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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policy) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation ﻿ The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FreightCar America, Inc. and all of its direct and indirect subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. During 2019 the Company entered into a joint venture arrangement with Fasemex to manufacture railcars in Castanos, Mexico, in exchange for a 50% non-controlling interest in the operation. Under the terms of the joint venture, the Company has the right to appoint the majority of the members of the board and management for the joint venture. The Company’s initial obligations under the joint venture include capital contributions of $25,000 over several years through a combination of assets and cash.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates ﻿ The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include the valuation of used railcars received in sale transactions, useful lives of long-lived assets, warranty accruals, workers’ compensation accruals, pension and postretirement benefit assumptions, stock compensation, evaluation of goodwill, other intangibles and property, plant and equipment for impairment and the valuation of deferred taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents ﻿ On a daily basis, cash in excess of current operating requirements is invested in various highly liquid investments. The Company considers all unrestricted short-term investments with maturities of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. The amortized cost of cash equivalents approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. ﻿ The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are primarily deposited with one U.S. financial institution. Such deposits are in excess of federally insured limits.
Restricted Cash and Restricted Certificates of Deposit | Restricted Cash and Restricted Certificates of Deposit ﻿ The Company establishes restricted cash balances and restricted certificates of deposit to collateralize certain standby letters of credit with respect to purchase price payment guarantees and performance guarantees and to support the Company’s worker’s compensation insurance claims. The restrictions expire upon completing the Company’s related obligation.
Financial Instruments | Financial Instruments ﻿ Management estimates that all financial instruments (including cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted certificates of deposit, marketable securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable and long-term debt) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, have fair values that approximate their carrying values. ﻿ Upon purchase, the Company categorizes debt securities as securities held to maturity, securities available for sale or trading securities. Debt securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as securities held to maturity and are reported at amortized cost adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount on a level yield basis. Debt securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading securities and reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Debt securities not classified as either held-to-maturity or trading securities are classified as securities available for sale and are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a component of other comprehensive income, which is included in stockholders’ equity, net of deferred taxes.
Fair Value Measurements | Fair Value Measurements ﻿ Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, and may affect the valuation of assets and liabilities and the placement within the fair value hierarchy levels. ﻿ The Company classifies the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value as follows: ﻿ Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. ﻿ Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices for Level 1 inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, and inputs that are derived from observable market data by correlation or other means. ﻿ Level 3 — Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, including situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.
Inventories | Inventories ﻿ Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out basis and includes material, labor and manufacturing overhead. The Company’s inventory consists of work in progress and finished goods for individual customer contracts, used railcars acquired upon trade-in and railcar parts retained for sale to external parties.
Leased Railcars | Leased Railcars ﻿ The Company offers railcar leases to its customers at market rates with terms and conditions that have been negotiated with the customers. If, as of the date of the initial lease, management determines that the sale of the leased railcars is probable, and transfer of the leased railcars is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year, then the leased railcars are classified as current assets on the balance sheet (Inventory on Lease). In determining whether it is probable that the leased railcars will be sold within one year, management considers general market conditions for similar railcars and considers whether market conditions are indicative of a potential sales price that will be acceptable to the Company to sell the cars within one year. Inventory on Lease is carried at the lower of cost or market value and is not depreciated. At the one-year anniversary of the initial lease or such earlier date when management no longer believes the leased railcars will be sold within one year of the initial lease, the leased railcars are reclassified from current assets (Inventory on Lease) to long-term assets (Railcars Available for Lease). Railcars Available for Lease are depreciated over 40 years from the date the railcars are placed in service under the initial lease and evaluated for impairment on a quarterly basis. ﻿
Property, Plant and Equipment | Property, Plant and Equipment ﻿ Property, plant and equipment are stated at acquisition cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the original estimated useful lives of the assets or lease term if shorter, which are as follows: ﻿ ﻿ ﻿
﻿ |
﻿Description of Assets | Life
﻿Buildings and improvements | 15-40 years
﻿Leasehold improvements | 6-19 years
﻿Machinery and equipment | 3-7 years
﻿Software | 3-7 years
﻿ ﻿
﻿3-7 years |  |
Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while major refurbishments and improvements are capitalized. The cost and accumulated depreciation of items sold or retired are removed from the property accounts and any gain or loss is recorded in the consolidated statement of operations upon disposal or retirement.
Long-Lived Assets | Long-Lived Assets ﻿ The Company tests long-lived assets for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. These changes in circumstances may include a significant decrease in the market price of an asset group, a significant adverse change in the manner or extent in which an asset group is used, a current year operating loss combined with history of operating losses, or a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset group will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. ﻿ For assets to be held and used, the Company groups a long-lived asset or assets with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Estimates of future cash flows used to test the recoverability of a long-lived asset group include only the future cash flows that are directly associated with and that are expected to arise as a direct result of the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. Recoverability of the carrying value of the asset group is determined by comparing the carrying value of the asset group to total undiscounted future cash flows of the asset group. If the carrying value of the asset group is not recoverable, an impairment loss is measured based on the excess of the carrying amount of asset group over the estimated fair value of the asset group. An impairment loss for an asset group reduces only the carrying amounts of a long-lived asset or assets of the group being evaluated. ﻿ ﻿
Research and Development | Research and Development ﻿ Costs associated with research and development are expensed as incurred and totaled approximately $955 and $42 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Such costs are reported within selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Intangible Assets ﻿ The Company assesses the carrying value of goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently whenever events occur and circumstances change indicating potential impairment. On August 1, 2019, the Company performed its annual assessment of its Manufacturing reporting unit, the only reporting unit carrying goodwill. T he new railcar market and the operating environment for the Company’s M anufacturing reporting unit continue to be challenging. The outlook for new railcar demand and usage accelerated its decline in the second half of 2019. In addition, the sustained decline in the Company’s stock price as well as a change in the Company’s business model and market share decline have resulted in downward revisions of the Company’s forecasts of current and future projected earnings and cash flows for the Manufacturing reporting unit. Management determined the fair value of the Manufacturing reporting unit using the income approach, utilizing the discounted cash flow method. Fair value calculations using the income approach contain significant judgments and estimates with respect to a variety of factors that will significantly impact the future performance of the business, including: future railcar volume projections based on expected railcar demand; estimated margins on railcar sales; estimated growth rate for selling, general and administrative costs; future effective tax rate for the Company; and weighted-average cost of capital (“WACC”). Management estimated a WACC of 16% for the Company’s August 1, 2019 goodwill impairment valuation analysis. Based on this analysis, the Company determined that the carrying value of its Manufacturing reporting unit exceeded its fair value by an amount that exceeded the Manufacturing reporting unit goodwill. As a result, the Company recorded a goodwill impairment charge equal to the total goodwill balance of the Manufacturing reporting unit of $21,521 during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes ﻿ For federal income tax purposes, the Company files a consolidated federal tax return. The Company also files state tax returns in states where the Company has operations. In conformity with ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company provides for deferred income taxes on differences between the book and tax bases of its assets and liabilities and for items that are reported for financial statement purposes in periods different from those for income tax reporting purposes. The Company’s deferred tax liability or asset amounts are based upon the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the periods in which the deferred tax liability or asset is expected to be settled or realized. ﻿ Management evaluates net deferred tax assets and provides a valuation allowance when it believes that it is more likely than not that some portion of these assets will not be realized. In making this determination, management evaluates both positive evidence, such as cumulative pre-tax income for previous years, the projection of future taxable income, the reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and tax planning strategies, and negative evidence, such as any recent history of losses and any projected losses. Management also considers the expiration dates of net operating loss carryforwards in the evaluation of net deferred tax assets. Management evaluates the realizability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and assesses the valuation allowance on a quarterly basis, adjusting the amount of such allowance as necessary. The year ended December 31, 2018 included income tax expense of $18,187 related to recognition of additional valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. (See Note 15, Income Taxes) ﻿ Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return are recorded when such benefits meet a more likely than not threshold. Otherwise, these tax benefits are recorded when a tax position has been effectively settled, which means that the appropriate taxing authority has completed its examination even though the statute of limitations remains open, or the statute of limitation expires. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law until such time that the related tax benefits are recognized.
Product Warranties | Product Warranties ﻿ Warranty terms are based on the negotiated railcar sales contracts. The Company generally warrants that new railcars will be free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service identified for a period of up to seven years from the time of sale. The Company also provides limited warranties with respect to certain rebuilt railcars. With respect to parts and materials manufactured by others and incorporated by the Company in its products, such parts and materials may be covered by the warranty provided by the original manufacturer. The Company establishes a warranty reserve at the time of sale to account for future warranty charges. The warranty reserve consists of two categories: assigned claims and unassigned claims. The unassigned warranty reserve is calculated based on historical warranty costs adjusted for estimated material price changes and other factors. Once a warranty claim is filed for railcars under warranty, the estimated cost to correct the defect is moved from the unassigned reserve to the assigned reserve and tracked separately. The Company does not provide its customers the option to purchase additional warranties and, therefore, the Company’s warranties are not considered a separate service or performance obligation.
State and Local Incentives | State and Local Incentives ﻿ The Company records state and local incentives when there is reasonable assurance that the incentive will be received. State and local incentives related to assets are recorded as deferred income and recognized on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the related long-lived assets of seven to sixteen years.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition ﻿ The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenues by major source: ﻿ ﻿
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ |  | Year ended |
﻿ |  | December 31, |
﻿ |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Railcar sales |  | $ | 212,716 |  | $ | 296,394 |
﻿Parts sales |  |  | 10,699 |  |  | 14,180 |
﻿Other sales |  |  | 91 |  |  | 59 |
﻿ Revenues from contracts with customers |  |  | 223,506 |  |  | 310,633 |
﻿Leasing revenues |  |  | 6,452 |  |  | 5,886 |
﻿ Total revenues |  | $ | 229,958 |  | $ | 316,519 |
﻿ The Company generally recognizes revenue at a point in time as it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. Revenue is measured at the transaction price, which is based on the amount of consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to the customer. ﻿ Railcar Sales ﻿ Performance obligations are typically completed and revenue is recognized for the sale of new and rebuilt railcars when a certificate of acceptance has been issued by the customer and title and risk of loss are transferred to the customer. At that time, the customer directs the use of, and obtains substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. In certain sales contracts, the Company’s performance obligation includes transfer of the finished railcar to a specified railroad connection point. In these instances, the Company recognizes revenue from the sale when the railcar reaches the specified railroad connection point. When a railcar sales contract contains multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations based on the relative stand-alone selling price of the performance obligation determined at the inception of the contract based on an observable market price, expected cost plus margin or market price of similar items. The Company does not provide discounts or rebates in the normal course of business. ﻿ As a practical expedient, the Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts, such as sales commissions, as an expense when incurred since the amortization period of the asset that the Company otherwise would have recognized is generally one year or less. ﻿ Parts Sales ﻿ The Company sells forged, cast and fabricated parts for all of the railcars it produces, as well as those manufactured by others. Performance obligations are satisfied and the Company recognizes revenue from most parts sales when the parts are shipped to customers. ﻿ Leasing Revenue ﻿ The Company recognizes operating lease revenue on Inventory on Lease on a contractual basis and recognizes operating lease revenue on Railcars Available for Lease on a straight-line basis over the contract term. The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of Inventory on Lease on a gross basis in manufacturing sales and cost of sales if the sales process is completed within 12 months of the manufacture of the leased railcars. The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of Railcars Available for Lease on a net basis as Gain (Loss) on Sale of Railcars Available for Lease since the sale represents the disposal of a long-term operating asset. ﻿ Contract Balances and Accounts Receivable ﻿ Accounts receivable payments for railcar sales are typically due within 5 to 10 business days of invoicing while payments from parts sales are typically due within 30 to 45 business days of invoicing. The Company has not experienced significant historical credit losses. ﻿ Contract assets represent the Company’s rights to consideration for performance obligations that have been satisfied but for which the terms of the contract do not permit billing at the reporting date. The Company has no contract assets as of December 31, 2019. The Company may receive cash payments from customers in advance of the Company satisfying performance obligations under its sales contracts resulting in deferred revenue or customer deposits, which are considered contract liabilities. Deferred revenue and customer deposits are classified as either current or long-term in the Consolidated Balance Sheet based on the timing of when the Company expects to recognize the related revenue. Deferred revenue and customer deposits included in customer deposits, other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2019 were $5,607. ﻿ Performance Obligations ﻿ The Company is electing not to disclose the value of the remaining unsatisfied performance obligation with a duration of one year or less as permitted by the practical expedient in ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company had remaining unsatisfied performance obligations as of December 31, 2019 with expected duration of greater than one year of $104,100.
Earnings (Loss) Per Share | Earnings (Loss) Per Share ﻿ The Company computes earnings (loss) per share using the two-class method, which is an earnings (loss) allocation formula that determines earnings (loss) per share for common stock and participating securities. The Company’s participating securities are its grants of restricted stock which contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends. Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding. The calculation of diluted earnings per share includes the effect of any dilutive equity incentive instruments. The Company uses the treasury stock method to calculate the effect of outstanding dilutive equity incentive instruments, which requires the Company to compute total proceeds as the sum of (1) the amount the employee must pay upon exercise of the award and (2) the amount of unearned stock-based compensation costs attributed to future services. Equity incentive instruments for which the total employee proceeds from exercise exceed the average fair value of the same equity incentive instrument over the period have an anti-dilutive effect on earnings per share during periods with net income from continuing operations, and accordingly, the Company excludes them from the calculation.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software, which requires capitalization of certain implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. ASU 2018-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. ﻿ In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General, which modifies the disclosure requirements for defined benefit and other postretirement plans. ASU 2018-14 eliminates certain disclosures related to accumulated other comprehensive income, plan assets, related parties and the effects of interest rate basis point changes on assumed health care costs, and adds disclosures to address significant gains and losses related to changes in benefit obligations. ASU 2018-14 also clarifies disclosure requirements for projected benefit and accumulated benefit obligations. ASU 2018-14 is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption on a retrospective basis for all periods presented is required. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. ﻿ In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which permits entities to reclassify tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of the recent U.S. tax reform to retained earnings. Companies that elect to reclassify these amounts must reclassify stranded tax effects for all items accounted for in accumulated other comprehensive income. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company did not elect to reclassify tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to retained earnings. ﻿ In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. Topic 350 currently requires an entity to perform a two-step test to determine the amount, if any, of goodwill impairment. The amendment in ASU 2017-04 removes the second step of the test. An entity will apply a one-step quantitative test and record the amount of goodwill impairment as the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. This standard is effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company early adopted ASU 2017-04 and accounting for goodwill impairment recognized in 2019 is in accordance with the guidance under ASU 2017-04. ﻿ In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, as amended, Leases (Topic 842), which requires a lessee to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term greater than twelve months regardless of whether the lease is classified as an operating lease or a financing lease. The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 effective January 1, 2019. See Note 3, Leases for the impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures from the adoption of this standard.

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