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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Principles of Consolidation

Forrester Research, Inc. (“Forrester” or the “Company”) is a global independent research, data, and advisory services firm. Forrester works with business and technology leaders to help them develop customer-obsessed strategies that drive growth. Forrester’s unique insights are grounded in annual surveys of more than 500,000 consumers and business leaders worldwide, rigorous and objective research methodologies, and the shared wisdom of our clients. Through proprietary research and data, custom consulting, exclusive executive peer groups and events, Forrester challenges the thinking of its clients and positions them to lead change in their organizations. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Forrester and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Management Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Forrester considers the more significant of these estimates to be revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, non-marketable investments, goodwill and intangible assets, and income taxes. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company has certain financial assets recorded at fair value which have been classified as either Level 1, 2 or 3 within the fair value hierarchy as described in the accounting standards for fair value measurements.

Level 1 — Fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Fair value based on inputs other than Level 1 inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Fair value based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and such inputs are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The carrying amounts reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Investments

Forrester considers all short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities at the time of purchase of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents.

The Company’s portfolio of investments may at any time include securities of U.S. government agencies, municipal notes, corporate notes and bonds, and money market funds. Forrester accounts for all marketable investments as available-for-sale securities and as such, the marketable investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses (not related to credit losses) recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Realized gains and losses on securities are included in earnings and are determined using the specific identification method. The Company conducts periodic reviews to identify and evaluate each investment that has an unrealized loss, in accordance with the meaning of other-than-temporary impairment and its application to certain investments, as required under current accounting standards. An unrealized loss exists when the current fair value of an individual security is less than its amortized cost basis. Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities that are determined to be temporary, and not related to credit loss, are recorded, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The determination of whether a loss is considered temporary is based in part on whether the Company intends to sell the security or whether the Company would more likely than not be required to sell the security before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not record any other-than-temporary impairment losses on its available-for-sale securities.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Forrester has no off-balance sheet or significant concentration of credit risk such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. Financial instruments that potentially subject Forrester to concentrations of credit risk are principally cash, cash equivalents, marketable investments, and accounts receivable. Forrester places its investments in highly rated securities. No single customer accounted for greater than 2% of revenues or accounts receivable in any of the periods presented.

Deferred Commissions

Commissions incurred in acquiring new or renewing existing contracts, which are earned in the month that a contract is booked, are deferred and expensed to operations as the related revenue is recognized. Forrester evaluates the recoverability of deferred commissions at each balance sheet date.

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized; however, it is required to be tested for impairment annually. Furthermore, testing for impairment is required on an interim basis if an event or circumstance indicates that it is more likely than not an impairment loss has been incurred. An impairment loss would be recognized to the extent that the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. Absent an event that indicates a specific impairment may exist, the Company has selected November 30th as the date for performing the annual goodwill impairment test. Goodwill impairment charges have not been required for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.

Impairment of Other Long-Lived Tangible and Intangible Assets

Forrester continually evaluates whether events or circumstances have occurred that indicate that the estimated remaining useful life of long-lived assets and intangible assets may warrant revision or if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may be impaired. To compute whether assets have been impaired, the estimated undiscounted future cash flows for the estimated remaining useful life of the assets are compared to the carrying value. To the extent that the future cash flows are less than the carrying value, the assets are written down to the estimated fair value of the asset. Impairment charges have not been required for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.

Non-Current Liabilities

The Company records certain liabilities that are expected to be settled over a period that exceeds one year as non-current liabilities. The Company also records as a non-current liability the portion of the deferred rent liability that is expected to be recognized over a period greater than one year. The non-current deferred rent liability at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $7.4 million and $6.4 million, respectively, and results from the difference between cash payments and the straight-line recognition of rent expense under the Company’s facility leases.

Foreign Currency

The functional currency of the majority of Forrester’s wholly-owned subsidiaries is their respective local currency. These subsidiary financial statements are translated to U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during the corresponding period for revenues and expenses, with translation gains and losses accumulated as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses related to the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than an entity’s functional currency are included in other income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2014, Forrester recorded $0.1 million of foreign exchange gains and $0.1 million of foreign exchange losses, respectively, in other income, net. Foreign exchange losses were insignificant for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows (in thousands):

							Total
	Net Unrealized Gain			Cumulative			Accumulated
	(Loss) on Marketable			Translation			Other Comprehensive
	Investments			Adjustment			Income (Loss)
Balance at December 31, 2013	$	16		$	2,438		$	2,454
Foreign currency translation		—			(3,977	)		(3,977	)
Unrealized loss on investments before reclassification, net of tax of $47		(84	)		—			(84	)
Reclassification adjustment for net losses realized in net income, net of tax of $8		(6	)		—			(6	)
Balance at December 31, 2014		(74	)		(1,539	)		(1,613	)
Foreign currency translation before reclassification		—			(3,505	)		(3,505	)
Reclassification adjustment for write-off of foreign currency translation loss		—			318			318
Unrealized loss on investments, net of tax of $20		(26	)		—			(26	)
Balance at December 31, 2015		(100	)		(4,726	)		(4,826	)
Foreign currency translation		—			(2,764	)		(2,764	)
Unrealized gain on investments, net of tax of ($14)		17			—			17
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	(83	)	$	(7,490	)	$	(7,573	)

Reclassification adjustments for net investment gains (losses) are reported in losses on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The reclassification adjustment for the write-off of a foreign currency translation loss relates to the liquidation of a non-U.S. subsidiary during 2015 and is reported in reorganization costs in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Revenue Recognition

Forrester generates revenues from memberships to, and sales of, its Research, Connect and Data products, performing advisory services and consulting projects and hosting events. Forrester executes contracts that govern the terms and conditions of each arrangement. Revenues are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the fee is fixed or determinable, services have been provided to the customer, and collectability is reasonably assured. Revenues are presented net of any sales or value added taxes that are collected from customers and remitted to the government. Revenue contracts may include either a single product or service or a combination of multiple products and services. Revenues from contracts that contain multiple products and services are allocated among the separate units of accounting based on their relative selling prices; however, the amount recognized is limited to the amount that is not contingent on future performance conditions. The Company obtains the relative selling prices of its products and services based on an analysis of standalone sales of these products and services during the year or upon an analysis of the estimated selling price of products for which there are insufficient standalone sales. The majority of research services revenues, including RoleView Research, Leadership Boards and the Data subscription products, are recognized ratably over the term of the contract. Research services revenues such as reprints are recognized as revenue when delivered. Advisory services revenues, such as workshops, speeches and advisory days, are recognized when the customer receives the agreed upon deliverable and consulting project revenues, which are short-term in nature and based upon fixed-fee agreements, are recognized as the services are provided. Event revenues are recognized upon completion of the event. Reimbursed out-of-pocket expenses are recorded as advisory services and events revenue.

Annual subscriptions to our RoleView Research include access to all or a designated portion of our research and, depending on the type of license, unlimited phone or email analyst inquiry and unlimited participation in Forrester Webinars, all of which are delivered throughout the contract period and are accounted for as one unit of accounting. Annual subscriptions for Leadership Boards include access to the RoleView Research offering, access to a private forum with other Leadership Board member peers, access to a Forrester advisor, member-generated content and one Event ticket. Leadership Boards are accounted for as two units of accounting: 1) the event ticket and 2) the remaining services that are delivered throughout the contract period. Arrangement consideration is allocated to each of these elements based upon their relative selling prices, which is based on standalone sales of event tickets and the estimated selling price of the remaining services. Annual subscriptions to our data subscription products include access to designated survey data products and access to a data advisor, which are delivered throughout the contract period, and are accounted for as one unit of accounting and recognized ratably as research services revenue over the contract period. Certain of the data subscription products also include advisory services and these contracts are accounted for as two units of accounting: 1) the data subscription and data advisor and 2) the advisory services. Arrangement consideration is allocated to each element based upon its relative selling price, which is determined based on standalone sales of the advisory services and the estimated selling price of the remaining data services.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes the fair value of stock-based compensation expense over the requisite service period of the individual grantee, which generally equals the vesting period. Cash flows resulting from the tax benefits of tax deductions in excess of the compensation expense recognized for stock-based awards are classified as financing cash flows. For periods through December 31, 2016, the Company was required to estimate future forfeitures of stock-based awards for recognition of compensation expense and either recorded additional expense if the actual forfeitures were lower than estimated or recorded a recovery of prior recognized expense if the actual forfeitures were higher than estimated. The actual expense recognized over the vesting period was only for those awards that vested. As of January 1, 2017, the Company will adopt Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. Under this standard, entities are permitted to make an accounting policy election to either estimate forfeitures, as previously required, or to recognize forfeitures as they occur. The Company will elect to recognize forfeitures as they occur, effective January 1, 2017, and as such will record expense over the service period for 100% of its share-based awards that are outstanding and not yet vested and will record a recovery of prior recognized expense at the date an award is forfeited prior to vesting. Significant forfeitures during a reporting period could increase the volatility, and decrease the predictability of the Company’s financial results. Stock-based compensation expense was recorded in the following expense categories (in thousands):

	Years Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Cost of services and fulfillment	$	4,431	$	4,573	$	4,316
Selling and marketing		1,054		1,152		1,132
General and administrative		2,491		2,622		1,996
Total	$	7,976	$	8,347	$	7,444

The options granted under the equity incentive plan and shares subject to the employee stock purchase plan were valued utilizing the Black Scholes model using the following assumptions and had the following fair values:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2016						2015						2014
	Equity Incentive Plans			Employee Stock Purchase Plan			Equity Incentive Plans			Employee Stock Purchase Plan			Equity Incentive Plans			Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Average risk-free interest rate		1.30	%		0.32	%		1.59	%		0.07	%		1.69	%		0.06	%
Expected dividend yield		2.2	%		2.1	%		2.1	%		1.9	%		1.8	%		2.0	%
Expected life	5.0 Years			0.5 Years			5.0 Years			0.5 Years			5.1 Years			0.5 Years
Expected volatility		24	%		24	%		24	%		22	%		26	%		24	%
Weighted average fair value	$	6.16		$	6.69		$	6.15		$	7.19		$	7.91		$	7.32

Dividend yields are based on the initiation of a regular quarterly dividend program approved by the Board of Directors in February 2012. Expected volatility is based, in part, on the historical volatility of Forrester’s common stock as well as management’s expectations of future volatility over the expected term of the awards granted. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity rate with an equivalent remaining term. Where the expected term of a stock-based award does not correspond with a term for which the interest rates are quoted, Forrester uses the rate with the maturity closest to the award’s expected term. The expected term calculation is based upon Forrester’s historical experience of exercise patterns. The unamortized fair value of stock-based awards as of December 31, 2016 was $15.5 million, with a weighted average remaining recognition period of 2.5 years.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Forrester maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make contractually obligated payments. When evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts, the Company makes judgments regarding the collectability of accounts receivable by specifically analyzing historical bad debts, customer concentrations, current economic trends, and changes in the customer payment terms. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required and if the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to improve, the allowances may be reduced accordingly.

Depreciation and Amortization

Forrester provides for depreciation and amortization of property and equipment, computed using the straight-line method, over estimated useful lives of assets as follows:

		Estimated
		Useful Life
Computers and equipment		3 to 10 Years
Computer software		3 to 5 Years
Furniture and fixtures		7 Years
Leasehold improvements		Shorter of asset life or lease term

Forrester provides for amortization of intangible assets, computed using an accelerated method according to the expected cash flows to be received from the underlying assets, over the respective lives as follows:

		Estimated
		Useful Life
Customer relationships		5 to 11 Years
Research content		1 to 2 Years
Technology		7 Years

Income Taxes

Forrester recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities as well as operating loss carryforwards.

Forrester’s provision for income taxes is composed of a current and a deferred provision for federal, state and foreign jurisdictions. The current provision is calculated as the estimated taxes payable or refundable on tax returns for the current year. The deferred income tax provision is calculated as the net change during the year in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are provided if based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Forrester accounts for uncertain tax positions using a “more-likely-than-not” threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in tax law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity, and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. The Company evaluates these tax positions on a quarterly basis. The Company also accrues for potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Net Income Per Common Share

Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the diluted weighted average number of common shares and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of common equivalent shares outstanding has been determined in accordance with the treasury-stock method. Common stock equivalents consist of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and the vesting of restricted stock units.

Basic and diluted weighted average common shares are as follows (in thousands):


	Years Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		17,984		17,927		18,713
Weighted average common equivalent shares		285		216		294
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding		18,269		18,143		19,007
Options excluded from diluted weighted average share calculation as effect would have been anti-dilutive		706		1,237		587

New Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes all existing revenue recognition requirements, including most industry-specific guidance. The new standard requires a company to recognize revenue when it transfers goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the company expects to receive for those goods or services. The guidance also includes enhanced disclosure requirements which are intended to help financial statement users better understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue being recognized and the related cash flows. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Principal versus Agent Considerations, which clarifies the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, which clarifies certain aspects of identifying performance obligations and licensing implementation guidance. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, which relates to disclosures of remaining performance obligations, as well as other amendments to guidance on collectability, non-cash consideration and the presentation of sales and other similar taxes collected from customers. In December 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements: Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which clarifies several topics including, certain types of transactions that are outside the scope of the new standard, disclosure requirements and balance sheet considerations.

In 2016, Forrester established a formal program and cross-functional implementation team to identify, design and implement changes to its accounting systems and policies, business processes and internal controls to support recognition and disclosures under the new standard. The Company estimates it is more than half way through its adoption analysis and significant completed activities to date include assessments of material, active contracts, performance obligations, standalone selling prices and transaction price allocation, revenue recognition timing and variable consideration.

The Company does not anticipate that the standard will have a material impact on its results of operations. The number of performance obligations in the Company’s arrangements will not be different under the new standard than under current guidance. Determining standalone selling prices and allocating contract consideration on multiple element arrangements will not be different from the Company’s current methodologies of establishing fair value / estimated selling price for our goods and services or allocating total contract consideration under the relative selling price method. Additionally, the timing of revenue recognition will remain substantially unchanged for most products. Subscription based research services revenues will continue to be recognized over time, using the new standard’s output method of time elapsed, as Forrester’s clients receive and consume the benefits of our services as we transfer control throughout the contract period. Advisory, reprint and events revenues will continue to be recognized at the point in time as control is transferred to the customer, which will generally be when the client has physical possession of the good(s) or upon completion of the service(s). Although the Company is still evaluating its consulting revenues, it expects that most of its consulting contracts will continue to be recognized over time, while some contracts may be required to be recognized at a point in time upon completion of the project.

Key areas still in process include the evaluation of contract costs and the recording of contract assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The adoption program and all remaining activities, including updates to the Company’s systems, processes, policies and controls, are expected to be completed in late 2017.

The new standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period, with early adoption permitted for the first interim period within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The two permitted transition methods under the new standard are the full retrospective method, in which case the standard would be applied to each prior reporting period presented, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial application. The Company has not yet determined its adoption methodology.

Notwithstanding the Company’s current conclusions above, certain areas of the standard, as well as implementation issues, continue to be worked through by the various standard setting bodies. The Company’s implementation team continues to monitor industry activities and standard updates and will adjust its adoption plans based on any relevant guidance issued by the standard setters and regulators.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard requires that all lessees recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on the balance sheet and disclose qualitative and quantitative information about its leasing arrangements. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. The adoption of this standard is expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that this standard may have on its results of operations.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The new standard involves several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2017.

Under ASU No. 2016-09, entities are permitted to make an accounting policy election to either estimate forfeitures on share-based payment awards, as previously required, or to recognize forfeitures as they occur. The Company will recognize forfeitures as they occur upon adoption of the standard on January 1, 2017, which will require a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings upon adoption. The impact of this change in accounting policy is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s retained earnings balance as of January 1, 2017.

Additionally, ASU No. 2016-09 requires that all income tax effects related to settlements of share-based payment awards be reported in earnings as an increase or decrease to income tax expense. The requirement to report those income tax effects in earnings will be applied on a prospective basis to settlements occurring on or after January 1, 2017 and the impact of applying this guidance will be dependent on how many options are exercised and how many restricted stock units vest, as well as the volatility of the Company’s stock price.

ASU No. 2016-09 also requires that all income tax-related cash flows resulting from share-based payments be reported as operating activities in the statement of cash flows. This change will not have a material impact on the Company’s statement of cash flows and the Company will apply this change retrospectively to all periods presented. This ASU also requires that cash paid by directly withholding shares for tax withholding purposes be classified as a financing activity in the statement of cash flows. This change will be applied retrospectively and will result in a reclassification of approximately $2.1 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, that will increase cash provided by operating activities and decrease cash provided by (used in) financing activities.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The new standard amends the current financial instrument impairment model by requiring entities to use a forward-looking approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, including trade receivables. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The new standard clarifies certain aspects of the statement of cash flows, including contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and distributions received from equity method investees, among others. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our statements of cash flows upon adoption.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Accounting for Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Asset Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory. The new standard eliminates for all intra-entity sales of assets other than inventory, the exception under current standards that permits the tax effects of intra-entity asset transfers to be deferred until the transferred asset is sold to a third party or otherwise recovered through use. As a result, a reporting entity would recognize the tax expense from the sale of the asset in the seller’s tax jurisdiction when the transfer occurs. Any deferred tax asset that arises in the buyer’s jurisdiction would also be recognized at the time of the transfer. The Company has elected to early adopt the standard effective on January 1, 2017. Adoption of this standard will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.