<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001437749-24-026044.txt : 20240812
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20240812152501
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001437749-24-026044
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		17
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20240808
ITEM INFORMATION:		Results of Operations and Financial Condition
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20240812
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20240812

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			TUCOWS INC /PA/
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000909494
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SERVICES-COMPUTER PROCESSING & DATA PREPARATION [7374]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	06 Technology
		IRS NUMBER:				232707366
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			PA
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-32600
		FILM NUMBER:		241196449

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		96 MOWAT AVENUE
		CITY:			TORONTO
		STATE:			A6
		ZIP:			M6K 3M1
		BUSINESS PHONE:		4165385478

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		96 MOWAT AVENUE
		CITY:			TORONTO
		STATE:			A6
		ZIP:			M6K 3M1

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	INFONAUTICS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19960426

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	INFONAUTICS CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19960315
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<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"><b>UNITED STATES</b></div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></div>

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<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt;">&#160;</div>

<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 72pt;">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#160;</div>

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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#160;</div>

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			<div style="margin: 0pt; text-align: left; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</div>
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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#160;</div>

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			<div style="margin: 0pt; text-align: left; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</div>
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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#160;</div>

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			<div style="margin: 0pt; text-align: left; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</div>
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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#160;</div>

<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#160;</div>

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<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt;">&#160;</div>

<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;</div>

<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#160;</div>

<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section&#160;12(b) of the Exchange Act:</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Item 2.02. Results of Operations and Financial Condition.</b></div>

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<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">On August 8, 2024 Tucows Inc., a Pennsylvania corporation (the &#8220;Company&#8221;), issued a press release reporting its financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2024. A copy of such press release is filed herewith as Exhibit&#160;99.1.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</div>

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<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">The information in this report and the exhibit is furnished to, and not filed with, the Securities and Exchange Commission and shall not be incorporated by reference into any registration statement filed by the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, unless specifically identified therein as being incorporated therein by reference.</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></div>

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			<td style="width: 10%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">99.1</td>
			<td style="width: 90%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="ex_710500.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;">Press Release of Tucows Inc. dated August 8, 2024, reporting financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2024.</a></td>
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<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"><b>SIGNATURES</b></div>

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<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Dated: August 12, 2024</div>

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<p style="margin: 0px 0pt; text-align: right; font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Exhibit 99.1</b></font></p>

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<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Tucows Reports Financial Results for Second Quarter 2024</b></p>

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<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>TORONTO, August 8, 2024</b> &#8211; Tucows Inc. (NASDAQ:TCX, TSX:TC), a global internet services leader, today reported its financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2024. All figures are in U.S. dollars.</p>

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<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#8220;We finished the second quarter of 2024 with strong year-over-year growth of consolidated revenue, gross profit and adjusted EBITDA, driven by a solid quarter from Ting with robust subscriber growth, gross margin increases and a lower operating loss, which is on track with our expectations,&#8221; said Elliot Noss, Tucows President and CEO. &#8220;We also continued to deleverage the business with payments on the syndicated debt using cash flow from Wavelo and Tucows Domains.&#8221;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Financial Results </b></p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Consolidated net revenue for the second quarter of 2024 increased 5.2% to $89.4 million from $85.0 million for the second quarter of 2023, driven primarily by year-over-year revenue gains from Ting and Domains.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Gross profit for the second quarter of 2024 increased 15.4% to $20.8 million from $18.0 million from the second quarter of 2023. The increase in gross profit was driven primarily by large gross margin gains from Ting, as well as gains from Domains. The increase continues to be partially offset by increased network depreciation as the Ting network footprint expands.</p>

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<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Net loss for the second quarter of 2024 was $18.6 million, or a loss of $1.70 per share, compared with net loss of $31.0 million, or $2.86 per share, for the second quarter of 2023. The decreased loss is primarily the result of the year-over-year impact from a one-time debt extinguishment in Q2 2023 used to reduce the Generate preferred shares obligation, as well as a lower operating loss from Ting in Q2, 2024.</p>

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<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Adjusted EBITDA<sup style="vertical-align:top;line-height:120%;">1</sup> for the second quarter of 2024 increased 70% to $9.2 million from $5.4 million for the second quarter of 2023. The year over year increase was due to growth of revenues from Ting and Domains, as well as cost management in Ting, Wavelo and Domains.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at the end of the second quarter of 2024 were $52.2 million compared with $79.4 million at the end of the first quarter of 2024 and $159.6 million at the end of the second quarter of 2023.</p>

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<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Summary Financial Results</b></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>(In Thousands of US Dollars, Except Per Share Data)</b></p>

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		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 29.7%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Net Revenues</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">89,423</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">84,978</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">5%</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">176,880</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">165,408</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">7%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 29.7%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Gross Profit</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">20,810</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">18,032</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">15%</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">39,126</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">32,093</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">22%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 29.7%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Income Earned on Sale of Transferred Assets, net</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">3,357</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">4,289</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(22)%</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">6,978</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">8,659</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(19)%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 29.7%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Net Income (Loss)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(18,604)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(30,968)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">40%</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(45,088)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(50,051)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 29.7%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Basic earnings (Loss) per common share</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(1.70)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(2.86)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">41%</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(4.12)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(4.63)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">11%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 29.7%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Adjusted EBITDA</b>&#185;</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">9,178</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">5,395</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">70%</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">13,380</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">8,425</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">59%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 29.7%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(4,708)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(1,587)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(197)%</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(10,386)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(6,838)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(52)%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>

</table>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; text-indent: 0px;">

		<tr style="vertical-align: top;">
			<td style="width: 18pt;">
			<p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size: 10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">1.</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width: auto;">
			<p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size: 10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">This Non-GAAP financial measure is described below and reconciled to GAAP net income in the accompanying table.</p>
			</td>
		</tr>

</table>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<div class="PGBK" style="width: 100%; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt">
<div class="PGNUM" style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&nbsp;</div>

<hr style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always; border: none; width: 100%; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000">
<div class="PGHDR" style="text-align: left; width: 100%">&nbsp;</div>
</div>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Summary of Revenues, Gross Profit and Adjusted EBITDA</b></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>(In Thousands of US Dollars)</b></p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;">

		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 22.7%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 24.5%; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Revenue</b></p>
			</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 27.2%; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Gross Margin</b></p>
			</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 26%; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Adj. EBITDA</b>&#185;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 22.7%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 24.5%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>3 Months ended June 30</b></p>
			</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 27.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>3 Months ended June 30</b></p>
			</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 26%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>3 Months ended June 30</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>2024 (unaudited)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>2023 (unaudited)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>2024 (unaudited)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>2023 (unaudited)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>2024 (unaudited)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>2023 (unaudited)</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 100.4%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Ting Internet Services:</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Fiber Internet Services</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">14,571</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">12,408</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">9,818</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">7,051</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(6,442)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(10,336)</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 100.4%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Wavelo Platform Services:</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Platform Services</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,495</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,342</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,163</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,012</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Other Professional Services</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">6</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">409</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(1)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">40</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Total Wavelo Platform Services</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,501</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,751</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,162</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,052</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">3,911</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">3,427</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 100.4%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Tucows Domain Services:</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Wholesale</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Domain Services</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">48,504</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">46,782</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">9,583</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">9,492</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Value Added Services</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">4,524</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">4,745</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">4,004</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">4,162</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Total Wholesale</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">53,028</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">51,527</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">13,587</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">13,654</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Retail</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">9,340</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">8,429</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">5,282</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">4,275</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Total Tucows Domain Services</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">62,368</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">59,956</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">18,869</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">17,929</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">11,217</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,578</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 100.4%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Corporate:</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Mobile Services and Eliminations</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,983</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,863</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(754)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(797)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">492</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,726</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 100.4%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Network Expenses:</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Network, other costs</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(6,862)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(6,993)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Network, depreciation of property and equipment</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(10,057)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(8,757)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Network, amortization of intangible assets</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(366)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(379)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Network, impairment</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">0</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(74)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Total Network Expenses</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(17,285)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(16,203)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">n/a</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 22.7%; border-right: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Total</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.7%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>89,423</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 12.8%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>84,978</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 11.2%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>20,810</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.9%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>18,032</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>9,178</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 13%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>5,395</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>

</table>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><sup style="vertical-align:top;line-height:120%;">1 </sup>This Non-GAAP financial measure is described below and reconciled to GAAP net income in the accompanying table.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<div class="PGBK" style="width: 100%; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt">
<div class="PGFTR" style="text-align: center; width: 100%">
<div class="hf-row">
<div class="hf-cell PGNUM">&nbsp;</div>
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</div>

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<div class="PGHDR" style="text-align: left; width: 100%">
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<div class="hf-cell TOCLink">&nbsp;</div>
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<p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Notes:</b></p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">1. Adjusted EBITDA</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Tucows reports all financial information required in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Along with this information, to assist financial statement users in an assessment of our historical performance, the Company typically discloses and discusses a non-GAAP financial measure, adjusted EBITDA, in press releases and on investor conference calls and related events that exclude certain non-cash and other charges as the Company believes that the non-GAAP information enhances investors' overall understanding of our financial performance.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">The Company believes that the provision of this supplemental non-GAAP measure allows investors to evaluate the operational and financial performance of the Company&#8217;s core business using similar evaluation measures to those used by management. The Company uses adjusted EBITDA to measure its performance and prepare its budgets. Since adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial performance measure, the Company&#8217;s calculation of adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies; and should not be considered in isolation, as a substitute for, or superior to measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Because adjusted EBITDA is calculated before certain recurring cash charges, including interest expense and taxes, and is not adjusted for capital expenditures or other recurring cash requirements of the business, it should not be considered as a liquidity measure. Non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect a comprehensive system of accounting and may differ from non-GAAP financial measures with the same or similar captions that are used by other companies and/or analysts and may differ from period to period. The Company endeavors to compensate for these limitations by providing the relevant disclosure of the items excluded in the calculation of adjusted EBITDA to net income based on U.S. GAAP, which should be considered when evaluating the Company's results. Tucows strongly encourages investors to review its financial information in its entirety and not to rely on a single financial measure.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">The Company&#8217;s adjusted EBITDA definition excludes depreciation, impairment and loss on disposition of property and equipment, amortization of intangible assets, income tax provision, interest expense (net), accretion of contingent consideration, stock-based compensation, asset impairment, gains and losses from unrealized foreign currency transactions, loss on debt extinguishment and costs that are not indicative of on-going performance (profitability), including acquisition and transition costs. Gains and losses from unrealized foreign currency transactions removes the unrealized effect of the change in the mark-to-market values on outstanding unhedged foreign currency contracts, as well as the unrealized effect from the translation of monetary accounts denominated in non-U.S. dollars to U.S. dollars.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<div class="PGBK" style="width: 100%; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt">
<div class="PGFTR" style="text-align: center; width: 100%">
<div class="hf-row">
<div class="hf-cell PGNUM">&nbsp;</div>
</div>
</div>

<hr style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always; border: none; width: 100%; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000">
<div class="PGHDR" style="text-align: left; width: 100%">
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<div class="hf-cell TOCLink">&nbsp;</div>
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<p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">The following table reconciles income before provision for income taxes to Adjusted EBITDA (dollars in thousands):</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;">

		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 29.9%; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>3 Months ended June 30</b></p>
			</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 30.2%; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>6 Months ended June 30</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>2024 (unaudited)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>2023 (unaudited)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>2024 (unaudited)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>2023 (unaudited)</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Net income (Loss) for the period</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>(18,604)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>(30,968)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>(45,088)</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>(50,051)</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Less:</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Provision (recovery) for income taxes</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,220</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(3,025)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">2,994</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(4,735)</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Depreciation of property and equipment</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,173</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">8,907</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">20,160</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">17,495</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Impairment of property and equipment</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">-</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">74</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">53</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">2,016</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Amortization of intangible assets</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,201</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">2,609</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">2,880</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">5,481</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Interest expense, net</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">12,553</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,501</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">24,432</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">18,381</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Loss on debt extinguishment</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">-</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">14,680</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">-</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">14,680</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Stock-based compensation</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,702</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">2,052</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">3,575</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">4,298</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Unrealized loss (gain) on foreign exchange revaluation of foreign denominated monetary assets and liabilities</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">164</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(126)</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">554</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">(84)</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Acquisition and transition costs*</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">769</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">691</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">3,820</p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">944</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 40.3%; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Adjusted EBITDA</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>9,178</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>5,395</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>13,380</b></p>
			</td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: middle; width: 15.3%; border-right: 1px solid black;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>8,425</b></p>
			</td>
		</tr>

</table>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">* Acquisition and other costs represent transaction-related expenses and transitional expenses. Expenses include severance or transitional costs associated with department, operational or overall company restructuring efforts, including geographic alignments.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><b>Management Commentary</b></p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Concurrent with the dissemination of its quarterly financial results news release at 5:05 p.m. ET on Thursday, August 8, 2024, management&#8217;s pre-recorded audio commentary (and transcript), discussing the quarter and outlook for the Company will be posted to the Tucows website at http://www.tucows.com/investors/financials.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Following management&#8217;s prepared commentary, for the subsequent seven days, until Thursday, August 15, 2024, shareholders, analysts and prospective investors can submit questions to Tucows&#8217; management at ir@tucows.com. Management will post responses to questions in an audio recording and transcript to the Company&#8217;s website at http://www.tucows.com/investors/financials, on Tuesday, August 27, 2024, at approximately 4 p.m. ET. All questions will receive a response, however, questions of a more specific nature may be responded to directly.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

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<p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><b>About Tucows</b></p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Tucows helps connect more people to the benefit of internet access through communications service technology, domain services, and fiber-optic internet infrastructure. Ting (https://ting.com) delivers fixed fiber Internet access with outstanding customer support. Wavelo (https://wavelo.com) is a telecommunications software suite for service providers that simplifies the management of mobile and internet network access; provisioning, billing and subscription; developer tools; and more. Tucows Domains (https://tucowsdomains.com) manages approximately 25 million domain names and millions of value-added services through a global reseller network of over 35,000 web hosts and ISPs. Hover (https://hover.com) makes it easy for individuals and small businesses to manage their domain names and email addresses. More information can be found on Tucows&#8217; corporate website (https://tucows.com).</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Tucows, Ting, Wavelo, and Hover are registered trademarks of Tucows Inc. or its subsidiaries.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><i>This release includes forward-looking statements as that term is defined in the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding our expectations regarding our future financial results and, including, without limitation, our expectations regarding our ability to realize synergies from the Enom acquisition and our expectation for growth of Ting Internet. These statements are based on management</i>&#8217;<i>s current expectations and are subject to a number of uncertainties and risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Information about other potential factors that could affect Tucows</i>&#8217;<i> business, results of operations and financial condition is included in the Risk Factors sections of Tucows</i>&#8217;<i> filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward-looking statements should be evaluated with the understanding of their inherent uncertainty. All forward-looking statements are based on information available to Tucows as of the date they are made. Tucows assumes no obligation to update any </i></p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><i>forward-looking statements, except as may be required by law.</i></p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><b>Contact:</b></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">Monica Webb</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">Vice President, Investor Relations</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">647.898.9924</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">mwebb@tucows.com</p>

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<link:linkbaseRef xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="tcx-20240808_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleType id="statement-document-and-entity-information" roleURI="http://www.tcx.com/20240808/role/statement-document-and-entity-information">
<link:definition xmlns="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase">000 - Document - Document And Entity Information</link:definition>
<link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
<link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
<link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
</link:roleType>
</xsd:appinfo>
</xsd:annotation>
<xsd:element abstract="true" id="tcx_DocumentAndEntityInformation" name="DocumentAndEntityInformation" nillable="true" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:stringItemType" xbrli:periodType="duration"/>
</xsd:schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.DEF
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>tcx-20240808_def.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION DEFINITION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
<!--Generated by ThunderDome Portal - 8/12/2024 7:09:18 PM-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
<link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/all" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#all" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#domain-member" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-domain" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#dimension-domain" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/hypercube-dimension" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#hypercube-dimension" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-default" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#dimension-default" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.tcx.com/20240808/role/statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:href="tcx-20240808.xsd#statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:definitionLink xlink:role="http://www.tcx.com/20240808/role/statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:type="extended">
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityDomain" xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityDomain" xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain-default" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:definitionArc order="0" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-domain" xlink:from="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:to="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="1" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-default" xlink:from="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:to="dei_EntityDomain-default" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:definitionArc order="0" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/hypercube-dimension" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="arc"/>


<link:definitionArc order="0" xbrldt:closed="true" xbrldt:contextElement="segment" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/all" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="1" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="2" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="3" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="4" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="5" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="6" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="7" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="8" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="9" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="10" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="11" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="12" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="13" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="14" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="15" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="16" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="17" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="18" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="19" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="20" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="21" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="22" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:definitionArc order="23" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="arc"/>

</link:definitionLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>tcx-20240808_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
<!--Generated by ThunderDome Portal - 8/12/2024 7:09:18 PM-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodEndLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodEndLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodStartLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodStartLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTotalLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTotalLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTerseLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTerseLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedNetLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedNetLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/netLabel" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/net-2009-12-16.xsd#netLabel" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:labelLink xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link" xlink:type="extended">
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityDomain" xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity [Domain]</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:to="dei_EntityDomain-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Legal Entity [Axis]</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:to="dei_LegalEntityAxis-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document Information [Line Items]</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document Information [Table]</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationTable-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentType-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document, Type</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document, Period End Date</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Registrant Name</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, File Number</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Tax Identification Number</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, Address Line One</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, City or Town</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, State or Province</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, Country</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Local Phone Number</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Flag</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Central Index Key</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

</link:labelLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>tcx-20240808_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
<!--Generated by ThunderDome Portal - 8/12/2024 7:09:18 PM-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.tcx.com/20240808/role/statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:href="tcx-20240808.xsd#statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:presentationLink xlink:role="http://www.tcx.com/20240808/role/statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:type="extended">
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityDomain" xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:presentationArc order="0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:to="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:presentationArc order="0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:presentationArc order="1" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="1" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="2" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="3" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="4" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="5" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="6" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="7" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="8" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="9" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="10" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="11" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="12" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="13" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="14" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="15" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="16" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="17" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="18" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="19" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="20" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="21" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="22" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="arc"/>

</link:presentationLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>GRAPHIC
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>ex_710500img001.jpg
<TEXT>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.24.2.u1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140090665189312">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document And Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Aug. 08, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Document Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity, Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">TUCOWS INC<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document, Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document, Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Aug.  08,  2024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity, Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">PA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity, File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">0-28284<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity, Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">23-2707366<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity, Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">96 Mowat Avenue<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity, Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Toronto<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity, Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">ON<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCountry', window );">Entity, Address, Country</a></td>
<td class="text">CA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity, Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">M6K 3M1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">416<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">535-0123<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity, Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">TCX<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity, Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000909494<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentInformationLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCountry">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCountry</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:countryCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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