<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001437749-23-016030.txt : 20230530
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20230530083614
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001437749-23-016030
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		15
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20230523
ITEM INFORMATION:		Changes in Registrant's Certifying Accountant
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20230530
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20230530

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			TUCOWS INC /PA/
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000909494
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SERVICES-COMPUTER PROCESSING & DATA PREPARATION [7374]
		IRS NUMBER:				232707366
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			PA
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-32600
		FILM NUMBER:		23971597

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		96 MOWAT AVENUE
		CITY:			TORONTO
		STATE:			A6
		ZIP:			M6K 3M1
		BUSINESS PHONE:		4165385478

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		96 MOWAT AVENUE
		CITY:			TORONTO
		STATE:			A6
		ZIP:			M6K 3M1

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	INFONAUTICS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19960426

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	INFONAUTICS CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19960315
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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>UNITED STATES</b></div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</b></div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>FORM <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20238K" name="dei:DocumentType"><b>8-K</b></ix:nonNumeric></b></div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE</b></div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</b></div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Date of report (Date of earliest event reported): <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20238K" format="ixt:datemonthdayyearen" name="dei:DocumentPeriodEndDate"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">May 23, 2023</span></ix:nonNumeric></div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20238K" name="dei:EntityRegistrantName"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">TUCOWS INC</span></ix:nonNumeric></div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(Exact Name of Registrant Specified in Charter)</div>

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			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Jurisdiction of</div>

			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Incorporation)</div>
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			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Number)</div>
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			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Identification No.)</div>
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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Registrant&#8217;s telephone number, including area code: <span style="text-decoration: underline;">(<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20238K" name="dei:CityAreaCode"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">416</span></ix:nonNumeric>) <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20238K" name="dei:LocalPhoneNumber"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">535-0123</span></ix:nonNumeric></span></div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Not Applicable</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(Former Name or Former Address, if Changed Since Last Report)</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;text-indent:81pt;">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

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			<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size: 10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</div>
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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; text-indent: 0px;">

		<tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;">
			<td style="width: 18pt;">
			<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size: 10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20238K" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox" name="dei:SolicitingMaterial">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></div>
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			<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size: 10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</div>
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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; text-indent: 0px;">

		<tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;">
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			<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size: 10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</div>
			</td>
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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; text-indent: 0px;">

		<tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;">
			<td style="width: 18pt;">
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			<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size: 10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</div>
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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;text-indent:18pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:right;margin:0pt;">Emerging growth company <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20238K" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;text-indent:18pt;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section&#xa0;12(b) of the Exchange Act:</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

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			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Title of each class</b></div>
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			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Trading</b></div>

			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Symbol(s)</b></div>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%;">&#xa0;</td>
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			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Name of each exchange on which registered</b></div>
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			<td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 18%;">
			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20238K" name="dei:TradingSymbol">TCX</ix:nonNumeric></div>
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			<td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%;">&#xa0;</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 40%;">
			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20238K" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen" name="dei:SecurityExchangeName">NASDAQ</ix:nonNumeric></div>
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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div class="PGBK" style="width: 100%; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt">
<div class="PGNUM" style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#xa0;</div>

<hr style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always; border: none; width: 100%; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000" />
<div class="PGHDR" style="text-align: left; width: 100%">&#xa0;</div>
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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Item 4.01 Change in Registrant</b>&#8217;<b>s Certifying Accountant.</b></div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">(a) Resignation of independent registered public accounting firm</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">On May 23, 2023, KPMG LLP ("<b>KPMG</b>") resigned as Tucows Inc.'s&#xa0;(the &#8220;<b>Company</b>&#8221;) independent registered public accounting firm, at the Company's request and&#xa0;as approved by the Audit Committee (the &#8220;<b>Committee</b>&#8221;) of the Board of Directors (the &#8220;<b>Board</b>&#8221;) of the Company.</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">The audit reports of KPMG&#xa0;on the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 did not contain any adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion, nor were they qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles.&#xa0;&#xa0;The audit report of KPMG on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 did not contain an adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion.&#xa0; The audit report of KPMG dated March 15, 2023 on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 contained an adverse opinion which indicated that the Company did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting because of the effect of a material weakness and contains an explanatory paragraph that states a material weakness was identified related to the operations of internal controls over the capitalization of certain costs.&#xa0;&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the subsequent period through May 23, 2023, (i) there were no disagreements between the Company and KPMG on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure or auditing scope or procedures, which disagreements, if not resolved to KPMG&#8217;s satisfaction, would have caused KPMG to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreements in connection with its audit reports on the Company&#8217;s financial statements; and (ii) there were no &#8220;reportable events&#8221; as the term is described in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K, except for the disclosure of material weaknesses in the Company&#8217;s internal controls over financial reporting as disclosed in Part II, Item 9A of the Company&#8217;s Form 10-K for the year&#xa0;ended December 31, 2022, pertaining to capitalization&#xa0;of certain costs were inadequate to ensure that i) a technical accounting assessment was completed related to secondary accounting implications of the Redeemable Preferred Share transaction in the third quarter of 2022 as it related to capitalization of interest on Ting assets under construction and ii) the accuracy of labor cost inputs used to determine the capitalization costs of internal efforts for the build and installation of Ting fiber network.&#xa0;</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">As reported in Part I, Item 4 of the Company&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023, the Company continues efforts to remediate the material weakness, but the material weakness has not been fully remediated as of March 31, 2023, as management continues to evaluate the implementation and operation of remediation efforts.</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">The Company provided KPMG with a copy of this report on Form 8-K in accordance with Item 304(a) of Regulation S-K prior to its filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission and requested that KPMG furnish the Company with a letter addressed to the Securities and Exchange Commission stating whether it agrees with the above statements and, if it does not agree, the respects in which it does not agree.&#xa0;A copy of the letter from KPMG is filed as Exhibit 16.1 hereto.</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">(b) Engagement of new independent registered public accounting firm</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">&#xa0;</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">On May 23, 2023, the&#xa0;Committee appointed Deloitte LLP (&#8220;<b>Deloitte</b>&#8221;) as the Company&#8217;s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023, to be effective upon the execution of an engagement letter and related completion of Deloitte&#8217;s standard client acceptance procedures including independence procedures.&#xa0; The Company will include proposals in its 2023 Proxy Statement to ratify Deloitte's appointment as the Company's independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31,&#xa0;2023.&#xa0; During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and through the date of this Current Report,&#xa0;neither the Company nor anyone acting on its behalf consulted Deloitte with respect to (i) the application of accounting principles to a specified transaction, either completed or proposed, nor the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on the Company&#8217;s financial statements, and neither a written report was provided to the Company nor oral advice provided that Deloitte concluded was an important factor considered by the Company in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing or financial reporting issue; or (ii) any matter that was the subject of a disagreement or a &#8220;reportable event&#8221; as described in Items 304(a)(1)(iv) and (v), respectively, of Regulation S-K.</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></div>

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			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><a href="ex_527197.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;">Letter from KPMG LLP to the Securities and Exchange Commission dated May 29, 2023.</a></div>
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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>SIGNATURES</b></div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</div>

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			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>TUCOWS INC.</b>&#xa0;</div>
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			<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">/s/ Davinder Singh</span></div>
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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Dated: May 29, 2023</div>

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<p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right; font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Exhibit 16.1</b></font></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</font></p>

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<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">KPMG LLP</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">Vaughan Metropolitan Centre</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">100 New Park Palace</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">Suite 1400</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">Vaughan, ON Canada L4K 0J3</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">Tel (905) 265-5900</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">Fax (905) 265-6390</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">www.kpmg.ca</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">May 29, 2023</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">Securities and Exchange Commission</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">Washington, D.C. 20549</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">Ladies and Gentlemen:</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">We were previously principal accountants for Tucows Inc. and, under the date of March&nbsp;15, 2023, we reported on the consolidated financial statements of Tucows Inc. as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December&nbsp;31, 2022 and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December&nbsp;31, 2022. On May 23, 2023, we resigned as Tucows Inc.&#8217;s auditor.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">We have read Tucows Inc.&#8217;s statements included under Item 4.01 of its Form 8-K dated May 29, 2023, and we agree with such statements, except that we are not in a position to agree or disagree with Tucows Inc.&#8217;s statement that the change was approved by the audit committee of the board of directors and we are not in a position to agree or disagree with Tucows Inc.&#8217;s statement that Deloite LLP was not consulted with respect to (i) the application of accounting principles to a specified transaction, either completed or proposed, nor the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on the Company&#8217;s financial statements, and neither a written report was provided to the Company nor oral advice provided that Deloitte concluded was an important factor considered by the Company in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing or financial reporting issue; or (ii) any matter that was the subject of a disagreement or a &#8220;reportable event&#8221; as described in Items 304(a)(1)(iv) and (v), respectively, of Regulation S-K.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">Very truly yours,</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">/s/ KPMG LLP</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 90pt;">KPMG LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership and member firm of the KPMG global organization of independent<br>
member firms affiliated with KPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee. KPMG<br>
Canada provides services to KPMG LLP.</p>

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<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
<link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/all" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#all" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#domain-member" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-domain" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#dimension-domain" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/hypercube-dimension" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#hypercube-dimension" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-default" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#dimension-default" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.tcx.com/20230523/role/statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:href="tcx-20230523.xsd#statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:definitionLink xlink:role="http://www.tcx.com/20230523/role/statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:type="extended">
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityDomain" xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityDomain" xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain-default" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:definitionArc order="0" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-domain" xlink:from="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:to="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="1" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-default" xlink:from="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:to="dei_EntityDomain-default" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:definitionArc order="0" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/hypercube-dimension" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="arc"/>


<link:definitionArc order="0" xbrldt:closed="true" xbrldt:contextElement="segment" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/all" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="1" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="2" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="3" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="4" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="5" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="6" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="7" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="8" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="9" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="10" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="11" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="12" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="13" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="14" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="15" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="16" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="17" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="18" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="19" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="20" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="21" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="22" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="23" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="arc"/>

</link:definitionLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>tcx-20230523_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
<!--Generated by ThunderDome Portal - 5/29/2023 10:50:40 PM-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodEndLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodEndLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodStartLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodStartLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTotalLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTotalLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTerseLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTerseLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedNetLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedNetLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/netLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/net-2009-12-16.xsd#netLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:labelLink xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link" xlink:type="extended">
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityDomain" xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity [Domain]</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:to="dei_EntityDomain-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Legal Entity [Axis]</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:to="dei_LegalEntityAxis-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document Information [Line Items]</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document Information [Table]</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationTable-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentType-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document, Type</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document, Period End Date</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Registrant Name</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, File Number</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Tax Identification Number</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, Address Line One</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, City or Town</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, State or Province</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, Country</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Local Phone Number</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Flag</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Central Index Key</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

</link:labelLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>tcx-20230523_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
<!--Generated by ThunderDome Portal - 5/29/2023 10:50:40 PM-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.tcx.com/20230523/role/statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:href="tcx-20230523.xsd#statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:presentationLink xlink:role="http://www.tcx.com/20230523/role/statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:type="extended">
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityDomain" xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:presentationArc order="0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:to="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:presentationArc order="0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:presentationArc order="1" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="1" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="2" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="3" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="4" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="5" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="6" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="7" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="8" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="9" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="10" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="11" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="12" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="13" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="14" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="15" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="16" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="17" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="18" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="19" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="20" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="21" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="22" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="arc"/>

</link:presentationLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>GRAPHIC
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>pic1.jpg
<TEXT>
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<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140051715553728">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document And Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>May 23, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Document Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity, Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">TUCOWS INC<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document, Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document, Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">May 23,  2023<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity, Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">PA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity, File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">0-28284<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity, Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">23-2707366<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity, Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">96 Mowat Avenue<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity, Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Toronto<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity, Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">ON<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCountry', window );">Entity, Address, Country</a></td>
<td class="text">CA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity, Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">M6K 3M1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">416<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">535-0123<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity, Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">TCX<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity, Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000909494<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentInformationLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCountry">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCountry</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:countryCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
