements related to its outstanding junior subordinated debt. The Company uses derivatives to manage exposure to interest rate risk through the use of interest rate swaps. Interest rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed and variable rate interest payments between two parties, based on a common notional principal amount and maturity date with no exchange of underlying principal amounts.

The interest rate swaps qualified and are designated as cash flow hedges. The Company’s cash flow hedges effectively modify the Company’s exposure to interest rate risk by converting variable rates of interest on $9.0 million of the Company’s junior subordinated debt to fixed rates of interest. The cash flow hedges end and the junior subordinated debt matures between June 2034 and October 2036. The cash flow hedges’ total notional amount is $9.0 million. At March 31, 2023, the cash flow hedges had a fair value of $2.4 million, which is recorded in other assets. The net gain/loss on the cash flow hedges is recognized as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income and reclassified into earnings in the same period(s) during which the hedged transactions affect earnings. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are described more fully in Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not required.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to provide assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods required by the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023 was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based on and as of the date of such evaluation, the aforementioned officers concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

The Company’s management is also responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation of it that occurred during the Company’s last fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting, except for the following.

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASC 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses. We implemented changes to the policies, processes, and controls over the estimation of the allowance for credit losses to support the adoption of ASC 326. Many controls under this new standard mirror controls under prior GAAP. New controls were established over the review of economic forecasting projections obtained from an independent third party. Except as related to the adoption of ASC 326, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

There are no material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the Company’s business, to which the Company is a party or to which the property of the Company is subject.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There were no material changes to the Company’s risk factors as disclosed in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a stock repurchase plan pursuant to which the Company could repurchase up to $5.0 million of its outstanding common stock. The repurchase plan was publicly announced on October 23, 2022. Repurchases under the plan can be made through privately negotiated transactions or in the open market in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission rules. The Company's Board of Directors authorized the purchase plan through December 31, 2023, unless the entire amount authorized to repurchase has been acquired before that date.

The following table summarizes the Company's purchases of its common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

|  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan |  |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan |
March 1, 2023 - March 31, 2023 |  |  | 1,557 |  |  | $ | 16.06 |  |  |  | 1,557 |  |  | $ | 4,974,995 |

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None

Item 5. Other Information

None

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Item 6. Exhibits

The following documents are attached hereto as Exhibits:

31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, Section 302 Certification.
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, Section 302 Certification.
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
101 | The following materials from First National Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 formatted in Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 | The cover page from First National Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (included with Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION |  |  |  |
(Registrant) |  |  |  |
/s/ Scott C. Harvard |  |  |  | May 15, 2023
Scott C. Harvard |  |  |  | Date
President and Chief Executive Officer |  |  |  |
/s/ M. Shane Bell |  |  |  | May 15, 2023
M. Shane Bell |  |  |  | Date
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  |  |  |

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