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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025
Or
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 001-37503

B. RILEY FINANCIAL, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware |  | 27-0223495
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
11100 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite 800 Los Angeles, CA |  | 90025
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(310) 966-1444
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share |  | RILY |  | NASDAQ Global Market
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1000th fractional interest in a 6.875% share of Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock |  | RILYP |  | NASDAQ Global Market
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1000th fractional interest in a 7.375% share of Series B Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock |  | RILYL |  | NASDAQ Global Market
5.00% Senior Notes due 2026 |  | RILYG |  | NASDAQ Global Market
5.50% Senior Notes due 2026 |  | RILYK |  | NASDAQ Global Market
6.50% Senior Notes due 2026 |  | RILYN |  | NASDAQ Global Market
5.25% Senior Notes due 2028 |  | RILYZ |  | NASDAQ Global Market
6.00% Senior Notes due 2028 |  | RILYT |  | NASDAQ Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | o |  | Accelerated filer | x
Non-accelerated filer | o |  | Smaller reporting company | o
Emerging growth company | o |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
As of December 10, 2025, there were 30,597,066 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents
B. Riley Financial, Inc.
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2025
Table of Contents

|  | Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 1
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | 1
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 | 3
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 | 5
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 | 6
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 | 8
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 11
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 79
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 102
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 103
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 107
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 108
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 110
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 110
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 110
Item 5. | Other Information | 110
Item 6. | Exhibits | 111
SIGNATURES | 115

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
B. RILEY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Dollars in thousands, except par value)

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (Unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents(1) | $ | 267,388 |  |  | $ | 146,852 |
Restricted cash | 1,255 |  |  | 100,475 |
Due from clearing brokers | 45,380 |  |  | 30,713 |
Securities and other investments owned (includes $172,135 and $215,225 at fair value as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively(1) | 242,352 |  |  | 282,325 |
Securities borrowed | 72,320 |  |  | 43,022 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $6,022 and $6,100 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | 61,233 |  |  | 68,653 |
Due from related parties | 185 |  |  | 189 |
Loans receivable, at fair value (includes $19,370 and $51,902 from related parties as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) | 48,980 |  |  | 90,103 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets (includes $75 and $3,449 from related parties as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)(1) | 219,972 |  |  | 242,916 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 40,178 |  |  | 51,509 |
Property and equipment, net | 18,452 |  |  | 18,679 |
Goodwill | 392,687 |  |  | 392,687 |
Other intangible assets, net | 131,320 |  |  | 146,446 |
Deferred income taxes | 1,300 |  |  | 13,598 |
Assets held for sale (Note 4) | — |  |  | 84,723 |
Assets of discontinued operations (Note 4) | 2,221 |  |  | 70,373 |
Total assets | $ | 1,545,223 |  |  | $ | 1,783,263 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY (DEFICIT) |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 35,081 |  |  | $ | 51,238 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities(1) | 175,144 |  |  | 185,745 |
Deferred revenue | 53,499 |  |  | 58,148 |
Deferred income taxes | 2,264 |  |  | 5,462 |
Due to related parties and partners | 1,198 |  |  | 3,404 |
Securities sold not yet purchased | 12,347 |  |  | 5,675 |
Securities loaned | 54,588 |  |  | 27,942 |
Operating lease liabilities | 48,714 |  |  | 58,499 |
Notes payable | — |  |  | 28,021 |
Loan participations sold | 10,475 |  |  | 6,000 |
Revolving credit facility | 12,075 |  |  | 16,329 |
Term loans, net | 124,584 |  |  | 199,429 |
Senior notes payable, net | 1,323,727 |  |  | 1,530,561 |
Liabilities held for sale (Note 4) | — |  |  | 41,505 |
Liabilities of discontinued operations (Note 4) | 830 |  |  | 21,321 |
Total liabilities | 1,854,526 |  |  | 2,239,279 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) |  |  |

1

Table of Contents

B. Riley Financial, Inc. equity (deficit): |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; 4,563 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively; and liquidation preference of $118,112 and $114,082 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 30,597,066 and 30,499,931 issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Additional paid-in capital | 595,432 |  |  | 589,387 |
Accumulated deficit | (941,243) |  |  | (1,070,996) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (5,898) |  |  | (6,569) |
Total B. Riley Financial, Inc. stockholders’ deficit | (351,706) |  |  | (488,175) |
Noncontrolling interests(1) | 42,403 |  |  | 32,159 |
Total deficit | (309,303) |  |  | (456,016) |
Total liabilities and deficit | $ | 1,545,223 |  |  | $ | 1,783,263 |

(1) At June 30, 2025, the balance sheet includes cash of $365, securities and other investments owned, at fair value of $503, prepaid and other expenses of $3,800, accrued expenses and other liabilities of $253 and noncontrolling interest of $3,826 of consolidated variable interest entities (Note 2 (o)).
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
2

Table of Contents
B. RILEY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Loss)
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services and fees (includes $5,121 and $3,119 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and $7,849 and $5,398 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 from related parties, respectively) | $ | 145,772 |  |  | $ | 202,909 |  |  | $ | 304,611 |  |  | $ | 416,990 |
Trading gains (losses), net | 27,680 |  |  | (31,321) |  |  | 11,509 |  |  | (48,988) |
Fair value adjustments on loans (includes $(992) and $(177,618) for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and $(3,137) and $(196,743) for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 from related parties, respectively) | 800 |  |  | (175,582) |  |  | (7,296) |  |  | (187,783) |
Interest income - loans (includes $475 and $13,439 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and $1,171 and $27,403 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 from related parties, respectively) | 3,853 |  |  | 18,508 |  |  | 7,049 |  |  | 40,643 |
Interest income - securities lending | 2,124 |  |  | 24,798 |  |  | 2,964 |  |  | 62,607 |
Sale of goods | 45,073 |  |  | 55,573 |  |  | 92,528 |  |  | 109,006 |
Total revenues | 225,302 |  |  | 94,885 |  |  | 411,365 |  |  | 392,475 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct cost of services | 33,216 |  |  | 58,679 |  |  | 75,916 |  |  | 118,349 |
Cost of goods sold | 35,113 |  |  | 39,758 |  |  | 71,846 |  |  | 78,585 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 142,369 |  |  | 178,014 |  |  | 309,757 |  |  | 356,954 |
Restructuring charge (Note 5) | 321 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 809 |
Impairment of goodwill and tradenames | 1,500 |  |  | 27,681 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 27,681 |
Interest expense - Securities lending and loan participations sold | 1,968 |  |  | 23,313 |  |  | 2,687 |  |  | 58,696 |
Total operating expenses | 214,487 |  |  | 327,465 |  |  | 462,027 |  |  | 641,074 |
Operating income (loss) | 10,815 |  |  | (232,580) |  |  | (50,662) |  |  | (248,599) |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 492 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 1,978 |  |  | 1,460 |
Dividend income | 122 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 3,464 |
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments | 10,216 |  |  | (155,241) |  |  | (4,284) |  |  | (190,165) |
Change in fair value of financial instruments and other | 11,884 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,806 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale and deconsolidation of businesses | 5,372 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,213 |  |  | 314 |
Gain on senior note exchange | 44,454 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,986 |  |  | — |
Income from equity investments | 25,603 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 25,051 |  |  | 6 |
(Loss) gain on extinguishment of debt | (10,266) |  |  | 120 |  |  | (20,693) |  |  | 120 |
Interest expense | (23,952) |  |  | (33,534) |  |  | (53,916) |  |  | (69,199) |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 74,740 |  |  | (419,968) |  |  | 51,736 |  |  | (502,599) |
Provision for income taxes | (3,053) |  |  | (29,183) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (7,853) |
Income (loss) from continuing operations | 71,687 |  |  | (449,151) |  |  | 51,725 |  |  | (510,452) |
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | 69,312 |  |  | 15,370 |  |  | 72,707 |  |  | 28,717 |
Net income (loss) | 140,999 |  |  | (433,781) |  |  | 124,432 |  |  | (481,735) |

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Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1,528 |  |  | (177) |  |  | (5,064) |  |  | 1,034 |
Net income (loss) attributable to B. Riley Financial, Inc. | 139,471 |  |  | (433,604) |  |  | 129,496 |  |  | (482,769) |
Preferred stock dividends | 2,015 |  |  | 2,015 |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | 4,030 |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders | $ | 137,456 |  |  | $ | (435,619) |  |  | $ | 125,466 |  |  | $ | (486,799) |
Basic net income (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | (14.83) |  |  | $ | 1.73 |  |  | $ | (17.02) |
Discontinued operations | 2.27 |  |  | 0.48 |  |  | 2.38 |  |  | 0.89 |
Basic income (loss) per common share | $ | 4.50 |  |  | $ | (14.35) |  |  | $ | 4.11 |  |  | $ | (16.13) |
Diluted net income (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | (14.83) |  |  | $ | 1.73 |  |  | $ | (17.02) |
Discontinued operations | 2.27 |  |  | 0.48 |  |  | 2.38 |  |  | 0.89 |
Diluted income (loss) per common share | $ | 4.50 |  |  | $ | (14.35) |  |  | $ | 4.11 |  |  | $ | (16.13) |
Weighted average basic common shares outstanding | 30,527,835 |  |  | 30,352,054 |  |  | 30,512,757 |  |  | 30,170,819 |
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding | 30,527,835 |  |  | 30,352,054 |  |  | 30,512,757 |  |  | 30,170,819 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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B. RILEY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net income (loss) | $ | 140,999 |  |  | $ | (433,781) |  |  | $ | 124,432 |  |  | $ | (481,735) |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in cumulative translation adjustment | 1,158 |  |  | (1,244) |  |  | 671 |  |  | (5,116) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 1,158 |  |  | (1,244) |  |  | 671 |  |  | (5,116) |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | 142,157 |  |  | (435,025) |  |  | 125,103 |  |  | (486,851) |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1,528 |  |  | (177) |  |  | (5,064) |  |  | 1,034 |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to B. Riley Financial, Inc. | $ | 140,629 |  |  | $ | (434,848) |  |  | $ | 130,167 |  |  | $ | (487,885) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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B. RILEY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit)
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity (Deficit)
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance, April 1, 2025 | 4,563 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 30,497,066 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 591,207 |  |  | $ | (1,080,971) |  |  | $ | (7,056) |  |  | $ | 42,847 |  |  | $ | (453,970) |
Common stock issued, in connection with employment agreement | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 295 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 295 |
Warrants issued | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 737 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 737 |
Share based payments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,193 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,193 |
Share based payments in equity of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,277 |  |  | 1,277 |
Dividend forfeitures on unvested equity awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 257 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 257 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 139,471 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,528 |  |  | 140,999 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,249) |  |  | (3,249) |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,158 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,158 |
Balance, June 30, 2025 | 4,563 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 30,597,066 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 595,432 |  |  | $ | (941,243) |  |  | $ | (5,898) |  |  | $ | 42,403 |  |  | $ | (309,303) |
Balance, April 1, 2024 | 4,563 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 30,095,303 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 579,647 |  |  | $ | (347,558) |  |  | $ | (3,643) |  |  | $ | 71,208 |  |  | $ | 299,657 |
Vesting of restricted stock and other, net of shares withheld for employer taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 167,725 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,966) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,966) |
Common stock issued upon exercise of warrants | — |  |  | — |  |  | 200,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 653 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 653 |
Common stock issued in extinguishment of senior notes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,903 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,011 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,011 |
Share based payments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,112 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,112 |
Share based payments in equity of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |
Dividends on common stock ($0.50 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,768) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,768) |
Dividends on Series A preferred stock ($0.4296875 per depository share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,218) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,218) |
Dividends on Series B preferred stock ($0.4609375 per depository share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (797) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (797) |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (433,604) |  |  | — |  |  | (177) |  |  | (433,781) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (903) |  |  | (903) |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 454 |  |  | 454 |
Acquisition of noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,651 |  |  | 4,651 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,244) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,244) |
Balance, June 30, 2024 | 4,563 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 30,499,931 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 585,493 |  |  | $ | (798,945) |  |  | $ | (4,887) |  |  | $ | 75,233 |  |  | $ | (143,103) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity (Deficit)
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance, January 1, 2025 | 4,563 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 30,499,931 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 589,387 |  |  | $ | (1,070,996) |  |  | $ | (6,569) |  |  | $ | 32,159 |  |  | $ | (456,016) |
Common stock issued, in connection with employment agreement | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 295 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 295 |
RSU equity awards reclassified to liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,138) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,138) |
Common stock forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,865) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Warrants issued | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,600 |
Share based payments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,336 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,336 |
Share based payments in equity of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,570 |  |  | 1,593 |
Vesting of shares in equity of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (71) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (71) |
Dividend forfeitures on unvested equity awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 257 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 257 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 129,496 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,064) |  |  | 124,432 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,249) |  |  | (3,249) |
Common stock issuance in equity of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,575 |  |  | 1,575 |
Disposition from sale and deconsolidation of businesses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,918 |  |  | 2,918 |
Initial consolidation of VIE | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,494 |  |  | 12,494 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 671 |  |  | — |  |  | 671 |
Balance, June 30, 2025 | 4,563 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 30,597,066 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 595,432 |  |  | $ | (941,243) |  |  | $ | (5,898) |  |  | $ | 42,403 |  |  | $ | (309,303) |
Balance, January 1, 2024 | 4,563 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 29,937,067 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 572,170 |  |  | $ | (281,285) |  |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 68,449 |  |  | $ | 359,566 |
Vesting of restricted stock and other, net of shares withheld for employer taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 325,961 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,136) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,136) |
Common stock issued upon exercise of warrants | — |  |  | — |  |  | 200,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 653 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 653 |
Common stock issued in extinguishment of senior notes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,903 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,011 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,011 |
Share based payments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,723 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,723 |
Share based payments in equity of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |
Dividends on common stock ($1.00 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,861) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,861) |
Dividends on Series A preferred stock ($0.4296875 per depository share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,436) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,436) |
Dividends on Series B preferred stock ($0.4609375 per depository share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,594) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,594) |
Net (loss) income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (482,769) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,034 |  |  | (481,735) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,858) |  |  | (1,858) |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,957 |  |  | 2,957 |
Acquisition of noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,651 |  |  | 4,651 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,116) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,116) |
Balance, June 30, 2024 | 4,563 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 30,499,931 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 585,493 |  |  | $ | (798,945) |  |  | $ | (4,887) |  |  | $ | 75,233 |  |  | $ | (143,103) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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B. RILEY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Cash flows from operating activities(1): |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 124,432 |  |  | $ | (481,735) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 18,798 |  |  | 22,936 |
Provision for losses on accounts receivable | 1,614 |  |  | 1,176 |
Share-based compensation | 8,606 |  |  | 14,865 |
Fair value and remeasurement adjustments, non-cash (includes $3,011 and $196,743 from related parties for 2025 and 2024, respectively) | (6,789) |  |  | 189,507 |
Non-cash interest and other (includes $(268) and $(5,916) from related parties for 2025 and 2024, respectively) | 6,584 |  |  | (3,325) |
Depreciation of rental merchandise | 6,698 |  |  | 8,221 |
Net foreign currency (gains) losses | (481) |  |  | 347 |
Income from equity investments | (25,051) |  |  | (6) |
Dividends from equity investments | 122 |  |  | 74 |
Deferred income taxes | 9,100 |  |  | 1,445 |
Impairment of goodwill and tradenames | 1,500 |  |  | 27,681 |
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations | (66,795) |  |  | — |
(Gain) loss on sale or disposal of fixed assets and other | (1,147) |  |  | 87 |
Gain on sale and deconsolidation of businesses | (86,213) |  |  | (314) |
(Loss) gain on extinguishment of debt | 20,693 |  |  | (120) |
Gain on senior note exchange | (54,986) |  |  | — |
Income allocated and fair value adjustment for mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 785 |
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Amounts due to/from clearing brokers | (14,668) |  |  | 10,423 |
Securities and other investments owned | 39,126 |  |  | 478,436 |
Securities borrowed | (29,298) |  |  | 2,127,999 |
Accounts receivable | 3,542 |  |  | (759) |
Prepaid expenses and other assets (includes $3,373 and $(12,777) from related parties for 2025 and 2024, respectively) | 6,728 |  |  | 3,789 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | (13,665) |  |  | (16,940) |
Amounts due to/from related parties and partners | (2,290) |  |  | (2,161) |
Securities sold not yet purchased | 6,672 |  |  | (3,836) |
Deferred revenue | (4,609) |  |  | (5,982) |
Securities loaned | 26,402 |  |  | (2,125,754) |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | (25,375) |  |  | 246,839 |
Cash flows from investing activities(1): |  |  |
Purchases of loans receivable (includes $(50,853) and $(14,359) from related parties for 2025 and 2024, respectively) | (66,650) |  |  | (63,203) |

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Repayments of loans receivable (includes $50,883 and $30,553 from related parties for 2025 and 2024, respectively) | 105,378 |  |  | 72,373 |
Proceeds from sales of loans receivable (includes $6,611 and $— from related parties for 2025 and 2024, respectively) | 10,415 |  |  | 22,785 |
Proceeds from loan participations sold | 4,475 |  |  | — |
Acquisition of businesses and minority interest, net of $— and $604 cash acquired for 2025 and 2024, respectively | — |  |  | (19,142) |
Proceeds from sale of business, net of cash sold and other | 94,938 |  |  | (135) |
Purchases of property, equipment and intangible assets | (9,148) |  |  | (5,441) |
Proceeds from sale of property, equipment, intangible assets, and other | 7,173 |  |  | — |
Distributions from equity investment | 34,869 |  |  | — |
Purchases of equity and other investments | (6,621) |  |  | (533) |
Consolidation of VIE | 359 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of discontinued operations, net of cash sold | 114,032 |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by investing activities | 289,220 |  |  | 6,704 |
Cash flows from financing activities(1): |  |  |
Proceeds from revolving line of credit | 46,374 |  |  | 40,311 |
Repayment of revolving line of credit | (50,627) |  |  | (64,304) |
Proceeds from note payable | 850 |  |  | 15,000 |
Repayment of notes payable and other | (13,138) |  |  | (5,690) |
Repayment of term loan | (310,253) |  |  | (45,606) |
Proceeds from term loan | 235,550 |  |  | — |
Redemption of senior notes | (145,302) |  |  | (140,491) |
Payment of debt issuance and offering costs | (11,253) |  |  | (984) |
Payment of contingent consideration | (1,376) |  |  | (1,406) |
Payment of employment taxes on vesting of restricted stock | — |  |  | (3,136) |
Common dividends paid | — |  |  | (33,627) |
Preferred dividends paid | — |  |  | (4,030) |
Distribution to noncontrolling interests | (3,249) |  |  | (3,173) |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 2,957 |
Proceeds from exercise of warrants | — |  |  | 653 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (252,424) |  |  | (243,526) |
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(1) | 11,421 |  |  | 10,017 |
Effect of foreign currency on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(1) | 546 |  |  | (5,233) |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(1) | 11,967 |  |  | 4,784 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash from continuing operations, beginning of period | 248,651 |  |  | 218,546 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash from discontinued operations, beginning of period | 8,025 |  |  | 15,293 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 256,676 |  |  | 233,839 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash from continuing operations, end of period | 268,643 |  |  | 227,108 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash from discontinued operations, end of period | — |  |  | 11,515 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 268,643 |  |  | $ | 238,623 |
Supplemental disclosures (Note 2(f)): |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 55,011 |  |  | $ | 152,730 |
Taxes paid | $ | 2,139 |  |  | $ | 3,807 |

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(1) Amounts presented contain results from both continuing and discontinued operations. Refer to Note 4 – Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale for additional information regarding cash flow associated with the results of discontinued operations.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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B. RILEY FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS OPERATIONS
B. Riley Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) provide investment banking, brokerage, wealth management, asset management, direct lending, and business advisory services to a broad client base spanning public and private companies, financial sponsors, investors, financial institutions, legal and professional services firms, and individuals. The Company also has a portfolio of communication related businesses that provide consumer internet access and cloud communication services, Tiger US Holdings, Inc. (“Targus”), which designs and sells laptop and computer accessories, and E-Commerce, a technology platform provider that delivers Commerce-as-a-Service (“CaaS”) solutions for apparel brands and other retailers.
The Company operates in five reportable operating segments: (i) Capital Markets, through which the Company provides investment banking, corporate finance, securities lending, restructuring, research, sales and trading services to corporate and institutional clients; (ii) Wealth Management, through which the Company provides wealth management and tax services to corporate and high-net-worth clients; (iii) Communications, through which the Company provides consumer Internet access and related subscription services, cloud communication services, and mobile phone voice, text, and data services and devices; (iv) Consumer Products, which generates revenue through sales of laptop and computer accessories; and (v) E-Commerce, which is a technology platform provider that delivers CaaS solutions for apparel brands and other retailers.
As discussed below the Company’s previously reported Financial Consulting segment met the requirements to be classified as discontinued operations. The financial results of this business whose disposal represents a strategic shift that has, or will have, a major effect on our operations and the financial results are reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying condensed statements of operations, and the assets and liabilities are reflected as amounts held for sale in the accompanying condensed balance sheets. Certain prior-year amounts have also been reclassified to conform to the current-year’s presentation as a result of discontinued operations. The Company’s reporting segments have also been changed for the effects of the discontinued operations. For more information, see Note 4 - Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale.
Recent Developments
On October 31, 2024, the Company signed a definitive agreement to sell a portion of the Company’s (W-2) Wealth Management business to Stifel Financial Corp. (“Stifel”). The sale (the “Wealth Management Transaction”) was completed on April 4, 2025 for net cash consideration based on the 36 financial advisors that joined Stifel at closing. The Company determined that the assets and liabilities associated with the Wealth Management Transaction met the criteria to be classified as held for sale, as discussed in Note 4 - Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale, and was included in Assets Held for Sale in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024.
On March 3, 2025, the Company and BR Financial Holdings, LLC (“BRFH”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, B. Riley Environmental Holdings, LLC and other indirect subsidiaries of the Company which included Atlantic Coast Recycling, LLC (“Atlantic Coast Recycling”), Atlantic Coast Recycling of Ocean County, LLC, (“Atlantic Coast Recycling of Ocean County” and, together with Atlantic Coast Recycling, the “Atlantic Companies”), entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2025 (the “MIPA”), whereby all of the issued and outstanding membership interests in each of the Atlantic Companies (the “Interests”) owned by BRFH and the minority holders were sold to a third party for an agreed upon purchase price subject to certain adjustments and holdback amount pending receipt of a certain third party consent. Net cash proceeds received as a result of the sale were net of adjustments for amounts allocated to non-controlling interests, repayment of contingent consideration, transaction costs and other items directly attributable to the closing of the transaction. The Company recognized a gain of $52,430 in connection with the sale, which is included in the “Gain on sale and deconsolidation of businesses” line item on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The Company determined that the assets and liabilities associated with the Atlantic Coast Recycling transaction met the criteria to be classified as held for sale, as discussed in Note 4 - Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale, and were properly classified in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024.
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On June 27, 2025, the Company signed an equity purchase agreement to sell all of the membership interests of its wholly owned subsidiary, GlassRatner Advisory & Capital Group, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“GlassRatner”), and B. Riley Farber Advisory Inc., an Ontario corporation (“Farber”). The aggregate cash consideration paid by the buyers for the interests of GlassRatner and shares of Farber was $117,800, which is based on a target closing working capital amount that is subject to adjustment within 180-days following the sale date. Upon closing the transaction, the Company recognized a gain of $66,795, which is included in the “Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes” line item on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The Company also entered into a transition services agreement with the buyer to provide certain services. Management concluded that the sale of the GlassRatner business represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company’s operations in 2025 and met the criteria for discontinued operations and, as such, have been excluded from continuing operations in the periods presented as more fully described in Note 4 - Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale.
Name Change
On November 11, 2025, the Company announced that our corporate name will be changed from B. Riley Financial, Inc. to BRC Group Holdings, Inc. (the “Name Change”), effective on January 1, 2026. Our trading symbol (“RILY”) and our CUSIP (05580M 108) will not change.
Liquidity
For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company generated net income of $129,496. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 the Company completed the sale of the Company’s majority owned subsidiary Atlantic Coast Recycling, LLC on March 3, 2025 for proceeds of approximately $68,638, as more fully described above. The Company also completed (a) the sale of the Wealth Management Transaction for $26,037 on April 4, 2025, as more fully described in Note 4 - Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale, and (b) the Company’s financial consulting business on June 27, 2025 for $117,800 as more fully described above.
As discussed in more detail in Note 12 - Senior Notes Payable, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company completed four private exchange transactions with institutional investors pursuant to which aggregate principal amounts of approximately $115,844 of the 5.50% Senior Notes due March 2026, $126,766 of the 5.00% Senior Notes due December 2026, $46,429 of the 6.00% Senior Notes due January 2028, and $23,096 of the 5.25% Senior Notes due August 2028 (collectively, the “Exchanged Notes”) owned by the investors were exchanged for approximately $203,812 aggregate principal amount of 8.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2028 (the “New Notes”), whereupon the Exchanged Notes were cancelled. On July 11, 2025, the Company completed private exchange transactions with institutional investors pursuant to which aggregate principal amounts of Exchanged Notes of approximately $2,061 of the 6.50% Senior Notes Payable due September 30, 2026, $19,682 of the 5.00% Senior Notes due December 2026, $4,706 of the 6.00% Senior Notes due January 2028, and $16,389 of the 5.25% Senior Notes due August 2028 owned by the investors were exchanged for approximately $24,611 aggregate principal amount of newly-issued New Notes, whereupon the Exchanged Notes were cancelled.
After the completion of the Exchanged Notes described above, the Company has approximately $101,596 of 5.50% Senior Notes due March 31, 2026, $178,471 of 6.50% Senior Notes due September 30, 2026, and $178,266 of 5.00% Senior Notes due December 31, 2026 as more fully described in Note 12 - Senior Notes Payable. The Company believes that the current cash and cash equivalents, securities and other investments owned, and funds available under our credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our working capital, capital expenditure requirements, and debt service obligations due the next 12 months from issuance date of the accompanying financial statements.
Nasdaq Compliance
On November 21, 2025, the Company received a Staff Determination Letter (“November Determination Letter”) from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) based on the Company’s non-compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) (the “Filing Rule”), as previously notified by the Staff on April 3, 2025, May 21, 2025, August 20, 2025 and October 1, 2025 (together, the “Prior Determination Letters”). The basis for the Prior Determination Letters was that the Company had not yet filed its Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2025 (the “Q1 Report”) and June 30, 2025 (the “Q2 Report”) with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Company filed its Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 on September 19, 2025 and its Q1 Report on November 18, 2025. The basis for the November Determination
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Letter was that the Company has not yet filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2025 (the “Q3 Report”).
The Prior Determination Letter received on October 1, 2025 noted that, after the Staff’s review of the materials submitted by the Company on September 4, 2025 and September 19, 2025 (the “Updated Plan of Compliance”), it lacked the discretion within Nasdaq’s rules to grant the Company a further exception beyond the September 29, 2025 deadline that was previously granted to regain compliance with the Filing Rule. The November Determination Letter and Prior Determination Letters did not result in the suspension of trading or delisting of the Company’s securities.
The Prior Determination Letters notified the Company that it may request a hearing before a Nasdaq Hearings Panel (“Hearings Panel”), pursuant to the procedures set forth in the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5800 Series. The Company timely submitted a request for a hearing on October 8, 2025, including continued listing of its securities pending the hearing and the Hearings Panel’s decision. A hearing before the Hearings Panel was held on November 4, 2025. On November 18, 2025, the Company received written notification (the “Decision Letter”) from the Hearings Panel notifying the Company of its decision to grant the Company’s request to continue its listing on The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq” or the “Exchange”), subject to the Company’s meeting certain conditions outlined in the Decision Letter. In the Decision Letter, the hearings advisors noted that the Hearings Panel reviewed the information presented by the Company, detailing the compliance plan proposed by the Company, as well as all other correspondence previously submitted by the Company and the Staff.
The Hearings Panel granted the Company’s request for continued listing on Nasdaq, subject to filing with the SEC on or before (i) November 21, 2025, the Q1 Report, (ii) December 23, 2025, the Q2 Report, and (iii) January 20, 2026, the Q3 Report.
The Company filed with the SEC the Q1 Report on November 18, 2025 and this Q2 Report on the filing date hereof. The Company anticipates filing its Q3 Report with the SEC no later than January 20, 2026 (in accordance with the Decision Letter). The Decision Letter also noted that, should the Company miss any such deadline, the Hearings Panel will delist the Company’s securities from the Exchange. The Hearings Panel also made it a requirement during the exception period that the Company provides prompt notification of any significant events that occur during this time that may affect the Company’s compliance with Nasdaq requirements. In addition, the Decision Letter advised that the Nasdaq Listing and Hearing Review Council (the “Listing Council”) may, on its own motion, determine to review any Hearings Panel decision within 45 calendar days after issuance of the written decision. If the Listing Council determines to review this Decision Letter, it may affirm, modify, reverse, dismiss or remand the decision to the Hearings Panel. As of the date of filing of this Q2 Report, the Company has received no communication from the Listing Council.
There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to file the Q3 Report timely or meet other Nasdaq continued listing requirements in the future.
NOTE 2 — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(a) Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of B. Riley Financial, Inc. and its wholly owned and majority-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. Certain prior-year amounts have also been reclassified to conform to the current-year’s presentation as a result of discontinued operations; see Note 1 - Organization and Nature of Business Operations and Note 4 - Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale.
The Company consolidates all entities that it controls through a majority voting interest. In addition, the Company performs an analysis to determine whether its variable interest or interests give it a controlling financial interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”) including ongoing reassessments of whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE. See Note 2(o) - Variable Interest Entities.
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company, pursuant to interim financial reporting guidelines and the rules and regulations of the SEC. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2024 was derived from our audited annual consolidated financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In the opinion of the Company’s management, all adjustments, consisting of only normal and recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the
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financial position and the results of operations for the periods presented have been included. The disclosures presented in our notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are presented on a continuing operations basis. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. The unaudited results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results to be expected for the full fiscal year or any future periods.
(b) Risks and Uncertainties
In 2025, the United States introduced trade policy actions that have increased import tariffs across a wide range of countries at various rates, with certain exemptions. To the extent that trade tariffs and other restrictions imposed by the United States or other countries increase the price of, or limit the amount of, our products or components or materials used in our products imported into the United States or other countries, or create adverse tax consequences, the sales, cost, or gross margin of our products that are sold in our Consumer Products segment may be adversely affected and the demand from our customers for products may be diminished. Uncertainty surrounding international trade policy and regulations as well as disputes and protectionist measures could also have an adverse effect on consumer confidence and spending and may impact the Company’s results of operations.
(c) Use of Estimates
The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting periods. Estimates are used when accounting for certain items such as valuation of securities, allowance for credit losses, the fair value of loans receivables, intangible assets and goodwill, share based arrangements, contingent consideration, embedded derivatives, warrant liabilities, accounting for income tax valuation allowances, and sales returns and allowances. Estimates are based on historical experience, where applicable, and assumptions that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved with estimates, actual results may significantly differ.
(d) Concentration of Risk
Revenues in the Capital Markets, Wealth Management, Communications, and E-Commerce segments are primarily generated in the United States. Revenues in the Consumer Products segment are primarily generated in the United States, Canada, and Europe.
The Company maintains cash in various federally insured banking institutions. The account balances at each institution periodically exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s (“FDIC”) insurance coverage, and as a result, there is a concentration of credit risk related to amounts in excess of FDIC insurance coverage. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and mitigates this risk by utilizing financial institutions of high credit quality.
(e) Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The Company also has restricted cash primarily consisting of cash collateral for leases and at December 31, 2024 restricted cash was used for the full redemption of the 6.375% Senior Notes due on February 28, 2025.
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash consist of the following:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 267,388 |  |  | $ | 146,852 |
Restricted cash | 1,255 |  |  | 100,475 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 268,643 |  |  | $ | 247,327 |

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(f) Supplemental Non-cash Disclosures
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, there was non-cash investing activity of $8,876 related to loans transferred to loans held for sale from loans receivable at fair value. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, there was non-cash financing activity related to the Company’s exchange of its 5.50% Senior Notes due March 2026 in the aggregate principal amount of $115,844, its 5.00% Senior Notes due December 2026 in the aggregate principal amount of $126,766, its 5.25% Senior Notes due August 2028 in the aggregate principal amount of $23,096, and its 6.00% Senior Notes due January 2028 in the aggregate principal amount of $46,429 for its New Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $247,468 for a net gain on exchange of senior notes of $54,986. There was also non-cash financing activity related to the recognition of capital from a noncontrolling interest of $12,494 upon the Company’s initial consolidation of a VIE, issuance of common stock in equity of subsidiary in the amount of $1,575 and the disposition of noncontrolling interests through the sale and deconsolidation of businesses of $2,918, the reclassification of restricted stock awards from equity-classified awards in the amount of $2,138, the issuance of warrants for a term loan of $7,860, a derivative liability for the exit fee of that term loan of $11,244, and warrants issued for senior notes of $1,600.
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, there was non-cash investing activity related to the receipt of a note receivable in the amount of $2,000 related to the sale of certain assets, $42,077 related to a loan receivable, at fair value that converted into equity securities, and DIP loan conversion to purchase consideration equity for the purchase of Nogin, Inc. (“Nogin”) in the amount of $37,700. There was also non-cash investing activity of $22,576 related to loans transferred to loans held for sale from loans receivable at fair value. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, there was non-cash financing activity related to the Company’s redemption of its 6.375% Senior Notes due 2025 in the aggregate principal amount of $1,130 in exchange for 36,903 shares of its common stock at fair value of $1,011 for a net gain on extinguishment of debt of $120.
(g) Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable represents amounts due from the Company’s Capital Markets, Wealth Management, Communications, and Consumer Products customers. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio. In establishing the required allowance, management utilizes the expected loss model, which includes the pooling of receivables using the aging method, historical losses, current market conditions, and reasonable supportable forecasts of expected losses. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company does not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers. The Company’s bad debt expense and changes in the allowance for credit losses are included in Note 7 - Accounts Receivable.
(h) Inventories
Inventories are substantially all finished goods from the Consumer Products and Communications segments and are stated at the lower of cost, determined on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis, or net realizable value. The Company maintains an allowance for excess and obsolete inventories to reflect its estimate of realizable value of the inventory based on historical sales and recoveries. Inventories are included in the “Prepaid expenses and other assets” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(i) Rental Merchandise
Rental merchandise is carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. When initially purchased, merchandise is not depreciated until it is leased to its rent-to-own customers. Leased merchandise is depreciated over the lease term of the rental agreement and recorded as cost of sales. Rental merchandise that is returned is depreciated from the net book value on the day of the return on a straight-line basis for 24 months until the item is leased again or reaches a zero-dollar salvage value. Damaged or lost merchandise is written off monthly.
(j) Loans Receivable
Under the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 825, Financial Instruments, the Company elected the fair value option for all outstanding loans receivable. Management evaluates the performance of the loan portfolio on a fair value basis. Under the fair value option, loans receivable are measured at each reporting period based upon their exit value in an orderly transaction, and unrealized gains or losses are included in the “Fair value adjustments on loans” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of
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operations. At the time of origination, the Company’s loans receivable are collateralized by the assets of borrowers and other pledged collateral and may have guarantees to provide for protection of the payments due on loans receivable.
The fair value of loans receivable was $48,980 and $90,103 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Conn’s Term Loan described below represents 22.5% and 43.1% of total loans receivable, at fair value at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company also has loans receivable from Exela Technologies, Inc. that represents 60.5% and 35.7% of total loans receivable at fair value at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The loans have various maturities through February 2029. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the principal balances net of discounts of loans receivable accounted for under the fair value option was $373,224 and $446,004, respectively. The net principal balances of loans receivable exceeded the fair value of loans by $324,243 and $355,901 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company recorded net realized and unrealized gains of $800 and losses of $7,296 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and net realized and unrealized losses of $175,582 and $187,783 during three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, on loans receivable. Net realized and unrealized gains and losses on loans receivable are reflected in the “Fair value adjustments on loans” line item on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Loans receivable, at fair value on non-accrual and 90 days or greater past due was $12,468, which represented approximately 25.5% of total loans receivable, at fair value as of June 30, 2025. The principal balance of loans receivable on non-accrual and 90 days or greater past due was $319,822 as of June 30, 2025. Loans receivable, at fair value on non-accrual was $21,122, which represents approximately 23.4% of total loans receivable, at fair value as of December 31, 2024. The principal balance of loans receivable on non-accrual was $321,544 as of December 31, 2024. Interest income for loans on non-accrual and/or 90 days or greater past due is recognized separately from the “Fair value adjustments on loans” line item in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The amount of gains or (losses) included in earnings attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk were $800 and $(176,078) during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $(7,296) and $(187,417) for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The gains or losses attributable to changes in instrument-specific risk were determined by management based on an estimate of the fair value change during the period specific to each loan receivable.
Interest income on loans receivable is recognized based on the stated interest rate of the loan on the unpaid principal balance and is included in the “Interest income - loans” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The Company may periodically provide limited guarantees to third parties for loans that are made to investment banking and lending clients. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has outstanding limited guarantee arrangements with respect to Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. (“B&W”) as further described in Note 17(b) - Babcock & Wilcox Commitments and Guarantees. In accordance with the credit loss standard, the Company evaluates the need to record an allowance for credit losses for these loan guarantees since they have off-balance sheet credit exposures. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has not recorded any provision for credit losses on the B&W guarantees since the Company believes that there is sufficient collateral to protect the Company from any credit loss exposure. On June 18, 2025, an amendment was made to the Axos Guaranty whereby the Company’s obligations as guarantor were suspended until January 1, 2027.
Vintage Capital Management, LLC Loan Receivable
On August 21, 2023, one of the Company’s subsidiaries and Vintage Capital Management, LLC (“VCM”), an affiliate of Brian Kahn (“Mr. Kahn”), amended and restated a promissory note (the “Amended and Restated Note”), pursuant to which VCM owes the Company’s subsidiary the aggregate principal amount of $200,506 which bears interest at the rate of 12.00% per annum payable-in-kind with a maturity date of December 31, 2027. The Amended and Restated Note requires repayments prior to the maturity date from certain proceeds received by VCM, Mr. Kahn or his affiliates from, among other proceeds, distributions or dividends paid by Freedom VCM, Inc. (“Freedom VCM”) in an amount equal to the greater of (i) 80% of the net after-tax proceeds, and (ii) 50% of gross proceeds. Amounts owing under the Amended and Restated Note may be repaid at any time without penalty. The obligations under the Amended and Restated Note are primarily secured by a first priority perfected security interest in Freedom VCM’s equity interests owned by Mr. Kahn, the chief executive officer (“CEO”) and a member of the board of directors of Freedom VCM as of December 31, 2023, and his spouse with a value, based on the transaction price of the take private transaction that included the acquisition of the Franchise Group, Inc. (“FRG”) by a buyer group that included members of senior management of FRG, led by Mr. Kahn, FRG’s then CEO (the “FRG take-private transaction”), of $227,296 as of August 21, 2023.
On January 22, 2024, Mr. Kahn resigned as CEO and a member of the board of directors of Freedom VCM. In light of Mr. Kahn’s alleged involvement with the alleged misconduct concerning Prophecy Asset Management LP (“Prophecy”).
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On November 3, 2024, Freedom VCM filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 (“Chapter 11 Cases”) of Title 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (“Bankruptcy Code”), which impacted the collateral for this loan receivable. To the extent the loan balance and accrued interest exceed the underlying collateral value of the loan an unrealized loss will be recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. On a quarterly basis, the Company will continue to obtain third party appraisals to evaluate the value of the collateral of the loan since the repayment of the loan and accrued interest will be paid primarily from the cash distributions from Freedom VCM or foreclosure on the underlying collateral.
The fair value of the VCM loan receivable was $1,468 and $2,057 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The remaining principal balance was $224,968 and $224,968 and exceeded the fair value of the loan receivable by $223,500 and $222,911 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
On September 29, 2025, the SEC filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Prophecy, Prophecy’s CEO and Mr. Kahn alleging violations of certain of the antifraud provisions of federal securities laws. On November 10, 2025, news reports and a court filing by the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of New Jersey indicated that the U.S. Attorney’s Office has charged Kahn with securities fraud in connection with his activities as a Prophecy sub-adviser. The charging document is not yet public, but an initial appearance, bond hearing, and plea agreement hearing was held on December 10, 2025 before the New Jersey District Court at which Mr. Kahn plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit securities fraud.
W.S. Badcock Corporation and Freedom VCM Receivables, Inc. Loans Receivable
On December 20, 2021, the Company entered into a Master Receivables Purchase Agreement (“Badcock Receivables I”) with W.S. Badcock Corporation, a Florida corporation (“WSBC”), which at the time was an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of FRG, which became a subsidiary of Freedom VCM as a result of the transaction on August 21, 2023. The Company paid $400,000 in cash to WSBC for the purchase of certain consumer credit receivables which are small consumer loans issued by WSBC to consumers for the purchase of merchandise sold at WSBC’s stores. On September 23, 2022, the Company’s then majority-owned subsidiary, B Riley Receivables II, LLC (“BRRII”), a Delaware limited liability company, entered into a Master Receivables Purchase Agreement (“Badcock Receivables II”) with WSBC. This purchase of $168,363 consumer credit receivables of WSBC was partially financed by a $148,200 term loan. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, BRRII entered into Amendment No. 2 and No. 3 to Badcock Receivables II with WSBC for a total of $145,278 in additional consumer credit receivables. The accounting for these transactions resulted in the Company recording a loan receivable from WSBC with the recognition of interest income at an imputed rate based on the cash flows expected to be received from the collection of the consumer receivables that serve as collateral for the loan. The collateral for these loans receivable are the individual consumer credit receivables that were originally issued to WSBC consumers for merchandise sold in WSBC stores and the total amount of collections on these loans receivable is dependent upon their credit performance. These loans receivable are measured at fair value.
On August 21, 2023, all of the equity interests of BRRII were sold to Freedom VCM Receivables, Inc. (“Freedom VCM Receivables”), a subsidiary of Freedom VCM, which resulted in a loss of $78. In connection with the sale, Freedom VCM Receivables entered into the Freedom Receivables Note in the amount of $58,872, with a stated interest rate of 19.74% per annum and a maturity date of August 21, 2033 with payments of principal and interest on the note limited solely to the performance of certain consumer receivables held by BRRII. This loan receivable is measured at fair value.
In connection with these loans, the Company entered into a Servicing Agreement with WSBC pursuant to which WSBC provided to the Company certain customary servicing and account management services in respect of the receivables purchased by the Company under the Receivables Purchase Agreement. In addition, subject to certain terms and conditions, FRG has agreed to guarantee the performance by WSBC of its obligations under the Master Receivables Purchase Agreements and the Servicing Agreement.
On February 7, 2025, the Company sold the two loans and recorded net realized losses of $38,100 which is included in the “Fair value adjustments on loans” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025. As such, the Company no longer owned the two loans as of June 30, 2025. The fair value and remaining principal balances of the two loans in aggregate were $6,082 and $45,826, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. The principal balances of the two loans exceeded their fair value by $39,744 in aggregate as of December 31, 2024.
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Conn’s, Inc. Loan Receivable
On December 18, 2023, WSBC was sold by Freedom VCM to Conn’s, Inc. (“Conn’s”) whereby the Company loaned Conn’s $108,000 pursuant to the “Conn’s Term Loan” which bears interest at an aggregate rate per annum equal to the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) Rate (as defined in the Conn’s Term Loan), subject to a 4.80% floor, plus a margin of 8.00% and matures on February 20, 2027. Future collection of the Conn’s loan receivable is expected to be paid from the sale of assets and servicing of a pool of consumer receivables that serve as collateral for the loan where the Company has a second lien on these assets.
On July 23, 2024, Conn’s and certain of its subsidiaries filed voluntary positions for relief under Chapter 11 Cases of Title 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the Southern District of Texas. The commencement of the Chapter 11 Cases constitutes an event of default that accelerates the repayment obligations of the loan receivable issued to Conn’s. Any efforts to enforce repayment obligations under the Conn’s loan are automatically stayed as a result of the Chapter 11 Cases and the Company’s rights of enforcement in respect of this loan are subject to the applicable provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. As a result of the Chapter 11 Cases, the Conn’s loan receivable was placed on non-accrual status.
On December 17, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with the first-lien holder banks of the Conn’s loan receivable to assign the first-lien loan receivable to the Company for consideration of $27,738. The fair value and principal balance of the loan receivable was $19,761 as of December 31, 2024. The loan receivable was paid in full on January 24, 2025.
The fair value of the Conn’s Term Loan was $11,000 and $19,065 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The remaining principal balance was $89,000 and $93,000 with unamortized discounts of $2,705 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The principal balances, net of discounts, exceeded the fair value of the loans receivable by $75,295 and $71,230 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Torticity, LLC Loan Receivable
On November 2, 2023, B. Riley Principal Investments, LLC (“BRPI”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, along with other lenders entered into a loan receivable with Torticity, LLC for an aggregate principal amount of $25,000, of which $15,000 was BRPI’s total principal commitment. On November 20, 2023, BRPI transferred the promissory note to B. Riley Commercial Capital, LLC (“BRCC”), another wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. The loan receivable bears interest at 15.00% per annum paid quarterly at 7.50% per annum in cash and 7.50% per annum payment-in-kind to be capitalized and added to the outstanding principal balance. The principal balance of the loan receivable was $16,333 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, with a maturity date of November 2, 2026. The fair value of the entire loan receivable was zero at December 31, 2024. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, there were amendments to the loan; however, the entire loan remained impaired with no fair value at June 30, 2025, and there has been no interest income on the loan receivable during 2025.
Great American Holdings, LLC Loan Receivable
On November 15, 2024, BRCC entered into a senior secured revolving credit and guaranty agreement with Great American Holdings, LLC (“GA Holdings”). On February 26, 2025, the senior secured revolving credit and guaranty agreement was transferred to BRF Finance Co., LLC (“BRF”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. BRF’s initial revolving commitment was $25,000 with a maturity date of November 15, 2025. As subsequently amended, the revolving commitment was revised to $40,000 for the period March 10, 2025 to June 30, 2025 and reduced back to $25,000 from July 1, 2025 until the maturity date. The senior secured revolving credit bears interest at the Term SOFR rate, as defined in the agreement, plus an applicable rate of 4.75% per annum.
The carrying value and outstanding principal balances of the GA Holdings loan receivable was $4,700 and $1,698 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. On October 16, 2025, all outstanding amounts due and owing under this facility were repaid in full to BRF and the facility was terminated.
GA Joann Retail Partnership, LLC Loan Receivable
On February 27, 2025, BRF, along with other lenders, entered into a credit agreement with GA Joann Retail Partnership, LLC (“Joann Retail”) for an aggregate commitment of $52,000, of which BRF is committed to $24,653. The
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credit agreement bears interest at 10.00% to be paid monthly as payment-in-kind and capitalized into the outstanding principal balance and has a maturity date of November 26, 2025. This loan receivable was paid in full on April 7, 2025.
(k) Securities and Other Investments Owned and Securities Sold Not Yet Purchased
The Company’s securities and other investments owned and securities sold not yet purchased consisted of the following as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Securities and other investments owned: |  |  |
Securities and other investments owned at fair value: |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 116,655 |  |  | $ | 165,408 |
Corporate bonds | 33,252 |  |  | 29,027 |
Other fixed income securities | 159 |  |  | 4,923 |
Partnership interests and other | 22,069 |  |  | 15,867 |
Total securities and other investments owned at fair value: | 172,135 |  |  | 215,225 |
Equity securities valued under the measurement alternative | 70,217 |  |  | 67,100 |
Total securities and other investments owned | $ | 242,352 |  |  | $ | 282,325 |
Securities sold not yet purchased: |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 10,411 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate bonds | 420 |  |  | 1,891 |
Other fixed income securities | 1,516 |  |  | 3,784 |
Total securities sold not yet purchased | $ | 12,347 |  |  | $ | 5,675 |

Securities and other investments owned consist of equity securities including, common and preferred stocks, warrants, and options; corporate bonds; other fixed income securities including, government and agency bonds, and investments in partnerships that are accounted for at fair value in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements (see Note 2(l)). Equity securities also include investments in public and private companies that are accounted for under the fair value option where the Company would otherwise use the equity method of accounting. Investments become subject to the equity method of accounting when the Company possesses the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the operating and financial policies of the investee. The ability to exercise significant influence is presumed when the Company possesses more than 20% of the voting interests of the investee. However, the Company may have the ability to exercise significant influence over the investee when the Company owns less than 20% of the voting interests of the investee depending on the facts and circumstances that demonstrate that the ability to exercise influence is present, such as when the Company has representation on the board of directors of such investee. In accordance with ASC 321, Investments - Equity Securities, unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities held at June 30, 2025, includes unrealized gains (losses) of $2,855 and $(153,027) for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and unrealized losses of $(13,127) and $(185,519) for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which is included in the “Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments” line item on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Securities and other investments owned also includes equity investments in nonpublic entities that do not have a readily determinable fair value. For these investments the Company has elected to apply the measurement alternative under which they are measured at cost and adjusted for observable price changes and impairments. Observable price changes result from, among other things, equity transactions for the same issuer executed during the reporting period, including subsequent equity offerings or other reported equity transactions related to the same issuer. For these transactions to be considered observable price changes of the same issuer, the Company evaluates whether these transactions have similar rights and obligations, including voting rights, distribution preferences, conversion rights, and other factors, to the investments we hold. The following table presents, as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of
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equity securities measured under the measurement alternative and the related adjustments recorded during the periods presented for those securities with observable price changes:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Securities and other investments owned, carrying value | $ | 70,217 |  |  | $ | 67,100 |
Upward carrying value changes | 1,732 |  |  | 1,848 |
Downward carrying value changes/impairment | (592) |  |  | (2) |

The following table presents information on equity securities valued under the measurement alternative on a nonrecurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy which were measured due to an observable price change or impairment during the periods below.

| Fair Value Measurement Using
| Total |  | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) |  | Other observable inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
As of June 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities valued under the measurement alternative | $ | 24,462 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,204 |  |  | $ | 1,258 |
As of December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities valued under the measurement alternative | $ | 7,294 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,294 |  |  | $ | — |

Securities sold, but not yet purchased represent obligations of the Company to deliver the specified security at the contracted price and thereby create a liability to purchase the security in the market at prevailing prices. Changes in the value of these securities are reflected currently in the results of operations.
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, equity securities includes $17,853 and $29,562 respectively, of investments in public and private companies that are accounted for under the fair value option where the Company would otherwise use the equity method of accounting as follows:
Freedom VCM Holdings, LLC Equity Interest and Take-Private Transaction
On August 21, 2023, the Company acquired an equity interest in Freedom VCM for $216,500 in cash in connection with the FRG take-private transaction. In connection with the closing of the FRG take-private transaction, the Company terminated an investment advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”) with Mr. Kahn. Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, Mr. Kahn, as financial advisor, had the sole power to vote or dispose of $64,644 of shares of FRG common stock (based on the value of FRG shares as of the closing date of the FRG take-private transaction) held of record by B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“BRS”). Upon the termination of the Advisory Agreement, (i) Mr. Kahn’s right to vote or dispose of such FRG shares terminated, (ii) such FRG shares owned by BRS were rolled over into additional equity interests in Freedom VCM in connection with the FRG take-private transaction, and (iii) Mr. Kahn owed a total of $20,911 to the Company under the Advisory Agreement which amount was added to, and included in, the Amended and Restated Note.
Following these transactions, the Company owned an equity interest of $281,144 (based on the FRG take-private transaction price) or 31% of the outstanding equity interests in Freedom VCM. Also in connection with the FRG take-private transaction, on August 21, 2023 all of the equity interests of BRRII were sold to a Freedom VCM affiliate, which resulted in a loss of $78. In connection with the sale, the Freedom VCM affiliate assumed the obligations with respect to the Pathlight Credit Agreement, and the Company entered into a non-recourse promissory note with another Freedom VCM affiliate in the amount of $58,872, with a stated interest rate of 19.74% and a maturity date of August 21, 2033 (the “Freedom Receivables Note”) with payments of principal and interest on the note limited solely to performance of certain receivables held by BRRII.
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On December 18, 2023, a wholly owned subsidiary of Freedom VCM entered into a transaction that resulted in the sale of all of the operations of WS Badcock to Conn’s in exchange for the issuance by Conn’s of 1,000,000 shares of Conn’s preferred stock (the “Preferred Shares”). The Preferred Shares issued by Conn’s to Freedom VCM, subject to the terms set forth in the Certificate of Designation, are nonvoting and are convertible into an aggregate of approximately 24,540,295 shares of non-voting common stock of Conn’s, which represented 49.99% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Conn’s which resulted in consideration received by Freedom VCM of approximately $69,900. As a result of the convertible preferred stock having a conversion feature into 49.99% of the common stock of Conn’s, Freedom VCM is considered to have significant influence over Conn’s in accordance with ASC 323 – Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures. On July 23, 2024, Conn’s filed a Chapter 11 Case under the Bankruptcy Code in the Bankruptcy Court. The original $69,900 of consideration that Freedom VCM received from the sale of WS Badcock to Conn’s that was held by Freedom VCM was written off by Freedom VCM after Conn’s bankruptcy filing on July 23, 2024 and there is expected to be no recovery of any value by Freedom VCM.
On November 3, 2024, Freedom VCM filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. As a result of the bankruptcy filing, the Company no longer had significant influence over Freedom VCM, and the equity investment was written off with a zero balance as of December 31, 2024. On June 1, 2025, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware entered an Order Confirming the Ninth Amended Joint Chapter 11 Plan of Franchise Group, Inc. and its affiliated debtors pursuant to the FRG Plan. Under the FRG Plan, all equity interests and claims related thereto were cancelled and such equity interest holders, including Freedom VCM as an equity holder of Franchise Group, Inc. will not receive any property or distributions under the FRG Plan. As a result, of the FRG Plan, the Company does not expect to receive any proceeds or distributions from the equity investment in Freedom VCM. The bankruptcy filing resulted in the write-off of the equity investment. The change in fair value of $180,964 and $223,369 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, is included in the “Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments” line item in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The following tables contain summarized financial information with respect to Freedom VCM, included below for purposes of the disclosure a quarter in arrears (consolidated balance sheet amounts as of September 30, 2024 correspond to amounts as of December 31, 2024 of the Company; income statement amounts during the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 correspond to amounts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 of the Company), which is the period in which the most recent financial information was available.

|  | September 30, 2024
Current assets |  | $ | 871,102 |
Noncurrent assets |  | $ | 2,889,334 |
Current liabilities |  | $ | 569,281 |
Noncurrent liabilities |  | $ | 2,680,178 |
Equity attributable to investee |  | $ | 510,977 |

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | Six Months Ended March 31, 2024
Revenues |  | $ | 809,717 |  |  | $ | 1,615,946 |
Cost of revenues |  | $ | 511,723 |  |  | $ | 1,011,402 |
Loss from continuing operations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,175) |
Net loss attributable to investees |  | $ | (19,256) |  |  | $ | (118,839) |

Babcock and Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. Equity Investment
The Company owns a 27% voting interest in B&W whereby the Company has elected to account for this investment under the fair value option. The following tables contain summarized financial information with respect to B&W included below for purposes of the disclosure a quarter in arrears (balance sheet amounts as of March 31, 2025 and September 30, 2024 correspond to amounts as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, of the Company; income statement amounts during the three and six months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 correspond to amounts during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, of the Company), which is the period in which the most recent financial information is available:
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| March 31, 2025 |  | September 30, 2024
Current assets | $ | 482,878 |  |  | $ | 530,223 |
Noncurrent assets | $ | 236,835 |  |  | $ | 274,410 |
Current liabilities | $ | 511,214 |  |  | $ | 297,928 |
Noncurrent liabilities | $ | 511,015 |  |  | $ | 709,823 |
Deficit attributable to investee | $ | (303,011) |  |  | $ | (203,694) |
Noncontrolling interest | $ | 495 |  |  | $ | 576 |

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Six Months Ended March 31,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenues | $ | 181,194 |  |  | $ | 207,556 |  |  | $ | 247,470 |  |  | $ | 434,723 |
Cost of revenues | $ | 141,133 |  |  | $ | 159,075 |  |  | $ | 183,176 |  |  | $ | 330,627 |
Loss from continuing operations | $ | (7,763) |  |  | $ | (15,799) |  |  | $ | (79,081) |  |  | $ | (70,065) |
Net loss | $ | (21,989) |  |  | $ | (16,791) |  |  | $ | (85,010) |  |  | $ | (79,515) |
Net loss attributable to investees | $ | (22,007) |  |  | $ | (16,833) |  |  | $ | (85,072) |  |  | $ | (83,287) |

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the investment in B&W totaled $26,406 and $45,012, respectively, and is included in the “Securities and other investments owned, at fair value” line item in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Other Public Company Equity Investments
In March 2024, the Company no longer had board representation in Synchronoss Technologies, Inc. (“Synchronoss”) and as a result, the Company no longer retained significant influence over the equity investment. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had a voting interest of 3% in Synchronoss. The Company has elected to account for this equity investment under the fair value option. The following summarized income statement for Synchronoss is included below for purposes of disclosure a quarter in arrears whereas the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 correspond to amounts during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 of the Company, which was the period in which the most recent financial information was available:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | Six Months Ended March 31, 2024
Revenues |  | $ | 42,965 |  |  | $ | 84,367 |
Cost of revenues |  | $ | 10,223 |  |  | $ | 20,515 |
Net income (loss) attributable to investees |  | $ | 2,341 |  |  | $ | (32,660) |

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the equity investment in Synchronoss was $1,970 and $7,200, respectively. These amounts are included in “Securities and other investments owned, at fair value” line item in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Other Equity Investments
As of June 30, 2025, the Company had other equity investments where the Company is considered to have the ability to exercise influence since the Company has representation on the board of directors or the Company is presumed to have the ability to exercise significant influence since the investment is more than minor, and the limited liability company is required to maintain specific ownership accounts for each member. The Company has elected to account for these equity investments under the fair value option. These equity investments are comprised of equity investments in three private companies as of June 30, 2025 and five as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024.
The following table contains summarized financial information for these companies, included below for purposes of the disclosure a quarter in arrears (balance sheet amounts as of March 31, 2025 and September 30, 2024 correspond to amounts as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, of the Company; income statement amounts during the three and six months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 correspond to amounts during the three and six months ended
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June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, of the Company), which is the period in which the most recent financial information is available:

| March 31, 2025 |  | September 30, 2024
Current assets | $ | 20,514 |  |  | $ | 215,927 |
Noncurrent assets | $ | 129,902 |  |  | $ | 572,628 |
Current liabilities | $ | 18,797 |  |  | $ | 86,672 |
Noncurrent liabilities | $ | 70,553 |  |  | $ | 105,711 |
Equity attributable to investee | $ | 61,066 |  |  | $ | 596,172 |

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  | For the Six Months Ended March 31,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenues | $ | 18,500 |  |  | $ | 109,929 |  |  | $ | 30,223 |  |  | $ | 255,903 |
Cost of revenues | $ | 2,003 |  |  | $ | 79,033 |  |  | $ | 4,797 |  |  | $ | 206,381 |
Net income (loss) attributable to investees | $ | 6,323 |  |  | $ | (5,469) |  |  | $ | 4,009 |  |  | $ | (15,974) |

(l) Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market. In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical instruments that are highly liquid, observable, and actively traded in over-the-counter markets. Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs utilize inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable and can be corroborated by market data. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
The Company’s securities and other investments owned and securities sold and not yet purchased are comprised of common and preferred stocks and warrants, corporate bonds, and investments in partnerships. Investments in common stocks that are based on quoted prices in active markets are included in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company also holds loans receivable valued at fair value, nonpublic common and preferred stocks and warrants for which there is little or no public market and fair value is determined by management on a consistent basis. For investments where little or no public market exists, management’s determination of fair value is based on the best available information which may incorporate management’s own assumptions and involves a significant degree of judgment, taking into consideration various factors including earnings history, financial condition, recent sales prices of the issuer’s securities and liquidity risks. These investments are included in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Investments in partnership interests include investments in private equity partnerships that primarily invest in equity securities, bonds, and direct lending funds. The Company also invests in priority investment funds, and the underlying securities held by these funds are primarily corporate and asset-backed fixed income securities and restrictions exist on the redemption of amounts invested by the Company. The Company’s partnership and investment fund interests are valued based on the Company’s proportionate share of the net assets of the partnerships and funds; the value for these investments is derived from the most recent statements received from the general partner or fund administrator. These partnership and investment fund interests are valued at net asset value (“NAV”) and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy in the table below in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, partnership and investment fund interests valued at NAV of $22,069 and $15,867, respectively, are included in the “Securities and other investments owned, at fair value” line item in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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The Company measures certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets include equity method investments for which the measurement alternative has been elected, adjusted to fair value based on observable price changes or impairment, assets acquired and liabilities assumed in an acquisition or in a nonmonetary exchange, and property, plant and equipment and intangible assets that are written down to fair value when they are held for sale or determined to be impaired.
The following tables present information on the financial assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

| Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of June 30, 2025 Using
| Fair value as of June 30, 2025 |  | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) |  | Other observable inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities and other investments owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 116,655 |  |  | $ | 88,929 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,726 |
Corporate bonds | 33,252 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 33,127 |  |  | — |
Other fixed income securities | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | — |
Total securities and other investments owned | 150,066 |  |  | 89,054 |  |  | 33,286 |  |  | 27,726 |
Loans receivable, at fair value | 48,980 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48,980 |
Other assets | 1,029 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,029 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 200,075 |  |  | $ | 89,054 |  |  | $ | 33,286 |  |  | $ | 77,735 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold not yet purchased: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 10,411 |  |  | $ | 10,411 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate bonds | 420 |  |  | — |  |  | 420 |  |  | — |
Other fixed income securities | 1,516 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,516 |  |  | — |
Total securities sold not yet purchased | 12,347 |  |  | 10,411 |  |  | 1,936 |  |  | — |
Contingent consideration | 4,608 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,608 |
Liability-classified warrants | 4,160 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,160 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 21,115 |  |  | $ | 10,411 |  |  | $ | 1,936 |  |  | $ | 8,768 |

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| Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at December 31, 2024 Using
| Fair value at December 31, 2024 |  | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) |  | Other observable inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities and other investments owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 165,408 |  |  | $ | 124,892 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,516 |
Corporate bonds | 29,027 |  |  | 25,461 |  |  | 3,566 |  |  | — |
Other fixed income securities | 4,923 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,923 |  |  | — |
Total securities and other investments owned | 199,358 |  |  | 150,353 |  |  | 8,489 |  |  | 40,516 |
Loans receivable, at fair value | 90,103 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90,103 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 289,461 |  |  | $ | 150,353 |  |  | $ | 8,489 |  |  | $ | 130,619 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold not yet purchased: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds | $ | 1,891 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,891 |  |  | $ | — |
Other fixed income securities | 3,784 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,784 |  |  | — |
Total securities sold not yet purchased | 5,675 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,675 |  |  | — |
Contingent consideration | 4,538 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,538 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 10,213 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,675 |  |  | $ | 4,538 |

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, financial assets measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis and classified within Level 3 were $77,735 and $130,619, respectively, or 5.0% and 7.3%, respectively, of the Company’s total assets. In determining the fair value for these Level 3 financial assets, the Company analyzes various financial, performance and market factors to estimate the value, including where applicable, over-the-counter market trading activity. The fair value for individual Level 3 financial assets and liabilities have various financial inputs which include multiple of sales, the market price of related securities, annualized volatility, discount rates, recovery rates and expected term inputs that may change at each reporting period and result in an increase or decrease in the valuation of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities.
The following table summarizes the significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities by category of investment and valuation technique as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
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| Fair value at June 30, 2025 |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average(1)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 22,897 |  |  | Market approach |  | Multiple of EBITDA(2) |  | 4.5x - 5.5x |  | 5.5x
|  |  |  |  | Multiple of sales |  | 0.8x - 7.3x |  | 2.2x
|  |  |  |  | Market price of related security |  | $10.57 - $11.62 |  | $11.04
| 4,829 |  |  | Option pricing model |  | Annualized volatility |  | 48.0% - 178.0% |  | 62.0%
Loans receivable at fair value | 36,512 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 19.9% - 22.9% |  | 22.7%
| 11,000 |  |  | Liquidation approach |  | Cash recovery rate |  | 12.4% |  | 12.4%
| 1,468 |  |  | Market approach |  | Market price of related security |  | $6.85 |  | $6.85
Other assets | 1,029 |  |  | Market approach |  | Market price of related security |  | $1.47 |  | $1.47
|  |  | Options pricing model |  | Annualized volatility |  | 90.4% |  | 90.4%
Total level 3 assets measured at fair value | $ | 77,735 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | 4,608 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Revenue volatility |  | 5.0% - 7.5% |  | 5.0%
Liability-classified warrants | 4,160 |  |  | Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes option pricing model |  | Annualized volatility |  | 77.5% |  | 77.5%
|  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 6.9% |  | 6.9%
Total level 3 liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 8,768 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the financial instruments.
(2) Multiple of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”).
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| Fair value at December 31, 2024 |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average(1)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 34,654 |  |  | Market approach |  | Multiple of EBITDA |  | 6.3x |  | 6.3x
|  |  |  |  | Multiple of Sales |  | 2.1x - 8.0x |  | 3.1x
|  |  |  |  | Market price of related security |  | $9.97 - $11.10 |  | $10.76
| 5,862 |  |  | Option pricing model |  | Annualized volatility |  | 47.0% - 171.0% |  | 87.0%
Loans receivable at fair value | 86,150 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 7.3% - 69.1% |  | 19.7%
| 3,953 |  |  | Market approach |  | Market price of related security |  | $9.60 - $16.48 |  | $12.90
Total level 3 assets measured at fair value | $ | 130,619 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | 4,538 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 5.0% - 7.5% |  | 5.1%
Total level 3 liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 4,538 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the financial instruments.
The changes in Level 3 fair value hierarchy during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

| Level 3 Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Level 3 Changes During the Period |  |  |  | Level 3 Balance at End of Period |  | Change in unrealized gains (losses) (2)
| Fair Value Adjustments (1) |  | Relating to Undistributed Earnings |  | Purchases/ Originations |  | Sales |  | Settlements/ Repayments |  | Transfer in and/or out of Level 3 |  |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 27,530 |  |  | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,998 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (24,999) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,726 |  |  | $ | 197 |
Loans receivable at fair value | 98,596 |  |  | 799 |  |  | — |  |  | 624 |  |  | (3,575) |  |  | (47,464) |  |  | — |  |  | 48,980 |  |  | 799 |
Other assets | — |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | 1,029 |
Contingent consideration | 4,593 |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48) |  |  | — |  |  | 4,608 |  |  | (63) |
Liability-classified warrants | 5,160 |  |  | (1,000) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,160 |  |  | 1,000 |
Embedded derivative | 14,593 |  |  | (11,468) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,125) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,468 |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 386,244 |  |  | $ | (202,573) |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | (68,875) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 114,982 |  |  | $ | (202,679) |
Loans receivable at fair value | 452,496 |  |  | (175,582) |  |  | 1,102 |  |  | 7,129 |  |  | — |  |  | (55,946) |  |  | — |  |  | 229,199 |  |  | (177,060) |
Contingent consideration | 24,976 |  |  | 288 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48) |  |  | — |  |  | 25,216 |  |  | (288) |

(1) Fair value adjustments during the three months ended June 30, 2025 includes the following: $197 of realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities is comprised of $(92) included in “Trading gains (losses), net” and $289 included in “Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments”, $799 of fair value adjustments on loans included in “Fair value adjustments on loans”, $1,029 of realized and unrealized gains related to other assets which is comprised of $902 recorded to “Trading gains (losses), net” and $127 recorded to “Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments”, $(63) of realized and unrealized losses related to contingent consideration included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses”, $1,000 of realized and unrealized gains related to liability-classified warrants included in “Change in fair value of financial instruments and other”, and $11,468 of realized and unrealized losses related to embedded derivatives included in “Change in fair value of financial instruments and other” line items in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Fair value adjustments during the three months ended June 30, 2024 includes the
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following: $(202,573) of realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities is comprised of $(39,114) of realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in fair value adjustments on loans and $(163,458) of realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in other income (loss) - realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments, $(175,582) of fair value adjustments on loans included in fair value adjustments on loans, and $(288) related to contingent consideration included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
(2) For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the change in unrealized gains (losses) is related to financial instruments held at the end of each respective reporting period.
The changes in Level 3 fair value hierarchy during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

| Level 3 Balance at Beginning of Year |  | Level 3 Changes During the Period |  |  |  | Level 3 Balance at End of Period |  | Change in unrealized gains (losses) (2)
| Fair Value Adjustments (1) |  | Relating to Undistributed Earnings |  | Purchases/ Originations |  | Sales |  | Settlements/ Repayments |  | Transfer in and/or out of Level 3 |  |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 40,516 |  |  | $ | (3,648) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,867 |  |  | $ | (10,000) |  |  | $ | (25,009) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,726 |  |  | $ | (3,648) |
Loans receivable at fair value | 90,103 |  |  | (7,296) |  |  | — |  |  | 58,632 |  |  | (10,415) |  |  | (82,044) |  |  | — |  |  | 48,980 |  |  | (8,834) |
Other assets | — |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | 1,029 |
Contingent consideration | 4,538 |  |  | 166 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (96) |  |  | — |  |  | 4,608 |  |  | (166) |
Liability-classified warrants | — |  |  | (3,700) |  |  | — |  |  | 7,860 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,160 |  |  | 3,700 |
Embedded derivative | — |  |  | (8,119) |  |  | — |  |  | 11,244 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,125) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,119 |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 452,581 |  |  | $ | (258,961) |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 616 |  |  | $ | (78,197) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,077) |  |  | $ | 114,982 |  |  | $ | (262,154) |
Loans receivable at fair value | 532,419 |  |  | (187,783) |  |  | 4,262 |  |  | 38,105 |  |  | (22,785) |  |  | (135,019) |  |  | — |  |  | 229,199 |  |  | (196,240) |
Contingent consideration | 25,194 |  |  | 140 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (118) |  |  | — |  |  | 25,216 |  |  | (140) |

(1) Fair value adjustments during the six months ended June 30, 2025 includes the following: $(3,648) of realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities is comprised of $(1,174) included in “Trading gains (losses), net” and $(2,474) of realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in “Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments”, $(7,296) of fair value adjustments on loans included in “Fair value adjustments on loans”, $1,029 of realized and unrealized gains related to other assets which is comprised of $902 recorded to “Trading gains (losses), net” and $127 recorded to “Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments”, $(166) of realized and unrealized losses related to contingent consideration included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses”, $3,700 of realized and unrealized gains related to liability-classified warrants included in “Change in fair value of financial instruments and other”, and $8,119 of realized and unrealized losses related to embedded derivatives included in “Change in fair value of financial instruments and other” line items in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Fair value adjustments during the six months ended June 30, 2024 includes the following: $(258,961) of realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities is comprised of $(49,505) of realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in fair value adjustments on loans and $(209,456) of realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in other income (loss) - realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments, $(187,783) of fair value adjustments on loans included in fair value adjustments on loans, and $(140) related to contingent consideration included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
(2) For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the change in unrealized gains (losses) is related to financial instruments held at the end of each respective reporting period.
The carrying amounts reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value based on the short-term maturity of these instruments.
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the senior notes payable had a carrying amount of $1,323,727 and $1,530,561, respectively, and fair value of $391,198 and $769,476, respectively. The aggregate carrying amount of the Company’s notes payable, revolving credit facility, and term loans of $136,659 and $243,779 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, approximates fair value because the effective yield of such instrument is consistent with current market rates of interest for instruments of comparable credit risk.
(m) Equity Method Investment
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, equity investments that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting had an aggregate carrying value of $86,042 and $85,487, respectively, which is included in “Prepaid expenses and other assets” in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets (refer to Note 8 - Prepaid
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Expenses and Other Assets). The Company’s share of earnings or losses from equity method investees included in the “Income from equity investments” line item was $25,603 and $10 during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $25,051 and $6 during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
GA Holdings
On November 15, 2024, the Company completed the sale of a majority interest in GA Holdings to Oaktree (the “Great American Transaction”). Upon completion of the sale, the Company retained a minority ownership interest of approximately 44.2% of the Class A common units of GA Holdings. GA Holdings operations include appraisal and valuation services, real estate, and retail, wholesale & industrial auction and liquidation services to help clients dispose of assets that include multi-location retail inventory, wholesale inventory, trade fixtures, machinery and equipment, intellectual property and real property. GA Holdings has three classes of equity interests which include common interests, Class A preferred interests and Class B preferred interests. The Company accounts for its investment in GA Holdings under the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC 323, Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures, with a three-month lag.
Under the equity method of accounting, the Company records its proportionate share of earnings or losses; however, given the capital structure of GA Holdings the Company applies the Hypothetical Liquidation at Book Value (“HLBV”) method on a three-month lag to determine the allocation of profits and losses since the liquidation rights and priorities, as defined by the limited liability agreement of GA Holdings, differ from the Company’s underlying ownership interest. The HLBV method calculates the proceeds that would be attributable to each partner based on the liquidation provisions of the limited liability agreement as if GA Holdings was to be liquidated at book value as of the balance sheet date. Each partner’s allocation of income or loss in the period is equal to the change in the amount of net equity they are legally able to claim based on a hypothetical liquidation of the entity at the end of a reporting period compared to the beginning of that period, adjusted for any capital transactions.
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our investment in GA Holdings was $78,823 and $82,462, respectively, and is included in the “Prepaid expenses and other assets” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Based on the terms of the limited liability agreement, we recorded equity in net losses attributable to GA Holdings using the HLBV method of $3,190 and $3,639 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, which is included in the “Income from equity investments” line item in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The following tables contain summarized financial information with respect to GA Holdings, included below for purposes of the disclosure a quarter in arrears (balance sheet amounts as of March 31, 2025 correspond to amounts as of June 30, 2025 and income statement amounts during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and period from November 15, 2024 to March 31, 2025 correspond to three months and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively):

|  | March 31, 2025
Current assets |  | $ | 46,852 |
Noncurrent assets |  | $ | 286,144 |
Current liabilities |  | $ | 41,026 |
Mezzanine equity - preferred units |  | $ | 279,097 |
Equity attributable to investee |  | $ | 12,873 |

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  | November 15, 2024 to
|  | March 31, 2025
Revenue | $ | 37,062 |  |  | $ | 58,736 |
Cost of revenue and expenses | $ | 33,044 |  |  | $ | 51,228 |
Net income attributable to investee | $ | 4,018 |  |  | $ | 7,508 |

Joann Retail
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On February 27, 2025, the Company contributed capital and certain financial support in the form of cash and subordinated debt in exchange for minority ownership interest of approximately 47.4% in Joann Retail. Joann Retail’s operations include the acquisition and liquidation of Joann Inc’s (and its subsidiaries) retail assets. Joann Retail has two classes of equity interest which include voting Class A and nonvoting Class B interests.
The Company accounts for its investment in Joann Retail under the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC 323, Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures, under which the Company accounts for its investment on a three-month lag to determine the allocation of profits and losses. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded equity method losses in the amount of $1,714 in its unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations, which corresponds to the equity method investment’s operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
As of June 30, 2025, the Company’s investment in Joann Retail was zero as the Company had fully recovered its initial investment of $6,163 in Joann Retail. The Company’s investment in Joann Retail is adjusted for the Company’s proportionate share of equity method losses and cash distributions received during the three months ended June 30, 2025. The Company received $30,420 in excess of the Company’s investment balance and the distributions received in excess of the investment balance are recognized as other income and included in the “Income from equity investments” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The following tables contain summarized financial information with respect to Joann Retail included below for purposes of the disclosure a quarter in arrears (balance sheet amounts as of March 31, 2025 correspond to amounts as of June 30, 2025 and income statement amounts for the period from February 27, 2025 (inception) to March 31, 2025 correspond to the three months and six months ended June 30, 2025):

|  | March 31, 2025
Current assets |  | $ | 66,054 |
Noncurrent assets |  | $ | 20,925 |
Current liabilities |  | $ | 77,594 |
Equity attributable to investee |  | $ | 9,385 |

|  | February 27, 2025 to March 31, 2025
Expenses |  | $ | 3,615 |
Net loss attributable to investee |  | $ | (3,615) |

SW-B. Riley Retail Opportunity Fund (“SW-B. Retail”)
The Company accounts for its investments in SW-B. Retail under the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC 323, Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures, under which the Company accounts for its share of SW-B. Retail’s earnings or losses on the basis of the percentage of the equity interest the Company owns. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s ownership percentage was approximately 10.7% and increased to 22.6% with the consolidation of BRC Partners Opportunity Trust (the “BRC Trust”) as discussed below in Note 2(n) - Noncontrolling Interests. The carrying value of the Company’s equity method investments in SW-B. Retail included in the “Prepaid expenses and other assets” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets was $7,219 and $3,025 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(n) Noncontrolling Interests
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interest represents the portion of equity in a subsidiary that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. The Company’s non-redeemable noncontrolling interest relates to the equity ownership interest of consolidated subsidiaries that it does not own.
The initial fair value of the noncontrolling interest is a nonrecurring Level 3 measurement determined by a weighing of the discounted cash flow method and market approach. The discounted cash flow method utilized five-year discrete projections of the operating results, working capital and depreciation and capital expenditures, along with a residual value subsequent to the discrete period. The five-year projections were based upon historical and anticipated future results,
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general economic and market conditions, and considered the impact of planned business and operational strategies. The discount rates for the calculations represented the estimated required return on equity for market participants at the time of the analysis. The market approach included significant estimates using guideline public company data to identify an appropriate market multiple of earnings before income taxes in estimating the fair value of the noncontrolling interest.
B. Riley Securities Holdings, Inc. (“BRSH”)
On March 10, 2025, a merger subsidiary of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary B. Riley Securities Holdings, Inc. (“BRSH”), which is primarily comprised of the broker dealer operations within the Capital Markets segment, merged with a shell corporation and issued 0.6% of the equity in BRSH to certain investors in the shell corporation. Upon completion of the transaction, the investors in the shell corporation became minority stockholders of BRSH. The Company also issued restricted stock awards as more fully described in Note 18(c) - BRSH Stock Incentive Plan and assuming the full issuance of the restricted stock awards are vested, the Company continues to own 89.4% majority-interest in BRSH.
The shell corporation that merged with BRSH on March 10, 2025 did not meet the definition of a business, since it did not have any assets, liabilities, or operations. The consideration paid in connection with the merger consisted of $1,575 of common stock of BRSH, which represented the fair value of the 0.6% of outstanding common stock of BRSH. The Company recognized a loss of $1,575, which represented the fair value of the noncontrolling interest in BRSH that was issued to the investors in the shell corporation on March 10, 2025.
The table below summarizes the significant unobservable inputs in determining the fair value measurement on a nonrecurring basis of the noncontrolling interest issued on March 10, 2025 as described above. In determining the fair value below the valuation utilized a weighting of 75% for the discounted cash flow method and 25% for the market approach.

| Fair Value at Measurement Date |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average
Nonrecurring |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncontrolling interest | $ | 1,575 |  |  | Discounted cash flow and market approach |  | Market interest rate and multiple of EBIT |  | Discount rate 21% and multiple of EBIT 5.75x-10.00x |  | Discount rate 21% and multiple of EBIT 7.3x(1)

(1) Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative equity value of BRSH.
BRC Partners Opportunity Trust (the “BRC Trust”)
BRC Trust was formed on January 6, 2025, and is a variable interest entity as more fully described in Note 2(o) - Variable Interest Entities. The noncontrolling interest of BRC Trust that is not owned by the Company includes 86.6% of the equity interests in the BRC Trust. Of the 86.6% equity interests not owned by the Company, 58.2% is owned by related parties as more fully described in Note 21 - Related Party Transactions.
(o) Variable Interest Entities
The Company holds interests in various entities that meet the characteristics of a VIE. Interests in these entities are generally in the form of equity interests, loans receivable, or fee arrangements.
The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE at the time it becomes involved with a VIE and reconsiders that conclusion at each reporting date. In evaluating whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company evaluates its economic interests in the entity held either directly by the Company or indirectly through related parties.
The party with a controlling financial interest in a VIE is known as the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE. The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE by performing an analysis that principally considers: (a) which variable interest holder has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact
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the VIE’s economic performance; (b) which variable interest holder has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE; (c) the VIE’s purpose and design, including the risks the VIE was designed to create and pass through to its variable interest holders; (d) the terms between the VIE and its variable interest holders and other parties involved with the VIE; and (e) related-party relationships with other parties that may also have a variable interest in the VIE. See Note 2(n) - Noncontrolling Interests for a variable interest entity consolidated during the period.
On August 21, 2023, in connection with the FRG take-private transaction, one of the Company’s subsidiaries (the “Lender”) and an affiliate of Mr. Kahn (the “Borrower”) entered into an amended and restated a promissory note as discussed further in above Note 2(j) - Loans Receivable and Note 2(k) - Securities and Other Investments Owned and Securities Sold Not Yet Purchased. The Company was not involved in the design of the Borrower, has no equity financial interest, and has no rights to make decisions or participate in the management of the Borrower that significantly impact the economics of the Borrower. Since the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the Borrower, the Company is not the primary beneficiary and therefore does not consolidate the Borrower. The promissory note is included in the “Loans receivable, at fair value” line item in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and is a variable interest in accordance with the accounting guidance. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the maximum amount of loss exposure to the VIE on a fair value basis was $1,468 and $2,057, respectively.
The Company has entered into agreements to provide investment banking and advisory services to numerous investment funds (the “Funds”) that are considered variable interest entities under the accounting guidance.
The Company earns fees from the Funds in the form of placement agent fees and carried interest. For placement agent fees, the Company receives a cash fee of generally 7% to 10% of the amount of raised capital for the Funds and the fee is recognized at the time the placement services occurred. The Company receives carried interest as a percentage allocation (8% to 15%) of the profits of the Funds as compensation for asset management services provided to the Funds and it is recognized under the ownership model of ASC 323, Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures, as an equity method investment with changes in allocation recorded currently in the results of operations. As the fee arrangements under such agreements are arm’s length and contain customary terms and conditions and represent compensation that is considered fair value for the services provided, the fee arrangements are not considered variable interests and accordingly, the Company does not consolidate such VIEs.
Placement agent fees attributable to such arrangements were zero and $494 during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and zero and $866 during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were included in the “Services and fees” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The carrying amounts included in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets related to variable interests in VIEs that were not consolidated is shown below.

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Loans receivable, at fair value | $ | 20,603 |  |  | $ | 28,193 |
Other assets | 3,741 |  |  | 3,359 |
Maximum exposure to loss | $ | 24,344 |  |  | $ | 31,552 |

Bicoastal Alliance, LLC (“Bicoastal”)
On May 3, 2024, as part of the acquisition of Nogin, the Company acquired a 50% equity interest in Bicoastal through a wholly owned subsidiary of Nogin. Bicoastal is a holding company designed to manage the investments, including strategy and operations, for two brand apparel operating companies. The Company determined Bicoastal is a variable interest entity as it does not have sufficient resources to carry out its management activities without additional financial support. The Company determined that it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact Bicoastal’s economic performance, has more equity capital at risk, and is expected to continue to fund operations. Therefore, the Company determined that it is the primary beneficiary of Bicoastal and has reported its investment in the assets and liabilities in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and consolidated its operating results in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
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On August 14, 2024, Bicoastal entered into an agreement to acquire the remaining 50% equity interest upon paydown of a $700 note payable to the noncontrolling interest noteholder with a final repayment date and equity ownership interest transfer date of June 30, 2025.
On March 31, 2025, the Company signed a Deed of Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors (“ABC”), (i) pursuant to which all of the assets of Nogin were transferred to an assignee for the benefit of Nogin’s creditors, and (ii) which provides the assignee the right to, among other things, sell or dispose of such assets and settle all claims against Nogin. The Company will no longer control or own the assets of Nogin, and the results of operations were deconsolidated on March 31, 2025 and are no longer reported in the Company’s financial statements after March 31, 2025. Management does not expect any recovery of the Company’s investment in Nogin. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, certain of Nogin’s creditors filed an involuntary petition for relief under chapter 7 of title 11 of the United States Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New York and an order for relief was entered to move the ABC to a liquidation. A gain of $28,411 was recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from deconsolidation of Nogin, which is included in “Gain on sale and deconsolidation of businesses” line item on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
BRC Trust
BRC Trust was formed on January 6, 2025, for the purpose of transferring the assets and liabilities of BRC Partners Opportunity Fund, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (“BRCPOF”), and liquidating the transferred net assets. BRCPOF transferred its assets and liabilities upon formation of the BRC Trust. The Company determined that the BRC Trust is a variable interest entity as the investors in the BRC Trust do not have voting rights and substantially all of the activities are conducted on behalf of the Company and its related parties which own 13.4% and 58.2% (see Note 21 - Related Party Transactions), respectively, of the equity interest in the BRC Trust. As the Company has the power to direct all of the activities of the BRC Trust, the Company is the primary beneficiary of the Trust and, therefore, consolidates the BRC Trust upon formation on January 6, 2025. Additionally, the BRC Trust does not meet the definition of a business and the initial consolidation of the BRC Trust did not result in a gain or loss upon initial consolidation.
The carrying amounts and classification of the assets, liabilities and noncontrolling interest of the BRC Trust as of June 30, 2025 and formation on January 6, 2025, are as follows:

| June 30, 2025 |  | January 6, 2025
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 365 |  |  | $ | 359 |
Securities and other investments owned, at fair value | 503 |  |  | 577 |
Loans receivable, at fair value | — |  |  | 10,276 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 3,800 |  |  | 3,497 |
Total assets | $ | 4,668 |  |  | $ | 14,709 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 253 |  |  | 290 |
Total liabilities | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 290 |
Noncontrolling interest | $ | 3,826 |  |  | $ | 12,494 |

(p) Derivatives
Certain contracts may contain explicit terms that affect some or all of the cash flows or the value of other exchanges required by the contract. When these embedded features in a contract act in a manner similar to a derivative financial instrument and are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, the Company bifurcates the embedded feature and accounts for it as an embedded derivative asset or liability in accordance with guidance under ASC 815-15, Derivatives and Hedging – Embedded Derivatives. Embedded derivatives are measured at fair value with changes in fair value reported in the “Other income (expense)” section in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 11 - Term Loans and Revolving Credit Facility.
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(q) Warrant Liabilities
The Company accounts for its warrant liabilities in accordance with guidance under ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, under which warrants that do not meet the criteria for equity classification must be recorded as liabilities. Warrant liabilities are included in the “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value of the warrant liabilities are reported in the “Other income (expense)” section in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 11 - Term Loans and Revolving Credit Facility and Note 19(b) - Common Stock Warrants.
(r) Reclassifications
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. Certain prior-year amounts have also been reclassified to conform to the current-year’s presentation as a result of discontinued operations and held for sale; see Note 4 - Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported net income (loss), total assets, total liabilities, or stockholder’s equity (deficit).
(s) Recent Accounting Standards
Not yet adopted
In September 2025, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2025-06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other Internal Use Software. This ASU was issued to modernize the accounting for software costs by removing references to prescriptive and sequential software development stages and providing an updated framework for capitalizing internal software costs. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company has not yet adopted this update and is currently evaluating the effect this new standard will have on its financial position and results of operations.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures: Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU requires additional expense disclosures by public entities in the notes to the financial statements. The ASU outlines the specific costs that are required to be disclosed which include such costs as: purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, selling costs, and depreciation, depletion, and amortization related to oil and gas production. It also requires qualitative descriptions of the amounts remaining in the relevant expense income statement captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively in the notes to the financial statements and the entity’s definition of selling expenses. The disclosures are required for each interim and annual reporting period. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures: Claiming the Effective Date, which clarified the effective date for entities that do not have an annual reporting period that ends on December 31 st. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company has not yet adopted this update and is currently evaluating the effect this new standard will have on its financial position and results of operations.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disclosure of additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes in the rate reconciliation table and requires companies to provide more information about the reconciling items in some categories if a quantitative threshold is met. ASU 2023-09 became effective for the Company on January 1, 2025. The Company will provide the required disclosures in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, and the adoption of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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NOTE 3 — ACQUISITIONS
On May 3, 2024, one of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries completed the acquisition of Nogin for a total purchase consideration of approximately $56,370, which consisted of $37,700 in DIP financing and an additional $18,670 in cash consideration. To fund the $18,670 in cash consideration, contemporaneous with the closing, the acquired company issued $15,000 of convertible debt. In accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations the Company used the acquisition method of accounting for this acquisition. Goodwill of $56,028 and other intangible assets of $17,350 were recorded as a result of the acquisition. The acquisition complements the Company’s principal investments strategy and offers potential growth to the Company’s portfolio of principal investments and is recorded in the E-Commerce segment.
The assets and liabilities of Nogin, both tangible and intangible, were recorded at their estimated fair values as of the May 3, 2024 acquisition date. Acquisition related costs, such as legal, accounting, valuation and other professional fees related to the acquisition of Nogin, were charged against earnings in the amount of $2,425 and included in the “Selling, general and administrative expenses” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024. Nogin goodwill recognized subsequent to the acquisition will be non-deductible for tax purposes.
The fair value of acquisition consideration and purchase price allocation were as follows:

Consideration paid: |  |
Cash |  | $ | 18,670 |
Credit bid - Settlement of DIP Facility |  | 37,700 |
Total Consideration |  | $ | 56,370 |

Assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 604 |
Accounts receivable |  | 421 |
Prepaid and other assets |  | 6,826 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 740 |
Property and equipment |  | 400 |
Other intangible assets |  | 17,350 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 227 |
Accounts payable |  | (9,731) |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | (10,309) |
Deferred revenue |  | (95) |
Operating lease liabilities |  | (740) |
Note payable |  | (700) |
Net assets acquired and liabilities assumed |  | 4,993 |
Goodwill |  | 56,028 |
Noncontrolling interest |  | (4,651) |
Total |  | $ | 56,370 |

During the year ended December 31, 2024, goodwill for Nogin increased by $1,636 related to certain purchase price accounting adjustments.
The following is a summary of identifiable intangible assets acquired and the related expected lives for the finite-lived intangible assets:
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Category |  | Useful life |  | Fair Value
Customer relationships |  | 9 Years |  | $ | 10,300 |
Internally developed software and other intangibles |  | 8 Years |  | 3,950 |
Trademarks |  | 10 Years |  | 3,100 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 17,350 |

The Company had entered into a Chapter 11 Restructuring Support Agreement (“RSA”) with Nogin prior to the acquisition date. As part of Nogin’s Chapter 11 restructuring activities, it ceased the sale of brand apparel merchandise and elimination of warehousing and other costs associated with the inventory, among other things. The Company has determined that the preparation of pro forma financial information would be impracticable due to the significant estimates of amounts needed to reflect Nogin’s historical financial information with its operations emerging from bankruptcy.
On March 31, 2025, the Company signed a Deed of ABC, (i) pursuant to which all of the assets of Nogin were transferred to an assignee for the benefit of Nogin’s creditors, and (ii) which provides the assignee the right to, among other things, sell or dispose of such assets and settle all claims against Nogin. The Company will no longer control or own the assets of Nogin, and the results of operations were deconsolidated on March 31, 2025 and are no longer reported in the Company’s financial statements after March 31, 2025. Management does not expect any recovery of the Company’s investment in Nogin. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, certain of Nogin’s creditors filed an involuntary petition for relief under chapter 7 of title 11 of the United States Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New York and an order for relief was entered to move the ABC to a chapter 7 liquidation.
Valuation Assumptions for Purchase Price Allocation
Our valuation assumptions used to value the acquired assets and assumed liabilities require significant estimates, especially with respect to intangible assets, inventories, property and equipment, and deferred income taxes. In determining the fair value of intangible assets acquired, the Company must make assumptions about the future performance of the acquired businesses, including among other things, the forecasted revenue growth attributable to the asset groups and projected operating expenses and other benefits expected to be achieved by combining the businesses acquired with the Company. The intangible assets acquired are primarily comprised of customer relationships, trademarks, and developed technology. The Company utilized widely accepted income-based, market-based, and cost-based valuation approaches to perform the preliminary purchase price allocations. The estimated fair value of the customer relationships is determined using the multi-period excess earnings method and the estimated fair value of trademarks and developed technology are determined using the relief from royalty method. Both methods require forward looking estimates that are discounted to determine the fair value of the intangible assets using a risk-adjusted discount rate that is reflective of the level of risk associated with future estimates associated with the asset group that could be affected by future economic and market conditions.
NOTE 4 — DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS AND ASSETS HELD FOR SALE
Assets Held For Sale
Wealth Management
On October 31, 2024, the Company signed a definitive agreement to sell a portion of the Company’s (W-2) Wealth Management business to Stifel for estimated net consideration based on the number of advisors that join Stifel at closing, among other things. Upon closing the transaction on April 4, 2025, the sale was completed for net cash consideration of $26,037, representing 36 financial advisors whose managed accounts represent approximately $4.0 billion, or 23.6%, of total assets under management (“AUM”) as of the close of the transaction. A gain of $5,372 was recognized on April 4, 2025 in connection with the completion of the sale and is included in the “Gain on sale and deconsolidation of businesses” line item in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025
Atlantic Coast Recycling
On March 3, 2025, the Company, BRFH, B. Riley Environmental Holdings, LLC and other indirect subsidiaries of the Company which included the Atlantic Companies, entered into the MIPA, whereby the Interests owned by BRFH and the minority holders were sold to a third party in accordance with the terms of the MIPA on March 3, 2025. The Interests were
36

sold to the third party on March 3, 2025 for a purchase price of $102,478, subject to certain adjustments and a holdback amount pending receipt of a certain third party consent, resulting in cash proceeds of $68,638 to the Company after adjustments for amounts allocated to non-controlling interests, repayment of contingent consideration, transaction costs and other items directly attributable to the closing of the transaction. Of the $68,638 of cash proceeds received by the Company, approximately $22,610 was used to pay interest, fees, and principal on the Credit Facility entered into with Oaktree on February 26, 2025 as further discussed in Note 11 - Term Loans and Revolving Credit Facility. A gain of $52,430 was recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from this sale, which is included in “Gain on sale and deconsolidation of businesses” line item on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The Company determined that the assets and liabilities associated with the Wealth Management Transaction and Atlantic Coast Recycling transactions met the criteria under ASC 360, Impairment and Disposal of Long-Lived Assets to be classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2024. The assets and liabilities for both transactions were properly presented in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Operating results from the disposal groups comprising the Wealth Management business and Atlantic Coast Recycling contributed to the operating incomes of the Wealth Management and All Other segment categories, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2025.
Assets and liabilities held for sale consist of the following:

|  | As of December 31, 2024
|  |  |  | Atlantic |  |
|  | Wealth |  | Coast |  |
|  | Management |  | Recycling |  | Total
Assets Held for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,324 |  |  | $ | 1,324 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $18 |  | — |  |  | 3,698 |  |  | 3,698 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 3,704 |  |  | 2,427 |  |  | 6,131 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 512 |  |  | 21,127 |  |  | 21,639 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 71 |  |  | 22,799 |  |  | 22,870 |
Goodwill |  | 13,861 |  |  | 3,280 |  |  | 17,141 |
Other intangible assets, net |  | 2,678 |  |  | 9,242 |  |  | 11,920 |
Total assets held for sale |  | $ | 20,826 |  |  | $ | 63,897 |  |  | $ | 84,723 |
Liabilities Held for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,410 |  |  | $ | 1,410 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | — |  |  | 13,290 |  |  | 13,290 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 525 |  |  | 24,371 |  |  | 24,896 |
Notes payable |  | — |  |  | 1,909 |  |  | 1,909 |
Total liabilities held for sale |  | $ | 525 |  |  | $ | 40,980 |  |  | $ | 41,505 |

Discontinued Operations
The Company presents a disposition of a component, being an operating or reportable segment, business unit, subsidiary or asset group, that represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results as discontinued operations when the components meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale. The following operations have been presented as discontinued operations.
Brands Transaction
On October 25, 2024, the Company completed a transaction whereby the Company contributed and transferred its controlling equity interest in the assets and intellectual properties related to the licenses of Catherine Malandrino, English Laundry, Joan Vass, Kensie Girl, Limited Too and Nanette Lepore (“Six Brands”), which were previously consolidated in
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the Company’s financial statements, and the noncontrolling equity interests the Company owned in the assets and intellectual properties of Hurley, Justice, and Scotch & Soda (collectively with Six Brands, the “Brands Interests”), which the Company had elected to account for the equity investments under the fair value option, into a securitization financing vehicle in exchange for $189,300 in net proceeds. The Company accounted for this transfer of financial assets as a sale. During the year ended December 31, 2024, upon deconsolidation of the Six Brands, the Company recognized a loss on disposal of discontinued operations of $(40,782) and the Company recognized a write-down in the fair value of the equity investments in Hurley, Justice, and Scotch & Soda of $(87,810) that was reported in realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments in discontinued operations. In addition, the Company’s ownership interest in the Brand Interests will be reported as a non-controlling equity investment that is estimated to have a nominal value as a result of the liquidation preferences and notes that were issued as part of the secured financing.
Additionally, in connection with the Brands Interests contribution and transfer noted above, the Company entered into a membership interest purchase agreement dated October 25, 2024, whereby the Company’s subsidiary bebe sold its limited liability company equity interests in BB Brand Holdings and BKST Brand Management (the “bebe Brands”), which the Company had elected to account for the equity investments in the bebe Brands under the fair value option for $46,624 in net cash proceeds. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized a write-down in fair value of equity investment in the bebe Brands of $21,386 that was reported in realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments in discontinued operations. Upon closing of the bebe Brands sale, proceeds of $22,188 was used to pay off the then outstanding balance of the bebe Credit Agreement in full (see Note 11 - Term Loans and Revolving Credit Facility) and $224 of loan-related pay off expenses. Collectively, the bebe Brands sale and the contribution and transfer of Brands Interest comprise the Brands Transaction.
The Brands Interests and bebe Brands were historically reported within All Other category - generating operating revenues from the Company’s majority owned subsidiary that licenses the trademarks and intellectual properties from Six Brands. The bebe Brands equity investments also generated other income from dividends the Company received from the equity ownership of investments that range from 10% to 50% in companies that license the trademark and intellectual property of bebe and Brookstone brands (equity ownership of bebe stores, inc., our majority owned subsidiary).
The Company analyzed the quantitative and qualitative factors relevant to the divestiture of the brand assets, including the fair value adjustments and dividends received from the brand assets significance to the overall net income and earnings per share, and determined that those conditions for discontinued operations presentation had been met. As such, the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of that business are reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Prior period amounts have been adjusted to reflect discontinued operations presentation. The Company has no significant continuing involvement with operations and management of the Brands Interests and bebe Brands post-disposition.
Great American Group
On October 13, 2024, the Company entered into an equity purchase agreement, (the “Equity Purchase Agreement”), to sell a 52.6% ownership stake in the Appraisal and Valuation Services, Real Estate, and Retail, Wholesale & Industrial Solutions businesses (collectively, the “Great American Group”) to Oaktree. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in, the Equity Purchase Agreement, the Company conducted an internal reorganization and contributed all of the interests in the “Great American Group”, to Great American Holdings, LLC, a newly formed holding company (“Great American NewCo”). At the closing on November 15, 2024, (i) Oaktree received (a) all of the outstanding class A preferred limited liability units of Great American NewCo (which will have a 7.5% cash coupon and a 7.5% payment-in-kind coupon) (the “Class A Preferred Units”) and (b) common limited liability units of Great American NewCo (the “Common Units”) representing 52.6% of the issued and outstanding common limited liability units in Great American NewCo for a purchase price of approximately $203,000 (with an initial liquidation preference of approximately $203,000). The Company retains (a) 93.2% of the issued and outstanding class B preferred limited liability company units of Great American NewCo (which will have a 2.3% payment-in-kind coupon and an initial aggregate liquidation preference of approximately $183,000) (the “Class B Preferred Units”) and (b) 44.2% of the issued and outstanding Common Units. The remaining 6.8% of issued and outstanding Class B Preferred Units and 3.2% of issued and outstanding Common Units will be held by certain minority investors. The Company accounts for its non-controlling equity interest in Great American NewCo using the equity method of accounting (refer to Note 2(m) - Equity Method Investment) with its carrying value included in the “Prepaid expenses and other assets” line item in the consolidated balance sheets (refer to Note 8 - Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets).
The Great American Group, which was historically reported within the Auction and Liquidation segment—providing auction and liquidation services to help clients dispose of assets that include multi-location retail inventory, wholesale
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inventory, trade fixtures, machinery and equipment, intellectual property, and real property—and within the Financial Consulting segment—offering bankruptcy, financial advisory, forensic accounting, real estate consulting, and valuation and appraisal services—were divested. The Company recorded a net gain of $258,286 to the “Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes” line item in the consolidated statements of operations during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024. The net after-tax proceeds from this transaction were used to repay certain debt obligations and focus on the core operating subsidiaries.
The Company analyzed the quantitative and qualitative factors relevant to the sale of the Great American Group, including the significance of the operating income generated from the appraisal, real estate consulting and auction and liquidation operations to the overall net income (loss), net (loss) income per share, and net assets, and determined that those conditions for discontinued operations presentation had been met. As such, results of operations and cash flows of that business are reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.
Continuing Involvement
In addition to retaining an equity interest accounted for under the equity method of accounting, at the closing of the transaction, the Company entered into a Transition Services Agreement, pursuant to which the Company will provide certain transition services to Great American NewCo relating to the Great American Group for a period of up to one year from the closing. Additionally, the Company entered into a credit agreement, pursuant to which an affiliate of the Company, as lender, will provide to Great American NewCo, as borrower, a first lien secured revolving credit facility of up to $40,000 for general corporate purposes, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, which had an outstanding balance of $1,698 at closing. The Company also entered into promissory notes which totaled $15,332 related to capital requirements for certain retail liquidation engagements that were ongoing as of closing.
GlassRatner and Farber
On June 27, 2025, the Company signed an equity purchase agreement to sell all of the membership interests of GlassRatner and Farber. The aggregate cash consideration paid by the buyers for the interests of GlassRatner and shares of Farber was $117,800, which is based on a target closing working capital amount that is subject to adjustment within 180-days following the sale date. In connection with the sale, the Company entered into a transition services agreement with the buyer to provide certain services.
The major classes of assets and liabilities included in discontinued operations were as follows:
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|  | GlassRatner & Farber
|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,025 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | — |  |  | 19,704 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 2,221 |  |  | 9,222 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | — |  |  | 2,258 |
Property and equipment, net |  | — |  |  | 275 |
Goodwill |  | — |  |  | 30,450 |
Other intangible assets, net |  | — |  |  | 439 |
Total assets |  | $ | 2,221 |  |  | $ | 70,373 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,326 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 830 |  |  | 14,359 |
Deferred revenue |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Contingent consideration |  | — |  |  | 3,092 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | — |  |  | 2,539 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 830 |  |  | $ | 21,321 |

Revenues and income (loss) from discontinued operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  |
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2025 |  |
| GlassRatner & Farber |  | GlassRatner & Farber |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Services and fees | $ | 19,465 |  |  | $ | 40,575 |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 16,592 |  |  | 34,205 |  |  |
Operating income | 2,873 |  |  | 6,370 |  |  |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  |
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations | 66,795 |  |  | 66,795 |  |  |
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes | 69,672 |  |  | 73,172 |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | (360) |  |  | (465) |  |  |
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | $ | 69,312 |  |  | $ | 72,707 |  |  |

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|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
|  | Brands Transaction |  | Great American Group |  | GlassRatner & Farber |  | Total
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services and fees |  | $ | 4,962 |  |  | $ | 17,351 |  |  | $ | 22,803 |  |  | $ | 45,116 |
Sale of goods |  |  |  | 8,364 |  |  |  |  | 8,364 |
Total revenues |  | 4,962 |  |  | 25,715 |  |  | 22,803 |  |  | 53,480 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct cost of services |  | — |  |  | 2,872 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,872 |
Cost of goods sold |  | — |  |  | 6,960 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,960 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 1,028 |  |  | 12,437 |  |  | 17,979 |  |  | 31,444 |
Total operating expenses |  | 1,028 |  |  | 22,269 |  |  | 17,979 |  |  | 41,276 |
Operating income |  | 3,934 |  |  | 3,446 |  |  | 4,824 |  |  | 12,204 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |
Dividend income |  | 8,749 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,749 |
Realized and unrealized losses on investments |  | (449) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (449) |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (163) |  |  | (163) |
Interest expense |  | (699) |  |  | (8,454) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,153) |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes |  | 11,535 |  |  | (5,007) |  |  | 4,667 |  |  | 11,195 |
Benefit from (provision for) income taxes |  | 4,012 |  |  | (1,143) |  |  | 1,306 |  |  | 4,175 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes |  | $ | 15,547 |  |  | $ | (6,150) |  |  | $ | 5,973 |  |  | $ | 15,370 |

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
|  | Brands Transaction |  | Great American Group |  | GlassRatner & Farber |  | Total
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services and fees |  | $ | 9,539 |  |  | $ | 33,357 |  |  | $ | 45,442 |  |  | $ | 88,338 |
Sale of goods |  | — |  |  | 10,584 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,584 |
Total revenues |  | 9,539 |  |  | 43,941 |  |  | 45,442 |  |  | 98,922 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct cost of services |  | — |  |  | 4,328 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,328 |
Cost of goods sold |  | — |  |  | 7,748 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,748 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 1,882 |  |  | 24,232 |  |  | 35,938 |  |  | 62,052 |
Total operating expenses |  | 1,882 |  |  | 36,308 |  |  | 35,938 |  |  | 74,128 |
Operating income |  | 7,657 |  |  | 7,633 |  |  | 9,504 |  |  | 24,794 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 13 |
Dividend income |  | 17,560 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,560 |
Realized and unrealized gains on investments |  | 4,930 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,930 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (163) |  |  | (163) |
Interest expense |  | (1,412) |  |  | (16,940) |  |  | — |  |  | (18,352) |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes |  | 28,735 |  |  | (9,305) |  |  | 9,352 |  |  | 28,782 |
Provision for income taxes |  | (65) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (65) |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes |  | $ | 28,670 |  |  | $ | (9,305) |  |  | $ | 9,352 |  |  | $ | 28,717 |

Interest expense for discontinued operations is based upon the amount of debt that was required to be repaid as a result of the Brands Transaction, Great American Group transaction, and GlassRatner and Farber transaction described above and
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amount to $699, $8,454, and zero for the three months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, and $1,412, $16,940, and zero for the six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.
Cash flows from discontinued operations were as follows:

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Net cash from discontinued operations provided by (used in): |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | 22,022 |  |  | $ | 26,681 |
Investing activities | 114,032 |  |  | (1,076) |
Financing activities | (144,581) |  |  | (26,240) |
Effect of foreign currency on cash | 502 |  |  | (3,143) |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (8,025) |  |  | $ | (3,778) |

Supplemental disclosures from cash flows were as follows:

|  |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Interest paid - Continuing Operations |  |  |  |  | $ | 55,011 |  |  | $ | 135,826 |
Interest paid - Discontinued Operations |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 16,904 |
Interest paid - Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 55,011 |  |  | $ | 152,730 |
Taxes paid - Continuing Operations |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,139 |  |  | $ | 3,754 |
Taxes paid - Discontinued Operations |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 53 |
Taxes paid - Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,139 |  |  | $ | 3,807 |

NOTE 5 — RESTRUCTURING CHARGE
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $321 (which was included in the “Restructuring charge” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations) related to Corporate and the Consumer Products segment, which consisted of reductions in workforce. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, of the $321 total restructuring charges, $285 was related to Corporate and $36 was related to the Consumer Products segment.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $20 and $809 (which was included in the “Restructuring charge” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations), respectively, primarily related to reorganization and consolidation activities in the Communications segment and Consumer Products segment, which consisted of reductions in workforce. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the $20 of total restructuring charges was related to the Consumer Products segment. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, of the $809 total restructuring charges, $546 was related to the Consumer Products segment and $263 was related to the Communications segment.
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The following tables summarize the changes in accrued restructuring charge during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 840 |  |  | $ | 1,467 |  |  | $ | 1,316 |  |  | $ | 2,542 |
Restructuring charge | 321 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 809 |
Cash paid | (305) |  |  | (482) |  |  | (726) |  |  | (2,317) |
Non-cash items | (57) |  |  | 42 |  |  | (112) |  |  | 13 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 799 |  |  | $ | 1,047 |  |  | $ | 799 |  |  | $ | 1,047 |

NOTE 6 — SECURITIES LENDING
The following table presents the contractual gross and net securities borrowing and lending balances and the related offsetting amount as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

| Gross amounts recognized |  | Gross amounts offset in the consolidated balance sheets (1) |  | Net amounts included in the consolidated balance sheets |  | Amounts not offset in the consolidated balance sheets but eligible for offsetting upon counterparty default(2) |  | Net amounts
As of June 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities borrowed | $ | 72,320 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,320 |  |  | $ | 72,320 |  |  | $ | — |
Securities loaned | $ | 54,588 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 54,588 |  |  | $ | 54,588 |  |  | $ | — |
As of December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities borrowed | $ | 43,022 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43,022 |  |  | $ | 43,022 |  |  | $ | — |
Securities loaned | $ | 27,942 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,942 |  |  | $ | 27,942 |  |  | $ | — |

_________________________
(1)Includes financial instruments subject to enforceable master netting provisions that are permitted to be offset to the extent an event of default has occurred.
(2)Includes the amount of cash collateral held/posted.
The following table presents the contract value of securities lending transactions accounted for as secured borrowings by the type of collateral provided to counterparties as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Remaining contractual maturity |  |  |  | Remaining contractual maturity |  |
|  | Overnight and continuous |  | Total |  | Overnight and continuous |  | Total
Securities lending transactions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate securities - fixed income |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |  | $ | 310 |
Equity securities |  | 72,038 |  |  | 72,038 |  |  | 42,712 |  |  | 42,712 |
Total borrowings |  | $ | 72,320 |  |  | $ | 72,320 |  |  | $ | 43,022 |  |  | $ | 43,022 |

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The Company’s securities lending transactions require us to pledge collateral based on the terms of each contract which is generally denominated in U.S. dollars and marked to market on a daily basis. If the fair value of the collateral pledged for these transactions declines, the Company could be required to provide additional collateral to the counterparty, therefore decreasing the amount of assets available for other liquidity needs that may arise. The Company’s liquidity risk is mitigated by maintaining offsetting securities borrowed transactions in which the Company receives cash from the counterparty which, in general, is equal to or greater than the cash the Company posts on securities lending transactions.
Interest expense from securities lending activities is included in operating expenses related to operations in the Capital Markets segment. Interest expense from securities lending activities is incurred from equity and fixed income securities that are loaned to the Company and totaled $1,968 and $23,313 during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Interest expense from securities lending activities is incurred from equity and fixed income securities that are loaned to the Company and totaled $2,687 and $58,696 during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
NOTE 7 — ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
The components of accounts receivable, net, from revenue from contracts with customers include the following:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Accounts receivable | $ | 53,752 |  |  | $ | 62,745 |
Investment banking fees, commissions and other receivables | 13,503 |  |  | 12,008 |
Total accounts receivable | 67,255 |  |  | 74,753 |
Allowance for credit losses | (6,022) |  |  | (6,100) |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 61,233 |  |  | $ | 68,653 |

Additions and changes to the allowance for credit losses consist of the following:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 5,343 |  |  | $ | 3,462 |  |  | $ | 6,100 |  |  | $ | 4,373 |
Changes to reserve | 831 |  |  | (94) |  |  | 1,614 |  |  | (422) |
Other adjustments and write-offs | (152) |  |  | (192) |  |  | (1,675) |  |  | (775) |
Recoveries | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period | $ | 6,022 |  |  | $ | 3,176 |  |  | $ | 6,022 |  |  | $ | 3,176 |

NOTE 8 — PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER ASSETS
Prepaid expenses and other assets consist of the following:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Inventory, net | $ | 51,845 |  |  | $ | 63,004 |
Rental merchandise, net | 12,564 |  |  | 15,084 |
Equity method investments | 86,042 |  |  | 85,487 |
Prepaid expenses | 18,420 |  |  | 32,413 |
Unbilled receivables | 3,144 |  |  | 3,387 |
Other receivables, net | 31,991 |  |  | 27,591 |
Other assets | 15,966 |  |  | 15,950 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | $ | 219,972 |  |  | $ | 242,916 |

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Unbilled receivables represent the amount of mobile handsets in the Communications segment. Other receivables primarily consist of interest receivables on loans and advances to financial advisors, net and income tax receivables. Other assets primarily consist of deposits, contract costs and finance lease assets.
NOTE 9 — GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The carrying amount of goodwill at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $392,687. Goodwill is comprised of $161,486 for the Capital Markets Segment, $37,334 for the Wealth Management Segment and $193,867 for the Communications Segment. Goodwill is net of accumulated impairment losses of $137,445, of which $79,781 and $57,664 were recorded in the Consumer Products and E-Commerce segments, respectively, prior to December 31, 2024.
Intangible assets consisted of the following:

|  |  | As of June 30, 2025 |  | As of December 31, 2024
| Estimated Useful Life in Years |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Intangibles Net |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Intangibles Net
Amortizable assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships | 1 to 16 |  | $ | 240,780 |  |  | $ | (137,347) |  |  | $ | 103,433 |  |  | $ | 240,780 |  |  | $ | (126,182) |  |  | $ | 114,598 |
Domain names | 7 |  | 170 |  |  | (170) |  |  | — |  |  | 170 |  |  | (170) |  |  | — |
Advertising relationships | 8 |  | 755 |  |  | (214) |  |  | 541 |  |  | 100 |  |  | (100) |  |  | — |
Internally developed software and other intangibles | 0.5 to 10 |  | 28,597 |  |  | (24,784) |  |  | 3,813 |  |  | 29,042 |  |  | (23,225) |  |  | 5,817 |
Trademarks | 3 to 10 |  | 19,950 |  |  | (11,017) |  |  | 8,933 |  |  | 19,950 |  |  | (10,019) |  |  | 9,931 |
Total |  |  | 290,252 |  |  | (173,532) |  |  | 116,720 |  |  | 290,042 |  |  | (159,696) |  |  | 130,346 |
Non-amortizable assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tradenames |  |  | 14,600 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,600 |  |  | 16,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,100 |
Total intangible assets |  |  | $ | 304,852 |  |  | $ | (173,532) |  |  | $ | 131,320 |  |  | $ | 306,142 |  |  | $ | (159,696) |  |  | $ | 146,446 |

Intangible assets related to tradenames is net of accumulated impairment losses of $22,000, which were recorded in the Consumer Products segment.
Amortization expense was $6,811 and $9,226 during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $14,453 and $18,150 during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, estimated future amortization expense was $13,029, $24,554, $23,272, $20,096, and $15,470 for the years ended December 31, 2025 (remaining six months), 2026, 2027, 2028 and 2029, respectively. The estimated future amortization expense after December 31, 2029 was $20,299.
The Company performs impairment tests for goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite live as of December 31 of each year and between annual impairment tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair values of the Company’s reporting units below their carrying values. As a result of the current financial performance of the Company’s Targus subsidiary which comprises the reporting unit of all the operations within the Consumer Products segment as well as current market conditions in the personal computer market for computers and accessories, the Company updated its long-term forecasts for the reporting unit. The Company performed an interim quantitative assessment of intangible assets with an indefinite live as of June 30, 2025, and based on the results of the analysis, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge related to the Targus tradename of $1,500, which was recorded in impairment of tradenames in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.
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The Targus tradename was measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of June 30, 2025. The estimated fair value of the Targus tradename was $13,000 as of June 30, 2025. In order to estimate the fair value of the Targus tradename management must make certain estimates and assumptions which among other things, included an assessment of market conditions, projected cash flows, discount rates, and revenue growth rates. The inputs for the fair value calculations included a 3.5% growth rate to calculate the terminal value, a discount rate of 22.2%, and a royalty rate of 1.5%.
NOTE 10 — NOTES PAYABLE
On May 3, 2024, upon closing of the acquisition of Nogin, Nogin entered into a secured convertible promissory note agreement with a principal amount of $15,000 with an annual interest rate of 10.00% and a maturity date of May 3, 2027. As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance for the secured convertible promissory note payable was $15,000. On March 31, 2025, the Company signed a Deed of ABC, and the $15,000 convertible note was no longer an obligation of the Company. Interest expense on the secured convertible promissory note was $386 during the six months ended June 30, 2025.
Notes payable as of December 31, 2024, also included $12,408 related to deferred cash consideration owed to the sellers of FocalPoint. The deferred cash consideration was paid in full in January 2025. Interest expense was $144 during the three months ended June 30, 2024, and $30 and $288 during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
NOTE 11 — TERM LOANS AND REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY
Term loans and revolving credit facilities are comprised of the following:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Interest Rate |  | Principal |  | Interest Rate |  | Principal
Term Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lingo Term Loan | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 7.91 | % |  | $ | 52,925 |
Nomura Term Loan | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11.52 | % |  | 122,538 |
BRPAC Term Loan | 7.44 | % |  | 72,000 |  |  | 7.42 | % |  | 30,106 |
Oaktree Term Loan | 12.33 | % |  | 63,035 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  |  | 135,035 |  |  |  |  | 205,569 |
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs and discount |  |  | (10,451) |  |  |  |  | (6,140) |
Total Term Loans |  |  | $ | 124,584 |  |  |  |  | $ | 199,429 |

|  | Weighted Average |  |  |  |
|  | Interest Rate |  | Principal
|  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Revolver Loan: |  |  |  |  |  |
Targus Revolver Loan |  | 9.90 | % |  | $ | 12,075 |  |  | $ | 16,329 |

Oaktree Credit Agreement
On February 26, 2025, the Company and BRFH (“BRFH Borrower”) entered into a new credit agreement with a group of funds indirectly or directly controlled by Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. with Oaktree Fund Administration, LLC, acting as the administrative agent and collateral agent. The new credit agreement provided for (i) a three-year $125,000 secured term loan credit facility (the “Oaktree Term Loan”) and (ii) a four-month $35,000 secured delayed draw term loan credit facility (the “Delayed Draw Facility” and, together with the Oaktree Term Loan, the “Credit Facility”). The Oaktree Term Loan matures on the earliest of (i) February 26, 2028, and (ii) a springing maturity date 91 days prior to the maturity of any series of bonds, notes or bank indebtedness of the Company or the BRFH Borrower (other than the Company’s 6.375% Senior Notes due February 28, 2025 and the Company’s 5.50% Senior Notes due March 31, 2026) outstanding on such date with an aggregate amount exceeding $10,000 (the “Initial Term Loan Maturity Date”). The proceeds from the Oaktree Term Loan were primarily used (a) to repay the existing indebtedness under the Nomura Credit agreement (b) for
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working capital and general corporate purposes and (c) to pay transaction fees and expenses. The proceeds of the Delayed Draw Facility was used (a) to fund obligations relating to the liquidation of substantially all of the assets of JOANN, Inc. and its subsidiaries and (b) for working capital and general corporate purposes.
The Credit Facility accrues interest at the adjusted term SOFR rate (as defined in the Credit Facility) with an applicable margin of 8.00% or interest at the base rate as defined in the Credit Facility plus an applicable margin of 7.00%. In addition to paying interest on outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility, the Company was required to pay (i) a closing fee of 3.00% of the aggregate principal amount of the loans under the Oaktree Term Loan and 2.00% of the aggregate principal amount of the loans under the Delayed Draw Facility, and (ii) an exit fee upon the prepayment or repayment of the Credit Facility of 5.00% of the aggregate principal amount of such loans repaid, provided, that the Oaktree Term Loan exit fee shall not be payable if the share price for the Company’s common stock exceeds a certain threshold. The Company determined that the Credit Facility is an indexed debt obligation under ASC 470, Debt and will accrete the contingent Oaktree Term Loan exit fee to its expected payment amount. The Oaktree Term Loan also contains an additional prepayment premium, as defined in the Oaktree Term Loan, of a minimum of 5.00%.
The Credit Facility contains covenants that, among other things, limit the Company’s, the BRFH Borrower’s and the BRFH Borrower’s subsidiaries’ ability to incur additional indebtedness or liens, to dispose of assets, to make certain fundamental changes, to enter into restrictive agreements, to make certain investments, loans, advances, guarantees and acquisitions, to prepay certain indebtedness and to pay dividends or to make other distributions or redemptions/repurchases in respect of their respective equity interests. The Company is in compliance with all financial covenants in the Oaktree Credit Agreement as of June 30, 2025.
Subject to certain eligibility requirements, certain assets of the BRFH Borrower are placed into a borrowing base (the “Borrowing Base”), which serves to limit the borrowings under the Credit Facility. The sale of an asset in the Borrowing Base requires the BRFH Borrower to make a prepayment in an amount equal to the proceeds of such disposition multiplied by the percentage “credit” that is assigned to such asset in the Borrowing Base. The BRFH Borrower may be obligated to prepay the loans or post cash in a controlled account in the event the Borrowing Base falls below a certain level as defined in the Credit Facility. The Company recorded a derivative liability of $11,244 related to this a mandatory repayment feature in the Credit Facility at the inception of the Credit Facility. (See Note 2(l) - Fair Value Measurements.) During the first and second quarters of 2025, the Company sold certain assets in the Borrowing Base and in accordance with the Credit Facility, the Company was required to prepay $30,521 and $4,479 of the Delayed Draw Facility, respectively.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company made principal payments of $4,479 and $35,000, respectively, on the Delayed Draw Facility which paid the facility off in full. Through a series of principal payments in the amount of $62,500 during the three months ended June 30, 2025, the outstanding balance on the Oaktree Term Loan was reduced from $125,000 to $62,500 at June 30, 2025. Interest expense on the Credit Facility to Oaktree during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $4,578 and $7,759, respectively.
The Company issued warrants to certain affiliates of Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. in connection with the Oaktree Term Loan to purchase approximately 1,832,290 shares (or 6% on a fully diluted basis) of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $5.14 per share. The warrants contain certain anti-dilution provisions pursuant to which, under certain circumstances, the warrant holders would be entitled to exercise the warrants for up to 19.9% of the then-outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company evaluated the warrants under ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, and determined the warrants met the criteria for liability classification, and recorded a warrant liability of $7,860.
The initial measurement of the embedded derivative and warrant liability creates a discount on the carrying amount of the long-term debt, which together with the original issue discount, debt issuance costs, are amortized via the effective interest method under ASC 835-30, Interest – Imputation of Interest. Subsequent changes in fair value of the embedded derivative and warrant liability are reported in the “Other income (expense)” section in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 19(b) - Common Stock Warrants.
On March 24, 2025, the Company and the BRFH Borrower entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Facility which, among other things, removed certain pledged stock from the collateral and adjusted mandatory prepayment provisions in connection with dispositions of borrowing base assets. On July 8, 2025, the Company and the BRFH Borrower entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Facility which, among other things, amended the borrowing base to include certain first lien term loans extended to certain subsidiaries of the Company and made certain changes to the negative covenants. On October 8, 2025, the Company and the BRFH Borrower entered into Amendment No. 3 to the
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Credit Facility with Oaktree which provided that the springing maturity date of the Oaktree Term Loan shall in no event occur prior to March 31, 2027, thereby extending the earliest possible maturity date for the Oaktree Term Loan.
Targus Credit Agreement
On October 18, 2022, Targus (“Targus Borrower”), among others, entered into a credit agreement (“Targus Credit Agreement”) with PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC”), as agent and security trustee for a five-year $28,000 term loan and a five-year $85,000 revolver loan (the “Targus Revolver Loan”), which was used to finance part of the acquisition of Targus. The final maturity date is October 18, 2027.
The Targus Credit Agreement was secured by substantially all Targus assets as collateral defined in the Targus Credit Agreement which assets had an aggregate value of approximately $153,285, including $34,588 of accounts receivable and $48,482 of inventory as of June 30, 2025. The Targus Credit Agreement contained certain covenants, including those limiting the Targus Borrower’s ability to incur certain indebtedness, incur liens, sell or acquire assets or businesses, change the nature of their businesses, engage in transactions with related parties, make certain investments or pay dividends. The Targus Credit Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants, and events of default, including payment defaults, breach of representations and warranties, covenant defaults and cross defaults. If an event of default were to have occurred, the agent would have been entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts outstanding under the Targus Credit Agreement. On October 31, 2023 and February 20, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 and No. 2 to the Targus Credit Agreement, which, among other things, modified the fixed charge coverage ratio (“FCCR”) and the minimum EBITDA requirements which waived the financial covenant breaches for the periods ended September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2023. Amendment No. 2 also provided, among other things, with a cure right for the Company to provide a capital contribution to Targus in the event of a financial covenant breach (the “Keepwell”). On June 27, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Targus Credit Agreement to replace the terminating Canadian benchmark interest rate with the Term Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average Reference Rate. For the periods ended June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2024, the minimum EBITDA covenant was breached. On August 14, 2024, the Company contributed $1,602 to Targus to cure the minimum EBITDA covenant that was breached for the period ended June 30, 2024. On November 7, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Targus Credit Agreement, which among other things, waived the September 30, 2024 minimum EBITDA covenant breach, reduced the revolving loan sublimits, modified the FCCR covenant, removed the minimum EBITDA requirement, imposed a minimum undrawn availability covenant, and modified the terms of the Keepwell. Concurrently with the effectiveness of Amendment No. 4 to the Targus Credit Agreement, the Company repaid the outstanding balance of the term loan in full with $2,100 of revolver loan advances and $7,500 of cash from the Company.
On May 9, 2025, the Targus Borrower entered into Amendment No. 5 to the Targus Credit Agreement, which among other things, (i) required quarterly repayments of revolver loan advances in an amount equal to $2,500 commencing on September 30, 2025 and continuing until the total outstanding amount thereunder is paid in full, (ii) reduced the maximum revolving commitments from $30,000 to $25,000, (iii) required the repayment of $5,000 of outstanding revolving advances, (iv) requires that the Targus Borrower use commercially reasonable efforts to refinance the obligations under the Targus Credit Agreement by July 31, 2025, (v) requires the Targus Borrower pay one or more quarterly commitment fees of $250 until paid in full, and (vi) requires the Targus Borrower to pay a deferred amendment fee of $1,000 in the event the Targus Borrower is unable to refinance the Targus Credit Agreement by July 31, 2025. On July 25, 2025, the Targus Borrower entered into Amendment No. 6 to the Targus Credit Agreement, which among other things, (i) requires payment of an amendment fee of $150 and (ii) requires that the Targus Borrower pay a revised deferred amendment fee of $850 in the event the Company is unable to refinance the obligations under the Targus Credit Agreement by August 15, 2025. On August 15, 2025, the Targus Borrower entered into Amendment No. 7 to the Targus Credit Agreement, which among other things, (i) requires the Targus Borrower to pay an amendment fee of $100 and (ii) requires the Targus Borrower to pay the deferred amendment fee of $850 in the event the Targus Borrower is unable to refinance the Targus Credit Agreement by August 20, 2025.
In connection with the above amendments to the Targus Credit Agreement, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Keepwell on May 9, 2025, Amendment No. 3 to the Keepwell on July 25, 2025, and Amendment No. 4 to the Keepwell on August 15, 2025, which among other things, modified the conditions under which, if satisfied, the Company would be required to make certain capital contributions to the Targus Borrower.
The Targus Revolver Loan consists of base rate loans that bear interest on the outstanding principal amount equal to the base rate plus an applicable margin of 3.00% and term rate loans that bear interest on the outstanding principal amount equal to the revolver SOFR rate plus an applicable margin of 4.00%. The average borrowings under the revolver loan was
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$14,424 and $23,612 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The amount available for borrowings under the Targus Credit Agreement was $2,754 and $5,361 at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Interest expense on these loans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $380 and $792, respectively. Interest expense on these loans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $1,086 and $2,446, respectively.
On August 20, 2025, the Company entered into a new Targus/FGI Credit Agreement to refinance and repay all outstanding obligations under the existing Targus Credit Agreement as more fully described below.
Targus/FGI Credit Agreement
On August 20, 2025, the Targus Borrower and certain of the Targus Borrowers’ direct and indirect subsidiaries (the “FGI Loan Parties”) entered into a Revolving Credit, Receivables Purchase, Security and Guaranty Agreement (the “Targus/FGI Credit Agreement”) with FGI Worldwide LLC (“FGI”), as agent and for a three-year $30,000 revolving loan facility, the proceeds of which were used to refinance and repay all obligations under the existing Targus Credit Agreement with PNC. The final maturity date of the Targus/FGI Credit Agreement is August 20, 2028.
The Targus/FGI Credit Agreement is a revolving line of credit facility with a receivables purchase feature under which the purchase of eligible receivables is on a full recourse basis with each borrower retaining the risk of non-payment. The revolving loans bear interest at the greater of (a) 5.25% per annum or (b) 3.00% above the term SOFR for a period of 1 month plus 10 basis points, plus (c) 0.30% per month collateral management fee.
The Targus/FGI Credit Agreement is secured by (i) a first priority perfected security interest in and a lien upon all of the assets of the FGI Loan Parties, and (ii) a pledge of all of the equity interests of the Targus Borrower and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. The Targus/FGI Credit Agreement contains certain covenants, including those limiting the FGI Loan Parties’ ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, sell or acquire assets or businesses, change the nature of their businesses, engage in transactions with related parties, make certain investments or pay dividends. The Targus/FGI Credit Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants, and events of default, including payment defaults, breach of representations and warranties, covenant defaults and cross defaults. If an uncured event of default occurs, FGI would be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts outstanding under the Targus/FGI Credit Agreement.
As required under the Targus/FGI Credit Agreement, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary BRCC entered into an amendment to an existing intercompany loan and security agreement to extend an additional subordinated loan to the Targus Borrower at the closing of the Targus/FGI Credit Agreement in the amount of $5,000, increasing the aggregate principal amount of such loan from $5,000 to $10,000.
Lingo Credit Agreement
On August 16, 2022, the Company’s subsidiary, Lingo Management, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Lingo” or “Lingo Borrower”), entered into a credit agreement (the “Lingo Credit Agreement”) by and among the Lingo Borrower, the Company as the secured guarantor, and Banc of California, N.A. in its capacity as the administrative agent and lender, for a five-year $45,000 term loan (the “Lingo Term Loan”) which was used to finance part of the purchase of BullsEye Telecom, Inc. by Lingo. Upon a series of amendments, the principal balance of the Lingo Term Loan was increased to $73,000.
On January 6, 2025, as discussed below, BRPI Acquisition Co LLC (“BRPAC”), a Delaware limited liability company, entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement”) with the Banc of California N.A. in its capacity as the administrative agent and lender and with other lenders party thereto from time to time. A portion of the proceeds from the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement were used to pay all outstanding principal
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amounts and accrued interest under the Lingo Term Loan, and the Lingo Credit Agreement was effectively terminated upon repayment on January 6, 2025.
Interest expense on the term loan during the three months ended June 30, 2024 was $1,413. Interest expense on the term loan during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $62, and $2,885, respectively.
bebe Credit Agreement
As a result of the Company obtaining a majority ownership interest in bebe on October 6, 2023, bebe’s credit agreement with SLR Credit Solutions (the “bebe Credit Agreement”) for a $25,000 five-year term loan was included in the outstanding balance of term loans until it was repaid on October 25, 2024, upon the closing of the Brands Transaction as described in Note 4 – Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale. Proceeds of $22,188 from closing the Brands Transaction was used to pay off the then outstanding balance of the term loan in full and $224 of loan payoff expenses. Interest expense on the term loan during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $699 and $1,412, respectively.
Nomura Credit Agreement
The Company, and its wholly owned subsidiaries, BRFH, and BR Advisory & Investments, LLC had entered into a credit agreement dated June 23, 2021 (as amended, the “Prior Credit Agreement”) with Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent, and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as collateral agent, for a four-year $300,000 secured term loan credit facility (the “Prior Term Loan Facility”) and a four-year $80,000 secured revolving loan credit facility (the “Prior Revolving Credit Facility”) with a maturity date of June 23, 2025.
On August 21, 2023, the Company and BRFH Borrower, and certain direct and indirect subsidiaries of the BRFH Borrower (the “BRFH Guarantors”), entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, as administrative agent, and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as collateral agent, for a four-year $500,000 secured term loan credit facility (the “New Term Loan Facility”) and a four-year $100,000 secured revolving loan credit facility (the “New Revolving Credit Facility” and together, the “New Credit Facilities”). The purpose of the Credit Agreement was to (i) fund the Freedom VCM equity investment, (ii) prepay in full the Prior Term Loan Facility and Prior Revolving Credit Facility with an aggregate outstanding balance of $347,877, which included $342,000 in principal and $5,877 in interest and fees, (iii) fund a dividend reserve in an amount not less than $65,000, (iv) pay related fees and expenses, and (v) for general corporate purposes.
The Credit Agreement was secured on a first priority basis by a security interest in the equity interests of the BRFH Borrower and each of the BRFH Borrower’s subsidiaries (subject to certain exclusions) and a security interest in substantially all of the assets of the BRFH Borrower and the Guarantors. The Credit Agreement contained certain affirmative and negative covenants customary for financings of this type that, among other things, limited the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ ability to incur additional indebtedness or liens, to dispose of assets, to make certain fundamental changes, to enter into restrictive agreements, to make certain investments, loans, advances, guarantees and acquisitions, to prepay certain indebtedness and to pay dividends or to make other distributions or redemptions/repurchases in respect of their respective equity interests. The Credit Agreement contained customary events of default, including with respect to a failure to make payments under the credit facilities, cross-default, certain bankruptcy and insolvency events and customary change of control events. On September 17, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Credit Agreement (the “Fourth Nomura Amendment”), and the Company made a payment of $85,857 which consisted of a principal payment of $85,146 and accrued interest of $711. Loan fees incurred in connection with the Fourth Nomura Amendment totaled $5,869, of which $3,523 was added to the principal balance of the term loan. After giving effect to these amounts, the outstanding principal balance on the term loan was reduced from $469,750 to $388,127. In connection with the Fourth Nomura Amendment, the revolving credit facility in the amount of $100,000, which had no balance outstanding at September 17, 2024, was terminated and the Company was required to reduce the principal amount of the term loan to be no greater than $100,000 on or prior to September 30, 2025. The scheduled maturity date of the term loan was August 21, 2027.
Prior to the Fourth Nomura Amendment, SOFR rate loans under the New Credit Facilities accrued interest at the adjusted Term SOFR rate plus an applicable margin of 6.00%. In addition to paying interest on outstanding borrowings under the New Revolving Credit Facility, the Company was required to pay a quarterly commitment fee based on the unused portion, which was determined by the average utilization of the facility for the immediately preceding fiscal quarter. In connection with the Fourth Nomura Amendment, interest on the term loan increased to SOFR loans accrued interest at the adjusted term SOFR plus an applicable margin of 7.00% cash interest or, at the election of the Company, at
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the adjusted term SOFR determined plus an applicable margin of 6.00% cash interest plus 1.50% paid-in-kind interest; and base rate loans accrued interest at the base rate plus an applicable margin of 6.00% cash interest or, at the election of the Company, at the adjusted term SOFR determined for such day plus an applicable margin of 5.00% cash interest plus 1.50% PIK Interest. Interest expense on the term loan during the three months ended June 30, 2024 was $6,173. Interest expense on the term loan during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $2,457 and $12,689, respectively. Interest on the revolving facility, which was terminated in connection with the Fourth Nomura Amendment on September 17, 2024, was $495 and $992 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.
The Fourth Nomura Amendment contained certain provisions related to borrowing base, including specific treatment for certain assets in the calculation of borrowing base and also included mandatory prepayment provisions regarding asset sales. On December 9, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 5 to the Credit Agreement (the “Fifth Amendment”) which extended the springing maturity date of the term loans if more than $25,000 aggregate principal amount of the 5.50% 2026 Notes was outstanding to February 3, 2026 and permitted under certain conditions an additional $10,000 of telecommunications financing. On January 3, 2025, the Company entered into Amendment No. 6 to the Credit Agreement (the “Sixth Amendment”) which agreed to permit under certain conditions the contribution by BRPI of 100% of the equity interests in Lingo to BRPAC in connection with the entry into the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement. There was no fee charged in connection with the Sixth Amendment.
The borrowing base as defined in the Credit Agreement consisted of a collateral pool that includes certain of the Company’s loans receivables in the amount of $112,454 (which was included in the “Loans receivable, at fair value” line item of $90,103 reported in our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2024) and investments in the amount of $228,292 (which was included in the “Securities and other investments owned, at fair value” line item of $282,325 reported in our consolidated balance sheet) as of December 31, 2024.
As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance on the term loan was $117,292 (net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $5,246). As fully discussed in “Oaktree Credit Agreement” above, on February 26, 2025, the Company used proceeds from the Credit Facility to repay the outstanding principal balance under the Prior Credit Agreement.
BRPAC Credit Agreement
On December 19, 2018, BRPAC, United Online, Inc., and YMAX Corporation, Delaware corporations (collectively, the “BRPAC Borrowers”), indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company, in the capacity as borrowers, entered into a credit agreement (the “BRPAC Credit Agreement”) with the Banc of California, N.A. in the capacity as agent (the “Agent”) and lender and with the other lenders party thereto (the “Closing Date Lenders”). Certain of the BRPAC Borrowers’ U.S. subsidiaries are guarantors of all obligations under the BRPAC Credit Agreement and are parties to the BRPAC Credit Agreement in such capacity (collectively, the “Secured Guarantors”; and together with the BRPAC Borrowers, the “Credit Parties”). In addition, the Company and B. Riley Principal Investments, LLC, the parent corporation of BRPAC and a subsidiary of the Company, are guarantors of the obligations under the BRPAC Credit Agreement pursuant to standalone guaranty agreements pursuant to which the shares outstanding membership interests of BRPAC are pledged as collateral.
Through a series of amendments, including the most recent fourth amendment to the BRPAC Credit Agreement (the “Fourth BRPAC Amendment”) on June 21, 2022, the BRPAC Borrowers, the Secured Guarantors, the Agent and the Closing Date Lenders agreed to the following, among other things: (i) the Lenders agreed to make a new $75,000 term loan to the BRPAC Borrowers, the proceeds of which the BRPAC Borrowers’ used to repay the outstanding principal amount of the existing terms loans and optional loans and will use for other general corporate purposes, (ii) a new applicable margin level of 3.50% was established as set forth from the date of the Fourth BRPAC Amendment, (iii) Marconi Wireless Holdings, LLC (“Marconi Wireless”) was added to the BRPAC Borrowers, (iv) the maturity date of the term loan was set to June 30, 2027, and (v) the BRPAC Borrowers were permitted to make certain distributions to the parent company of the BRPAC Borrowers.
The borrowings under the amended BRPAC Credit Agreement bear interest equal to the 30-day Average SOFR rate plus a margin of 2.75% to 3.50% per annum, depending on the BRPAC Borrowers’ consolidated total funded debt ratio as defined in the BRPAC Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance on the term loan was $29,774 (net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $332).
On January 6, 2025 (the “Closing Date”), BRPAC entered into the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement with certain subsidiaries of the Company, the Banc of California, in the capacity as agent and lender and with other lenders party
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thereto from time to time. The Company’s subsidiary Lingo was added as a BRPAC Borrower to the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement, the lenders made a new five year $80,000 term loan to the BRPAC Borrowers, the proceeds of which were used to repay in full the obligations under the original BRPAC Credit Agreement dated December 19, 2018 and the Lingo Credit Agreement. In connection with the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement, the BRPAC Borrowers also made certain distributions to the parent company of the BRPAC Borrowers from existing cash on hand. The BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement also builds in provisions for incremental term loans up to $40,000 allowing certain distributions to the parent company of the BRPAC Borrowers from the proceeds of such incremental term loans. The modification amended the reference rate from 30-day Average SOFR to Term SOFR. The BRPAC Borrowers’ U.S. subsidiaries are guarantors of all obligations under the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement. The obligations under the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement are secured by first-priority liens on, and first priority security interest in, substantially all of the assets of the BRPAC Borrowers, including a pledge of (a) 100% of the equity interests of the BRPAC Borrowers; (b) 65% of the equity interests in United Online Software Development (India) Private Limited, a private limited company organized under the laws of India; and (c) 65% of the equity interests in magicJack VocalTec Ltd., an Israel corporation. Such security interests are evidenced by pledge, security, and other related agreements. The purpose of the refinancing was to consolidate the prior Lingo and BRPAC Credit Agreements held by subsidiaries of the Communications segment into a single debt facility. For accounting purposes, the modification of terms was considered a troubled debt restructuring. As the future undiscounted cash payments under the terms of the modified debt exceeded the carrying amount of the old debt on the modification date, the Company accounted for the restructuring on a prospective basis using the revised effective interest rate established under the amended agreement. The carrying amount of the restructured debt includes variable interest rates from Term SOFR.
The borrowings under the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement bear interest equal to the Term SOFR rate plus a margin of 2.75% to 3.50% per annum, depending on the BRPAC Borrowers consolidated total funded debt ratio as defined in the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement. The interest rate is subject to a margin level of 3.25%. As of the Closing Date, the outstanding principal amount was $80,000 with quarterly installments of principal due in the amount of $4,000, and any remaining principal balance is due at final maturity on January 6, 2030.
Interest expense on the term loan during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $1,561 and $914, respectively, and during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $3,151 and $1,974 , respectively.
The BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement contains certain covenants, including those limiting the Credit Parties’, and their subsidiaries’, ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, sell or acquire assets or businesses, change the nature of their businesses, engage in transactions with related parties, make certain investments or pay dividends. In addition, the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement requires the Credit Parties to maintain certain financial ratios. The BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants, and events of default, including payment defaults, breach of representations and warranties, covenant defaults and cross defaults. If an event of default occurs, the agent would be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of outstanding amounts due under the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement. The Company is in compliance with all financial covenants in the BRPAC Amended Credit Agreement as of June 30, 2025.
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NOTE 12 — SENIOR NOTES PAYABLE
Senior notes payable, net, are comprised of the following:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Senior Notes Payable: |  |  |
6.375% Senior notes due February 28, 2025 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 145,211 |
5.50% Senior notes due March 31, 2026 | 101,378 |  |  | 216,662 |
6.50% Senior notes due September 30, 2026 | 180,484 |  |  | 180,464 |
5.00% Senior notes due December 31, 2026 | 197,012 |  |  | 322,667 |
8.00% New Notes due January 1, 2028 | 247,468 |  |  | — |
6.00% Senior notes due January 31, 2028 | 218,445 |  |  | 264,345 |
5.25% Senior notes due August 31, 2028 | 378,985 |  |  | 401,307 |
Subtotal | 1,323,772 |  |  | 1,530,656 |
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs | (45) |  |  | (95) |
Total Senior Note Payable | $ | 1,323,727 |  |  | $ | 1,530,561 |

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total senior notes outstanding were $1,323,727 (net of unamortized debt issue costs of $45) and $1,530,561 (net of unamortized debt issue costs of $95), respectively, with a weighted average interest rate of 5.59% and 5.62%, respectively. Interest on senior notes is payable on a quarterly basis. Interest expense on senior notes during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 totaled $17,236 and $38,890, and $22,977 and $47,415, respectively.
On February 28, 2025 (“the Redemption Date”), the Company redeemed all of the $145,211 of issued and outstanding 6.375% Senior Notes due February 28, 2025 (the “6.375% 2025 Notes”). The redemption price was equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount, plus any accrued and unpaid interest up to, but excluding, the Redemption Date. In connection with the full redemption, the 6.375% 2025 Notes, which were listed on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol “RILYM,” were delisted from Nasdaq and ceased trading on the Redemption Date.
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company completed four private exchange transactions with institutional investor lenders pursuant to which the lenders exchanged senior notes for the New Notes, whereupon the exchanged notes were cancelled. The exchange date, senior notes exchanged, New Notes issued and the issuance of warrants in conjunction with each of the four private exchange transactions (see Note 19 — Stockholder’s Equity for discussion of the warrants) during the six months ended June 30, 2025, is summarized in the following table:

|  | Exchange Date |  | Total
|  | March 26, 2025 |  | April 7, 2025 |  | May 21, 2025 |  | June 30, 2025 |
5.00% Senior Notes due 2026 |  | $ | 36,745 |  |  | $ | 7,000 |  |  | $ | 75,000 |  |  | $ | 8,021 |  |  | $ | 126,766 |
5.50% Senior Notes due 2026 |  | 86,309 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,535 |  |  | — |  |  | 115,844 |
5.25% Senior Notes due 2028 |  | — |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,096 |  |  | 23,096 |
6.00% Senior Notes due 2028 |  | — |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | 34,537 |  |  | 1,892 |  |  | 46,429 |
Total exchanged Senior Notes principal |  | $ | 123,054 |  |  | $ | 22,000 |  |  | $ | 139,072 |  |  | 28,009 |  |  | $ | 312,135 |
8.00% New Notes principal due in 2028 |  | $ | 87,753 |  |  | $ | 9,992 |  |  | $ | 93,067 |  |  | $ | 13,000 |  |  | 203,812 |
Warrants issued with the exchange (Note 19) |  | 351,012 |  |  | 39,968 |  |  | 372,268 |  |  | 52,000 |  |  | 815,248 |

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The total principal amount of New Notes issued for the four exchanges above totaled $203,812. The carrying amount of the New Notes in the amount of $247,468 at June 30, 2025 also includes the future undiscounted cash payments representing interest in the amount of $43,656. Each of the exchanges above represented a troubled debt restructuring. As the carrying amount of the debt for each exchange exceeded the future undiscounted cash payments under the terms of the New Notes on the date of each exchange, the Company recorded a gain on the debt restructuring of $44,784 and $55,316 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. The New Notes were recognized at a carrying value of $107,156 for the exchange dated March 26, 2025 and $140,312 for the three exchanges dated April 7, 2025, May 21, 2025, and June 30, 2025 that is equal to the future undiscounted cash payments of the New Notes and no future interest expense is recognized since the effective interest rate was set to zero upon the restructuring.
The New Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of March 26, 2025 (the “New Notes Indenture”), governing the issuance of New Notes dated March 26, 2025, April 7, 2025, May 21, 2025, and June 30, 2025 for the four exchanges noted above, between the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company, as guarantors, and GLAS Trust Company LLC, a New Hampshire limited liability company, as trustee and collateral agent, and the New Notes are unconditionally guaranteed jointly and severally by all direct and indirect wholly-owned restricted subsidiaries of the Company, subject to certain excluded subsidiaries (collectively, the “Guarantors”). The New Notes are secured on a second lien basis, junior to the obligations under the Company’s Credit Facility, by substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Guarantors.
The New Notes mature on January 1, 2028 and accrue interest at a rate of 8.00% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 30 and October 31, beginning on October 31, 2025. The Company is required to pay default interest of 8.00% on accrued interest if the Company fails to pay interest when due.
The Company has the right to redeem the New Notes at any time, in whole or in part. If the New Notes are redeemed prior to March 26, 2026 (including bankruptcy – see events of default below), the redemption price is equal to (1) 100% of the aggregate principal plus (2) a premium, if any, that is the excess for interest payments from the redemption date through March 26, 2026 discounted by the Treasury rate plus 50 basis points over the principal of the Notes being redeemed (the “Applicable Premium”) plus (3) any unpaid and accrued interest that excludes the redemption date. If the New Notes are redeemed after March 26, 2026, including a tender offer, the Company may repay the New Notes at principal plus accrued and unpaid interest if any, but excluding the redemption date.
The New Notes include a change of control provision, where the holders of the New Notes have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of the New Notes at a purchase price, in cash, equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest if the Company does not exercise its redemption option.
The New Notes also contain certain other events of default that could result in an acceleration of the Company’s obligations under the New Notes.
In addition, if the Company or its restricted subsidiaries engage in certain asset sales and do not invest such proceeds or permanently reduce certain debt within a specified period of time, the Company may be required to use a portion of the proceeds of such asset sales above a specified threshold to make an offer to purchase the New Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the New Notes being purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The New Notes Indenture contains certain covenants that, among other things, limit the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ ability to incur additional indebtedness or liens, to dispose of assets, to make certain fundamental changes, to enter into restrictive agreements, to make certain investments, loans, advances, guarantees and acquisitions, to prepay certain indebtedness and to pay dividends or to make other distributions or redemptions/repurchases in respect of their respective equity interests.
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NOTE 13 — ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES
Accrued expenses and other liabilities consist of the following:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Accrued payroll and related expenses | $ | 47,506 |  |  | $ | 50,957 |
Dividends payable | 845 |  |  | 2,534 |
Income taxes payable | 2,207 |  |  | 2,997 |
Other tax liabilities | 24,805 |  |  | 16,184 |
Contingent consideration | 4,608 |  |  | 4,538 |
Accrued expenses | 50,500 |  |  | 51,695 |
Other liabilities | 44,673 |  |  | 56,840 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | $ | 175,144 |  |  | $ | 185,745 |

Other tax liabilities primarily consist of uncertain tax positions, sales and VAT taxes payable, and other non-income tax liabilities. Accrued expenses primarily consist of accrued trade payables, investment banking payables and legal settlements. Other liabilities primarily consist of interest payables, accrued legal fees and finance lease liabilities.
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NOTE 14 — REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
Revenue from contracts with customers by the Company’s five reportable operating segments and the All Other category during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:

| Capital Markets |  | Wealth Management |  |  |  | Communications |  | Consumer Products |  |  |  | All Other |  | Total
Revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate finance, consulting and investment banking fees | $ | 32,346 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,346 |
Wealth and asset management fees | 959 |  |  | 29,373 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 30,332 |
Commissions, fees and reimbursed expenses | 4,583 |  |  | 2,576 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 7,159 |
Subscription services | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 59,689 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 59,689 |
Sale of goods | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,471 |  |  | 43,284 |  |  |  |  | 318 |  |  | 45,073 |
Advertising and other | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,043 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 12,524 |  |  | 13,567 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers | 37,888 |  |  | 31,949 |  |  |  |  | 62,203 |  |  | 43,284 |  |  |  |  | 12,842 |  |  | 188,166 |
Trading gains (losses), net | 22,480 |  |  | 5,200 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 27,680 |
Fair value adjustments on loans | 800 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 800 |
Interest income - loans | 3,853 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3,853 |
Interest income - securities lending | 2,124 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,124 |
Other | 1,207 |  |  | 1,472 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,679 |
Total revenues | $ | 68,352 |  |  | $ | 38,621 |  |  |  |  | $ | 62,203 |  |  | $ | 43,284 |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,842 |  |  | $ | 225,302 |

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| Capital Markets |  | Wealth Management |  |  |  | Communications |  | Consumer Products |  | E-Commerce |  | All Other |  | Total
Revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate finance, consulting and investment banking fees | $ | 40,082 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,082 |
Wealth and asset management fees | 1,368 |  |  | 46,172 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47,540 |
Commissions, fees and reimbursed expenses | 7,028 |  |  | 2,731 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,759 |
Subscription services | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 76,389 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 76,389 |
Sale of goods | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,465 |  |  | 51,424 |  |  | 2,265 |  |  | 419 |  |  | 55,573 |
Advertising and other | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,355 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,731 |  |  | 22,610 |  |  | 26,696 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers | 48,478 |  |  | 48,903 |  |  |  |  | 79,209 |  |  | 51,424 |  |  | 4,996 |  |  | 23,029 |  |  | 256,039 |
Trading gains (losses), net | (32,612) |  |  | 1,291 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31,321) |
Fair value adjustments on loans | (175,582) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (175,582) |
Interest income - loans | 18,508 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,508 |
Interest income - securities lending | 24,798 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,798 |
Other | 1,764 |  |  | 679 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,443 |
Total revenues | $ | (114,646) |  |  | $ | 50,873 |  |  |  |  | $ | 79,209 |  |  | $ | 51,424 |  |  | $ | 4,996 |  |  | $ | 23,029 |  |  | $ | 94,885 |

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| Capital Markets |  | Wealth Management |  |  |  | Communications |  | Consumer Products |  | E-Commerce |  | All Other |  | Total
Revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate finance, consulting and investment banking fees | $ | 50,075 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,075 |
Wealth and asset management fees | 1,831 |  |  | 66,602 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,433 |
Commissions, fees and reimbursed expenses | 7,938 |  |  | 6,195 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,133 |
Subscription services | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 121,806 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,806 |
Sale of goods | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,772 |  |  | 85,387 |  |  | 3,528 |  |  | 841 |  |  | 92,528 |
Advertising and other | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,099 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,469 |  |  | 32,850 |  |  | 38,418 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers | 59,844 |  |  | 72,797 |  |  |  |  | 126,677 |  |  | 85,387 |  |  | 6,997 |  |  | 33,691 |  |  | 385,393 |
Trading gains (losses), net | 5,697 |  |  | 5,812 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,509 |
Fair value adjustments on loans | (7,296) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,296) |
Interest income - loans | 7,049 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,049 |
Interest income - securities lending | 2,964 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,964 |
Other | 4,456 |  |  | 7,290 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,746 |
Total revenues | $ | 72,714 |  |  | $ | 85,899 |  |  |  |  | $ | 126,677 |  |  | $ | 85,387 |  |  | $ | 6,997 |  |  | $ | 33,691 |  |  | $ | 411,365 |

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| Capital Markets |  | Wealth Management |  |  |  | Communications |  | Consumer Products |  | E-Commerce |  | All Other |  | Total
Revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate finance, consulting and investment banking fees | $ | 90,245 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90,245 |
Wealth and asset management fees | 2,425 |  |  | 92,230 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,655 |
Commissions, fees and reimbursed expenses | 13,285 |  |  | 6,618 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,903 |
Subscription services | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 156,126 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 156,126 |
Sale of goods | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,761 |  |  | 102,946 |  |  | 2,265 |  |  | 1,034 |  |  | 109,006 |
Advertising and other | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,688 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,731 |  |  | 44,092 |  |  | 49,511 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers | 105,955 |  |  | 98,848 |  |  |  |  | 161,575 |  |  | 102,946 |  |  | 4,996 |  |  | 45,126 |  |  | 519,446 |
Trading gains (losses), net | (50,879) |  |  | 1,891 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48,988) |
Fair value adjustments on loans | (187,783) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (187,783) |
Interest income - loans | 40,643 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40,643 |
Interest income - securities lending | 62,607 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62,607 |
Other | 4,634 |  |  | 1,916 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,550 |
Total revenues | $ | (24,823) |  |  | $ | 102,655 |  |  |  |  | $ | 161,575 |  |  | $ | 102,946 |  |  | $ | 4,996 |  |  | $ | 45,126 |  |  | $ | 392,475 |

Contract Balances
The timing of the Company’s revenue recognition may differ from the timing of payment by its customers. The Company records a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to payment and the Company has an unconditional right to payment. Alternatively, when payment precedes the provision of the related services, the Company records deferred revenue until the performance obligation(s) are satisfied. Receivables related to revenues from contracts with customers totaled $61,233 and $68,653 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company had no significant impairments related to these receivables during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company also has $3,144 and $3,387 of unbilled receivables included in prepaid expenses and other assets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company’s deferred revenue primarily relates to retainer and milestone fees received from corporate finance and investment banking advisory engagements, asset management agreements, and subscription services where the performance obligation has not yet been satisfied. Deferred revenue as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $53,499 and $58,148, respectively. The Company expects to recognize the deferred revenue of $53,499 as of June 30, 2025 as service and fee revenues when the performance obligation is met during the years ended December 31, 2025 (remaining six months), 2026, 2027, 2028 and 2029 in the amount of $35,160, $8,597, $4,357, $1,879, and $1,103, respectively. The Company expects to recognize the deferred revenue of $2,403 after December 31, 2029.
During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized revenue of $7,792 and $9,183, respectively, that was recorded as deferred revenue at the beginning of the respective year. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized revenue of $25,033 and $29,725, respectively, that was recorded as deferred revenue at the beginning of the respective year.
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Contract Costs
Contract costs include: (1) costs to fulfill contracts associated with corporate finance and investment banking engagements are capitalized where the revenue is recognized at a point in time and the costs are determined to be recoverable and; (2) commissions paid to obtain magicJack contracts which are recognized ratably over the contract term and third party support costs for magicJack and related equipment purchased by customers which are recognized ratably over the service period.
The capitalized costs to fulfill a contract were $5,170 and $5,694 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are recorded in the “Prepaid expenses and other assets” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized expenses of $1,034 and $1,142 related to capitalized costs to fulfill a contract, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized expenses of $2,094 and $2,679 related to capitalized costs to fulfill a contract, respectively. There were no significant impairment charges recognized in relation to these capitalized costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
Remaining Performance Obligations and Revenue Recognized from Past Performance
The Company does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations pertaining to contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less. The transaction price allocated to remaining unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations with an original expected duration exceeding one year was not material as of June 30, 2025. Corporate finance and investment banking fees that are contingent upon completion of a specific milestone and fees associated with certain distribution services are also excluded as the fees are considered variable and not included in the transaction price as of June 30, 2025.
During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, revenues recognized for customer contracts for performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time was $100,595 and $128,077 and over time was $87,572 and $127,963, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, revenues recognized for customer contracts for performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time was $191,065 and $266,153 and over time was $194,329 and $253,293, respectively.
NOTE 15 — INCOME TAXES
The Company’s effective income tax rate was a provision of 4.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to a provision of 6.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The Company’s effective income tax rate was a provision of less than 1% for the six months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to a provision of 1.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2024. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company had a provision for income taxes from continuing operations of $3,053 resulting primarily from the impact of recording uncertain tax positions for state and foreign taxes, interest and penalties. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company had a provision for income taxes from continuing operations of $29,183 resulting primarily from the impact of recording a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets as of June 30, 2024. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company had a provision for income taxes from continuing operations of $11. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company had a provision for income taxes from continuing operations of $7,853. The effective income tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are less than the federal statutory tax rate of 21% due to being in a tax loss with a full valuation allowance. The effective income tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 are impacted by the valuation allowance recorded on deferred tax assets as of June 30, 2024.
As of June 30, 2025, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $344,508 and state net operating loss carryforwards of $71,248, respectively. The Company’s federal net operating loss carryforwards will expire in the tax years commencing on December 31, 2033, through December 31, 2038. The state net operating loss carryforwards will expire in the tax years commencing on December 31, 2030.
The Company establishes a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Tax benefits of operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards are evaluated on an ongoing basis, including a review of historical and projected future operating results, the eligible carryforward period, and other circumstances. The Company’s net operating losses are subject to annual limitations in accordance with Internal Revenue Code Section 382. Accordingly, the Company is limited to the amount of net operating loss that may be utilized in future taxable years depending on the Company’s actual taxable income. As of June 30, 2025, a full valuation allowance has been recorded since it is more likely than not that the Company
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will not be able to utilize tax benefits before they expire. The Company reassess the need for a valuation allowance on an ongoing basis.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S., various state and local jurisdictions, and certain other foreign jurisdictions. The Company is currently under audit by certain state, local, and foreign income tax authorities. The audits are in varying stages of completion. The Company evaluates its tax positions and establishes liabilities for uncertain tax positions that may be challenged by tax authorities. Uncertain tax positions are reviewed on an ongoing basis and are adjusted in light of changing facts and circumstances, including progress of tax audits, case law developments and closing of statutes of limitations. Such adjustments are reflected in the provision for income taxes, as appropriate. The Company is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the calendar years ended December 31, 2021 to 2024.
Pillar Two
The Pillar Two directive, which was established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and which generally provides for a 15% minimum effective tax rate for multinational enterprises, in every jurisdiction in which they operate. While the Company does not anticipate that this will have a material impact on its tax provision or effective tax rate, it will continue to monitor evolving tax legislation in the jurisdictions in which it operates.
On July 4, 2025, the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (the “Act”) was enacted into law. The Act includes changes to U.S. tax law that will be applicable to the Company beginning in fiscal year 2026. These changes include provisions allowing accelerated tax deductions for qualified property and research expenditures. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of the Act to our financial statements.
NOTE 16 — EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing (loss) income from continuing operations, (loss) income from discontinued operations, or net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing (loss) income from continuing operations, (loss) income from discontinued operations, or net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, after giving effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period.
Securities that could potentially dilute basic net income per share in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted net income per share as the effect would be anti-dilutive were 3,229,165 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2,781,112 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.
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Basic and diluted earnings per share were calculated as follows:

| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
| Continuing Operations |  | Discontinued Operations |  | Total |  | Continuing Operations |  | Discontinued Operations |  | Total
Net income (loss) | $ | 71,687 |  |  | $ | 69,312 |  |  | $ | 140,999 |  |  | $ | (449,151) |  |  | $ | 15,370 |  |  | $ | (433,781) |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1,528 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,528 |  |  | (1,018) |  |  | 841 |  |  | (177) |
Net income (loss) attributable to B. Riley Financial, Inc. | 70,159 |  |  | 69,312 |  |  | 139,471 |  |  | (448,133) |  |  | 14,529 |  |  | (433,604) |
Preferred stock dividends | 2,015 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,015 |  |  | 2,015 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,015 |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders | $ | 68,144 |  |  | $ | 69,312 |  |  | $ | 137,456 |  |  | $ | (450,148) |  |  | $ | 14,529 |  |  | $ | (435,619) |
| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
| Continuing Operations |  | Discontinued Operations |  | Total |  | Continuing Operations |  | Discontinued Operations |  | Total
Net income (loss) | $ | 51,725 |  |  | $ | 72,707 |  |  | $ | 124,432 |  |  | $ | (510,452) |  |  | $ | 28,717 |  |  | $ | (481,735) |
Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (5,064) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,064) |  |  | (1,021) |  |  | 2,055 |  |  | 1,034 |
Net income (loss) attributable to B. Riley Financial, Inc. | 56,789 |  |  | 72,707 |  |  | 129,496 |  |  | (509,431) |  |  | 26,662 |  |  | (482,769) |
Preferred stock dividends | 4,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,030 |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders | $ | 52,759 |  |  | $ | 72,707 |  |  | $ | 125,466 |  |  | $ | (513,461) |  |  | $ | 26,662 |  |  | $ | (486,799) |

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 30,527,835 |  |  | 30,352,054 |  |  | 30,512,757 |  |  | 30,170,819 |
Effect of dilutive potential common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock units and warrants | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Diluted | 30,527,835 |  |  | 30,352,054 |  |  | 30,512,757 |  |  | 30,170,819 |
Basic net income (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | (14.83) |  |  | $ | 1.73 |  |  | $ | (17.02) |
Discontinued operations | 2.27 |  |  | 0.48 |  |  | 2.38 |  |  | 0.89 |
Basic income (loss) per common share | $ | 4.50 |  |  | $ | (14.35) |  |  | $ | 4.11 |  |  | $ | (16.13) |
Diluted net income (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | (14.83) |  |  | $ | 1.73 |  |  | $ | (17.02) |
Discontinued operations | 2.27 |  |  | 0.48 |  |  | 2.38 |  |  | 0.89 |
Diluted income (loss) per common share | $ | 4.50 |  |  | $ | (14.35) |  |  | $ | 4.11 |  |  | $ | (16.13) |

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NOTE 17 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
(a) Legal Matters
The Company is subject to certain legal and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. In particular, the Company and its subsidiaries are named in and subject to various proceedings and claims arising primarily from the Company’s securities business activities, including lawsuits, arbitration claims, class actions, and regulatory matters. Some of these claims seek substantial compensatory, punitive, or indeterminate damages. The Company and its subsidiaries are also involved in other reviews, investigations, and proceedings by governmental and self-regulatory organizations regarding the Company’s business, which may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions, and other relief. In addition to such legal and other claims, reviews, investigations, and proceedings, the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to the risk of unasserted claims, including, among others, as it relates to matters related to Mr. Kahn and our investment in Freedom VCM. If such claims are made, however, the Company believes it has valid defenses from any such claim and any such claim would be without merit. The Company has not accrued for any such contingent liabilities, but such contingent liabilities could be realized which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition.
On July 11, 2025, the Company’s subsidiary, BRS, received a demand letter from certain parties that invested in a special purpose entity (the “SPV”) that in turn invested in the going private transaction (the “Transaction”) in August 2023 of Franchise Group, Inc. An arbitration demand (the “Demand”) was filed by such parties with the American Arbitration Association on October 10, 2025 against BRS and related entities (the “BR Defendants”). The Demand alleges that the BR Defendants (i) failed to disclose certain material facts regarding FRG and the Transaction in violation of certain securities laws, (ii) committed fraud and/or civil conspiracy, and (iii) breached fiduciary duties and aided and abetted the breach of fiduciary duties. Such investors seek rescission of the aggregate investment amount of $37,500 plus interest thereon and related fees and expenses. The Company believes such claims are meritless and intends to defend such action.
On February 14, 2025, a stockholder derivative complaint was filed by Michael Marchner in the Delaware Chancery Court on behalf of the Company and against the members of the Company’s Board of Directors. The complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s officers and the board of directors (i) breached their fiduciary duties related to the Company’s involvement with Mr. Kahn and subsequent legal issues, (ii) engaged in misconduct, and (iii) wasted corporate assets, including the approval of improper compensation. The Company believes that these claims are meritless and intends to defend this action.
On January 22, 2025, a stockholder derivative complaint was filed by James Smith in the Superior Court for Los Angeles County against the Company, certain of the Company’s executive officers and the members of the Company’s Board of Directors. The complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s officers and directors (i) breached their fiduciary duties related to the Company’s involvement with Mr. Kahn and subsequent legal issues, (ii) engaged in a waste of corporate assets, and (iii) received unjust enrichment. The Company believes that these claims are meritless and intends to defend this action.
On July 9, 2024, a putative class action was filed by Brian Gale, Mark Noble, Terry Philippas and Lawrence Bass in the Delaware Chancery Court against Freedom VCM, Mr. Kahn, Andrew Laurence, Matthew Avril, and the Company. This complaint alleges that former shareholders of FRG suffered damages due to alleged breaches of fiduciary duties by officers, directors and other participants in the August 2023 management-led take private transaction of FRG and that the Company aided and abetted those alleged breaches of fiduciary duties. The claim seeks an award of unspecified damages, rescissory damages and/or quasi-appraisal damages, disgorgement of profits, attorneys’ fees and expenses, and interest thereon. The Company believes these claims are meritless and intends to defend this action.
On July 3, 2024, each of the Company and Bryant Riley, Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer, received a subpoena from the SEC requesting the production of certain documents and other information primarily related to (i) the Company’s business dealings with Mr. Kahn, (ii) certain transactions in an unrelated public company’s securities, and (iii) the communications and related compliance and other policies and procedures of certain of its regulated subsidiaries. On November 22, 2024, each of the Company and Mr. Riley received an additional SEC subpoena requesting the production of certain additional documents and information relating to Franchise Group, Inc. (including its holding company, Freedom VCM Holdings, LLC) as well as Mr. Riley’s personal loan and his pledge of shares of the Company’s common stock as collateral for such loan. As previously disclosed on April 23, 2024, the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors, with the assistance of Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, the Company’s legal counsel, conducted an internal review, and separately the Audit Committee retained Winston & Strawn LLP, independent legal counsel, to conduct an independent investigation, to review transactions among Mr. Kahn (and his affiliates) and the Company (and its affiliates). The review and the investigation both confirmed that the Company and its executives, including Mr. Riley, had no involvement with, or knowledge of, any alleged misconduct concerning Mr. Kahn or any of his affiliates. The receipt of
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subpoenas is not an indication that the SEC or its staff has determined that any violations of law have occurred. Both the Company and Mr. Riley are responding to the subpoenas and are fully cooperating with the SEC.
On May 2, 2024, a putative class action was filed by Ted Donaldson in the Superior Court for the State of California, County of Los Angeles on behalf of all persons who acquired the Company’s senior notes pursuant to the shelf registration statement filed with the SEC on Form S-3 dated January 28, 2021, and the prospectuses filed and published on August 4, 2021 and December 2, 2021 (the “Offerings”). The action asserts claims under §§ 11, 12, and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 against the Company, some of the Company’s current and former officers and directors, and the financial institutions that served as underwriters and book runners for the Offerings. An amended complaint was filed on September 27, 2024. The amended complaint alleges that the offering documents failed to advise investors that Brian Kahn and/or one or more of his controlled entities was engaged in illicit business activities, that the Company, despite the foregoing, continued to finance transactions for Kahn, eventually enabling him and others to take FRG private, and that the foregoing was reasonably likely to draw regulatory scrutiny and reputational harm to the Company. The Company believes these claims are meritless and intends to defend this action.
On January 24, 2024, a putative securities class action complaint was filed by Mike Coan in U.S. Federal District Court, Central District of California, against the Company, Mr. Riley, Tom Kelleher and Phillip Ahn. The purported class includes persons and entities that purchased shares of the Company’s common stock between May 10, 2023 and November 9, 2023. A second putative class action lawsuit was filed on March 15, 2024 by the KL Kamholz Joint Revocable Trust (“Kamholz”). On August 8, 2024, this matter was consolidated with the Kamholz matter and an amended complaint was then filed on April 21, 2025. The amended complaint alleges that the Company failed to disclose to investors material financial details concerning a going private transaction involving FRG, and that the Company made false or misleading statements concerning the Company’s lending practices, its high concentration of risk in transactions involving Mr. Kahn and his affiliates, the condition and composition of the Company’s loan portfolio, the Company’s due diligence and risk management procedures, and the Company’s level of concern and internal scrutiny concerning Mr. Kahn after it learned he was potentially implicated in a fraud involving an unrelated third party. The amended complaint asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company cannot estimate the amount of potential liability, if any, that could arise from these matters and believes these claims are meritless and intends to defend these actions.
On September 21, 2023, BRCC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, received a demand alleging that certain payments to BRCC in the aggregate amount of approximately $32,166 made by Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc. (“Sorrento”), a chapter 11 debtor in U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of Texas (the “Court”), pursuant to that certain Bridge Loan Agreement dated September 30, 2022 between Sorrento and BRCC, are avoidable as preferential transfers (the “Alleged Preferences”). On June 16, 2025, the liquidating trustee (the “Trustee”) on behalf of the Sorrento Liquidating Trust filed a complaint with the Court in an adversary proceeding seeking to avoid and recover the Alleged Preferences. On September 12, 2025, the Court denied BRCC’s motion to dismiss. The Company believes that the liquidating trustee’s claims lack merit and intends to continue to assert its statutory defenses to defeat such claims.
In light of the significant factual issues to be resolved with respect to the asserted claims and other proceedings described above and uncertainties regarding unasserted claims described above, at the present time reasonably possible losses cannot be estimated with respect to the asserted and unasserted claims described in the preceding paragraphs.
(b) Babcock & Wilcox Commitments and Guarantees
On January 18, 2024, the Company entered into a guaranty (the “Axos Guaranty”) in favor of (i) Axos Bank, in its capacity as administrative agent (the “Administrative Agent”) for the secured parties under that certain credit agreement, dated as of January 18, 2024, among B&W, the guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and the Administrative Agent (the “B&W Axos Credit Agreement”), and (ii) the secured parties. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Axos Guaranty, the Company has guaranteed certain obligations of B&W (subject to certain limitations) under the B&W Axos Credit Agreement, including the obligation to repay outstanding loans and letters of credit and to pay earned interest, fees costs and expenses of enforcing the Axos Guaranty, provided however, that the Company’s obligations with respect to the principal amount of credit extensions and unreimbursed letter of credit obligations under the B&W Axos Credit Agreement shall not at any time exceed $150,000 in the aggregate, which is the maximum potential amount of future payments under the guaranty. In consideration for the agreements and commitments under the Axos Guaranty and pursuant to a separate fee and reimbursement agreement, B&W has agreed to pay the Company a fee equal to 2.00% of the aggregate revolving commitments (as defined in the B&W Axos Credit Agreement) under the B&W Axos Credit Agreement, payable quarterly and, at B&W’s election, in cash in full or 50% in cash and 50% in the form of penny warrants. On June 18, 2025, an
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amendment was made to the Axos Guaranty whereby the Company’s obligations as guarantor were suspended until January 1, 2027.
On June 30, 2021, the Company agreed to guaranty (the “Cash Collateral Provider Guaranty”) up to $110,000 of obligations that B&W may owe to providers of cash collateral pledged in connection with a debt financing for B&W. The Cash Collateral Provider Guaranty is enforceable in certain circumstances, including, among others, certain events of default and the acceleration of B&W’s obligations under a reimbursement agreement with respect to such cash collateral. B&W will pay the Company $935 per annum in connection with the Cash Collateral Provider Guaranty. B&W has agreed to reimburse the Company to the extent the Cash Collateral Provider Guaranty is called upon. During the year ended December 31, 2024, B&W paid all of the obligations owed under the Cash Collateral Provider Guaranty and there are no amounts outstanding under this guarantee at December 31, 2024.
On December 22, 2021, the Company entered into a general agreement of indemnity in favor of one of B&W’s sureties. Pursuant to this indemnity agreement, the Company agreed to indemnify the surety in connection with a default by B&W under a €30,000 payment and performance bond issued by the surety in connection with a construction project undertaken by B&W. In consideration for providing the indemnity, B&W paid the Company fees in the amount of $1,694 on January 20, 2022.
On August 10, 2020, the Company entered into a project specific indemnity rider to a general agreement of indemnity made by B&W in favor of one of its sureties. Pursuant to the indemnity rider, the Company agreed to indemnify the surety in connection with a default by B&W under the underlying indemnity agreement relating to a $29,970 payment and performance bond issued by the surety in connection with a construction project undertaken by B&W. In consideration for providing the indemnity rider, B&W paid the Company fees in the amount of $600 on August 26, 2020. During the period ended December 31, 2024, the indemnity rider was reduced to $2,997, which remained outstanding at June 30, 2025.
(c) Other Commitments
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into commitments to its clients in connection with capital raising transactions, such as firm commitment underwritings, equity lines of credit, or other commitments to provide financing on specified terms and conditions. Securities underwriting exposes the Company to market and credit risk, primarily in the event that, for any reason, securities purchased by the Company cannot be distributed at the anticipated price and to balance sheet risk in the event that debt or equity financing commitments cannot be syndicated.
The Company is party to a purchase agreement with a public company (the “Issuer”) under which the Issuer may require the Company to purchase the Issuer’s convertible preferred stock prior to April 30, 2028. If exercised, the Company would remit $25,000 in cash and receive preferred shares at a discount to their stated value, with the preferred stock convertible at the Company’s option into common shares of the Issuer based on a formula tied to market prices. The preferred stock also includes a contingent redemption feature if the Issuer’s common stock declines below a specified price threshold. As of June 30, 2025, the $25,000 commitment remained outstanding and had not been exercised by the Issuer, and no amounts were due. The Company purchased the $25,000 of preferred shares from the Issuer on July 15, 2025.
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NOTE 18 — SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS
(a) Employee Stock Incentive Plans
Under the 2021 B. Riley Stock Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), share-based compensation expense for restricted stock units under the Company’s 2021 Plan was:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense for restricted stock units for continuing operations | $ | 2,649 |  |  | $ | 5,318 |  |  | $ | 5,658 |  |  | $ | 12,859 |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense for restricted stock units for discontinued operations | 822 |  |  | 724 |  |  | 1,038 |  |  | 1,557 |  |  |  |  |
Total share-based compensation expense for restricted stock units | $ | 3,471 |  |  | $ | 6,042 |  |  | $ | 6,696 |  |  | $ | 14,416 |  |  |  |  |

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, in connection with employee stock incentive plans, the Company did not grant any restricted stock units. Share based compensation expense is recorded in the “Selling, general and administrative expenses” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations.
The Company began settling equity-classified restricted stock units in cash and as a result of the past practice, the restricted stock units were reclassified to a liability in January of 2025. The change in classification was accounted for as a modification under ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. The grant date fair value of the original equity award exceeded the fair value of the modified liability award; therefore, the Company continues to recognize compensation expense based on the grant date fair value of the original award and no additional compensation expense was recognized. Further, the changes in fair value of the liability at the end of the reporting period do not impact earnings. The modification was recognized by a reclassification of $2,138 of additional paid-in capital to a liability. The liability represents the fair value of the restricted stock units that have not been settled through the balance sheet date for which the requisite services have been provided by the employees. The fair value of the liability at each balance sheet date is determined based on the Company’s stock price. As of the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company settled $2,287 of restricted stock units in cash and as of June 30, 2025, the liability was $396, which is recorded in the “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet.
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, in connection with employee stock incentive plans, the Company granted 1,223,263 restricted stock units with a grant date fair value of $16,181. The restricted stock units generally vest over a period of one to five years based on continued service. In determining the fair value of restricted stock units on the grant date, the fair value is adjusted for expected dividends based on historical patterns and the Company’s anticipated dividend payments over the expected holding period and the risk-free interest rate based on U.S. Treasuries for a maturity matching the expected holding period.
(b) Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In connection with the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “Purchase Plan”), there was no share based compensation expense during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, share based compensation expense totaled $70 and $307, respectively, of which $57 and $247, respectively, was recorded in continuing operations and $13 and $60, respectively, was recorded in discontinued operations. Share based compensation expense is recorded in the “Selling, general and administrative expenses” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 236,949 shares reserved for issuance under the Purchase Plan.
(c) BRSH Stock Incentive Plan
On March 10, 2025, the Company’s majority-owned subsidiary approved the BRSH Stock Incentive Plan which allows for issuance of up to 4,000,000 restricted stock awards of BRSH. On March 10, 2025, BRSH issued 1,873,600 restricted stock awards, representing approximately 10.0% of the equity of BRSH, to employees and officers with a grant date fair value of $21,657 in conjunction with the acquisition of the shell corporation as more fully described in see Note
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2(n) - Noncontrolling Interests. The grant date fair value of the BRSH restricted stock awards was determined using the same discounted cash flows method and market value approach that was utilized to value the BRSH share issued to owners of the shell corporation as more fully described in Note 2(n) - Noncontrolling Interests with an additional discount of 17.5% for the lack of marketability due to the service condition of the restricted stock awards vesting over a period of up to five years.
The restricted stock awards vest over a period of four to five years based on continued service. The restricted stock awards vest for common stock of BRSH and increase the noncontrolling interest in BRSH, when vested. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, share-based compensation expense of $1,277 and $1,570, respectively, related to the BRSH restricted stock awards was recorded in the “Selling, general and administrative expenses” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
(d) Common Stock and Stock Options Issued
On June 3, 2025, the Company issued 100,000 unregistered shares and options to purchase 300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock in connection with the employment agreement entered into with the Company’s chief financial officer. The 100,000 unregistered shares issued were issued upon execution of the employment agreement as an employment inducement grant that is not subject to vesting conditions and expensed immediately. The fair value of the unregistered shares of $295 was expensed upon issuance. The 300,000 stock options vest in three tranches: (1) 100,000 stock options with an exercise price of $7.00, (2) 100,000 stock options with an exercise price of $10.00 and (3) 100,000 stock options with an exercise price of $12.50. The stock options vest over a three year period based on continued service and accelerate upon a change in control. The maximum term of the stock options is 10 years. The estimated fair value of $523 for the options was determined using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, which included a risk free rate of 4.5%, volatility of 66.5% and expected dividend rate of zero. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, share based compensation expense for the options totaled $14.
NOTE 19 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(a) Common Stock
In November 2023, the Company’s previous share repurchase program for common stock was reauthorized by the Board of Directors for share repurchases up to $50,000 which allowed for the repurchase of common shares and expired in October 2024. The shares repurchased under the program are retired. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock.
(b) Common Stock Warrants
On October 28, 2019, the Company issued 200,000 warrants to purchase common stock of the Company (the “BR Brands Warrants”) in connection with the acquisition of a majority ownership interest in BR Brand Holdings LLC. All of the BR Brands Warrants were vested and exercisable in 2021 on the second anniversary of the acquisition of the majority ownership interest in BR Brand Holdings LLC. In April 2024, 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued in connection with the exercise of warrants for cash in the amount of $653.
In connection with the Oaktree Credit Agreement, on February 26, 2025 (refer to Note 11 - Term Loans and Revolving Credit Facility), the Company issued seven-year warrants to certain affiliates of Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (the “Holders”) to purchase approximately 1,832,290 shares (or 6% on a fully diluted basis) of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price of $5.14 per share. The Warrants contain certain anti-dilution provisions pursuant to which, under certain circumstances, the Holders would be entitled to exercise the Warrants for up to 19.9% of the then-outstanding shares of common stock. The warrants were classified as a liability. At inception on February 26, 2025, the fair value of the warrants were $7,860 and the fair value of the warrants were $4,160 at June 30, 2025 (see Note 2(l) - Fair Value Measurements). The warrant liability of $4,160 at June 30, 2025 is included in other liabilities in Note 13 - Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities and the change in value of the warrant liability of $1,000 and $3,700 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, is included in the “Change in fair value of financial instruments and other” line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
In conjunction with the debt exchanges (see Note 12 - Senior Notes Payable), the Company issued seven-year warrants to the investors to purchase up to 464,236 and 815,248 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $10.00 as of the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The warrants contain certain anti-dilution provisions and upon
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exercise, the warrant holders are entitled to dividends and distributions as if the warrants had been exercised in full prior to the dividend or distribution date. The warrants meet the definition of a derivative and were classified within stockholder’s equity.
The following table summarizes the fair value of the warrants at issuance:

|  | Exchange Date
|  | March 26, 2025 |  | April 7, 2025 |  | May 21, 2025 |  | June 30, 2025
Fair value at issuance |  | $ | 863 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 590 |  |  | $ | 80 |

The estimated fair value of the warrants issued was determined using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model which included the following inputs: value of the underlying common stock at the valuation measurement date, the remaining contractual term of the warrants of seven years, risk-free interest rates ranging from 4.0% to 4.4%, expected dividend yield of 0.0%, and expected volatility of the price of the underlying common stock of 75.0%.
(c) Preferred Stock
There were 2,834 shares of the Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The total liquidation preference for the Series A Preferred Stock as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $73,289 (inclusive of cumulative unpaid dividends of $2,436) and $70,854, respectively. There were no dividends declared or paid on the Series A Preferred Stock during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 dividends paid on the Series A Preferred Stock were $0.4296875 per depository share. On January 21, 2025, the Company announced that it had temporarily suspended dividends on its Series A Preferred Stock. Unpaid dividends will accrue until paid in full.
There were 1,729 shares of the Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The total liquidation preference for the Series B Preferred Stock as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $44,822 (inclusive of cumulative unpaid dividends of $1,594) and $43,228, respectively. There were no dividends declared or paid on the Series B Preferred Stock during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 dividends paid on the Series B Preferred Stock were $0.4609375 per depository share. On January 21, 2025, the Company announced that it had temporarily suspended dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock. Unpaid dividends will accrue until paid in full.
NOTE 20 — NET CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
BRS and B. Riley Wealth Management (“BRWM”), the Company’s broker-dealer subsidiaries, are registered with the SEC as broker-dealers and members of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”). The Company’s broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to SEC Uniform Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3-1) which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital and requires that the ratio of aggregate indebtedness to net capital, both as defined, shall not exceed 15 to 1. As such, they are subject to the minimum net capital requirements promulgated by the SEC. As of June 30, 2025, BRS had net capital of $55,529, which was $52,028 in excess of required minimum net capital of $3,501; and BRWM had net capital of $6,763, which was $5,045 in excess of required minimum net capital of $1,718.
As of December 31, 2024, BRS had net capital of $69,197, which was $65,420 in excess of its required minimum net capital of $3,777; and BRWM had net capital of $16,384, which was $14,832 in excess of its required minimum net capital of $1,552.
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NOTE 21 — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The Company provides asset management and placement agent services to unconsolidated funds affiliated with the Company (the “Funds”). In connection with these services, the Funds may bear certain operating costs and expenses which are initially paid by the Company and subsequently reimbursed by the Funds. Management fees from the Funds during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 totaled $28 and $143, respectively. There were no management fees from the Funds during 2025.
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, amounts due from related parties were $185 and $189, respectively, of which $41, was due from the Funds for management fees and other operating expenses at December 31, 2024.
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, amounts due to related parties were $1,198 and $3,404, respectively, of which $1,198 and $2,764, respectively, related to bebe’s rent to own stores which are franchised through Freedom VCM and consist of royalty fees, inventory purchases, marketing, and IT services.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, royalty fees, marketing, and IT services charged to bebe by Freedom VCM totaled $1,068 and $2,285, respectively, and inventory purchases by bebe from Freedom VCM totaled $2,478 and $5,339, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, royalty fees, marketing, and IT services charged to bebe by Freedom VCM totaled $1,235 and $2,525, respectively, and inventory purchases by bebe from Freedom VCM totaled $3,220 and $6,759, respectively.
In June 2020, the Company entered into an investment advisory services agreement with Whitehawk Capital Partners, L.P. (“Whitehawk”), a limited partnership controlled by Mr. J. Ahn, who is the brother of one of the Company’s executive officer’s who was the Company’s Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer until the executive officer’s departure on June 3, 2025. Whitehawk has agreed to provide investment advisory services for GACP I, L.P. and GACP II, L.P. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, management fees paid for investment advisory services by Whitehawk were $1,237. There were no management fees paid to Whitehawk during the 2025. Whitehawk is no longer a related party upon the departure of the executive officer on June 3, 2025.
The Company periodically participates in loans and financing arrangements for which the Company has an equity ownership and representation on the board of directors (or similar governing body). The Company may also provide consulting services or investment banking services to raise capital for these companies. These transactions can be summarized as follows:
Babcock and Wilcox
B&W is a related party as a result of the Company’s equity investment as more fully described in Note 2(k) - Securities and Other Investments Owned and Securities Sold Not Yet Purchased for which the Company is deemed to have significant influence. One of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries entered into a services agreement with B&W that provided for the President of the Company to serve as the Chief Executive Officer of B&W until November 30, 2020 (the “Executive Consulting Agreement”), unless terminated by either party with thirty days written notice. The agreement was extended through December 31, 2028. Under this agreement, fees for services provided are $750 per annum, paid monthly. In addition, subject to the achievement of certain performance objectives as determined by B&W’s compensation committee of the board, a bonus or bonuses may also be earned and payable to the Company. On September 20, 2024, Kenny Young resigned from his position as the President of the Company, the Executive Consulting Agreement with B&W was terminated, and concurrently Kenny Young entered into a one year consulting agreement to provide services to the Company, pursuant to which he will be paid an annual fee of $250 paid on a monthly basis, subject to deduction of damages, fees and expenses that he may owe to the Company pursuant to this agreement. The Agreement expired on September 20, 2025 in accordance with its original terms.
During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company earned $2,982 and $968, respectively, and during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company earned $3,818 and $1,716, respectively, of underwriting and financial advisory and other fees from B&W in connection with B&W’s capital raising activities which are included in services and fees in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The Company is also a party to indemnification agreements for the benefit of B&W and the B. Riley Guaranty, each as disclosed above in Note 17 – Commitments and Contingencies.
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Applied Digital
Applied Digital is a related party as a result of the chief executive officer of Applied Digital (“APLD”) being a member of senior management of one of the Company’s subsidiaries until February 5, 2024. Another member of senior management of one of the Company’s subsidiaries whose departure from the Company was on March 31, 2025 was also a member of the board of directors of APLD. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an unfunded loan commitment with APLD of $5,500 which was terminated on February 5, 2024. After the departure of the member of senior management of one of the Company’s subsidiaries on March 31, 2025 who was on the board of directors of APLD, APLD is no longer a related party.
California Natural Resources Group, LLC
California Natural Resources Group, LLC (“CalNRG”) was a related party as a result of the Company’s approximately 25.0% equity ownership. CalNRG had a credit facility with a third party bank (the “CalNRG Credit Facility”) and the Company had guaranteed CalNRG’s obligations, up to $7,375, under the CalNRG Credit Facility. On May 23, 2024, the Company sold its equity interest in CalNRG for $9,272 resulting in a realized gain of $254, and no commitments remain.
Freedom VCM Holdings, LLC
On August 21, 2023, FRG completed its take-private transaction. Upon the closing of that transaction, subsidiaries of the Company had a total equity interest in Freedom VCM of $281,144, representing a 31% voting interest and representation on the board of directors of Freedom VCM. The $281,144 equity interest consisted of an equity interest purchased in the take-private transaction of $216,500 and the roll-over of $64,644 of shares in FRG into additional equity interests in Freedom VCM. As part of the FRG take-private transaction, certain members of management of Freedom VCM, which are related parties to Freedom VCM, exchanged their equity interest in FRG for a combined 35% voting interest in Freedom VCM, of which Mr. Kahn and his wife and one of Mr. Kahn’s affiliates comprised 32%. The Company has a first priority security interest in a 25% equity interest of Mr. Kahn (who was also CEO and a board member of Freedom VCM) in Freedom VCM to secure the loan to an affiliate of Mr. Kahn. Freedom VCM and certain of its subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code (the “Freedom VCM Bankruptcy Cases”) on November 3, 2024 which impaired this equity investment, and it was written-off during the year ended December 31, 2024.
In connection with the FRG take-private transaction on August 21, 2023, all of the equity interests of BRRII, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Company, were sold to Freedom VCM Receivables (a subsidiary of Freedom VCM), for a purchase price of $58,872. In connection with the sale, the Company entered into a non-recourse promissory note with another Freedom VCM affiliate in the amount of $58,872, with a stated interest rate of 19.74% and a maturity date of August 21, 2033, with payments of principal and interest limited solely to the performance of certain receivables held by BRRII. Principal and interest is payable based on the collateral without recourse to Freedom VCM Receivables, which includes the performance of certain consumer credit receivables.
On October 9, 2024, the promissory note was cancelled and certain of the receivables owned by BRRII were transferred to B. Riley Receivables, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, all in accordance with the terms of that certain amended and restated funding agreement, dated December 18, 2023, by and among Freedom VCM Interco Holdings, Inc., Freedom VCM Receivables, Inc., BRRII, the Company and certain other parties thereto. This loan was sold on February 7, 2025, and as such, we no longer owned the loan as of June 30, 2025. This loan receivable was measured at fair value in the amount of $3,913 as of December 31, 2024. Interest income on this loan receivable was $2,238 and $4,392 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. There was no interest income on this loan receivable during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.
The Company also had a related party loan receivable with a fair value of approximately $2,169 at December 31, 2024, from home-furnishing retailer W.S. Badcock Corporation (“Badcock”) that is collateralized by consumer finance receivables of Badcock. On December 18, 2023, Badcock was sold by Freedom VCM to Conn’s, and a subsidiary of the Company loaned Conn’s $108,000 pursuant to the Conn’s Term Loan which bears interest at an aggregate rate per annum equal to the Term SOFR Rate (as defined in the Conn’s Term Loan), subject to a 4.80% floor, plus a margin of 8.00% and matures on 8.00%. On February 14, 2024, the Company collected $15,000 of principal payments which reduced the loan balance to $93,000. The commencement of the Chapter 11 Cases by Conn’s and certain of its subsidiaries in July 2024 constituted an event of default that accelerated the obligations under the Conn’s Term Loan. As of the date of the filing of the Chapter 11 Cases, $93,000 in outstanding borrowings existed under the Conn’s Term Loan. Any efforts to enforce payment obligations under the Conn’s Term Loan are automatically stayed as a result of the Chapter 11 Cases and the Company’s rights of enforcement in respect of the Conn’s Term Loan are subject to the applicable provisions of the
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Bankruptcy Code. These loan receivables are reported as related party loan receivables due to the Company’s related party relationship with Freedom VCM and Freedom VCM’s ability to exercise influence over Conn’s as a result of the equity consideration Freedom VCM received from the sale of Badcock to Conn’s on December 18, 2023. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, interest income on these loans totaled $3,388 and $7,538, respectively. There was no interest income on these loans during 2025.
On June 27, 2024 and amended on July 19, 2024, Conn’s entered into a Consulting Agreement (the “Consulting Agreement”), with a then subsidiary of the Company. Pursuant to the Consulting Agreement, Conn’s engaged the Company’s subsidiary to sell merchandise and furniture, fixtures, & equipment as well as additional goods at Conn’s and Badcock stores, headquarters, distribution centers, and cross-dock locations. The Consulting Agreement was assumed by the Conn’s debtors in connection with the Chapter 11 Cases. On November 15, 2024, the Company sold the subsidiary that provided the consulting services to Conn’s in connection with the Great American Group transaction and, accordingly, included in discontinued operations for Great American Group (see Note 4) are $26,106 in revenues from services and fees earned from the Consulting Agreement for the period through November 15, 2024.
Vintage Capital Management - Brian Kahn
As discussed above, in connection with the completion of the FRG take-private transaction, one of the Company’s subsidiaries and VCM, an affiliate of Brian Kahn, (entered into the “Amended and Restated Note”). The Amended and Restated Note in the aggregate principal amount of $200,506 bears interest at the rate of 12% per annum payable-in-kind with a maturity date of December 31, 2027. The Amended and Restated Note required repayments prior to the maturity date from certain proceeds received by VCM, Mr. Kahn, or his affiliates from, among other proceeds, distributions or dividends paid by Freedom VCM in amount equal to the greater of (i) 80% of the net after-tax proceeds, and (ii) 50% of gross proceeds. The obligations under the Amended and Restated Note are primarily secured by a first priority perfected security interest in Freedom VCM equity interests owned by Mr. Kahn and his spouse with a value (based on the transaction price in the FRG take-private transaction) of $227,296 as of the closing of the FRG Take-private transaction. The fair value of the Freedom VCM equity interest owned by Mr. Kahn and his spouse was zero as of December 31, 2024. On November 3, 2024, Freedom VCM filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code which impacted the Freedom FVM equity interest which served as the collateral for this loan receivable. After the impairment of the collateral related to the Freedom equity interest, the fair value of the loan was $2,057 at December 31, 2024 which was determined based on the remaining collateral for this loan which is primarily comprised of other securities. Fair value adjustments on the VCM loan receivable were decreases of $(866) and $(151,147) during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and decreases of $(589) and $(168,385) during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. In light of the Company’s determination that any repayment of the Amended and Restated Note would have been paid primarily from the cash distributions from Freedom VCM or foreclosure on the underlying Freedom VCM equity interest collateral provided by Mr. Kahn and his spouse, the Company has determined that both VCM and Mr. Kahn are related parties as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Interest income was $6,082 and $12,164, respectively during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. There was no interest income during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.
Torticity, LLC
Torticity is a related party as a result of the Company’s equity ownership in the limited liability company and B. Riley’s representation on the Board of Directors (board representation through January 12, 2025). On November 2, 2023, the Company agreed to lend up to $15,369 to Torticity, LLC, of which $6,690 was drawn upon with $8,679 remaining, with interest payable of 15.0% per annum and a maturity date of November 2, 2026. Interest income was $1,256 and $2,465 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. The fair value of the entire loan receivable was impaired with no fair value at December 31, 2024. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, there were amendments to the loan; however, the entire loan remained impaired with no fair value at June 30, 2025 and there has been no interest income on the loan receivable during 2025.
Kanaci Technologies, LLC
On November 21, 2023, the Company agreed to lend up to $10,000 to Kanaci Technologies, LLC (“Kanaci”), of which $4,000 was drawn upon with $6,000 remaining, with interest payable of 15.0% per annum and a maturity date of June 30, 2026. Interest income was $476 and $844 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. In June 2023, one of the Company’s members of senior management was appointed to the board of directors of Kanaci. The loan receivable in the amount of $11,453 was converted to equity on September 30, 2024.
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GA Holdings
GA Holdings is a related party as a result of the Company’s equity investment as fully described in Note 2(m) - Equity Method Investment and B. Riley’s representation on the Board of Directors. Upon closing the Great American Transaction on November 15, 2024, the Company had loans receivable outstanding for three retail liquidation engagements from GA Holdings in the amount of $15,000. The three loans receivable are due and payable upon completion of the retail liquidation engagements and do not accrue interest on the outstanding balance. Two of the loans receivable were paid in full prior to December 31, 2024, and the remaining loan receivable had an outstanding balance of $1,339 at December 31, 2024 which was subsequently paid off during the first quarter of 2025.
The Company also provided GA Holdings with a $25,000 secured revolving credit facility upon closing the Great American Transaction on November 15, 2024, which had an initial outstanding balance of $1,698. As subsequently amended, the revolving commitment was revised to $40,000 for the period March 10, 2025 to June 30, 2025 and reduced back to $25,000 from July 1, 2025 until the maturity date. The secured revolving credit facility is secured by all of the assets of GA Holdings and accrues interest at the annual rate of SOFR plus 4.75% (weighted average rates of 9.05% and 9.27% as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively). Interest income recorded on the loan receivable was $394 and $701 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The loan matures on November 15, 2025. The outstanding balance on the secured revolving credit facility was $4,700 and $1,698 at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. On October 16, 2025, all outstanding amounts due and owing under this facility were repaid in full to BRF and the facility was terminated.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company provided services to GA Holdings in accordance with a transition services agreement for accounting, information technology and other administration services and recorded fee revenues for these services in the amount of $563 and $1,694, respectively. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, amounts due from GA Holdings for these services totaled $185 and $121, respectively.
GA Joann Retail Partnership, LLC
GA Joann Retail Partnership, LLC, formed in February 2025, is a related party as a result of the Company’s equity investment as more fully described in Note 2(m) - Equity Method Investment for which the Company is deemed to have significant influence. On February 27, 2025, BRF, along with other lenders, entered into a credit agreement with GA Joann Retail Partnership, LLC for an aggregate commitment of $52,000, of which BRF is committed to $24,653. The credit agreement bears interest at 10.00% to be paid monthly as payment-in-kind and capitalized into the outstanding principal balance and has a maturity date of November 26, 2025. Interest income recorded on the loan receivable was $9 and $223 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. This loan receivable was paid in full on April 7, 2025.
Other
The Company often provides consulting or investment banking services to raise capital for companies in which the Company has significant influence through equity ownership, representation on the board of directors (or similar governing body), or both. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company earned $1,964 and $2,621 of fees related to these services, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company earned $369 and $548 of fees related to these services, respectively.
The Company’s executive officers and members of the Company’s board of directors had a 15.3% financial interest in the 272LP for the period January 1, 2024 through February 5, 2024. On February 5, 2024, the Company sold its interest in 272LP and 272 Advisors, LLC for a promissory note of $2,000 plus additional revenue sharing up to $4,100, which is based on future management fees earned. After the sale on February 5, 2024, the Company’s executive officers and members of the Company’s board of directors no longer had a financial interest in the 272LP.
The Company established BRC Trust on January 6, 2025, for the purpose of transferring and liquidating the assets of BRCPOF. After the formation of the BRC Trust, BRCPOF transferred its assets and liabilities to the BRC Trust. The Company determined the BRC Trust is a variable interest entity as the investors in the BRC Trust do not have voting rights and substantially all of the activities are conducted on behalf of the Company which owns 13.4% and related parties of the Company which includes executive officer’s and members of the board of directors of the Company owning 58.2% of the equity interest in the Trust. As the Company has the power to direct all of the activities of the BRC Trust, the Company is the primary beneficiary of the Trust and, therefore, consolidated the BRC Trust upon its formation.
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NOTE 22 — BUSINESS SEGMENTS
The Company reports segment information based on the various industries the Company operates and how the businesses are managed. These businesses are aggregated into operating segments in a manner that reflects how the Company views the business activities. The Company’s businesses are operated by separate local management and certain of the Company’s businesses are grouped together when they operate within a similar industry, comprising similarities in products and services, customers, and production processes, and when considered together, may be managed in accordance with one or more investment or operational strategies specific to those businesses. The Company’s five reportable segments reflect the way the Company is managed, and for which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The individuals comprising the role of CODM are the Company’s two Co-Chief Executive Officer’s and the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, who collectively use segment operating income or loss as a measure of a segment’s profit or loss. The segment information the CODM regularly receives does not include asset information and does not use segment asset information to assess performance or allocate resources. Accordingly, asset information is not provided by reportable segment. The measure of assets is reported on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as total assets.
Revenues by segment represent amounts earned on the various services offered within each reportable segment. Our significant operating expenses regularly provided to the CODM and used to assess segment performance and determine the deployment of capital are classified as employee compensation and benefits expense, professional services, occupancy-related costs, other selling, general and administrative expenses, restructuring charge, depreciation and amortization, and impairment of goodwill and intangible assets. Employee compensation and benefits expense consists of salaries, payroll taxes, benefits, incentive compensation payable as commissions and cash bonus awards, and share based compensation for equity awards. Occupancy-related costs consists of office rent, technology and communication costs, and other office expenses. Professional services expense consists of legal, accounting, audit and other consulting expenses. Restructuring charges include expenses related to reorganization and consolidation activities which includes, among other, reductions in workforce and facility closures. Depreciation and amortization expense consists of depreciation expense for property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets. The balance of our operating expenses (other selling, general and administrative expenses) includes costs for travel, marketing and business development, and other operating expenses. Comparable prior year information has been recast to reflect the additional disclosure of employee compensation and benefits by segment, professional services by segment, occupancy-related costs by segment, and other selling, general and administrative expenses by segment, as well as to reflect discontinued operations presentation as described in Note 4 - Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale.
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The following is a summary of certain financial data for each of the Company’s reportable segments:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Capital Markets segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues - Services and fees | $ | 39,095 |  |  | $ | 50,242 |  |  | $ | 64,300 |  |  | $ | 110,589 |
Trading gains (losses), net | 22,480 |  |  | (32,612) |  |  | 5,697 |  |  | (50,879) |
Fair value adjustment on loans | 800 |  |  | (175,582) |  |  | (7,296) |  |  | (187,783) |
Interest income - loans | 3,853 |  |  | 18,508 |  |  | 7,049 |  |  | 40,643 |
Interest income - securities lending | 2,124 |  |  | 24,798 |  |  | 2,964 |  |  | 62,607 |
Total revenues | 68,352 |  |  | (114,646) |  |  | 72,714 |  |  | (24,823) |
Employee compensation and benefits | (29,815) |  |  | (34,679) |  |  | (52,046) |  |  | (73,737) |
Professional services | (1,655) |  |  | (1,060) |  |  | (3,908) |  |  | (2,055) |
Occupancy-related costs | (1,699) |  |  | (1,988) |  |  | (3,791) |  |  | (4,040) |
Other selling, general and administrative expenses | (10,765) |  |  | (12,079) |  |  | (25,335) |  |  | (23,198) |
Interest expense - Securities lending and loan participations sold | (1,968) |  |  | (23,313) |  |  | (2,687) |  |  | (58,696) |
Depreciation and amortization | (692) |  |  | (745) |  |  | (1,383) |  |  | (1,516) |
Segment income (loss) | 21,758 |  |  | (188,510) |  |  | (16,436) |  |  | (188,065) |
Wealth Management segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues - Services and fees | 33,421 |  |  | 49,582 |  |  | 80,087 |  |  | 100,764 |
Trading gains (losses), net | 5,200 |  |  | 1,291 |  |  | 5,812 |  |  | 1,891 |
Total revenues | 38,621 |  |  | 50,873 |  |  | 85,899 |  |  | 102,655 |
Employee compensation and benefits | (29,499) |  |  | (39,303) |  |  | (63,169) |  |  | (79,723) |
Professional services | (582) |  |  | (472) |  |  | (991) |  |  | (944) |
Occupancy-related costs | (4,513) |  |  | (2,877) |  |  | (7,995) |  |  | (6,132) |
Other selling, general and administrative expenses | (4,935) |  |  | (5,505) |  |  | (11,922) |  |  | (10,406) |
Depreciation and amortization | (411) |  |  | (1,048) |  |  | (1,417) |  |  | (2,103) |
Segment (loss) income | (1,319) |  |  | 1,668 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 3,347 |
Communications segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues - Services and fees | 60,732 |  |  | 77,744 |  |  | 123,905 |  |  | 158,814 |
Revenues - Sale of goods | 1,471 |  |  | 1,465 |  |  | 2,772 |  |  | 2,761 |
Total revenues | 62,203 |  |  | 79,209 |  |  | 126,677 |  |  | 161,575 |
Direct cost of services | (29,574) |  |  | (46,274) |  |  | (62,198) |  |  | (95,093) |
Cost of goods sold | (1,717) |  |  | (1,614) |  |  | (3,234) |  |  | (2,973) |
Employee compensation and benefits | (6,956) |  |  | (8,708) |  |  | (14,100) |  |  | (17,839) |
Professional services | (638) |  |  | (1,636) |  |  | (1,587) |  |  | (2,601) |
Occupancy-related costs | (1,947) |  |  | (2,741) |  |  | (3,972) |  |  | (5,332) |
Other selling, general and administrative expenses | (5,595) |  |  | (6,468) |  |  | (11,344) |  |  | (11,699) |
Restructuring charge | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (263) |
Depreciation and amortization | (4,793) |  |  | (5,925) |  |  | (9,583) |  |  | (11,882) |
Segment income | 10,983 |  |  | 5,843 |  |  | 20,659 |  |  | 13,893 |

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Consumer Products segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues - Sale of goods | 43,284 |  |  | 51,424 |  |  | 85,387 |  |  | 102,946 |
Cost of goods sold | (33,031) |  |  | (35,984) |  |  | (64,660) |  |  | (72,864) |
Employee compensation and benefits | (9,158) |  |  | (9,973) |  |  | (19,061) |  |  | (20,416) |
Professional services | (800) |  |  | (2,223) |  |  | (1,975) |  |  | (4,016) |
Occupancy-related costs | (1,483) |  |  | (1,594) |  |  | (2,933) |  |  | (3,178) |
Other selling, general and administrative expenses | (1,228) |  |  | (1,328) |  |  | (2,403) |  |  | (3,033) |
Depreciation and amortization | (1,952) |  |  | (1,931) |  |  | (3,864) |  |  | (3,928) |
Restructuring charge | (36) |  |  | (20) |  |  | (36) |  |  | (546) |
Impairment of goodwill and tradenames | (1,500) |  |  | (27,681) |  |  | (1,500) |  |  | (27,681) |
Segment loss | (5,904) |  |  | (29,310) |  |  | (11,045) |  |  | (32,716) |
E-Commerce segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues - Services and fees | — |  |  | 2,731 |  |  | 3,469 |  |  | 2,731 |
Revenues - Sale of goods | — |  |  | 2,265 |  |  | 3,528 |  |  | 2,265 |
Total revenues | — |  |  | 4,996 |  |  | 6,997 |  |  | 4,996 |
Direct cost of services | — |  |  | (1,590) |  |  | (1,552) |  |  | (1,590) |
Cost of goods sold | — |  |  | (1,610) |  |  | (3,131) |  |  | (1,610) |
Employee compensation and benefits | — |  |  | (2,553) |  |  | (3,153) |  |  | (2,553) |
Professional services | — |  |  | (1,007) |  |  | (2,141) |  |  | (1,007) |
Occupancy-related costs | — |  |  | (1,036) |  |  | (642) |  |  | (1,036) |
Other selling, general and administrative expenses | — |  |  | (1,071) |  |  | (2,454) |  |  | (1,071) |
Depreciation and amortization | — |  |  | (370) |  |  | (38) |  |  | (370) |
Segment loss | — |  |  | (4,241) |  |  | (6,114) |  |  | (4,241) |
Consolidated operating income (loss) from reportable segments | 25,518 |  |  | (214,550) |  |  | (12,531) |  |  | (207,782) |
All Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues - Services and fees | 11,961 |  |  | 22,610 |  |  | 31,157 |  |  | 44,092 |
Revenues - Sale of goods | 318 |  |  | 419 |  |  | 841 |  |  | 1,034 |
Total revenues | 12,279 |  |  | 23,029 |  |  | 31,998 |  |  | 45,126 |
Direct cost of services | (3,642) |  |  | (10,815) |  |  | (12,166) |  |  | (21,666) |
Cost of goods sold | (365) |  |  | (550) |  |  | (821) |  |  | (1,138) |
Employee compensation and benefits | (4,073) |  |  | (5,454) |  |  | (9,320) |  |  | (11,508) |
Professional services | (573) |  |  | (821) |  |  | (1,230) |  |  | (1,418) |
Occupancy-related costs | (2,930) |  |  | (2,485) |  |  | (3,935) |  |  | (5,165) |
Other selling, general and administrative expenses | (650) |  |  | (2,954) |  |  | (6,732) |  |  | (5,838) |
Depreciation and amortization | (618) |  |  | (1,508) |  |  | (2,028) |  |  | (2,591) |
Corporate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues - Services and fees | 563 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,693 |  |  | — |
Employee compensation and benefits | (9,642) |  |  | (11,096) |  |  | (20,280) |  |  | (24,548) |
Professional services | (7,408) |  |  | (5,286) |  |  | (18,047) |  |  | (16,572) |
Occupancy-related costs | (1,708) |  |  | (1,970) |  |  | (3,335) |  |  | (3,935) |
Other selling, general and administrative expenses | 4,530 |  |  | 2,032 |  |  | 6,690 |  |  | 8,739 |
Depreciation and amortization | (181) |  |  | (152) |  |  | (333) |  |  | (303) |
Restructuring charge | (285) |  |  | — |  |  | (285) |  |  | — |

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Operating income (loss) | 10,815 |  |  | (232,580) |  |  | (50,662) |  |  | (248,599) |
Interest income | 492 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 1,978 |  |  | 1,460 |
Dividend income | 122 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 3,464 |
Realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments | 10,216 |  |  | (155,241) |  |  | (4,284) |  |  | (190,165) |
Change in fair value of financial instruments and other | 11,884 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,806 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale and deconsolidation of businesses | 5,372 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,213 |  |  | 314 |
Gain on senior note exchange | 44,454 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,986 |  |  | — |
Income from equity investments | 25,603 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 25,051 |  |  | 6 |
(Loss) gain on extinguishment of debt | (10,266) |  |  | 120 |  |  | (20,693) |  |  | 120 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | — |  |  | (156) |  |  | (49) |  |  | (312) |
Communications segment | (1,560) |  |  | (2,407) |  |  | (3,213) |  |  | (5,017) |
Consumer Products segment | (443) |  |  | (1,014) |  |  | (860) |  |  | (2,445) |
E-Commerce segment | — |  |  | (257) |  |  | (396) |  |  | (257) |
Corporate and other | (21,949) |  |  | (29,700) |  |  | (49,398) |  |  | (61,168) |
Interest expense | (23,952) |  |  | (33,534) |  |  | (53,916) |  |  | (69,199) |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 74,740 |  |  | (419,968) |  |  | 51,736 |  |  | (502,599) |
Provision for income taxes | (3,053) |  |  | (29,183) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (7,853) |
Income (loss) from continuing operations | 71,687 |  |  | (449,151) |  |  | 51,725 |  |  | (510,452) |
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | 69,312 |  |  | 15,370 |  |  | 72,707 |  |  | 28,717 |
Net income (loss) | 140,999 |  |  | (433,781) |  |  | 124,432 |  |  | (481,735) |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1,528 |  |  | (177) |  |  | (5,064) |  |  | 1,034 |
Net income (loss) attributable to B. Riley Financial, Inc. | 139,471 |  |  | (433,604) |  |  | 129,496 |  |  | (482,769) |
Preferred stock dividends | 2,015 |  |  | 2,015 |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | 4,030 |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders | $ | 137,456 |  |  | $ | (435,619) |  |  | $ | 125,466 |  |  | $ | (486,799) |

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The following table presents revenues by geographical area:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Services and fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America | $ | 145,772 |  |  | $ | 202,909 |  |  | $ | 304,611 |  |  | $ | 416,990 |
Trading gains (losses), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America | 27,680 |  |  | (31,321) |  |  | 11,509 |  |  | (48,988) |
Fair value adjustments on loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America | 800 |  |  | (175,582) |  |  | (7,296) |  |  | (187,783) |
Interest income - loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America | 3,853 |  |  | 18,508 |  |  | 7,049 |  |  | 40,643 |
Interest income - securities lending |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America | 2,124 |  |  | 24,798 |  |  | 2,964 |  |  | 62,607 |
Sale of goods |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America | 22,598 |  |  | 28,885 |  |  | 48,819 |  |  | 57,765 |
Australia | 2,563 |  |  | 3,837 |  |  | 4,682 |  |  | 6,461 |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa | 12,743 |  |  | 13,140 |  |  | 24,970 |  |  | 26,952 |
Asia | 5,327 |  |  | 6,780 |  |  | 10,277 |  |  | 13,134 |
Latin America | 1,842 |  |  | 2,931 |  |  | 3,780 |  |  | 4,694 |
Total - Sale of goods | 45,073 |  |  | 55,573 |  |  | 92,528 |  |  | 109,006 |
Total Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America | 202,827 |  |  | 68,197 |  |  | 367,656 |  |  | 341,234 |
Australia | 2,563 |  |  | 3,837 |  |  | 4,682 |  |  | 6,461 |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa | 12,743 |  |  | 13,140 |  |  | 24,970 |  |  | 26,952 |
Asia | 5,327 |  |  | 6,780 |  |  | 10,277 |  |  | 13,134 |
Latin America | 1,842 |  |  | 2,931 |  |  | 3,780 |  |  | 4,694 |
Total Revenues | $ | 225,302 |  |  | $ | 94,885 |  |  | $ | 411,365 |  |  | $ | 392,475 |

The following table presents long-lived assets, which consists of property and equipment, net, by geographical area:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Long-lived Assets - Property and Equipment, net: |  |  |
North America | $ | 18,196 |  |  | $ | 18,327 |
Europe | 148 |  |  | 217 |
Asia Pacific | 58 |  |  | 81 |
Australia | 50 |  |  | 54 |
Total | $ | 18,452 |  |  | $ | 18,679 |

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Segment assets are not reported to, or used by, the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker to allocate resources to, or assess performance of the segments and therefore, total segment assets have not been disclosed.
NOTE 23 — SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Exchange of Senior Notes
As discussed in more detail in Note 12 - Senior Notes Payable with respect to prior private exchange transactions, on July 11, 2025, the Company completed private exchange transactions with institutional investors pursuant to which aggregate principal amounts of Exchanged Notes of approximately $2,061 of the 6.50% Senior Notes Payable due September 30, 2026, $19,682 of the 5.00% Senior Notes due December 2026, $4,706 of the 6.00% Senior Notes due January 2028, and $16,389 of the 5.25% Senior Notes due August 2028 owned by the investors were exchanged for approximately $24,611 aggregate principal amount of newly-issued New Notes, whereupon the Exchanged Notes were cancelled.
Name Change
On November 11, 2025, the Company announced that our corporate name will be changed from B. Riley Financial, Inc. to BRC Group Holdings, Inc. (the “Name Change”), effective on January 1, 2026. Our trading symbol (“RILY”) and our CUSIP (05580M 108) will not change.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This report contains forward-looking statements. These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “future,” “intend,” “seek,” “likely,” “potential” or “continue,” the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions. Actual events or results may differ materially.
Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements. Moreover, neither we, nor any other person, assume responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We are under no obligation to update any of the forward-looking statements after the filing of this Quarterly Report to conform such statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Readers are also urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us which attempt to advise interested parties of the factors which affect our business, including without limitation the disclosures made in Item 1A of Part II of this Quarterly Report under the caption “Risk Factors.”
Risk factors that could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: volatility in our revenues and results of operations; changing conditions in the financial markets; matters related to our investment in Freedom VCM Holdings, LLC (“Freedom VCM”) and developments related to our prior business relationship with Brian Kahn (the former CEO of Freedom VCM); the receipt by the Company and Bryant Riley of subpoenas from the SEC; material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting; our ability to generate sufficient revenues to achieve and maintain profitability; our exposure to credit risk; the short term nature of our engagements; failure to successfully compete in any of our businesses; our dependence on communications, information and other systems and third parties; the potential loss of financial institution clients; the illiquidity of, and additional potential losses from, our proprietary investments; changing economic and market conditions, including inflation and any actions by the Federal Reserve to address inflation, and the possibility of recession or an economic downturn; the effects of tariffs and other governmental initiatives, and related impacts including supply chain disruptions, labor shortages and increased labor costs; potential liability and harm to our reputation if we were to provide an inaccurate appraisal or valuation; potential mark-downs in inventory in connection with purchase transactions; loss of key personnel; our ability to borrow under our credit facilities; failure to comply with the terms of our credit agreements or senior notes; the level of our indebtedness; our ability to meet future capital requirements; our ability to realize the benefits of our completed acquisitions, including our ability to achieve anticipated opportunities and cost savings, and accretion to reported earnings estimated to result from completed and proposed acquisitions in the time frame expected by management or at all; the diversion of management time on divestiture -related issues; the impact of legal proceedings, including in respect of matters related to Freedom VCM and Brian Kahn; the activities of short sellers and their impact on our business and reputation; and the effect of geopolitical instability, including wars, conflicts and terrorist attacks, including the impacts of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Except as otherwise required by the context, references in this Quarterly Report to the “Company,” “B. Riley,” “B. Riley Financial,” “BRC,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to the combined business of B. Riley Financial, Inc. and all of its subsidiaries.
Overview
Description of the Company
B. Riley Financial Inc. (NASDAQ: RILY) (the “Company”) which is changing its name to BRC Group Holdings, Inc. (“BRC”) effective on January 1, 2026, is a diversified portfolio of companies, including financial services, telecom, and retail, and investments in equity, debt and venture capital. Our core financial services platform provides small cap and middle market companies customized end-to-end solutions at every stage of the enterprise life cycle. Our banking business offers comprehensive services in capital markets, sales, trading, research, merchant banking, M&A, and restructuring. Our wealth management business offers wealth management and financial planning services including brokerage, investment management, insurance, and tax preparation. Our telecom businesses provide consumer and business services including traditional, mobile and cloud phone, internet and data, security, and email. Our retail companies provide home furnishings
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and mobile computing accessories. BRC deploys its capital inside and outside its core financial services platform to generate shareholder value through opportunistic investments.
The Company also opportunistically invests in and acquires companies or assets with attractive risk-adjusted return, with a focus on making operational improvements within these companies in an effort to maximize free cash flow.
We are headquartered in Los Angeles, California and maintain offices throughout the U.S. including in New York, Chicago, Metro District of Columbia, Boston, Memphis, Miami, San Francisco, Boca Raton, and Palm Beach, as well as additional offices located in Canada, Europe, Asia, and Australia.
Our Business Segments
We maintain a diverse composition of businesses that operate in five reportable segments: Capital Markets, Wealth Management, Communications, Consumer Products, and E-Commerce segment. The descriptions below illustrate the businesses that comprise our segments.
Management evaluates many different financial and non-financial metrics to assess the individual performance of each of these various business segments. However, across most businesses, management primarily assesses each business’s financial performance based upon each of the businesses revenues and operating profits generated excluding non-cash charges and the impact of gains and losses related to securities and other investments held. Management believes that gains and losses on individual investments are generally impacted by individual characteristics specific to each investment and although this has an impact on our overall financial performance the impact of these gains and losses may not be indicative of the overall strength or weakness in each of our business operations. Additionally, in evaluating the financial performance of each of our businesses, management monitors the increase or decrease in operating results from period to period while factoring in the relative volatility inherent in each industry in which these businesses operate. Management recognizes that some of the Company’s businesses exhibit more volatile results.
Capital Markets Segment – We provide investment banking, equity research and institutional brokerage services to publicly traded and privately held companies, institutional investors, and financial sponsors; fund and asset management services to institutional and high-net-worth individual investors; and direct lending services to middle market companies. We also trade equity securities as a principal for our account, including investments in funds managed by our subsidiaries. We maintain an investment portfolio comprised of public and private equities and debt securities. We also opportunistically provide loans to our clients, and we engage in securities-based lending which involves the borrowing and lending of equity and fixed income securities.
Our investment approach is value-oriented and represents a core competency of our capital markets strategy. We act as an advisor to our clients, which at times involves complex transactions consistent with our value-oriented investment philosophy. We often provide consulting, capital raising, or investment banking services for companies in which B. Riley may have significant influence through equity ownership, representation on the board of directors (or similar governing body), or both.
Wealth Management Segment – We provide retail brokerage, investment management, and insurance, and tax preparation services to individuals and families, small businesses, non-profits, trusts, foundations, endowments, and qualified retirement plans through a boutique private wealth and investment management firm to meet the individual financial needs and goals of our customers. Our experienced financial advisors provide investment management, retirement planning, education planning, wealth transfer and trust coordination, and lending and liquidity solutions. Our investment strategists provide strategies and real-time market views and commentary to help our clients make important and informed financial and investment decisions.
Communications Segment – We own a number of businesses that comprises our Communications Segment that we have acquired for attractive risk-adjusted investment return characteristics. We may pursue future acquisitions to expand this portfolio of businesses which currently includes: Lingo Management, LLC (“Lingo”), a global cloud/unified communications and managed service provider that includes the operations of BullsEye Telecom, Inc. (“BullsEye”), a single source communications and cloud technology provider (previously merged into Lingo); Marconi Wireless Holdings, LLC (“Marconi Wireless”), a mobile virtual network operator that provides mobile phone voice, text, and data services and devices; magicJack VoIP Services, LLC (“magicJack”), a VoIP cloud-based technology and communications provider that offers related devices and subscription services; and United Online, Inc. (“UOL”), an Internet access provider that offers dial-up, mobile broadband and digital subscriber line services under the NetZero and Juno brands.
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Consumer Products Segment – This segment is comprised of Tiger US Holdings, Inc. (“Targus”), which is a multinational company that, together with its subsidiaries, designs, manufactures, and sells consumer and enterprise productivity products with a large business-to-business (B2B) customer client base and global distribution in over 100 countries. The Targus product line includes laptop and tablet cases, backpacks, universal docking stations, and computer accessories.
E-Commerce Segment – This segment is comprised of Nogin, Inc. (“Nogin”), which is a technology platform operating e-commerce stores that delivers Commerce-as-a-Service (“CaaS”) solutions for apparel brands and other retailers. The Company manages clients’ front-to-back-end operations of the e-commerce stores and also provides marketing services to their clients. The Company’s business model is based on providing a comprehensive e-commerce solution to its customers on a revenue sharing basis.
Our operating results are primarily comprised of the operations of these businesses within our five reportable operating segments. However, we also generate revenues from other businesses that we may acquire with the goal to expand their operations, drive growth, and create operational efficiencies to improve cash flows to reinvest across other business operations in our platform. These businesses are typically in fragmented markets and include the operations of a regional environmental services business, and bebe which operates rent-to-own stores.
In prior years, we also generated operating revenues from our majority owned subsidiary that licenses the trademarks and intellectual properties from our ownership of six brands: Catherine Malandrino, English Laundry, Joan Vass, Kensie Girl, Limited Too and Nanette Lepore, and we generated other income from dividends we receive from our equity ownership of investments that range from 10% to 50% in companies that license the trademark and intellectual property of the Hurley, Justice, and Scotch & Soda brands and bebe and Brookstone brands (equity ownership of bebe stores, inc. (“bebe”), our majority owned subsidiary). We also reported fair value adjustments from these equity investments since we elected to account for these equity investments using the fair value method of accounting. These operating results are included in discontinued operations and are expected to be deconsolidated as a result of the Sale by bebe and completion of the secured financing of the Brand Interests as discussed in Note 4 - Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
Securities and Other Investments Owned Portfolio – We have a portfolio of securities and other investments owned that consists of public equity securities, private equity securities, corporate bonds, other fixed income securities, and partnership interests and other investments as follows at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Public Equity Securities: |  |  |  |
Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. - common stock |  | $ | 26,406 |  |  | $ | 45,012 |
Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. - preferred stock |  | 1,355 |  |  | 1,528 |
Double Down Interactive Co., Ltd - common stock |  | 34,515 |  |  | 43,706 |
Synchronoss Technologies, Inc. - common stock |  | 1,970 |  |  | 7,200 |
Other public equities |  | 24,683 |  |  | 27,446 |
Total public equity securities |  | 88,929 |  |  | 124,892 |
Private Equity Securities: |  |  |  |
Other private equities |  | 97,943 |  |  | 107,616 |
Total private equity securities |  | 97,943 |  |  | 107,616 |
Total equity securities |  | 186,872 |  |  | 232,508 |
Corporate bonds |  | 33,252 |  |  | 29,027 |
Other fixed income securities |  | 159 |  |  | 4,923 |
Partnership interest and other |  | 22,069 |  |  | 15,867 |
Total securities and other investments owned |  | $ | 242,352 |  |  | $ | 282,325 |

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Securities and other investments owned was $242.4 million and $282.3 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Of this amount, the carrying value of equity securities totaled $186.9 million and $232.5 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Of these amounts, public equity securities totaled $88.9 million and $124.9 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and private equity securities totaled $97.9 million and $107.6 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
The carrying value of Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc’s (“B&W”). - common stock held as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $26.4 million and $45.0 million, respectively. The change in the carrying value for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was due to a decrease in the public share price during the period.
The carrying value of our Double Down Interactive Co., Ltd common stock held as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $34.5 million and $43.7 million, respectively. The change in the carrying value for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily driven by sales of the securities and, to a lesser extent, a decrease in the public share price during the period.
The carrying value of our investments in other public equities held as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $24.7 million and $27.4 million, respectively. The change in the carrying value for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was driven by sales of certain other public equity securities and, to a lesser extent, decreases in the public share prices during the period.
The carrying value of our investments in other private equities held as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $97.9 million and $107.6 million, respectively. The decrease in the carrying value for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was driven by sales of certain private securities and, to a lesser extent, decreases in fair values during the period.
Recent Developments
Exchange of Senior Notes
As discussed in more detail in Note 12 - Senior Notes Payable with respect to prior private exchange transactions, on July 11, 2025, the Company completed private exchange transactions with institutional investors pursuant to which aggregate principal amounts of approximately $2.1 million of the 6.50% Senior Notes Payable due September 30, 2026, $19.7 million of the 5.00% Senior Notes due December 2026, $4.7 million of the 6.00% Senior Notes due January 2028, and $16.4 million of the 5.25% Senior Notes due August 2028 (collectively, the “Exchanged Notes”) owned by the investors were exchanged for approximately $24.6 million aggregate principal amount of newly-issued 8.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2028 (the “New Notes”), whereupon the Exchanged Notes were cancelled.
Targus/FGI Credit Agreement
On August 20, 2025, Targus (“Targus Borrower”) and certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries (the “FGI Loan Parties”) entered into a Revolving Credit, Receivables Purchase, Security and Guaranty Agreement (the “Targus/FGI Credit Agreement”) with FGI Worldwide LLC (“FGI”), as agent and for a three-year $30.0 million revolving loan facility, the proceeds of which were used to refinance and repay all obligations under the existing Targus Credit Agreement (as more fully discussed in Note 11 — Term Loans and Revolving Credit Facility) with PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC”). The final maturity date of the Targus/FGI Credit Agreement is August 20, 2028. The Targus/FGI Credit Agreement is a revolving line of credit facility with a receivables purchase feature under which the purchase of eligible receivables is on a full recourse basis with each borrower retaining the risk of non-payment. The revolving loans bear interest at the greater of (a) 5.25% per annum or (b) 3.00% above the term Secured Overnight Financing Rate for a period of 1 month plus 10 basis points, plus (c) 0.30% per month collateral management fee. The Targus/FGI Credit Agreement is secured by (i) a first priority perfected security interest in and a lien upon all of the assets of the FGI Loan Parties, and (ii) a pledge of all of the equity interests of the Borrower and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. The Targus/FGI Credit Agreement contains certain covenants, including those limiting the FGI Loan Parties’ ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, sell or acquire assets or businesses, change the nature of their businesses, engage in transactions with related parties, make certain investments or pay dividends. The Targus/FGI Credit Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants, and events of default, including payment defaults, breach of representations and warranties, covenant defaults and cross defaults. If an uncured event of default occurs, FGI would be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts outstanding under the Targus/FGI Credit Agreement. As required under the Targus/FGI Credit Agreement, B. Riley Commercial Capital, LLC (“BRCC”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an amendment to an existing intercompany loan and security agreement to extend an additional
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subordinated loan to the Targus Borrower at the closing of the Targus/FGI Credit Agreement in the amount of $5.0 million increasing the aggregate principal amount of such loan from $5.0 million to $10.0 million.
Name Change
On November 11, 2025, the Company announced that it will change its name to BRC Group Holdings, Inc., effective on January 1, 2026.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. The estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and on other factors that management believes to be reasonable. Actual results may significantly differ from those estimates. Critical accounting estimates represent the areas where more significant judgments and estimates are used in the preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. A discussion of such critical accounting estimates, which include fair value measurements, goodwill and other intangible assets, and accounting for income tax valuation allowances can be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
At June 30, 2025 qualitative factors indicated it could be more likely than not that the carrying value of the Targus tradename in the Consumer Products segment could be impaired. In order to estimate the fair value of the Targus tradename management must make certain estimates and assumptions which, among other things, included an assessment of market conditions, projected cash flows, discount rates, and revenue growth rates. The inputs for the fair value calculations included a 3.5% growth rate to calculate the terminal value, a discount rate of 22.2%, and a royalty rate of 1.5%. This resulted in an impairment charge for the Targus tradename in the amount of $1.5 million at June 30, 2025. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and any impairment charge for the tradename. Any changes from our current estimates and assumptions that result in materially different estimates and assumptions in the future in response to changing economic conditions, changes in our business or for other reasons could result in the recognition of additional impairment charges in future periods. There were no impairments of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangibles of other reporting units identified in an interim basis during the six months ended June 30, 2025.
Results of Operations
The following period to period comparisons of our financial results and our interim results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Dollars in thousands)
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| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Amount |  | %
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services and fees | $ | 145,772 |  |  | $ | 202,909 |  |  | $ | (57,137) |  |  | (28.2) | %
Trading gains (losses), net | 27,680 |  |  | (31,321) |  |  | 59,001 |  |  | (188.4) | %
Fair value adjustments on loans | 800 |  |  | (175,582) |  |  | 176,382 |  |  | (100.5) | %
Interest income - loans | 3,853 |  |  | 18,508 |  |  | (14,655) |  |  | (79.2) | %
Interest income - securities lending | 2,124 |  |  | 24,798 |  |  | (22,674) |  |  | (91.4) | %
Sale of goods | 45,073 |  |  | 55,573 |  |  | (10,500) |  |  | (18.9) | %
Total revenues | 225,302 |  |  | 94,885 |  |  | 130,417 |  |  | 137.4 | %
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct cost of services | 33,216 |  |  | 58,679 |  |  | (25,463) |  |  | (43.4) | %
Cost of goods sold | 35,113 |  |  | 39,758 |  |  | (4,645) |  |  | (11.7) | %
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 142,369 |  |  | 178,014 |  |  | (35,645) |  |  | (20.0) | %
Restructuring charge | 321 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 301 |  |  | n/m
Impairment of goodwill and tradenames | 1,500 |  |  | 27,681 |  |  | (26,181) |  |  | (94.6) | %
Interest expense - Securities lending and loan participations sold | 1,968 |  |  | 23,313 |  |  | (21,345) |  |  | (91.6) | %
Total operating expenses | 214,487 |  |  | 327,465 |  |  | (112,978) |  |  | (34.5) | %
Operating income (loss) | 10,815 |  |  | (232,580) |  |  | 243,395 |  |  | (104.7) | %
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 492 |  |  | 797 |  |  | (305) |  |  | (38.3) | %
Dividend income | 122 |  |  | 460 |  |  | (338) |  |  | (73.5) | %
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments | 10,216 |  |  | (155,241) |  |  | 165,457 |  |  | (106.6) | %
Change in fair value of financial instruments and other | 11,884 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,884 |  |  | n/m
Gain on sale and deconsolidation of businesses | 5,372 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,372 |  |  | n/m
Gain on senior note exchange | 44,454 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,454 |  |  | n/m
Income from equity investments | 25,603 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 25,593 |  |  | n/m
(Loss) gain on extinguishment of debt | (10,266) |  |  | 120 |  |  | (10,386) |  |  | n/m
Interest expense | (23,952) |  |  | (33,534) |  |  | 9,582 |  |  | (28.6) | %
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 74,740 |  |  | (419,968) |  |  | 494,708 |  |  | (117.8) | %
Provision for income taxes | (3,053) |  |  | (29,183) |  |  | 26,130 |  |  | (89.5) | %
Income (loss) from continuing operations | 71,687 |  |  | (449,151) |  |  | 520,838 |  |  | (116.0) | %
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | 69,312 |  |  | 15,370 |  |  | 53,942 |  |  | n/m
Net income (loss) | 140,999 |  |  | (433,781) |  |  | 574,780 |  |  | (132.5) | %
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1,528 |  |  | (177) |  |  | 1,705 |  |  | n/m
Net income (loss) attributable to B. Riley Financial, Inc. | 139,471 |  |  | (433,604) |  |  | 573,075 |  |  | (132.2) | %
Preferred stock dividends | 2,015 |  |  | 2,015 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders | $ | 137,456 |  |  | $ | (435,619) |  |  | $ | 573,075 |  |  | (131.6) | %
n/m - Not applicable or not meaningful. |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Revenues
The table below and the discussion that follows are based on how we analyze our business.

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Amount |  | % |
Services and fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | $ | 39,095 |  |  | $ | 50,242 |  |  | $ | (11,147) |  |  | (22.2) | % |
Wealth Management segment | 33,421 |  |  | 49,582 |  |  | (16,161) |  |  | (32.6) | % |
Communications segment | 60,732 |  |  | 77,744 |  |  | (17,012) |  |  | (21.9) | % |
E-Commerce segment | — |  |  | 2,731 |  |  | (2,731) |  |  | (100.0) | % |
All Other | 12,524 |  |  | 22,610 |  |  | (10,086) |  |  | (44.6) | % |
Subtotal | 145,772 |  |  | 202,909 |  |  | (57,137) |  |  | (28.2) | % |
Trading gains (losses), net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | 22,480 |  |  | (32,612) |  |  | 55,092 |  |  | (168.9) | % |
Wealth Management segment | 5,200 |  |  | 1,291 |  |  | 3,909 |  |  | n/m |
Subtotal | 27,680 |  |  | (31,321) |  |  | 59,001 |  |  | (188.4) | % |
Fair value adjustments on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | 800 |  |  | (175,582) |  |  | 176,382 |  |  | (100.5) | % |
Interest income - loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | 3,853 |  |  | 18,508 |  |  | (14,655) |  |  | (79.2) | % |
Interest income - securities lending: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | 2,124 |  |  | 24,798 |  |  | (22,674) |  |  | (91.4) | % |
Sale of goods: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Communications segment | 1,471 |  |  | 1,465 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 0.4 | % |
Consumer Products segment | 43,284 |  |  | 51,424 |  |  | (8,140) |  |  | (15.8) | % |
E-Commerce segment | — |  |  | 2,265 |  |  | (2,265) |  |  | (100.0) | % |
All Other | 318 |  |  | 419 |  |  | (101) |  |  | (24.1) | % |
Subtotal | 45,073 |  |  | 55,573 |  |  | (10,500) |  |  | (18.9) | % |
Total revenues | $ | 225,302 |  |  | $ | 94,885 |  |  | $ | 130,417 |  |  | 137.4 | % |

_______________________________________________
n/m - Not applicable or not meaningful.
Total revenues increased $130.4 million to $225.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $94.9 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The increase in revenues during the three months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily due to increases in fair value adjustments on loans of $176.4 million, and increases in fair value of the portfolio of securities and other investments owned of $59.0 million, partially offset by decreases in revenues from services and fees of $57.1 million, interest income from securities lending of $22.7 million, interest income from loans of $14.7 million, and sale of goods of $10.5 million. Of the $176.4 million increase in fair value adjustments related to loans, $150.3 million related to the loan to Vintage Capital Management, LLC (“VCM”), $12.0 million related to Freedom VCM Receivables, Inc. (“Freedom VCM”), $7.4 million related to W.S. Badcock Corporation (“Badcock”) and $7.2 million related to the loan to Conn’s Inc. (“Conn’s”). The decrease in revenue of $57.1 million from services and fees in the three
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months ended June 30, 2025 consisted of decreases in revenue of $17.0 million in the Communications segment, $16.2 million in the Wealth Management segment, $11.1 million in the Capital Markets segment, $10.1 million in All Other, and $2.7 million in the E-Commerce segment.
Revenues from services and fees in the Capital Markets segment decreased $11.1 million to $39.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $50.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in revenues was primarily due to decreases of $7.7 million of corporate finance, consulting, and investment banking fees, $2.4 million in commission fees, $1.7 million of interest income, $0.4 million in asset management fees, and $0.4 million in dividends, partially offset by an increase of $1.5 million in other income. The decrease in investment banking revenues is related to the episodic nature of this business and the decline in business due to the late SEC filings of the parent company. The decreases in investment banking revenues were $22.9 million in at the market fees, $9.4 million in mergers and acquisitions advisory fees, $5.2 million in investment banking underwriting fees, and $2.9 million in private placement fees.
Revenues from the Wealth Management segment are comprised of the following:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Revenues - Services and fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brokerage revenues | $ | 15,369 |  |  | $ | 22,824 |  |  |  |  |
Advisory revenues | 12,163 |  |  | 20,216 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 5,889 |  |  | 6,542 |  |  |  |  |
Total services and fees revenue | 33,421 |  |  | 49,582 |  |  |  |  |
Trading gains, net | 5,200 |  |  | 1,291 |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues | $ | 38,621 |  |  | $ | 50,873 |  |  |  |  |

Revenues from brokerage and advisory decreased $15.5 million to $27.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $43.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in revenues was primarily due to decreases in revenue of from wealth and asset management fees due to a reduction in AUM which was driven by a loss of headcount of wealth management advisors and the Stifel transaction in April 2025. Refer to Note 4 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information. Total assets under management were approximately $13.7 billion and $25.6 billion at June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. Of these amounts, advisory assets under management totaled approximately $4.6 billion at June 30, 2025 and $8.0 billion at June 30, 2024. Advisory revenues were 0.27% and 0.25% of average advisory assets under management during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The average revenues earned on advisory assets under management are not expected to fluctuate significantly from period to period as a percentage of advisory assets under management. Broker revenues are primarily comprised of commissions and fees earned from trading activities from brokerage client assets. Other revenues is primarily comprised of tax service fees and management fees earned from comprehensive client focused services performed.
Revenues from services and fees in the Communications segment decreased $17.0 million to $60.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $77.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in revenues was primarily due to decreases in subscription revenue of $16.7 million, $10.7 million of which related to divestiture of the Lingo wholesale carrier business in the third quarter of fiscal year 2024. Of the remaining $6.0 million decrease in subscription revenue, $3.4 million was from Lingo, $1.4 million was from Marconi Wireless, $0.8 million was from magicJack, and $0.4 million was from UOL. We expect Lingo, magicJack, Marconi Wireless and UOL subscription revenue to continue to decline year-over-year as landline and VoIP technologies are older and cellular services are offered in a highly competitive marketplace.
There were no revenues from services and fees in the E-Commerce segment during the three months ended June 30, 2025. This segment consisted of Nogin which we deconsolidated in the first quarter of 2025. Refer to Note 3 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Revenues from services and fees in All Other decreased $10.1 million to $12.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $22.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. These revenues include merchandise rental
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fees and sales from bebe, and the operations of a regional environmental services business, which was sold in the first quarter of 2025. Revenues from services and fees in All Other decreased by $9.5 million related to the regional environmental services business, and $1.1 million related to merchandise rental fees from bebe, partially offset by an increase in revenues of $0.6 million in other revenue.
Trading gains (losses), net increased $59.0 million to income of $27.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to loss of $31.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The income of $27.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily due to realized and unrealized income on investments made in our proprietary trading accounts, primarily $13.4 million on Applied Digital Corporation (“Applied Digital”), $4.5 million on Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. (“B&W”) and $4.0 million on Channell Commercial Corporation (“Channell”).
In our Capital Markets segment we have a portfolio of loans receivable that are measured at fair value with changes in fair value reported in our results of operations. The loan portfolio and fair value adjustments on loans consisted of the following:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Adjustments on Loans
|  |  |  | Loans Receivable, at Fair Value |  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | Industry or Type of Loan |  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
|  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Related Party Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vintage Capital Management, LLC |  | Retail / consumer |  | $ | 1,468 |  |  | $ | 2,057 |  |  | $ | (866) |  |  | $ | (151,147) |  |  |  |  |
Freedom VCM Receivables, Inc. |  | Consumer receivable portfolio |  | — |  |  | 3,913 |  |  | — |  |  | (12,039) |  |  |  |  |
Conn’s, Inc. |  | Retail / consumer |  | 11,000 |  |  | 38,826 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,230) |  |  |  |  |
W.S. Badcock Corporation |  | Consumer receivable portfolio |  | — |  |  | 2,169 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,396) |  |  |  |  |
Great American Holdings, LLC |  | Professional Services |  | 4,700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Other related party loans |  | Professional Services, Industrials, Oil & Gas |  | 2,202 |  |  | 4,937 |  |  | (126) |  |  | 194 |  |  |  |  |
Total related party |  |  |  | 19,370 |  |  | 51,902 |  |  | (992) |  |  | (177,618) |  |  |  |  |
Exela Technologies, Inc. |  | Technology |  | 29,610 |  |  | 32,136 |  |  | 2,049 |  |  | 55 |  |  |  |  |
Core Scientific, Inc. |  | Technology |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Norlin EV Limited |  | Real Estate |  | — |  |  | 6,065 |  |  | (257) |  |  | 21 |  |  |  |  |
Other loans |  | Various |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,960 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 48,980 |  |  | $ | 90,103 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | (175,582) |  |  |  |  |

The fair value adjustments on loans receivable for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, were $0.8 million and $(175.6) million, respectively. During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, fair value adjustments for other loans receivable totaled $1.8 million and $2.0 million, respectively.
The $176.4 million favorable variance in fair value adjustment related to our loans receivable during the three months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily driven by $150.3 million related to the VCM, $12.0 million related to Freedom VCM, $7.4 million related to Badcock and $7.2 million related to Conn’s.
Interest income from loans decreased $14.7 million to $3.9 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $18.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to non-accrual of interest on the following adjusted loans: $6.1 million for VCM, $3.4 million for Conn’s, $2.2 million for Freedom VCM, which was sold in February 2025, and $1.6 million for Nogin, as well as a reduction in loan receivable balances from $229.2 million as of June 30, 2024 to $49.0 million as of June 30, 2025.
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Interest income from securities lending decreased $22.7 million to $2.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $24.8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was due to a reduction in the securities borrowed balance from $743.0 million as of June 30, 2024 to $72.3 million as of June 30, 2025 and decreases of revenue from business decline due to counterparties constraining their business activity.
Revenues from the sale of goods decreased $10.5 million to $45.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $55.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily related to decreases of $8.1 million from the Consumer Products segment due to a decrease in computer and peripheral sales worldwide, $2.3 million from Nogin in the E-Commerce segment, which was deconsolidated in the first quarter of 2025, and $0.1 million in All Other consisting of sales of goods from bebe.
Operating Expenses
Direct cost of services
Direct cost of services decreased $25.5 million to $33.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $58.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in direct cost of services was primarily attributable to a decrease of $16.7 million from the Communications segment, $11.4 million of which was attributable to divestiture of the Lingo wholesale carrier business in the third quarter of fiscal year 2024, $7.2 million from All Other, consisting of $6.5 million from the regional environmental services business that was sold in the first quarter of 2025, and $0.7 million from bebe, and $1.6 million from the E-Commerce segment, consisting of Nogin which was deconsolidated in the first quarter of 2025.
Cost of goods sold
Cost of goods sold for the three months ended June 30, 2025 decreased $4.6 million to $35.1 million from $39.8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in cost of goods sold was primarily attributable to decreases of $3.0 million in the Consumer Products segment, due to lower sales volume, and $1.6 million from the E-Commerce segment, consisting of Nogin which was deconsolidated in the first quarter of 2025.
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were comprised of the following:

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 |  | Change
| Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | %
Capital Markets segment | $ | 44,626 |  |  | 31.3 | % |  | $ | 50,551 |  |  | 28.4 | % |  | $ | (5,925) |  |  | (11.7) | %
Wealth Management segment | 39,940 |  | 28.1 | % |  | 49,205 |  |  | 27.6 | % |  | (9,265) |  |  | (18.8) | %
Communications segment | 19,929 |  | 14.0 | % |  | 25,478 |  |  | 14.3 | % |  | (5,549) |  |  | (21.8) | %
Consumer Products segment | 14,621 |  | 10.3 | % |  | 17,049 |  |  | 9.6 | % |  | (2,428) |  |  | (14.2) | %
E-Commerce segment | — |  | — | % |  | 6,037 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | (6,037) |  |  | (100.0) | %
Corporate and All Other | 23,253 |  | 16.3 | % |  | 29,694 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  | (6,441) |  |  | (21.7) | %
Total selling, general & administrative expenses | $ | 142,369 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 178,014 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (35,645) |  |  | (20.0) | %

Total selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $35.6 million to $142.4 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $178.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $9.3 million in the Wealth Management segment, $6.4 million in Corporate and All Other, $6.0 million in the E-Commerce segment $5.9 million in the Capital Markets segment, $5.5 million in the Communications segment and $2.4 million in the Consumer Products segment.
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Capital Markets
Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Capital Markets segment decreased by $5.9 million to $44.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $50.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $4.9 million in employee compensation and benefit related expenses, which primarily related to decreases in commissions paid, share based compensation and other payroll expenses largely related to reduced revenue and loss of headcount, and $1.3 million in other expenses, $0.3 million in occupancy-related costs, partially offset by an increase of $0.6 million in professional services.
Wealth Management
Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Wealth Management segment decreased by $9.3 million to $39.9 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $49.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to decreases of $9.8 million in employee compensation and benefit related expenses, which primarily related to decreases in commissions paid, bonuses and other payroll expenses due to a decrease in headcount, which aligns with the decrease in revenue, $0.6 million in depreciation and amortization expense, and $0.5 million in other expenses, partially offset by an increase of $1.6 million in occupancy-related costs, due to multiple office closures and lease impairments as a result of the Stifel transaction.
Communications
Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Communications segment decreased $5.5 million to $19.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $25.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $1.8 million in employee compensation and benefit related expenses due to lower headcount, lower commissions and sale of the Lingo carrier business in the third quarter of 2024, $1.1 million in depreciation and amortization expenses due to items being fully amortized in 2024, $1.0 million in professional services, $0.8 million in other expenses, and $0.8 million in occupancy-related costs.
Consumer Products
Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consumer Products segment decreased $2.4 million to $14.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $17.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $1.4 million in professional services, $0.8 million in employee compensation and benefit related expenses due to reduced headcount, and $0.2 million in other expenses due to efforts to reduce costs.
E-Commerce
There were no selling, general and administrative expenses in the E-Commerce segment during the three months ended June 30, 2025. This segment consisted of Nogin which we deconsolidated in the first quarter of 2025. Refer to Note 3 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Corporate and All Other
Selling, general and administrative expenses for Corporate and All Other decreased $6.4 million to $23.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from $29.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to $2.8 million in employee compensation and benefit related expenses primarily driven by a decrease in the regional environmental services business that was sold in the first quarter of 2025, $1.7 million in legal settlements, $1.6 million in transaction costs, $1.3 million in other expenses and, $0.9 million in depreciation and amortization, partially offset by an increase of $1.9 million in professional services.
Impairment of Goodwill and Tradenames. We recognized non-cash impairment charges of $1.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 related to tradenames in the Consumer Products segment. We recognized non-cash impairment charges of $27.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 consisting of $26.7 million of goodwill and $1.0 million of tradenames in the Consumer Products segment.
Interest Expense - Securities Lending and Loan Participations Sold. Interest Expense - Securities Lending and Loan Participations Sold decreased $21.3 million to $2.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 from
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$23.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was due to a decrease in the securities loaned and loan participations sold balances from $733.6 million as of June 30, 2024 to $65.1 million as of June 30, 2025.
Other Income (Expense). Other income included interest income of $0.5 million and $0.8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Dividend income was $0.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $0.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. Realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments was a gain of $10.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to a loss of $155.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024, which is comprised of the following:

|  | Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)
|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Other Income (Expense) - Realized & Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public Equity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. - common stock |  | $ | 3,440 |  |  | $ | 3,799 |  |  |  |  |
Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. - preferred stock |  | 289 |  |  | (429) |  |  |  |  |
Double Down Interactive Co., Ltd - common stock |  | (1,847) |  |  | 7,691 |  |  |  |  |
Synchronoss Technologies, Inc. - common stock |  | — |  |  | 974 |  |  |  |  |
Applied Digital Corporation - common stock |  | 5,383 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Other public equities |  | (803) |  |  | (4,760) |  |  |  |  |
Subtotal |  | 6,462 |  |  | 7,275 |  |  |  |  |
Private Equity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Freedom VCM Holdings, LLC |  | — |  |  | (139,355) |  |  |  |  |
Kanaci Technologies, LLC |  | — |  |  | (9,818) |  |  |  |  |
BJES Holdings, LLC |  | — |  |  | (15,911) |  |  |  |  |
Other private equities |  | 415 |  |  | 2,622 |  |  |  |  |
Subtotal |  | 415 |  |  | (162,462) |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds |  | 3,339 |  |  | 939 |  |  |  |  |
Partnership interest and other |  | — |  |  | (993) |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 10,216 |  |  | $ | (155,241) |  |  |  |  |

The favorable variance of $165.5 million was primarily due to unfavorable fair value adjustments recorded in the prior year quarter of $139.4 million for Freedom VCM, $15.9 million for BJES Holdings, LLC, and $9.8 million for Kanaci Technologies, LLC, partially offset by a favorable fair value adjustments recorded in the prior year quarter of $7.7 million for Double Down Interactive Co., Ltd..
Other income (expense) also includes change in fair value of financial instruments and other was a gain of $11.9 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025. Gain on senior note exchange was $44.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025. Income from equity investments was $25.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025. Loss on extinguishment of debt during the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $10.3 million compared to a gain of $0.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024.
Interest expense was $24.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $33.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in interest expense was due to lower debt balances during the three months ended June 30, 2025. The decreases in interest expense primarily consisted of $6.2 million from the Nomura term loan as described in Note 11 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (“Nomura Term Loan”), $5.7 million from the issuance of New Notes, $1.4 million from the Lingo term loan as described in Note 11 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (“Lingo Term Loan”), $0.5 million from the Nomura revolving credit facility as described in Note 11 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial
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statements (“Nomura Revolver”), $0.5 million and $0.1 million from the Targus term loan and revolver, respectively (each as described in Note 11 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, the “Targus Term Loan” and the “Targus Revolver”), $0.2 million from the Nogin secured convertible promissory note as described in Note 10 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (“Nogin Note”), and partially offset by increases in interest expense of $4.6 million from the Oaktree term loan as described in Note 11 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (“Oaktree Term Loan”), and $0.6 million from the BRPAC term loan as described in Note 11 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (“BRPAC Term Loan”).
Provision for Income Taxes. Provision for income taxes was $3.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $29.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The effective income tax rate was 4.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to 6.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2024.
(Loss) Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Income Taxes. On October 25, 2024, we and our subsidiary bebe completed a transaction for our brand assets yielding approximately $236.0 million in cash proceeds. The results have been presented as discontinued operations for the three months ended June 30, 2024. Income from discontinued operations, net of tax, for Brands Transaction, as described in Note 4 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, was $15.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024.
On November 15, 2024, we completed the sale of our Appraisal and Valuation Services, Real Estate, and Retail, Wholesale & Industrial Solutions businesses (collectively, the “Great American Group”) and its results have been presented as discontinued operations for the three months ended June 30, 2024. Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes was $(6.2) million during the three months ended June 30, 2024.
On June 27, 2025, we signed an equity purchase agreement to sell all of the membership interests of GlassRatner Advisory & Capital Group, LLC (“GlassRatner”) and B. Riley Farber Advisory Inc. (“Farber”) and their results have been presented as discontinued operations for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Income from discontinued operations, net of tax for GlassRatner and Farber was $69.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to income from discontinued operations of $6.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. Refer to Note 4 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Preferred Stock Dividends. Preferred stock dividends include $2.0 million of unpaid dividends for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and in the comparable prior year period include paid dividends of $2.0 million. On January 21, 2025, the Company announced that we had temporarily suspended dividends on our Series A and B Preferred Stock. Unpaid dividends will accrue until paid in full.
Dividends on the Series A preferred paid during the three months ended June 30, 2024 were $0.4296875 per depository share. Dividends on the Series B preferred paid during the three months ended June 30, 2024 were $0.4609375 per depository share.
Results of Operations
The following period to period comparisons of our financial results and our interim results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Dollars in thousands)
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| Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Amount |  | %
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services and fees | $ | 304,611 |  |  | $ | 416,990 |  |  | $ | (112,379) |  |  | (27.0) | %
Trading gains (losses), net | 11,509 |  |  | (48,988) |  |  | 60,497 |  |  | (123.5) | %
Fair value adjustments on loans | (7,296) |  |  | (187,783) |  |  | 180,487 |  |  | (96.1) | %
Interest income - loans | 7,049 |  |  | 40,643 |  |  | (33,594) |  |  | (82.7) | %
Interest income - securities lending | 2,964 |  |  | 62,607 |  |  | (59,643) |  |  | (95.3) | %
Sale of goods | 92,528 |  |  | 109,006 |  |  | (16,478) |  |  | (15.1) | %
Total revenues | 411,365 |  |  | 392,475 |  |  | 18,890 |  |  | 4.8 | %
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct cost of services | 75,916 |  |  | 118,349 |  |  | (42,433) |  |  | (35.9) | %
Cost of goods sold | 71,846 |  |  | 78,585 |  |  | (6,739) |  |  | (8.6) | %
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 309,757 |  |  | 356,954 |  |  | (47,197) |  |  | (13.2) | %
Restructuring charge | 321 |  |  | 809 |  |  | (488) |  |  | (60.3) | %
Impairment of goodwill and tradenames | 1,500 |  |  | 27,681 |  |  | (26,181) |  |  | (94.6) | %
Interest expense - Securities lending and loan participations sold | 2,687 |  |  | 58,696 |  |  | (56,009) |  |  | (95.4) | %
Total operating expenses | 462,027 |  |  | 641,074 |  |  | (179,047) |  |  | (27.9) | %
Operating loss | (50,662) |  |  | (248,599) |  |  | 197,937 |  |  | (79.6) | %
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 1,978 |  |  | 1,460 |  |  | 518 |  |  | 35.5 | %
Dividend income | 257 |  |  | 3,464 |  |  | (3,207) |  |  | (92.6) | %
Realized and unrealized losses on investments | (4,284) |  |  | (190,165) |  |  | 185,881 |  |  | (97.7) | %
Change in fair value of financial instruments and other | 12,806 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,806 |  |  | n/m
Gain on sale and deconsolidation of businesses | 86,213 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 85,899 |  |  | n/m
Gain on senior note exchange | 54,986 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,986 |  |  | n/m
Income from equity investments | 25,051 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 25,045 |  |  | n/m
(Loss) gain on extinguishment of debt | (20,693) |  |  | 120 |  |  | (20,813) |  |  | n/m
Interest expense | (53,916) |  |  | (69,199) |  |  | 15,283 |  |  | (22.1) | %
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 51,736 |  |  | (502,599) |  |  | 554,335 |  |  | (110.3) | %
Provision for income taxes | (11) |  |  | (7,853) |  |  | 7,842 |  |  | (99.9) | %
Income (loss) from continuing operations | 51,725 |  |  | (510,452) |  |  | 562,177 |  |  | (110.1) | %
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | 72,707 |  |  | 28,717 |  |  | 43,990 |  |  | 153.2 | %
Net income (loss) | 124,432 |  |  | (481,735) |  |  | 606,167 |  |  | (125.8) | %
Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (5,064) |  |  | 1,034 |  |  | (6,098) |  |  | n/m
Net income (loss) attributable to B. Riley Financial, Inc. | 129,496 |  |  | (482,769) |  |  | 612,265 |  |  | (126.8) | %
Preferred stock dividends | 4,030 |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders | $ | 125,466 |  |  | $ | (486,799) |  |  | $ | 612,265 |  |  | (125.8) | %
n/m - Not applicable or not meaningful. |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Revenues
The table below and the discussion that follows are based on how we analyze our business.

| Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Amount |  | % |
Services and fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | $ | 64,300 |  |  | $ | 110,589 |  |  | $ | (46,289) |  |  | (41.9) | % |
Wealth Management segment | 80,087 |  |  | 100,764 |  |  | (20,677) |  |  | (20.5) | % |
Communications segment | 123,905 |  |  | 158,814 |  |  | (34,909) |  |  | (22.0) | % |
E-Commerce segment | 3,469 |  |  | 2,731 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 27.0 | % |
All Other | 32,850 |  |  | 44,092 |  |  | (11,242) |  |  | (25.5) | % |
Subtotal | 304,611 |  |  | 416,990 |  |  | (112,379) |  |  | (27.0) | % |
Trading gains (losses), net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | 5,697 |  |  | (50,879) |  |  | 56,576 |  |  | (111.2) | % |
Wealth Management segment | 5,812 |  |  | 1,891 |  |  | 3,921 |  |  | n/m |
Subtotal | 11,509 |  |  | (48,988) |  |  | 60,497 |  |  | (123.5) | % |
Fair value adjustments on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | (7,296) |  |  | (187,783) |  |  | 180,487 |  |  | (96.1) | % |
Interest income - loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | 7,049 |  |  | 40,643 |  |  | (33,594) |  |  | (82.7) | % |
Interest income - securities lending: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Markets segment | 2,964 |  |  | 62,607 |  |  | (59,643) |  |  | (95.3) | % |
Sale of goods: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Communications segment | 2,772 |  |  | 2,761 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 0.4 | % |
Consumer Products segment | 85,387 |  |  | 102,946 |  |  | (17,559) |  |  | (17.1) | % |
E-Commerce segment | 3,528 |  |  | 2,265 |  |  | 1,263 |  |  | 55.8 | % |
All Other | 841 |  |  | 1,034 |  |  | (193) |  |  | (18.7) | % |
Subtotal | 92,528 |  |  | 109,006 |  |  | (16,478) |  |  | (15.1) | % |
Total revenues | $ | 411,365 |  |  | $ | 392,475 |  |  | $ | 18,890 |  |  | 4.8 | % |

_______________________________________________
n/m - Not applicable or not meaningful.
Total revenues increased $18.9 million to $411.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $392.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase in revenues during the six months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily due to increases in revenue from fair value adjustments on loans of $180.5 million, and in the fair value of the portfolio of securities and other investments owned of $60.5 million, partially offset by decreases in revenues from services and fees of $112.4 million, interest income from securities lending of $59.6 million, interest income from loans of $33.6 million, and sale of goods of $16.5 million. Of the $180.5 million increase in fair value adjustments related to loans, $167.8 million related to VCM, $15.1 million related to the loan to Freedom VCM, and $7.1 million related to Badcock, partially offset by a decrease of $8.5 million related to Core Scientific, Inc. (“Core Scientific”). The decrease in revenue from services and fees in the six months ended June 30, 2025 consisted of decreases in revenue of $46.3 million in the
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Capital Markets segment, and $34.9 million in the Communications segment, and $20.7 million in the Wealth Management segment, and $11.2 million in All Other, partially offset by an increase in revenue of $0.7 million in the E-Commerce segment.
Revenues from services and fees in the Capital Markets segment decreased $46.3 million to $64.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $110.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in revenues was primarily due to decreases of $40.2 million of corporate finance, consulting, and investment banking fees, $5.4 million in commission fees, $2.6 million in interest income and $1.4 million in dividends, $0.8 million in other income, partially offset by an increase of $4.1 million in advisory fees related to the Innovation X and GACP II funds. The decrease in investment banking revenues is related to the episodic nature of this business and the decline in business due to the late SEC filings of the parent company. The decreases in investment banking revenues were $33.5 million in at the market fees, $20.6 million in mergers and acquisitions advisory fees, $12.7 million in investment banking underwriting fees, and $6.7 million in private placement fees.
Revenues from the Wealth Management segment are comprised of the following:

|  |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenues - Services and fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brokerage revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,715 |  |  | $ | 46,493 |
Advisory revenues |  |  |  |  | 28,597 |  |  | 39,566 |
Other |  |  |  |  | 17,775 |  |  | 14,705 |
Total services and fees revenue |  |  |  |  | 80,087 |  |  | 100,764 |
Trading gains, net |  |  |  |  | 5,812 |  |  | 1,891 |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 85,899 |  |  | $ | 102,655 |

Revenues from brokerage and advisory decreased $23.7 million to $62.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $86.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in revenues was primarily due to decreases in revenue of from wealth and asset management fees due to a reduction in AUM which was driven by a loss of headcount of wealth management advisors and the Stifel transaction in April 2025. Refer to Note 4 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information. Total assets under management were approximately $13.7 billion and $25.6 billion at June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. Of these amounts, advisory assets under management totaled approximately $4.6 billion at June 30, 2025 and $8.0 billion at June 30, 2024. Advisory revenues were 0.26% and 0.25% of average advisory assets under management during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The average revenues earned on advisory assets under management are not expected to fluctuate significantly from period to period as a percentage of advisory assets under management. Broker revenues are primarily comprised of commissions and fees earned from trading activities from brokerage client assets. Other revenues is primarily comprised of tax service fees and management fees earned from comprehensive client focused services performed.
Revenues from services and fees in the Communications segment decreased $34.9 million to $123.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $158.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in revenues was primarily due to decreases in subscription revenue of $34.3 million, $23.1 million of which related to divestiture of the Lingo wholesale carrier business in the third quarter of fiscal year 2024. Of the remaining $11.2 million decrease in subscription revenue, $6.3 million was from Lingo, $2.4 million was from Marconi Wireless, $1.9 million was from magicJack, and $0.6 million was from UOL. We expect Lingo, UOL, magicJack, and Marconi Wireless subscription revenue to continue to decline year-over-year as landline and VoIP technologies are older and cellular services are offered in a highly competitive marketplace.
Revenues from services and fees in the E-Commerce segment were $3.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025. This segment consisted of Nogin which we deconsolidated in the first quarter of 2025. Refer to Note 3 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Revenues from services and fees in All Other decreased $11.2 million to $32.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $44.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. These revenues include merchandise rental
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fees and sales from bebe, and the operations of a regional environmental services business, which was sold in the first quarter of 2025. Revenues from services and fees in All Other decreased by $10.1 million due to the operations of a regional environmental services business, and $2.9 million related to merchandise rental fees from bebe, partially offset by an increase of $1.7 million in other revenue.
Trading gains (losses), net increased $60.5 million to income of $11.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to a loss of $49.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The income of $11.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily due to realized and unrealized income on investments made in our proprietary trading accounts, primarily $13.4 million for APLD, and $4.0 million for Channell, partially offset by losses of $10.6 million for B&W.
In our Capital Markets segment we have a portfolio of loans receivable that are measured at fair value with changes in fair value reported in our results of operations. The loan portfolio and fair value adjustments on loans consisted of the following:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Adjustments on Loans
|  |  |  | Loans Receivable, at Fair Value |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | Industry or Type of Loan |  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Related Party Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vintage Capital Management, LLC |  | Retail / consumer |  | $ | 1,468 |  |  | $ | 2,057 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (589) |  |  | $ | (168,385) |
Freedom VCM Receivables, Inc. |  | Consumer receivable portfolio |  | — |  |  | 3,913 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,393 |  |  | (13,721) |
Conn’s, Inc. |  | Retail / consumer |  | 11,000 |  |  | 38,826 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,065) |  |  | (8,484) |
W.S. Badcock Corporation |  | Consumer receivable portfolio |  | — |  |  | 2,169 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 250 |  |  | (6,845) |
Great American Holdings, LLC |  | Professional Services |  | 4,700 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other related party loans |  | Professional Services, Industrials, Oil & Gas |  | 2,202 |  |  | 4,937 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (126) |  |  | 692 |
Total related party |  |  |  | 19,370 |  |  | 51,902 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,137) |  |  | (196,743) |
Exela Technologies, Inc. |  | Technology |  | 29,610 |  |  | 32,136 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (630) |  |  | 268 |
Core Scientific, Inc. |  | Technology |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 8,473 |
Norlin EV Limited |  | Real Estate |  | — |  |  | 6,065 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (484) |  |  | 49 |
Other loans |  | Various |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,045) |  |  | 170 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 48,980 |  |  | $ | 90,103 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (7,296) |  |  | $ | (187,783) |

During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, fair value adjustments for loans receivable from related parties totaled $(3.1) million and $(196.7) million, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, fair value adjustments for other loans receivable totaled $(4.2) million and $9.0 million, respectively.
The $180.5 million favorable variance in fair value adjustment related to our loans receivable during the six months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily driven by $167.8 million related to VCM loan, $15.1 million related to the loan to Freedom VCM, and $7.1 million related to Badcock loan, partially offset by a decrease of $8.5 million related to the Core Scientific loan.
Interest income - loans decreased $33.6 million to $7.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $40.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to non-accrual of interest on the following adjusted loans: $12.2 million for VCM, $7.4 million for Conn’s, $4.4 million for Freedom VCM, which was sold
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in February 2025, and $3.5 million for Nogin, as well as a reduction in loan receivable balances from $229.2 million as of June 30, 2024 to $49.0 million as of June 30, 2025.
Interest income – securities lending decreased $59.6 million to $3.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $62.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was due to a reduction in the securities borrowed balance from $743.0 million as of June 30, 2024 to $72.3 million as of June 30, 2025 and decreases of revenue from business decline due to counterparties constraining their business activity.
Revenues from the sale of goods decreased $16.5 million to $92.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $109.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in revenues from sale of goods was attributable to decreases of $17.6 million from the Consumer Products segment due to a decrease in computer and peripheral sales worldwide, and $0.2 million from All Other consisting of sale of goods from bebe, partially offset by an increase of $1.3 million from Nogin in the E-Commerce segment.
Operating Expenses
Direct Cost of Services
Direct cost of services decreased $42.4 million to $75.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $118.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in direct cost of services was primarily attributable to decreases of $32.9 million from the Communications segment, $24.9 million of which was attributable to divestiture of the Lingo wholesale carrier business in the third quarter of fiscal year 2024, and $9.5 million from All Other consisting of $8.1 million from the regional environmental services business, which was sold in the first quarter of 2025, and $1.4 million from bebe.
Cost of goods sold
Cost of goods sold for the six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased $6.7 million to $71.8 million from $78.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in cost of goods sold was primarily attributable to decreases of $8.2 million in the Consumer Products segment, due to lower sales volume, and $0.3 million from All Other consisting of bebe, partially offset by increases of $1.5 million from the E-Commerce segment, consisting of Nogin which we acquired in the second quarter of 2024 and deconsolidated in the first quarter of 2025, and $0.3 million in the Communications segment.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were comprised of the following:

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 |  | Change
| Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | %
Capital Markets segment | $ | 86,463 |  |  | 27.9 | % |  | $ | 104,546 |  |  | 29.3 | % |  | $ | (18,083) |  |  | (17.3) | %
Wealth Management segment | 85,494 |  |  | 27.6 | % |  | 99,308 |  |  | 27.8 | % |  | (13,814) |  |  | (13.9) | %
Communications segment | 40,586 |  |  | 13.1 | % |  | 49,353 |  |  | 13.8 | % |  | (8,767) |  |  | (17.8) | %
Consumer Products segment | 30,236 |  |  | 9.8 | % |  | 34,571 |  |  | 9.7 | % |  | (4,335) |  |  | (12.5) | %
E-Commerce segment | 8,428 |  |  | 2.7 | % |  | 6,037 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 2,391 |  |  | 39.6 | %
Corporate and All Other | 58,550 |  |  | 18.9 | % |  | 63,139 |  |  | 17.7 | % |  | (4,589) |  |  | (7.3) | %
Total selling, general & administrative expenses | $ | 309,757 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 356,954 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (47,197) |  |  | (13.2) | %

Total selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $47.2 million to $309.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $357.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $18.1 million in the Capital Markets segment, $13.8 million in the Wealth Management segment, $8.8 million in the Communications segment, $4.6 million in Corporate and All Other, and $4.3 million in the Consumer Products segment, partially offset by an increase of $2.4 million in the E-Commerce segment.
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Capital Markets
Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Capital Markets segment decreased by $18.1 million to $86.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $104.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $21.7 million in employee compensation and benefit related expenses, which primarily related to decreases in commissions paid, share based compensation and other payroll expenses largely related to reduced revenue and loss of headcount, and $0.2 million in occupancy-related costs, partially offset by an increase in $1.9 million in other expenses and $1.9 million in professional services.
Wealth Management
Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Wealth Management segment decreased by $13.8 million to $85.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $99.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $16.6 million in employee compensation and benefit related expenses, which primarily related to decreases in commissions paid, bonuses and other payroll expenses due to a decrease in headcount, which aligns with the decrease in revenue, and $0.7 million in depreciation and amortization, partially offset by increases of $1.9 million in occupancy-related costs, due to multiple office closures and lease impairments as a result of the Stifel transaction, and $1.6 million in other expenses.
Communications
Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Communications segment decreased $8.8 million to $40.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $49.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $3.7 million in employee compensation and benefit related expenses due to lower headcount, lower commissions and sale of the Lingo carrier business in the third quarter of 2024, $2.3 million in depreciation and amortization expenses due to items being fully amortized in 2024, $1.4 million in occupancy-related costs, $1.0 million in professional services, and $0.4 million in other expenses.
Consumer Products
Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consumer Products segment decreased $4.3 million to $30.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $34.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $2.0 million in professional services, $1.4 million in employee compensation and benefit related expenses due to reduced headcount, and $0.9 million in other expenses.
E-Commerce
Selling, general and administrative expenses in the E-Commerce segment increased $2.4 million to $8.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $6.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The E-Commerce segment was composed of Nogin which was acquired in the second quarter of 2024 and deconsolidated in the first quarter of 2025. Refer to Note 3 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Corporate and All Other
Selling, general and administrative expenses for Corporate and All Other decreased $4.6 million to $58.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $63.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $6.5 million in employee compensation and benefit related expenses primarily driven by decreases in share based compensation and from the regional environmental services business which was sold in the first quarter of 2025, $4.0 million in other expenses, and $1.8 million in occupancy-related costs, partially offset by increases of $4.4 million in transaction costs from the regional environmental services business which was sold in the first quarter of 2025, $2.0 million in foreign currency fluctuation, and $1.3 million in professional services.
Impairment of Goodwill and Tradenames. We recognized non-cash impairment charges of $1.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 related to tradenames in the Consumer Products segment. We recognized non-cash
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impairment charges of $27.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 consisting of $26.7 million of goodwill and $1.0 million of tradenames in the Consumer Products segment
Interest Expense - Securities Lending and Loan Participations Sold. Interest Expense - Securities Lending and Loan Participations Sold decreased $56.0 million to $2.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $58.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was due to a decrease in the securities loaned and loan participations sold balances from $733.6 million as of June 30, 2024 to $65.1 million as of June 30, 2025.
Other Income (Expense). Other income included interest income of $2.0 million and $1.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Dividend income was $0.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $3.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. Realized and unrealized losses on investments was a loss of $4.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to a loss of $190.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024, which is comprised of the following:

|  |  |  |  |  | Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)
|  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Other Income (Expense) - Realized & Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public Equity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. - common stock |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (8,049) |  |  | $ | (1,075) |
Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. - preferred stock |  |  |  |  |  | (173) |  |  | (153) |
Alta Equipment Group, Inc. - common stock |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (3,537) |
Double Down Interactive Co., Ltd - common stock |  |  |  |  |  | (3,925) |  |  | 21,839 |
Synchronoss Technologies, Inc. - common stock |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3,495 |
Applied Digital Corporation - common stock |  |  |  |  |  | 5,383 |  |  | — |
Other public equities |  |  |  |  |  | (1,011) |  |  | (2,258) |
Subtotal |  |  |  |  |  | (7,775) |  |  | 18,311 |
Private Equity Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Freedom VCM Holdings, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (172,009) |
Kanaci Technologies, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (16,913) |
BJES Holdings, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (27,452) |
Other private equities |  |  |  |  |  | (1,205) |  |  | 7,908 |
Subtotal |  |  |  |  |  | (1,205) |  |  | (208,466) |
Corporate bonds |  |  |  |  |  | 4,696 |  |  | 1,025 |
Partnership interest and other |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,035) |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,284) |  |  | $ | (190,165) |

The favorable variance of $185.9 million was primarily due to unfavorable fair value adjustments recorded in the prior year six months of $172.0 million for Freedom VCM, $27.5 million for BJES Holdings, LLC, and $16.9 million for Kanaci Technologies, LLC, partially offset by a favorable fair value adjustments recorded in the prior year six months of $21.8 million for Double Down Interactive Co., Ltd.
Other income (expense) also includes change in fair value of financial instruments and other was a gain of $12.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025. Gain on the exchange of existing senior notes for New Notes was $55.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025. Income from equity investments was $25.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025. Loss on extinguishment of debt was $20.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to a gain of $0.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. Interest expense was $53.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $69.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in
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interest expense was due to lower debt balances during the six months ended June 30, 2025. The decreases in interest expense primarily consisted of $10.2 million from the Nomura Term Loan, $8.5 million from the issuance of New Notes, $2.8 million from the Lingo Term Loan, $1.0 million from the Nomura Revolver, $1.0 million and $0.5 million from the Targus Term Loan and Targus Revolver, respectively, and $0.2 million from the Nogin Note, partially offset by increases in interest expense of $7.8 million from the Oaktree Term Loan, and $1.2 million from the BRPAC Term Loan.
(Provision for) Benefit from Income Taxes. Provision for income taxes was zero during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to a benefit from income taxes of $7.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The effective income tax rate was zero for the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to a benefit of 1.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2024.
(Loss) Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Income Taxes. On October 25, 2024, we and our subsidiary bebe have completed a transaction for our brand assets yielding approximately $236.0 million in cash proceeds. The results have been presented as discontinued operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Income from discontinued operations, net of tax for Brands Transaction was $28.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024.
On November 15, 2024, we completed the sale of our Great American Group and its results have been presented as discontinued operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax for Great American Group was $(9.3) million during the six months ended June 30, 2024.
On June 27, 2025, we signed an equity purchase agreement to sell all of the membership interests of GlassRatner and Farber and their results have been presented as discontinued operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Income from discontinued operations, net of tax for GlassRatner and Farber was $72.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to income from discontinued operations of $9.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. Refer to Note 4 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Preferred Stock Dividends. Preferred stock dividends include $4.0 million of unpaid dividends for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and in the comparable prior year period include paid dividends of $4.0 million. On January 21, 2025, the Company announced that we had temporarily suspended dividends on our Series A and B Preferred Stock. Unpaid dividends will accrue until paid in full.
Dividends on the Series A preferred paid during the six months ended June 30, 2024 were $0.4296875 per depository share. Dividends on the Series B preferred paid during the six months ended June 30, 2024 were $0.4609375 per depository share.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our operations are funded through a combination of existing cash on hand, cash generated from operations, investment portfolio liquidity, borrowings under our senior notes payable, term loans and credit facilities, other financing arrangements, and obligations under operating leases. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, we generated net income (loss) attributable to the Company of $129.5 million and $(482.8) million, respectively. The Company operates several businesses in its segments that provide cash flows and operating income throughout the year.
As of June 30, 2025, we had $267.4 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, $1.3 million of restricted cash, $242.4 million of securities and other investments owned, at fair value, $49.0 million of loans receivable, at fair value, $1.5 billion of borrowings outstanding, and approximately $53.4 million of obligations under operating leases. The Company expects to collect approximately $31.5 million of loans at fair value in the next twelve months and has approximately $89.1 million of level 1 securities and other investments owned that are available for sale during the next twelve months.
The Company expects to utilize existing cash balances, cash generated from investments, cash proceeds from the sale of certain businesses described below, available borrowing capacity under our existing revolving credit facility and cash generated from operations to fund debt service obligations over the next twelve months which includes amounts coming due on the Company’s senior notes payable as discussed in Note 12 - Senior Notes Payable. The Company may also explore various funding options in the future that may include additional debt exchanges, refinancing of existing senior notes and other debt, equity capital raises, the sale of operating companies, or the liquidation of securities and investments owned to provide liquidity to meet future debt obligations as they become due.
The following summarizes key liquidity events.
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We completed the sale of (a) the Company’s majority owned subsidiary, Atlantic Coast Recycling, LLC on March 3, 2025 for proceeds of approximately $68.6 million (the “Atlantic Coast Transaction”); (b) the sale of part of the Wealth Management business for $26.0 million (the “Wealth Management Transaction”) as more fully described in Note 4 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements; and (c) the sale of the Company’s financial consulting business on June 27, 2025 for $117.8 million. In addition to the sale of these businesses, approximately $53.5 million of investments were sold during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and approximately $10.8 million of investments were sold from July 1, 2025 through November 30, 2025. Approximately $55.8 million in repayments of loans receivable, fair value were received during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and approximately $25.3 million in repayments of loans receivable, fair value were received from July 1, 2025 through November 30, 2025. The sale of additional investments in the next twelve months will vary based upon the realization of the investments providing the best economic value or as liquidity needs arise for the Company.
As discussed in more detail in Note 12 - Senior Notes Payable with respect to prior private exchange transactions and above in Recent Developments, on July 11, 2025, the Company completed private exchange transactions with institutional investors pursuant to which the Exchanged Notes owned by the investors were exchanged for approximately $24.6 million aggregate principal amount of the New Notes, whereupon the Exchanged Notes were cancelled.
The borrowings outstanding of $1.5 billion as of June 30, 2025 included $1.3 billion from the issuance of series of senior notes that are due at various dates ranging from March 31, 2026 to August 31, 2028 with interest rates ranging from 5.00% to 8.00%, $124.6 million in term loans borrowed pursuant to the Oaktree Term Loan and BRPAC Term Loan, and $12.1 million of revolving credit facility under the Targus Revolver. Of the senior notes outstanding, after the completion of the Exchanged Notes described above, there is $101.6 million due in the next twelve months and $1.2 billion thereafter. The $135.0 million of term loans outstanding includes $16.0 million that is expected to be repaid in the next twelve months and $119.0 million thereafter. Of the approximately $53.4 million of obligations due under operating leases, approximately $18.2 million is due in the next twelve months and approximately $35.2 million is due thereafter. For additional information regarding our debt offerings and related agreements, refer to Note 10 - Notes Payable, Note 11 - Term Loans and Revolving Credit Facility, and Note 12 - Senior Notes Payable to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
We believe that the current cash and cash equivalents, securities and other investments owned, funds available under our credit facilities, and cash expected to be generated from operating activities will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months from issuance date of the accompanying financial statements. We continue to monitor our financial performance to ensure sufficient liquidity to fund operations and execute on our business plan.
Dividends
From time to time, we may decide to pay dividends which will be dependent upon our financial condition and results of operations. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, we did not pay any cash dividends on our common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we paid cash dividends on our common stock of $33.7 million. In August 2024, we announced the suspension of our common stock dividend as we prioritize reducing our debt. The declaration and payment of any future dividends or repurchases of our common stock will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, capital expenditures, and other factors that may be deemed relevant by our Board of Directors.
A summary of common stock dividend activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows:

Date Declared |  | Date Paid |  | Stockholder Record Date |  |  |  |  |  | Amount
May 15, 2024 |  | June 11, 2024 |  | May 27, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.50 |
February 29, 2024 |  | March 22, 2024 |  | March 11, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 0.50 |

Holders of Series A Preferred Stock, when and as authorized by the board of directors of the Company, are entitled to cumulative cash dividends at the rate of 6.875% per annum of the $0.03 million liquidation preference ($25.00 per Depositary Share) per year (equivalent to $1,718.75 or $1.71875 per Depositary Share). Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears, on or about the last day of January, April, July, and October. As of June 30, 2025, dividends in arrears in respect of the Series A Preferred Stock and underlying Depositary Shares were $3.2 million. On January 21, 2025, the Company announced that it had temporarily suspended dividends on its Series A Preferred Stock. Unpaid dividends will accrue until paid in full.
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Holders of Series B Preferred Stock, when and as authorized by the board of directors of the Company, are entitled to cumulative cash dividends at the rate of 7.375% per annum of the $0.03 million liquidation preference ($25.00 per Depositary Share) per year (equivalent to $1,843.75 or $1.84375 per Depositary Share). Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears, on or about the last day of January, April, July, and October. As of June 30, 2025, dividends in arrears in respect of the Series B Preferred Stock and underlying Depositary Shares were $2.1 million. On January 21, 2025, the Company announced that it had temporarily suspended dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock. Unpaid dividends will accrue until paid in full.
A summary of preferred stock dividend activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows:

|  |  |  | Stockholder |  | Preferred Dividend per Depositary Share
Date Declared |  | Date Paid |  | Record Date |  | Series A |  | Series B
October 16, 2024 |  | October 31, 2024 |  | October 28, 2024 |  | $ | 0.4296875 |  |  | $ | 0.4609375 |
July 9, 2024 |  | July 31, 2024 |  | July 22, 2024 |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.4609375 |
April 9, 2024 |  | April 30, 2024 |  | April 22, 2024 |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.4609375 |
January 9, 2024 |  | January 31, 2024 |  | January 22, 2024 |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.4609375 |

Our principal sources of liquidity to finance our business are our existing cash on hand, cash flows generated from operating activities, funds available under revolving credit facilities and special purpose financing arrangements.
Cash Flow Summary

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
| (Dollars in thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | (25,375) |  |  | $ | 246,839 |
Investing activities | 289,220 |  |  | 6,704 |
Financing activities | (252,424) |  |  | (243,526) |
Effect of foreign currency on cash | 546 |  |  | (5,233) |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 11,967 |  |  | $ | 4,784 |

Cash used in operating activities was $25.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to cash provided by operating activities of $246.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The reduction of $272.2 million in net cash provided by operating activities in 2025 was primarily due to $439.3 million less cash generated from securities and other investments owned, as fewer securities positions were sold to provide liquidity to fund operations and redemption of the 6.375% Senior Notes due February 28, 2025, partially offset by an increase of $175.1 million in net income, net of non-cash items. Cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 consisted of the impact of net loss of $124.4 million, noncash items of $167.7 million, and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $17.9 million. The negative cash flow impact from non-cash items of $167.7 million included gain on sale and deconsolidation of businesses of $86.2 million, gain on disposal of discontinued operations of $66.8 million, gain on senior note exchange of $55.0 million, income from equity investments of $25.1 million, fair value and remeasurement adjustments of $6.8 million, gain on sale or disposal of fixed assets and other of $1.1 million, and net foreign currency gains of $0.5 million, partially offset by loss on extinguishment of debt of $20.7 million, depreciation and amortization of $18.8 million, deferred income taxes of $9.1 million, share-based compensation of $8.6 million, depreciation of rental merchandise of $6.7 million, non-cash interest and other of $6.6 million, provision for losses on accounts receivable of $1.6 million, impairment of goodwill and tradenames of $1.5 million and dividends from equity investment of $0.1 million. Cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 consisted of the impact of net loss of $481.7 million, non-cash items of $263.4 million, and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $465.2 million. The positive cash flow impact from non-cash items of $263.4 million included fair value adjustments of $189.5 million, impairment of goodwill and tradenames of $27.7 million, depreciation and amortization of $22.9 million, share-based
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compensation of $14.9 million, depreciation of rental merchandise of $8.2 million, deferred income taxes of $1.4 million, provision for losses on accounts receivable of $1.2 million, income allocated for mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interests of $0.8 million, net foreign currency losses of $0.3 million, partially offset by non-cash interest and other of $3.3 million, and gain on sale of business of $0.3 million.
Cash provided by investing activities was $289.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to cash provided by investing activities of $6.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase of $282.5 million in net cash provided by investing activities in 2025 was primarily due to $114.0 million in proceeds received from the sale of the GlassRatner and Farber business, $68.9 million in proceeds received from the sale of the Atlantic Coast Recycling business, $34.9 million in distributions received from equity investment Joann Retail, a new investment in 2025, $26.0 million in proceeds from the sale of the Wealth Management business, and a decrease of $19.1 million in cash paid for acquisitions, as Nogin was acquired in 2024 and there were no acquisitions in 2025. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, cash provided by investing activities consisted of cash provided by proceeds from sale of discontinued operations of $114.0 million, loans receivable repayment of $105.4 million, proceeds from sale of business, net of cash sold and other of $94.9 million, distributions from equity investments of $34.9 million, proceeds from sale of loans receivable of $10.4 million, proceeds from sale of property, equipment, intangible assets and other of $7.2 million, proceeds from sale of loan participations of $4.5 million, and proceeds from consolidation of VIE of $0.4 million, partially offset by cash used in purchases of loans receivable of $66.7 million, purchases of property, equipment and intangible assets of $9.1 million, and purchases of equity and other investments of $6.6 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, cash provided by investing activities consisted of cash received from loans receivable repayment of $72.4 million and proceeds from sale of loan receivable of $22.8 million, partially offset by cash used for purchases of loans receivable of $63.2 million, acquisition of businesses and minority interest of $19.1 million, purchases of property, equipment and intangible assets of $5.4 million, purchases of equity and other investments of $0.5 million, and proceeds from sale of business, net of cash sold and other of $0.1 million.
Cash used in financing activities was $252.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to cash used in financing activities of $243.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase of $8.9 million in net cash used in financing activities in 2025 was primarily due to a net increase in debt-related payments of $46.0 million, partially offset by the suspension of dividends, compared to $37.7 million paid in common stock and preferred dividends in 2024. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, cash used in financing activities primarily consisted of $310.3 million used in the repayment of term loan, $145.3 million used to redeem senior notes, $50.6 million used in payment of revolving line of credit, $13.1 million used to repay our notes payable and other, $11.3 million used to pay debt issuance and offering costs, $3.2 million in distributions to noncontrolling interests, and $1.4 million used to pay contingent consideration, partially offset by cash provided by $235.6 million in proceeds from term loan, $46.4 million in proceeds from revolving line of credit, and $0.9 million in proceeds from notes payable. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, cash used in financing activities primarily consisted of $140.5 million used to redeem senior notes, $64.3 million used in repayment of revolving line of credit, $45.6 million used in the repayment of term loan, $33.6 million used to pay dividends on our common shares, $5.7 million used to repay our notes payable and other, $4.0 million used to pay dividends on our preferred shares, $3.2 million in distributions to noncontrolling interests, $3.1 million used in payment of employment taxes on vesting of restricted stock, $1.4 million used in the payment of contingent consideration, and $1.0 million used in the payment of debt issuance and offering costs, partially offset by cash provided by $40.3 million in proceeds from revolving line of credit, $15.0 million in proceeds from note payable, $3.0 million in contributions from noncontrolling interests, and $0.7 million in proceeds from exercise of warrants.
Recent Accounting Standards
See Note 2(s) - Recent Accounting Standards to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for recent accounting standards.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We transact business in various foreign currencies. In countries where the functional currency of the underlying operations has been determined to be the local country’s currency, revenues and expenses of operations outside the United States are translated into United States dollars using average exchange rates while assets and liabilities of operations outside the United States are translated into United States dollars using period-end exchange rates. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are included in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Transaction gains (losses) are included in the “Selling, general and administrative expenses” line item in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
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Interest Rate Risk
We have exposure to interest rate risk which primarily relates to changes in cost of borrowings as a result of changes in interest rates. We utilize borrowings under our senior notes payable and credit facilities to fund costs and expenses incurred in connection with our acquisitions and operations. Borrowings under our senior notes payable are at fixed interest rates and borrowings under our credit facilities bear interest at a floating rates of interest. As of June 30, 2025, approximately 90% of our debt obligations bore interest at fixed rates and not impacted by changes in interest rates. Our interest expense from variable-rate debt obligations is principally affected by changes in the published Secured Overnight Financing Rate in connection with our credit facilities. Our variable-rate debt obligations are principally used to provide financing to our operating businesses which are supported by cash flows from operations for those businesses. The cash flows of such operating businesses are utilized to help to mitigate any increases in interest expense as a result of an increase in interest rates.
Management monitors the composition of debt obligations and debt investments on a periodic basis, as well as projected net interest income, interest coverage, and sensitivity of interest income changes in interest rates. This exposure is also monitored by our risk management group and reviewed periodically in risk committee meetings. If floating rates of interest had increased or decreased by 1% during the six months ended June 30, 2025, the rate increase or decrease would have resulted in an increase of $0.9 million or a decrease of $1.0 million in interest expense, respectively. If conditions existed in which Management would seek to mitigate potential interest rate risk, Management could elect to take steps such as entering into interest rate hedges, and refinancing debt obligations from floating-rate to fixed-rate.
An objective of our investment activities is to preserve capital for the purpose of funding operations while at the same time maximizing the income that we receive from investments without significantly increasing risk. To achieve these objectives, our investments allow us to maintain a portfolio of cash equivalents, short-term investments through a variety of securities owned that primarily includes common stocks, loans receivable, and investments in partnership interests. Our cash and cash equivalents through June 30, 2025 included amounts in bank checking and liquid money market accounts. We may be exposed to interest rate risk through trading activities in convertible and fixed income securities as well as U.S. Treasury securities, however, based on our daily monitoring of this risk, we believe we currently have limited exposure to interest rate risk in these activities.
Foreign Currency Risk
The majority of our operating activities are conducted in U.S. dollars. Revenues generated from our foreign subsidiaries totaled $51.6 million and $63.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, or 12.5% and 16.1% of our total revenues of $411.4 million and $392.5 million. The financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end rates, with the exception of revenues, costs, and expenses, which are translated at average rates during the reporting period. We include gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions in income, while we exclude those resulting from translation of financial statements from income and include them as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains (losses), which were included in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations, amounted to gains of $0.4 million and $2.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We may be exposed to foreign currency risk; however, our operating results during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, included $51.6 million and $63.4 million of revenues, respectively, and $10.9 million and $11.8 million of operating expenses from our foreign subsidiaries, respectively, and a 10% appreciation or depreciation of the U.S. dollar relative to the local currency exchange rates would result in an approximately $(0.2) million and $0.4 million change in our operating income during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in the Rules 13a-15(e) and 15(d)-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) that is designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act. Based upon the foregoing evaluation, our Co-Chief Executive Officers and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of June 30, 2025 our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Other than as set forth below under “Material Weakness and Remediation,” there have been no changes to our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter covered by this Quarterly Report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Material Weakness and Remediation
The Company previously identified in its 2024 Annual Report the following material weaknesses:
•The Company identified two material weaknesses in controls related to information technology general controls (“ITGCs”) at our Lingo Management, LLC and Tiger US Holdings, Inc. subsidiaries in the areas of user access, program change management, and information technology (“IT”) operations over IT systems and the reports generated from these systems used in the execution of controls that support the Company’s financial reporting processes. As a result, business-process automated and manual controls that were dependent on the affected ITGCs could have been adversely impacted.
•The Company identified a material weakness relating to the design and operating effectiveness of management’s review controls over the investment valuation of Level 3 investments such that management’s review procedures were not operating at a level of precision sufficient to prevent or detect a potential material misstatement in the consolidated statements.
•The Company identified a material weakness relating to the design and operating effectiveness of management’s review controls over the identification and disclosure of material related party transactions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 850, Related Party Disclosures. Specifically, management’s review procedures were not operating at a level of precision sufficient to prevent or detect a potential material misstatement in the consolidated financial statements.
•The Company identified a material weakness relating to the design and operating effectiveness of management’s review controls over the income tax provision such that management’s review procedures were not operating at a level of precision to prevent or detect a potential material misstatement in the consolidated statements.
•The Company identified two material weaknesses related to the design and operating effectiveness of management’s review controls over goodwill such that management did not adequately evaluate relevant factors and indicators to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of a business segment was less than the carrying amount of goodwill and other intangibles assigned to that reporting unit as well as a lack of appropriate approval in accordance with Company policy over significant decisions involving goodwill.
•The Company identified a material weakness related to the design and operating effectiveness of controls related to journal entry controls. There was a lack of segregation of duties considerations associated within the journal entry approval workflow. The workflow in the system did not systemically prevent individuals who can post journal entries to also approve the same entries. Additionally, the Company did not retain evidence of review of certain journal entries.
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•The Company identified material weaknesses in controls related to ITGCs at bebe in the areas of user access, program change management, and IT operations over IT systems and the reports generated from these systems used in the execution of controls that support the Company’s financial reporting processes. As a result, business process automated and manual controls that were dependent on the affected ITGCs could have been adversely impacted. Additionally, the Company did not consistently retain evidence of review, further contributing to the material weakness.
•The Company identified a material weakness in controls due to its inability to rely on the SOC 1 Type 2 reports associated with two third-party service organizations that support significant elements of its financial reporting processes over B. Riley Retail Solutions, LLC. Specifically, the Company did not have adequate ITGCs in place over the IT systems and related reports at these third-party service providers, which are used in the execution of controls supporting the Company’s financial reporting. As a result, business process automated and manual controls that were dependent on these ITGCs at the service organizations could have been adversely impacted.
Remediation of Material Weaknesses
Management continues to implement measures designed to ensure that the control deficiencies contributing to the material weaknesses noted above are remediated, such that the controls are designed, implemented, and operating effectively. The remediation actions for the material weaknesses noted above include:
• Prior to December 31, 2024, the Retail Solutions material weakness was remediated through the divestiture of the business in November 2024.
• Implementation and enhancement of its ITGCs and related policies. This includes providing resources, training and support to process owners and reviewers with a specific focus on understanding the risks being addressed by the controls they are performing, as well as requirements for sufficient documentation and evidence in the execution of the controls.
• Updating of its IT policies and procedures to enhance user access, change management, and IT operations processes to ensure timely and accurate assignment of access rights and prompt removal of access for terminated employees, and to ensure appropriate restriction of access rights based on job responsibilities.
• Designing of alternative processes and controls to mitigate the risk of the third-party services providers not producing the SOC 1 Type 2 reports.
• Implementation of measures designed to ensure controls are appropriately designed, implemented, and operating effectively as it relates to the material weakness identified in investment valuations, related party transactions, income taxes, goodwill impairment assessment, and journal entries. The remediation actions include the improvement of the precision level of management review controls, documentation retention and additional resources.
While the foregoing measures are intended to effectively remediate the material weaknesses, it is possible that additional remediation steps will be necessary. As such, as we continue to evaluate and implement our plan to remediate the material weaknesses, our management may decide to take additional measures to address the material weaknesses or modify the remediation steps described above. The weaknesses will not be considered remediated, however, until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively.
We are committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment and implementing measures designed to help ensure that control deficiencies contributing to the material weaknesses are remediated as soon as possible.
Notwithstanding the material weaknesses described above, management has concluded that the consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with GAAP.
Inherent Limitation on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well-designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance
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that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.
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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
The Company is subject to certain legal and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. In particular, the Company and its subsidiaries are named in and subject to various proceedings and claims arising primarily from the Company’s securities business activities, including lawsuits, arbitration claims, class actions, and regulatory matters. Some of these claims seek substantial compensatory, punitive, or indeterminate damages. The Company and its subsidiaries are also involved in other reviews, investigations, and proceedings by governmental and self-regulatory organizations regarding the Company’s business, which may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions, and other relief. In addition to such legal and other claims, reviews, investigations, and proceedings, the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to the risk of unasserted claims, including, among others, as it relates to matters related to Mr. Kahn and our investment in Freedom VCM. If such claims are made, however, the Company believes it has valid defenses from any such claim and any such claim would be without merit. The Company has not accrued for any such contingent liabilities, but such contingent liabilities could be realized which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition.
On July 11, 2025, the Company’s subsidiary, B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“BRS”), received a demand letter from certain parties that invested in a special purpose entity (the “SPV”) that in turn invested in the going private transaction (the “Transaction”) in August 2023 of Franchise Group, Inc. An arbitration demand (the “Demand”) was filed by such parties with the American Arbitration Association on October 10, 2025 against BRS and related entities (the “BR Defendants”). The Demand alleges that the BR Defendants (i) failed to disclose certain material facts regarding FRG and the Transaction in violation of certain securities laws, (ii) committed fraud and/or civil conspiracy, and (iii) breached fiduciary duties and aided and abetted the breach of fiduciary duties. Such investors seek rescission of the aggregate investment amount of $37.5 million plus interest thereon and related fees and expenses. The Company believes such claims are meritless and intends to defend such action.
On February 14, 2025, a stockholder derivative complaint was filed by Michael Marchner in the Delaware Chancery Court on behalf of the Company and against the members of the Company’s Board of Directors. The complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s officers and the board of directors (i) breached their fiduciary duties related to the Company’s involvement with Brian Kahn and subsequent legal issues, (ii) engaged in misconduct, and (iii) wasted corporate assets, including the approval of improper compensation. The Company believes that these claims are meritless and intends to defend this action.
On January 22, 2025, a stockholder derivative complaint was filed by James Smith in the Superior Court for Los Angeles County against the Company, certain of the Company’s executive officers and the members of the Company’s Board of Directors. The complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s officers and directors (i) breached their fiduciary duties related to the Company’s involvement with Brian Kahn and subsequent legal issues, (ii) engaged in a waste of corporate assets, and (iii) received unjust enrichment. The Company believes that these claims are meritless and intends to defend this action.
On July 9, 2024, a putative class action was filed by Brian Gale, Mark Noble, Terry Philippas and Lawrence Bass in the Delaware Chancery Court against Freedom VCM, Mr. Kahn, Andrew Laurence, Matthew Avril, and the Company. This complaint alleges that former shareholders of FRG suffered damages due to alleged breaches of fiduciary duties by officers, directors and other participants in the August 2023 management-led take private transaction of FRG and that the Company aided and abetted those alleged breaches of fiduciary duties. The claim seeks an award of unspecified damages, rescissory damages and/or quasi-appraisal damages, disgorgement of profits, attorneys’ fees and expenses, and interest thereon. The Company believes these claims are meritless and intends to defend this action.
On July 3, 2024, each of the Company and Bryant Riley, Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer, received a subpoena from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) requesting the production of certain documents and other information primarily related to (i) the Company’s business dealings with Brian Kahn, (ii) certain transactions in an unrelated public company’s securities, and (iii) the communications and related compliance and other policies and procedures of certain of its regulated subsidiaries. On November 22, 2024, each of the Company and Mr. Riley received an additional SEC subpoena requesting the production of certain additional documents and information relating to Franchise Group, Inc. (including its holding company, Freedom VCM Holdings, LLC) as well as Mr. Riley’s personal loan and his pledge of shares of the Company’s common stock as collateral for such loan. As previously disclosed on April 23, 2024, the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors, with the assistance of Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, the Company’s legal counsel, conducted an internal review, and separately the Audit Committee retained Winston & Strawn LLP, independent legal counsel, to conduct an independent investigation, to review transactions among Mr. Kahn (and his affiliates) and the Company (and its affiliates). The review and the investigation both confirmed that the Company and its executives, including Mr. Riley, had no involvement with, or knowledge of, any alleged misconduct concerning Mr. Kahn
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or any of his affiliates. The receipt of subpoenas is not an indication that the SEC or its staff has determined that any violations of law have occurred. Both the Company and Mr. Riley are responding to the subpoenas and are fully cooperating with the SEC.
On May 2, 2024, a putative class action was filed by Ted Donaldson in the Superior Court for the State of California, County of Los Angeles on behalf of all persons who acquired the Company’s senior notes pursuant to the shelf registration statement filed with the SEC on Form S-3 dated January 28, 2021, and the prospectuses filed and published on August 4, 2021 and December 2, 2021 (the “Offerings”). The action asserts claims under §§ 11, 12, and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) against the Company, some of the Company’s current and former officers and directors, and the financial institutions that served as underwriters and book runners for the Offerings. An amended complaint was filed on September 27, 2024. The amended complaint alleges that the offering documents failed to advise investors that Brian Kahn and/or one or more of his controlled entities was engaged in illicit business activities, that the Company, despite the foregoing, continued to finance transactions for Kahn, eventually enabling him and others to take FRG private, and that the foregoing was reasonably likely to draw regulatory scrutiny and reputational harm to the Company. The Company believes these claims are meritless and intends to defend this action.
On January 24, 2024, a putative securities class action complaint was filed by Mike Coan in U.S. Federal District Court, Central District of California, against the Company, Mr. Riley, Tom Kelleher and Phillip Ahn. The purported class includes persons and entities that purchased shares of the Company’s common stock between May 10, 2023 and November 9, 2023. A second putative class action lawsuit was filed on March 15, 2024 by the KL Kamholz Joint Revocable Trust (“Kamholz”). On August 8, 2024, this matter was consolidated with the Kamholz matter and an amended complaint was then filed on April 21, 2025. The amended complaint alleges that the Company failed to disclose to investors material financial details concerning a going private transaction involving FRG, and that the Company made false or misleading statements concerning the Company’s lending practices, its high concentration of risk in transactions involving Mr. Kahn and his affiliates, the condition and composition of the Company’s loan portfolio, the Company’s due diligence and risk management procedures, and the Company’s level of concern and internal scrutiny concerning Mr. Kahn after it learned he was potentially implicated in a fraud involving an unrelated third party. The amended complaint asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company cannot estimate the amount of potential liability, if any, that could arise from these matters and believes these claims are meritless and intends to defend these actions.
On September 21, 2023, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, B. Riley Commercial Capital, LLC (“BRCC”), received a demand alleging that certain payments to BRCC in the aggregate amount of approximately $32.2 million made by Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc. (“Sorrento”), a chapter 11 debtor in U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of Texas (the “Court”), pursuant to that certain Bridge Loan Agreement dated September 30, 2022 between Sorrento and BRCC, are avoidable as preferential transfers (the “Alleged Preferences”). On June 16, 2025, the liquidating trustee (the “Trustee”) on behalf of the Sorrento Liquidating Trust filed a complaint with the Court in an adversary proceeding seeking to avoid and recover the Alleged Preferences. On September 12, 2025, the Court denied BRCC’s motion to dismiss. The Company believes that the liquidating trustee’s claims lack merit and intends to continue to assert its statutory defenses to defeat such claims.
In light of the significant factual issues to be resolved with respect to the asserted claims and other proceedings described above and uncertainties regarding unasserted claims described above, at the present time reasonably possible losses cannot be estimated with respect to the asserted and unasserted claims described in the preceding paragraphs.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There are certain risks and uncertainties in our business that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated. A detailed discussion of our risk factors was included in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. These risk factors should be read carefully in connection with evaluating our business and in connection with the forward-looking statements and other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Any of the risks described in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results and the actual outcome of matters as to which forward-looking statements are made.
Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors set forth in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
If we are unable to satisfy the applicable continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, our securities could be delisted.
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Our shares of common stock and preferred stock, and our senior notes (collectively, our “Securities”) are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market. Generally, among other requirements, we must timely file all required periodic financial reports with the SEC.
On November 21, 2025, the Company received a Staff Determination Letter (the “November Determination Letter”) from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) based on the Company's non-compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) (the “Filing Rule”), as previously notified by the Staff on April 3, 2025, May 21, 2025, August 20, 2025 and October 1, 2025 (together, the “Prior Determination Letters”). The basis for the Prior Determination Letters was that the Company had not yet filed its Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2025 (the “Q1 Report”) and June 30, 2025 (the “Q2 Report”) with the SEC. The Company filed its Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 on September 19, 2025 and its Q1 Report on November 18, 2025. The basis for the November Determination Letter was that the Company had not yet filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2025 (the “Q3 Report”).
The Prior Determination Letter received on October 1, 2025 noted that, after the Staff’s review of the materials submitted by the Company on September 4, 2025 and September 19, 2025 (the “Updated Plan of Compliance”), it lacked the discretion within Nasdaq’s rules to grant the Company a further exception beyond the September 29, 2025 deadline that was previously granted to regain compliance with the Filing Rule. The November Determination Letter and Prior Determination Letters did not result in the suspension of trading or delisting of the Company’s securities.
The Staff Determination Letter notified the Company that it may request a hearing before a Nasdaq Hearings Panel (“Hearings Panel”), pursuant to the procedures set forth in the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5800 Series. The Company timely submitted a request for a hearing on October 8, 2025, including continued listing of its securities pending the hearing and the Hearings Panel’s decision. A hearing before the Hearings Panel was held on November 4, 2025. On November 18, 2025, the Company received written notification (the “Decision Letter”) from the Hearings Panel notifying the Company of its decision to grant the Company’s request to continue its listing on Nasdaq, subject to the Company’s meeting certain conditions outlined in the Decision Letter. In the Decision Letter, the Hearings Advisor noted that the Hearings Panel reviewed the information presented by the Company, detailing the compliance plan proposed by the Company, as well as all other correspondence previously submitted by the Company and the Staff. The Hearings Panel granted the Company’s request for continued listing on Nasdaq, subject to filing with the SEC on or before (i) November 21, 2025, the Q1 Report, (ii) December 23, 2025, the Q2 Report, and (iii) January 20, 2026, the Q3 Report.
The Company filed with the SEC the Q1 Report on November 18, 2025 and this Q2 Report on the filing date hereof. The Company anticipates filing its Q3 Report with the SEC by no later than January 20, 2026 (in accordance with the Decision Letter). The Decision Letter also noted that, should the Company miss any such deadline, the Hearings Panel will delist the Company’s securities from the Exchange. The Hearings Panel also made it a requirement during the exception period that the Company provide prompt notification of any significant events that occur during this time that may affect the Company’s compliance with Nasdaq requirements. In addition, the Decision Letter advised that the Nasdaq Listing and Hearing Review Council (the “Listing Council”) may, on its own motion, determine to review any Hearings Panel decision within 45 calendar days after issuance of the written decision. If the Listing Council determines to review this Decision Letter, it may affirm, modify, reverse, dismiss or remand the decision to the Hearings Panel. As of the date of filing of this Q2 Report, the Company has received no communication from the Listing Council.
There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to file the Q3 Report timely or meet other Nasdaq continued listing requirements in the future.
If Nasdaq delists our Securities from trading on its exchange, we expect our Securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:
•limited availability of market quotations for our Securities;
•reduced liquidity for our Securities;
•a determination that our shares of common and/or preferred stock is a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our Securities to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities;
•a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and
•a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
There have been no sales of unregistered securities during the quarter ended June 30, 2025, except as set forth below:
On April 7, 2025, the Company issued exchange warrants (the “Exchange Warrants”) to purchase 39,968 shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “Common Stock”), at an exercise price of $10.00 per share, in connection with a private exchange transaction in which certain of the Company’s senior notes held by an investor were exchanged for New Notes.
As previously disclosed, on May 21, 2025, the Company issued Exchange Warrants to purchase 372,268 shares of the Common Stock at an exercise price of $10.00 per share, in connection with a private exchange transaction in which certain of the Company’s senior notes held by an investor were exchanged for New Notes.
As previously disclosed, on June 30, 2025, the Company issued Exchange Warrants to purchase 52,000 shares of the Common Stock at an exercise price of $10.00 per share, in connection with a private exchange transaction in which certain of the Company’s senior notes held by an investor were exchanged for New Notes.
The Exchange Warrants contain certain anti-dilution provisions and upon exercise, the holders of the Exchange Warrants are entitled to dividends and distributions as if the Exchange Warrants had been exercised in full prior to the dividend or distribution date.
The Exchange Warrants were issued in reliance upon an exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, as the transactions did not involve any public offering.
No underwriters were engaged in connection with these issuances, and no underwriting discounts or commissions were paid. The Exchange Warrants contain restrictions on transfer and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration under the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information.
Certain of our officers have made elections to participate in, and are participating in, our employee stock purchase plan and 401(k) plan and have made, and may from time to time make, elections to have shares withheld upon the vesting of restricted stock units to cover withholding taxes, which may be designed to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act or may constitute non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K). As of the date of this filing, none of the Company’s officers or directors has implemented a 10b5-1 trading plan.
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Item 6. Exhibits.
The exhibits filed as part of this Quarterly Report are listed in the index to exhibits immediately preceding such exhibits, which index to exhibits is incorporated herein by reference.
Exhibit Index

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. |  | Description |  | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
10.1# |  | Employment Agreement between B. Riley Financial, Inc. and Scott Yessner, dated as of May 19, 2025. |  | 8-K |  | 10.1 |  | 5/22/2025
10.2# |  | Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement between B. Riley Financial, Inc. and Scott Yessner, dated as of May 19, 2025. |  | 8-K |  | 10.2 |  | 5/22/2025
10.3§† |  | Form of Warrant, for warrants issued to Annuity Investors Life Insurance Company, C.M. Life Insurance Company, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, and MassMutual Ascend Life Insurance Company, dated May 21, 2025. |  | 8-K |  | 10.1 |  | 5/28/2025
10.4§ |  | Registration Rights Agreement by and between B. Riley Financial, Inc., and Annuity Investors Life Insurance Company, C.M. Life Insurance Company, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, and MassMutual Ascend Life Insurance Company, dated as of May 21, 2025. |  | 8-K |  | 10.2 |  | 5/28/2025
10.5§ |  | Equity Purchase Agreement, by and among B. Riley Advisory Holdings, LLC, B. Riley Advisory US, Inc., B. Riley Financial, Inc., Gallop U.S. Acquireco Inc., and 1001243443 Ontario Inc., dated as of June 27, 2025. |  | 8-K |  | 2.1 |  | 7/3/2025
10.6* |  | First Amendment to Credit Agreement among BRPI Acquisition Co LLC, Lingo Management, LLC, United Online, Inc., YMAX Corporation and Banc of California, dated as of May 12, 2025. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.7§* |  | Second Amendment to Credit Agreement among BRPI Acquisition Co LLC, Lingo Management, LLC, United Online, Inc., YMAX Corporation and Banc of California, dated as of June 10, 2025. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.8* |  | Amendment to Credit Agreement by and among Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc., the other entities listed in Schedule I thereto, B. Riley Financial, Inc., the Lenders party thereto, and Axos Bank, dated as of June 18, 2025. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.9§* |  | Revolving Credit, Term Loan and Security Agreement among Tiger US Holdings Inc., as the Initial Borrower; the other Borrowers that are party thereto; other loan parties that are party thereto; and PNC Bank, National Association, as Lender and Agent, dated as of October 18, 2022. |  |  |  |  |  |

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10.10§* |  | Amendment No. 1 to Revolving Credit, Term Loan and Security Agreement by and among Tiger US Holdings Inc., as the Initial Borrower; the other Borrowers that are party thereto; other loan parties that are party thereto; and PNC Bank, National Association, as Lender and Agent, dated as of October 31, 2023. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.11§* |  | Amendment No. 2 to Revolving Credit, Term Loan and Security Agreement by and among Tiger US Holdings Inc., as the Initial Borrower; the other Borrowers that are party thereto; other loan parties that are party thereto; and PNC Bank, National Association, as Lender and Agent, dated as of February 20, 2024. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.12§* |  | Amendment No. 3 to Revolving Credit, Term Loan and Security Agreement by and among Tiger US Holdings Inc., as the Initial Borrower; the other Borrowers that are party thereto; other loan parties that are party thereto; and PNC Bank, National Association, as Lender and Agent, dated as of June 27, 2024. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.13§* |  | Amendment No. 4 to Revolving Credit, Term Loan and Security Agreement by and among Tiger US Holdings Inc., as the Initial Borrower; the other Borrowers that are party thereto; other loan parties that are party thereto; and PNC Bank, National Association, as Lender and Agent, dated as of November 7, 2024. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.14§* |  | Amendment No. 5 to Revolving Credit, Term Loan and Security Agreement by and among Tiger US Holdings Inc., as the Initial Borrower; the other Borrowers that are party thereto; other loan parties that are party thereto; and PNC Bank, National Association, as Lender and Agent, dated as of May 9, 2025. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.15* |  | Keepwell Agreement by and among B. Riley Financial, Inc., B. Riley Principal Investments, LLC, Tiger US Holdings Inc., and PNC Bank, National Association, as Agent, dated February 20, 2024. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.16* |  | Amendment No. 1 to Keepwell Agreement by and among B. Riley Financial, Inc., B. Riley Principal Investments, LLC, Tiger US Holdings Inc., and PNC Bank, National Association, as Agent, dated November 7, 2024. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.17* |  | Amendment No. 2 to Keepwell Agreement by and among B. Riley Financial, Inc., B. Riley Principal Investments, LLC, Tiger US Holdings Inc., and PNC Bank, National Association, as Agent, dated May 9, 2025. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.18§* |  | Form of Warrant, for warrants issued to VR Global Partners, L.P., dated as of June 30, 2025. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.19§* |  | Registration Rights Agreement by and between B. Riley Financial, Inc., and VR Global Partners, L.P. dated as of June 30, 2025. |  |  |  |  |  |

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10.20§‡* |  | F orm of Warrant, for warrants issued to Great American Insurance Company, Great American Contemporary Insurance Company, and National Interstate Insurance Company (collectively “AFG”), dated as of April 7, 2025. |  |  |  |  |  |
10.21§* |  | Registration Rights Agreement by and between B. Riley Financial, Inc., and Great American Insurance Company, Great American Contemporary Insurance Company, and National Interstate Insurance Company (collectively “AFG”), dated as of April 7, 2025. |  |  |  |  |  |
31.1* |  | Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2* |  | Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 |  |  |  |  |  |
31.3* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1** |  | Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |
32.2** |  | Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |
32.3** |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document. |  |  |  |  |  |
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  |  |
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |  |  |  |  |  |

_______________________________________________
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* | Filed herewith.
** | Furnished herewith.
# | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
§ | In accordance with Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K, certain schedules and exhibits have not been filed. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon request.
† | The Warrant Agreements between the Company and each of Annuity Investors Life Insurance Company, C.M. Life Insurance Company, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company and MassMutual Ascend Life Insurance Company are substantially identical in all material respects to the Form of Warrant incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on May 28, 2025, except that the “Issuance Amounts” in such holders’ agreements are 2,636, 13,384, 278,788 and 77,460, respectively.
‡ | The Warrant Agreements between the Company and each of Great American Insurance Company, Great American Contemporary Insurance Company, and National Interstate Insurance Company are substantially identical in all material respects to the Form of Warrant incorporated herein, except that the “Issuance Amounts” in such holders’ agreements are 36,496, 1,736, and 1,736, respectively.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| B. Riley Financial, Inc.
Date: December 15, 2025 | By: | /s/ SCOTT YESSNER
| Name: | Scott Yessner
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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