S-3 1 srfm-20251113.htm S-3

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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 12, 2025.

Registration No. 333-

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-3

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

SURF AIR MOBILITY INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 36-5025592
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

12111 S. Crenshaw Blvd.

Hawthorne, CA 90250

(424) 332-5480

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Deanna White

Surf Air Mobility Inc.

12111 S. Crenshaw Blvd.

Hawthorne, CA 90250

(424) 332-5480

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Peter W. Wardle Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP 333 South Grand Avenue Los Angeles, California (213) 229-7000 | Douglas K. Sugimoto General Counsel Surf Air Mobility Inc. 12111 S. Crenshaw Blvd. Hawthorne, CA 90250 (424) 332-5480

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:

From time to time after this Registration Statement is declared effective.

If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box: 

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☒
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

This registration statement shall hereafter become effective in accordance with the provisions of section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. Securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities, in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to completion, dated November 12, 2025

PROSPECTUS

Surf Air Mobility Inc.

$100,000,000

Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Debt Securities

Warrants

Up to 23,990,096 Shares of Common Stock

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From time to time we may offer and sell the following securities:

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shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“common stock”);
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shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“preferred stock”);
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debt securities, which may be senior or subordinated; and
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warrants.

The aggregate initial offering price of all securities sold by us under this prospectus will not exceed $100,000,000.

We may offer and sell these securities from time to time in amounts, at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions and other factors at the time of our offerings. We may offer and sell these securities through agents, through underwriters or dealers or directly to one or more purchasers, including existing stockholders. We are also registering 4,487,084 shares of common stock held by one of the selling stockholders named in this prospectus.

This prospectus also relates to the offer and resale, from time to time, of up to 19,503,012 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of our senior secured convertible note (the “Note”). On November 12, 2025, we sold and issued to one of the selling stockholders named herein the Note in the aggregate principal amount of $74.0 million. The Note is convertible into shares of our common stock, subject to certain conditions and limitations.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock by the selling stockholders. The selling stockholders will be responsible for any commissions due to brokers, dealers or agents. We will be responsible for all other offering expenses.

This prospectus provides you with a general description of these securities and the general manner in which we or the selling stockholders will offer the securities. Each time securities are offered, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of that offering. Upon conversion of the Note, each of the selling stockholders may, from time to time, offer and sell any or all of the shares of common stock held by it directly or through agents or dealers on terms to be determined at the time of sale, as described in more detail in the section of this prospectus entitled "Plan of Distribution." The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus.

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “SRFM.” The last reported sale price of our common stock on November 11, 2025, as reported by the NYSE, was $3.04 per share.

__________________________________________

You should read carefully this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement before you invest. Please read “Risk Factors” beginning on page 7 of this prospectus for information on certain risks related to the purchase of our securities.

Our Amended and Restated Bylaws and our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (each as defined below) provide that persons or entities who are not citizens of the United States (“Non-Citizens”), shall not, in the aggregate, own and or control more than 25.0% of our total voting interest. If Non-Citizens own (beneficially or of record) more than 25.0% of the total voting interest of our common stock, only permitted Non-Citizen holders consisting of Kuzari Investor 94647 LLC and our co-founders, Sudhin Shahani and Liam Fayed, and their respective affiliates (collectively, the “Permitted Holders”) will be entitled to vote. The voting rights of the Permitted Holders will be reduced pro rata if their combined ownership percentage exceeds 25.0%. Accordingly, if you are not a citizen of the United States as defined in 49 U.S.C. § 40102(a)(15) and as interpreted by the U.S. Department of Transportation, any shares of common stock

that you purchase will be subject to voting restrictions as described above and your voting rights may be subject to automatic suspension. In addition to the voting restrictions described above, our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that Non-Citizens who are residents of countries that are not party to “open-skies” agreements with the United States (“NOS Non-Citizens”) shall not, in the aggregate, own more than 25.0% of the total number of our outstanding equity securities, and that all Non-Citizens (including any NOS Non-Citizens) shall not, in the aggregate, own more than 49.0% of the total number of our outstanding equity securities. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Operating as a Public Company — Our Amended and Restated Bylaws and our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation limit voting rights of certain foreign persons” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”).

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

__________________________________________

The date of this prospectus is , 2025.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS |  | 1
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION; INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE |  | 2
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS |  | 3
ABOUT SURF AIR MOBILITY INC. |  | 5
RISK FACTORS |  | 8
USE OF PROCEEDS |  | 9
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK |  | 10
DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES |  | 15
DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS |  | 30
SELLING STOCKHOLDER S |  | 31
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION |  | 31
LEGAL MATTERS |  | 36
EXPERTS |  | 37

We and the selling stockholders have not authorized any person to provide you with any information or represent anything other than what is contained in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We and the selling stockholders take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any information that others may provide to you. This prospectus and any prospectus supplement are not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the securities to which they relate and are not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make an offer or solicitation in that jurisdiction. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus, a prospectus supplement or the information incorporated herein or therein by reference is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of this prospectus or the prospectus supplement, or that the information contained in any document incorporated by reference herein or therein is accurate as of any date other than the date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus, the prospectus supplement or any offer or sale of a security. Our business, financial condition, results of operation and prospects may have changed since that date.

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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we and the selling stockholders may, from time to time, offer and sell any combination of the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings. This prospectus generally describes Surf Air Mobility Inc. and the securities we and the selling stockholders may offer. Each time securities are offered by means of this prospectus, we will, and the selling stockholders may, provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of that offering. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. We may also add or update in any prospectus supplement (and in any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) any of the information contained in this prospectus or in the documents that we have incorporated by reference into this prospectus. Please read this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, together with the information incorporated herein or therein by reference as described under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information; Incorporation by Reference,” carefully before buying any of the securities being offered.

This prospectus contains and any prospectus supplement will contain summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein or therein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein or therein have been filed, will be filed or are incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information; Incorporation by Reference.”

Unless context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” or like terms refer to Surf Air Mobility Inc. and its subsidiaries and predecessors.

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WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION; INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

We have filed a registration statement with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), that registers the offer and sale of the securities covered by this prospectus. The registration statement, including the exhibits filed therewith and incorporated by reference therein, contains additional relevant information about us and our securities. In addition, we file annual, quarterly and other reports and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” the information we have filed with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you without actually including the specific information in this prospectus by referring you to other documents filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is an important part of this prospectus. Information that we later provide to the SEC, and which is deemed to be “filed” with the SEC, will automatically update information previously filed with the SEC, and may update or replace information in this prospectus and information previously filed with the SEC.

We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any filings we make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) (excluding information deemed to be furnished and not filed with the SEC), after the date on which the registration statement was initially filed with the SEC until all offerings under the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part are completed or terminated:

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Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 21, 2025;
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Our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on May 13, 2025, for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on August 12, 2025, and for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 filed with the SEC on November 12, 2025;
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Our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 28, 2025, April 1, 2025, June 26, 2025, June 27, 2025, August 29, 2025, October 8, 2025 and November 12, 2025;
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the description of our Common Stock contained in Exhibit 4.1 to the 2024 Form 10-K.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, information furnished under Items 2.02 and 7.01 of any Current Report on Form 8-K, including the related exhibits under 9.01, is not incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement.

These reports contain important information about us, our financial condition and our results of operations.

We make available free of charge on or through our website, www.surfair.com, our filings with the SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Our website address is included as an inactive textual reference only. We make our website address available for information purposes only, and its inclusion is intended to be only an inactive textual reference. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus and does not constitute a part of this prospectus.

You may obtain copies of any of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus from the SEC through the SEC’s website at the address provided above. You also may request a copy of any document incorporated by reference in this prospectus (including exhibits to those documents specifically incorporated by reference in this prospectus), at no cost, by contacting us at:

Surf Air Mobility Inc.

12111 S. Crenshaw Blvd.

Hawthorne, CA 90250

(424) 332-5480

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus, any prospectus supplement and the information incorporated herein and therein by reference may contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws, including Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement and the information incorporated by reference herein and therein may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of words such as “estimate”, “plan”, “project”, “forecast”, “intend”, “will”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “seek”, “target”, “designed to” or other similar expressions that predict or indicate future events or trends, although the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. We caution readers of this prospectus that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control, that could cause the actual results to differ materially from the expected results. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding estimates and forecasts of financial and performance metrics, projections of market opportunity and market share, potential benefits and the commercial attractiveness to our customers of our products and services and the dependence on third-party partnerships in the development of fully-electric and hybrid-electric powertrains, the potential success of our marketing and expansion strategies and our ability to continue as a going concern. These statements are based on various assumptions, whether or not identified in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement or the information incorporated herein or therein by reference and on the current expectations of our management and are not predictions of actual results and outcomes. These forward-looking statements are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to serve as, and must not be relied upon by any investor as, a guarantee, an assurance, a prediction or a definitive statement of fact or probability. Actual events and circumstances are difficult or impossible to predict and will differ from assumptions. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including:

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our future ability to pay contractual obligations and liquidity, which will depend on operating performance, cash flow and ability to secure adequate financing;
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our ability to meet the requirements of our term loan credit facility or other debt obligations;
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our limited operating history and the powertrain technology we plan to develop does not yet exist and remains subject to approval by regulators;
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the impact of changes in the U.S. or foreign trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and other protectionist trade measures, and other factors beyond our control;
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our ability to maintain and strengthen our brand and our reputation as a regional airline;
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any accidents or incidents involving aircraft including those involving fully-electric or hybrid-electric aircraft;
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our ability to accurately forecast demand for products and manage product inventory in an effective and efficient manner;
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the dependence on third-party partners and suppliers for the components and collaboration in our development of fully-electric and hybrid-electric powertrains, software technology platforms, and other products and services, and any interruptions, disagreements or delays with those partners and suppliers;
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our ability to execute business objectives and growth strategies successfully or sustain our growth;
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risks from the integration of business acquisitions that could adversely affect our business, divert the attention of management, and dilute shareholder value;
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increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and the requirement that management devote substantial time to comply with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices;
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the ability of our customers and potential customers to pay for our services;
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whether EAS funding will continue without interruption after November 18, 2025 or appropriations will be made on a timely basis and also whether the DOT will restore and fund EAS obligations retroactively;

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our ability to obtain additional financing or access the capital markets to fund our ongoing operations on acceptable terms and conditions;
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the outcome of any legal proceedings that might be instituted against us; and
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our ability to comply with applicable laws, government regulations and rules and standards of the NYSE as well as with changes in applicable laws or regulations, and the impact of the regulatory environment.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement or incorporated by reference herein or therein reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this prospectus, the prospectus supplement or the date of any document incorporated by reference, as applicable. While we believe that information provides a reasonable basis for these statements, that information may be limited or incomplete. Our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on these statements.

All forward-looking statements included herein, in any prospectus supplement or in any document incorporated by reference herein or therein attributable to us or any person acting on any party’s behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Except to the extent required by applicable laws and regulations, we undertake no obligations to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus, the prospectus supplement or the document incorporated herein or therein by reference, as applicable, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments.

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ABOUT SURF AIR MOBILITY INC.

We are a regional air mobility platform that aims to sustainably connect communities. We intend to accelerate the adoption of green flying by developing, together with our commercial partners, fully-electric and hybrid-electric powertrain technology to upgrade existing fleets, and by creating a financing and services infrastructure to enable this transition on an industry-wide level. We believe bringing electrified aircraft to market at scale will substantially reduce the cost and environmental impact of regional flying, and that such reductions are achievable by the end of the decade. Additionally, we believe operating as a publicly traded company and having efficient access to growth capital will allow us to accelerate the implementation of our strategic plan.

We were incorporated in 2021 and became the ultimate parent of both Surf Air Global Limited (“SAGL”) and Southern Airways Corporation (“Southern”) in July of 2023 following our public listing on the NYSE. For 2023, which includes the full year of operations of SAGL and the operations of Southern from the July 27, 2023 acquisition date, our combined network served approximately 176,131 passengers across 41 cities with approximately 31,476 departures. We expect the combination of our legacy networks will provide the basis for our expanded, nationwide regional air mobility platform.

Our predecessor company, SAGL, was formed in 2016 and, prior to our internal reorganization, aimed to expand the category of regional air travel, connecting underutilized regional airports and private terminals to create a “shared private” customer experience and a high frequency “commercial-like” air service, using small turboprop aircraft. SAGL provided both scheduled routes and on-demand charter flights operated by third parties that operate under Part 135 of Title 14 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (“Part 135”). SAGL drove the early stages of development of our current efforts to develop electrified powertrain technology, including the establishment of relationships with key commercial partners who, as a group, we believe can deliver novel hardware and software solutions that can make electrified flight possible for operators across the Part 135 industry, starting with our owned and operated fleet.

Our acquisition of Southern in July 2023 has resulted in a combined regional airline network servicing U.S. cities across the Mid-Atlantic, Gulf South, Midwest, Rocky Mountains, West Coast, New England and Hawaii. Founded in 2013 as a Delaware corporation, Southern is the largest passenger operator of Cessna Grand Caravan EXs (“Cessna Caravans”) in the United States by scheduled departures. Southern has multi-year contracts with the U.S. federal government to operate Essential Air Service routes, which ensures small communities in the United States can maintain a minimum level of scheduled air services.

Convertible Note

On November 10, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors relating to the offering and sale of $74.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Note in a private placement.

The Note will be our senior secured obligation, guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries. The Note was sold at 87.8% of its principal amount and we received $65.0 million of proceeds before expenses for the Note. The Note will not accrue interest except in the event of an event of default. The Note will accrue interest at a rate of 15% per annum upon any event of default. The Note will mature on October 31, 2028, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. Repayment of any principal amount remaining outstanding at maturity will be required to be made at 105% of such principal amount.

The Note may be converted at an initial conversion rate of 251.0040 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Note (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $3.98 per share of common stock), representing an aggregate of 18,574,297 shares of common stock. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment if certain events occur.

Subject to specified conditions, we may force the holder to convert the Note at any time if the last reported sale price per share of common stock equals or exceeds 150% of the then current conversion price on each of the immediately preceding 20 consecutive trading days, in amounts (i) not less than the lesser of (x) $10,000,000 and (y) the remaining outstanding principal amount of the Note, but (ii) not greater than 2.5 times the average dollar daily trading volume during the related 20 trading day measurement period.

The holder will have the option to require the Company to partially redeem the Note on the first and fifteenth day of each month beginning March 1, 2026 in an amount equal to the greater of (a) 5.0% of the aggregate dollar trading volume of the Common Stock, (b) an amount equal to (i) $2,000,000, minus (ii) the cumulative sum of the amounts

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by which the principal amounts partially redeemed have exceeded $2,000,000 for all prior redemption periods, less any amounts that have previously been applied by the Company pursuant to this clause (ii) to reduce partial redemption amounts, if any, and (c) $750,000. The holder may elect to receive shares in an amount determined by applying the conversion rate to the redemption payment otherwise due. Any such partial redemption payment (whether in cash or in shares) shall reduce the principal amount by such paid amount divided by one hundred five percent (105%). The maximum number of shares issuable under the Note (if the entire Note were redeemed on this basis) would be 19,503,012.

Our obligations under the Note will be guaranteed by substantially all of our subsidiaries, and will be subject to a security interest on our assets and the assets of the subsidiary guarantors, subject to certain exceptions.

We are subject to comprehensive negative and affirmative covenants, including restrictions on our ability to incur indebtedness, create liens, make investments, declare or pay cash dividends or repurchase equity, and transfer or sell material assets, in each case subject to certain enumerated exceptions.

Corporate Information

We were originally founded in 2011 and incorporated in 2021 in Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 12111 S. Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250, and our telephone number is (424) 332-5480. Our website address is www.surfair.com. Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “SRFM.” Our website address is included as an inactive textual reference only. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this prospectus.

Our logo, the “Surf Air” mark, and our other registered and common law trademarks, service marks, and trade names appearing in this prospectus are the property of Surf Air Mobility Inc. or its affiliates. Other trade names, trademarks, and service marks used in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”). As an emerging growth company, we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These include, but are not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and the requirement to obtain stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We may take advantage of these reduced reporting and other requirements until the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our listing, or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we have more than $1.235 billion in annual gross revenue as of the last day of our most recently completed fiscal year or more than $700 million in market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or if we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of such extended transition period. The utilization of these transition periods may make it difficult to compare our financial statements to those of non-emerging growth companies and other emerging growth companies that have opted out of the transition periods afforded under the JOBS Act.

Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act. As such, we are eligible for exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not smaller reporting companies, including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. We will

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continue to be a smaller reporting company as long as either (i) the market value of the shares of our common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of the shares of our common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

Implications of Reduced Disclosures

We have elected to take advantage of certain of the reduced disclosure obligations discussed above in our SEC filings and expect to take advantage of reduced disclosure obligations in future filings with the SEC, while we remain an emerging growth company or smaller reporting company, as applicable. If we do, the information that we provide stockholders may be different than what you might receive from other public reporting companies in which you may have equity interests. See Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a significant degree of risk. Before you invest in our securities, you should carefully consider those risk factors incorporated by reference herein from our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, any subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and any subsequently filed Current Reports on Form 8-K, and those risk factors that may be included or incorporated by reference in any applicable prospectus supplement, together with all of the other information included in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement and the documents we incorporate by reference, in evaluating an investment in our securities. Certain of the risks discussed may have occurred in the past, and the risk factors in the documents incorporated by reference are not representations or warranties regarding whether or not any risk has occurred in the past, but are discussed because future occurrences thereof could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The risks and uncertainties incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any prospectus supplement are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known or which we consider immaterial as of the date hereof may also have an adverse effect on our business. Past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance, and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of these risks were actually to occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

Unless otherwise specified in an accompanying prospectus supplement, we will use the net proceeds we receive from the sale by us of the securities covered by this prospectus for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, paying or refinancing all or a portion of our indebtedness at the time and funding acquisitions, capital expenditures and working capital. Net proceeds may be temporarily invested prior to use.

The actual application of the net proceeds from the sale by us of any particular offering of securities using this prospectus will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to such offering.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale by the selling stockholders of the common stock offered for resale under this prospectus. Any proceeds from the sale of common stock by the selling stockholders under this prospectus will be received by the selling stockholders.

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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

The following is a summary of the material terms of our capital stock. The summary does not purport to be complete, and is subject to and qualified its entirety by reference to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the “Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation”) and our amended and restated bylaws (the “Amended and Restated Bylaws”), copies of which have been filed as exhibits with the SEC and are incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and relevant provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”).

General

Our authorized capital stock consists of 800,000,000 shares of our common stock and 50,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.0001 par value.

As of November 12, 2025, there were 62,593,428 shares of our common stock outstanding held by 210 stockholders of record. Pursuant to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, our board of directors has the authority, without stockholder approval, except as required by the listing standards of the NYSE, to issue additional shares of our Common Stock.

Common Stock

All issued and outstanding shares of our common stock are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, and non-assessable. All authorized but unissued shares of our common stock are available for issuance by our board of directors without any further stockholder action, except as required by the listing standards of the NYSE.

The rights, preferences, and privileges of holders of common stock are subject to and may be adversely affected by the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future.

Voting Rights

Subject to the limitations on foreign ownership described below, holders of record of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters to be voted on by stockholders. Unless specified in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or Amended and Restated Bylaws, or as required by applicable provisions of the DGCL or applicable stock exchange rules, the affirmative vote of a majority of our shares of our common Stock that are voted is required to approve any such matter voted on by our stockholders.

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting for the election of directors.

Dividend Rights

Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any then-outstanding preferred stock, holders of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably those dividends, if any, as may be declared by our board of directors out of legally available funds. Under Delaware law, we can only pay dividends either out of “surplus” or out of the current or the immediately preceding year’s net profits. Surplus is defined as the excess, if any, at any given time, of the net assets of a corporation over its total liabilities and statutory capital. The value of a corporation’s assets can be measured in a number of ways and may not necessarily equal their book value.

Right to Receive Liquidation Distributions

In the event of our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, the holders of our common stock will be entitled to share ratably in the assets legally available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of or provision for all of our debts and other liabilities, subject to the prior rights of any preferred stock then-outstanding.

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Other Matters

Our common stock does not have preemptive rights pursuant to the terms of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock.

Preferred Stock

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that shares of preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. Our board of directors is authorized to fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences, the relative, participating, optional or other special rights and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of each series. In addition, our board of directors is able to, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of our common stock and could have anti-takeover effects. The ability of our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of us or the removal of our management.

Registration Rights

GEM

Pursuant to the terms of the registration rights agreement, dated as of August 26, 2020, that we entered into with GEM Global Yield LLC SCS (“GEM”) and an affiliated entity, we are required to file a registration statement with respect to securities issued, or that could be issued, and are required to maintain the effectiveness of such registration statement.

The registration rights agreement also provides that, in the event that we propose to register any of our securities under the Securities Act, either for our own account or for the account of other securityholders, other than (i) on Form S-4, (ii) Form S-8 or (iii) their then equivalents relating to equity securities to be issued solely in connection with any acquisition of any entity or business or equity securities issuable in connection with our employee stock option or other employee benefit plans, GEM will be entitled to certain piggyback registration rights allowing it to include its shares in such registration, subject to certain marketing and other limitations. We will pay the registration expenses, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, of the shares registered by the registrations described above.

In addition, we agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC for the resale by GEM and its affiliates of at least 1,142,857 shares of common stock less certain shares of our common stock sold by GEM and to use our commercially reasonable efforts to maintain the effectiveness of such registration statement until the date on which all of the shares issuable upon the conversion of the mandatory convertible security issued to GEM have been sold.

A registration statement intended to satisfy such registration requirements was declared effective on August 7, 2024.

Other Registration Rights

The following parties are entitled to customary rights with respect to the registration of shares of our common stock:

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Tuscan Holdings Corp II, with respect to the registration of 90,714 shares of our common stock issued to it;
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an advisor that received 2,142 shares of our common stock in satisfaction for fees owed for services in connection with our acquisition of Southern; and
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Partners for Growth V, L.P. (“PFG”) with respect to the registration of 190,476 shares of our common stock to be issued to PFG upon a conversion of a senior unsecured convertible promissory note.

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A registration statement intended to satisfy such registration requirements was declared effective on September 29, 2023 and registered an aggregate of 283,332 shares of our common stock.

Palantir Technologies Inc. (“Palantir”) is entitled to certain customary rights with respect to the registration of shares of common stock issued to Palantir in satisfaction of fees owed for services. A registration statement intended to satisfy such registration requirements was declared effective on August 26, 2024 and registered an aggregate of 1,523,422 shares of our common stock. We have subsequently agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC for the resale by Palantir of additional shares of common stock. The registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is intended to satisfy such registration requirements. We will pay the registration expenses, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, of the shares registered by such registration.

LamVen LLC is entitled to certain customary rights with respect to the registration of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of a warrant dated November 14, 2024, issued to LamVen LLC. A registration statement intended to satisfy such registration requirements was declared effective on May 13, 2025 and registered an aggregate of 4,139,398 shares of our common stock.

The following additional parties are entitled to customary rights with respect to the registration of shares of our common stock:

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an advisor and a related party of such advisor, with respect to the registration of the resale of an aggregate of 85,941 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of unregistered warrants dated September 25, 2024 and May 8, 2025;
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LamJam II LLC, with respect to the registration of 408,163 shares of common stock purchased by LamJam II LLC in a private placement;
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Sudhin Shahani, with respect to the registration of 408,163 shares of common stock purchased by LamJam II LLC in a private placement;
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LamVen LLC, with respect to the registration of the resale of an aggregate of 911,544 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of unregistered warrants dated May 22, 2025; and
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LamVen LLC and Park Lane Investments LLC, with respect to the registration of the resale of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of unregistered warrants dated November 12, 2025. We are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to file a registration statement registering such resale within 100 days following the issuance date and to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the applicable registration statement to become effective within 130 days following the issuance date.

No registration statement intended to satisfy such registration requirements has been filed with the SEC. We have obtained waivers from those parties where we have failed to satisfy such registration requirements.

The holder of the Note is entitled to certain customary rights with respect to the registration of the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Note. The registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is intended to satisfy such registration requirements.

Certain Foreign Ownership and Anti-Takeover Provisions of Delaware Law and our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that at no time shall more than 25.0% of our total voting interest be owned or controlled by Non-Citizens. Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws implement this legally-required provision by limiting voting rights of Non-Citizens to the Permitted Holders in the event that Non-Citizens own (beneficially or of record) more than 25.0% of the total voting interest. All other Non-Citizens that own (beneficially or of record) or have voting control over any shares of our capital stock will have their voting rights subject to automatic suspension. The voting rights of the Permitted Holders will be reduced pro rata if their combined ownership percentage exceeds 25.0%. Additionally, our Amended and Restated Bylaws limit the amount of outstanding equity interests held by Non-Citizens who are a resident of a country that is not party to an “open-skies” agreement with the United States to 25.0% and all Non-Citizens collectively to 49.0%.

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We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL regulating corporate takeovers. This statute prevents certain Delaware corporations, under certain circumstances, from engaging in a “business combination” with:

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a stockholder who owns 15% or more our outstanding voting stock (otherwise known as an “interested stockholder”);
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an affiliate of an interested stockholder; or
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an associate of an interested stockholder for three years following the date that the stockholder became an interested stockholder.

A “business combination” includes a merger or sale of our assets with a market value of 10% or more of the aggregate market value of all of our assets or of all of our outstanding stock. However, the above provisions of Section 203 do not apply if:

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our board of directors approves the transaction that made the stockholder an “interested stockholder” prior to the date of the transaction;
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after the completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, that stockholder owned at least 85% of our voting stock outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, other than statutorily excluded shares of our Common Stock; or
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on or subsequent to the date of the transaction, the initial business combination is approved by our board of directors and authorized at a meeting of our stockholders, and not by written consent, by an affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock not owned by the interested stockholder.

Under certain circumstances, Section 203 of the DGCL will make it more difficult for a person who would be an “interested stockholder” to effect various business combinations with us for a three-year period. This provision may encourage companies interested in acquiring us to negotiate in advance with our board of directors because the stockholder approval requirement would be avoided if our board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction that results in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder. Section 203 of the DGCL also may have the effect of preventing changes in our board of directors and may make it more difficult to accomplish transactions that stockholders may otherwise deem to be in their best interests.

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors. As a result, in most circumstances, a person can gain control of our board of directors only by successfully engaging in a proxy contest at two or more annual meetings.

Authorized But Unissued Shares

Our authorized but unissued common stock and preferred stock are available for future issuances without stockholder approval (including a specified future issuance) and could be utilized for a variety of corporate purposes, including future offerings to raise additional capital, acquisitions, and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved common stock and preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger, or otherwise.

Exclusive Forum for Certain Lawsuits

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in our name, actions against any of our current or former directors, officers, employees, or stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar actions may be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware, or if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court of the State of Delaware. Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation also requires, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the federal district courts of the United States to be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act. In addition, the exclusive forum provision in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

Although we believe these provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, a court may determine that these provisions are unenforceable, and to

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the extent they are enforceable, the provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Special Meeting of Stockholders

Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by a resolution adopted by our board of directors.

Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals and Director Nominations

Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that stockholders seeking to bring business before our annual meeting of stockholders, or to nominate candidates for election as directors at our annual meeting of stockholders, must provide timely notice of their intent in writing. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice will need to be received by the company secretary at our principal executive offices not later than the close of business on the 90 th day nor earlier than the opening of business on the 120 th day prior to the anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting of stockholders. Pursuant to Rule 14a-8 of the Exchange Act, proposals seeking inclusion in our annual proxy statement must comply with the notice periods contained therein. Our Amended and Restated Bylaws also specify certain requirements as to the form and content of a stockholders’ meeting. These provisions may preclude our stockholders from bringing matters before our annual meeting of stockholders or from making nominations for directors at our annual meeting of stockholders.

Action by Written Consent

Any action required or permitted to be taken at any annual and special meeting of stockholders may be taken only upon the vote of stockholders at an annual or special meeting duly noticed and called in accordance of the DGCL and may not be taken by written consent of the stockholders without a meeting.

Classified Board of Directors

Our board of directors is divided into three classes, Class A, Class B and Class C, with members of each class serving staggered three-year terms. As a result, in most circumstances, a person can gain control of our board of directors only by successfully engaging in a proxy contest at two or more annual meetings. Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of our board of directors. Subject to the terms of any preferred stock, any or all of the directors may be removed from office at any time, but only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all then outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class. Any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our board of directors, may be filled only by vote of a majority of our directors then in office.

Limitation of Liability of Directors and Officers

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that, to the fullest extent provided by Delaware law, no director or officer will be personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director or officer, as applicable.

Transfer Agent

The transfer agent for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Company, LLC. The transfer agent’s address is 6201 15 th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219.

Listing

Our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE under the symbol “SRFM.”

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DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES

General

Surf Air Mobility Inc. may issue debt securities in one or more series. When used in this “Description of Debt Securities” section, unless we state otherwise or the context clearly indicates otherwise, references to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Surf Air Mobility Inc. and not any of its subsidiaries. We may issue senior or subordinated debt securities. Neither the senior debt securities nor the subordinated debt securities will be secured by any of our property or assets. Thus, by owning a debt security, you will be one of our unsecured creditors.

The senior debt securities will constitute part of our senior debt, will be issued under a senior debt indenture described below and will rank equally with all of our other unsecured and unsubordinated debt. The subordinated debt securities will constitute part of our subordinated debt, will be issued under a subordinated debt indenture described below and will be subordinate in right of payment to all of our “senior debt,” as defined in the indenture with respect to such subordinated debt securities. The prospectus supplement for any series of subordinated debt securities or the information incorporated in this prospectus by reference will indicate the approximate amount of senior debt outstanding as of the end of the then most recent fiscal quarter. Neither indenture will limit our ability to incur additional senior debt or other indebtedness.

When we refer to “debt securities” in this prospectus, we mean both the senior debt securities and the subordinated debt securities. When we refer to a “debt security” in this prospectus, we mean either a senior debt security or a subordinated debt security.

We conduct substantially all of our operations through subsidiaries and expect that we will continue to do so. As a result, cash we obtain from our subsidiaries is the principal source of funds necessary to meet our debt service obligations. Contractual provisions or laws, as well as our subsidiaries’ financial condition and operating requirements, may limit our ability to obtain cash from our subsidiaries that we require to pay our debt service obligations, including payments on the debt securities. In addition, holders of the debt securities will have a junior position to the claims of creditors, including trade creditors and tort claimants, of our subsidiaries on their assets and earnings.

The debt indentures and their associated documents, including your debt security, will contain the full legal text of the matters described in this section and your prospectus supplement. We have filed forms of the indentures with the SEC as exhibits to our registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Please read “Where You Can Find More Information; Incorporation by Reference” in this prospectus for information on how to obtain copies of them.

This section and the applicable prospectus supplement will summarize material terms of the indentures and your debt security. They do not, however, describe every aspect of the indentures and your debt security. For example, in this section and the prospectus supplement, we use terms that have been given special meaning in the indentures, but we describe the meaning for only the more important of those terms. The prospectus supplement will have a more detailed description of the specific terms of your debt security.

Indentures

The senior debt securities and subordinated debt securities will each be governed by a document called an indenture. Each indenture is a contract between us and the trustee. The indentures are substantially identical, except for certain provisions including those relating to subordination, which are included only in the indenture related to subordinated debt securities.

The trustee under each indenture has two main roles:

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first, the trustee can enforce your rights against us if we default, but there are some limitations on the extent to which the trustee acts on your behalf, which we describe later under “—Default, Remedies and Waiver of Default”; and

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•
second, the trustee performs administrative duties for us, such as sending you interest payments and notices.

When we refer to the “indenture” or the “trustee” with respect to any debt securities, we mean the indenture under which those debt securities are issued and the trustee under that indenture.

Series of Debt Securities

We may issue as many distinct debt securities or series of debt securities under either indenture as we wish. This section summarizes terms of the securities that apply generally to all debt securities and series of debt securities. The provisions of each indenture allow us not only to issue debt securities with terms different from those of debt securities previously issued under that indenture, but also to “reopen” a previously issued series of debt securities and issue additional debt securities of that series. We will describe most of the financial and other specific terms of your debt security, whether it is a series of the senior debt securities or the subordinated debt securities, in a prospectus supplement. Those terms may vary from the terms described here.

As you read this section, please remember that the specific terms of your debt security as described in a prospectus supplement will supplement and, if applicable, modify or replace the general terms described in this section. If there are any differences between a prospectus supplement and this prospectus with respect to your debt security, the prospectus supplement will control. Thus, the statements we make in this section may not apply to your debt security.

When we refer to a “series of debt securities,” we mean a series of debt securities issued under the applicable indenture. When we refer to “your debt security,” we mean the series of debt securities you purchase. When we refer to “your prospectus supplement,” we mean the prospectus supplement describing the specific terms of your debt security. The terms used in your prospectus supplement will have the meanings described in this prospectus, unless otherwise specified.

Amounts of Issuances

Neither indenture will limit the aggregate amount of debt securities that we may issue or the number of series or the aggregate amount of any particular series. We may issue debt securities and other securities at any time without your consent and without notifying you. The indentures and the debt securities will not limit our ability to incur other indebtedness or to issue other securities other than as specified in your debt security, as applicable. Also, unless otherwise specified below or in your prospectus supplement, we are not subject to financial or similar restrictions by the terms of the debt securities.

Principal Amount, Stated Maturity and Maturity

Unless otherwise stated, the principal amount of a debt security means the principal amount payable at its stated maturity, unless that amount is not determinable, in which case the principal amount of a debt security is its face amount. The term “stated maturity” with respect to any debt security means the day on which the principal amount of your debt security is scheduled to become due. The principal may become due sooner, by reason of redemption, acceleration after a default or otherwise in accordance with the terms of the debt security. The day on which the principal actually becomes due, whether at the stated maturity or earlier, is called the “maturity” of the principal. We also use the terms “stated maturity” and “maturity” to refer to the days when other payments become due. For example, we may refer to a regular interest payment date when an installment of interest is scheduled to become due as the “stated maturity” of that installment. When we refer to the “stated maturity” or the “maturity” of a debt security without specifying a particular payment, we mean the stated maturity or maturity, as the case may be, of the principal.

Specific Terms of Debt Securities

Your prospectus supplement will describe the specific terms of your debt security, which will include some or all of the following:

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the title of the series of your debt security and whether it is a senior debt security or a subordinated debt security;

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•
any limit on the total principal amount of the debt securities of the same series;
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the stated maturity;
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the currency or currencies for principal and interest, if not U.S. dollars;
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the price at which we originally issue your debt security, expressed as a percentage of the principal amount, and the original issue date;
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whether your debt security is a fixed rate debt security, a floating rate debt security or an indexed debt security;
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if your debt security is a fixed rate debt security, the yearly rate at which your debt security will bear interest, if any, and the interest payment dates;
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if your debt security is a floating rate debt security, the interest rate basis; any applicable index currency or index maturity, spread or spread multiplier or initial base rate, maximum rate or minimum rate; the interest reset, determination, calculation and payment dates; the day count convention used to calculate interest payments for any period; the business day convention; and the calculation agent;
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if your debt security is an indexed debt security, the principal amount, if any, we will pay you at maturity, interest payment dates, the amount of interest, if any, we will pay you on an interest payment date or the formula we will use to calculate these amounts, if any, and the terms on which your debt security will be exchangeable for or payable in cash, securities or other property;
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if your debt security may be converted into or exercised or exchanged for common or preferred stock or other securities of the Company or debt or equity securities of one or more third parties, the terms on which conversion, exercise or exchange may occur, including whether conversion, exercise or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our option, the period during which conversion, exercise or exchange may occur, the initial conversion, exercise or exchange price or rate and the circumstances or manner in which the amount of common or preferred stock or other securities issuable upon conversion, exercise or exchange may be adjusted;
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if your debt security is also an original issue discount debt security, the yield to maturity;
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if applicable, the circumstances under which your debt security may be redeemed at our option or repaid at the holder’s option before the stated maturity, including any redemption commencement date, repayment date(s), redemption price(s) and redemption period(s);
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the authorized denominations, if other than $2,000 and integral multiples of $1,000;
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the depositary for your debt security, if other than The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), and any circumstances under which the holder may request securities in non-global form, if we choose not to issue your debt security in book-entry form only;
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if applicable, the circumstances under which we will pay additional amounts on any debt securities held by a person who is not a U.S. person for tax purposes and under which we can redeem the debt securities if we have to pay additional amounts;
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the names and duties of any co-trustees, depositaries, authenticating agents, paying agents, transfer agents or registrars for your debt security, as applicable; and
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any other terms of your debt security, which could be different from those described in this prospectus.

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Governing Law

The indentures and the debt securities will be governed by New York law.

Form of Debt Securities

We will issue each debt security only in registered form, without coupons, unless we specify otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement. In addition, we will issue each debt security in global—i.e., book-entry—form only, unless we specify otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement. Debt securities in book-entry form will be represented by a global security registered in the name of a depositary, which will be the holder of all the debt securities represented by the global security. Those who own beneficial interests in a global debt security will do so through participants in the depositary’s securities clearance system, and the rights of these indirect owners will be governed solely by the applicable procedures of the depositary and its participants. References to “holders” in this section mean those who own debt securities registered in their own names, on the books that we or the trustee maintain for this purpose, and not those who own beneficial interests in debt securities registered in street name or in debt securities issued in book-entry form through one or more depositaries.

Unless otherwise indicated in the prospectus supplement, the following is a summary of the depositary arrangements applicable to debt securities issued in global form and for which DTC acts as depositary.

Each global debt security will be deposited with, or on behalf of, DTC, as depositary, or its nominee, and registered in the name of a nominee of DTC. Except under the limited circumstances described below, global debt securities are not exchangeable for definitive certificated debt securities.

Ownership of beneficial interests in a global debt security is limited to institutions that have accounts with DTC or its nominee, or persons that may hold interests through those participants. In addition, ownership of beneficial interests by participants in a global debt security will be evidenced only by, and the transfer of that ownership interest will be effected only through, records maintained by DTC or its nominee for a global debt security. Ownership of beneficial interests in a global debt security by persons that hold those interests through participants will be evidenced only by, and the transfer of that ownership interest within that participant will be effected only through, records maintained by that participant. DTC has no knowledge of the actual beneficial owners of the debt securities. Beneficial owners will not receive written confirmation from DTC of their purchase, but beneficial owners are expected to receive written confirmations providing details of the transaction, as well as periodic statements of their holdings, from the participants through which the beneficial owners entered the transaction. The laws of some jurisdictions require that certain purchasers of securities take physical delivery of securities they purchase in definitive form. These laws may impair your ability to transfer beneficial interests in a global debt security.

We will make payment of principal of, and interest on, debt securities represented by a global debt security registered in the name of or held by DTC or its nominee to DTC or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owner and holder of the global debt security representing those debt securities. DTC has advised us that upon receipt of any payment of principal of, or interest on, a global debt security, DTC immediately will credit accounts of participants on its book-entry registration and transfer system with payments in amounts proportionate to their respective interests in the principal amount of that global debt security, as shown in the records of DTC. Payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in a global debt security held through those participants will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is now the case with securities held for the accounts of customers in bearer form or registered in “street name,” and will be the sole responsibility of those participants, subject to any statutory or regulatory requirements that may be in effect from time to time.

Neither we, any trustee nor any of our respective agents will be responsible for any aspect of the records of DTC, any nominee or any participant relating to, or payments made on account of, beneficial interests in a permanent global debt security or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any of the records of DTC, any nominee or any participant relating to such beneficial interests.

A global debt security is exchangeable for definitive certificated debt securities registered in the name of and a transfer of a global debt security may be registered to, any person other than DTC or its nominee, only if:

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•
DTC notifies us that it is unwilling or unable to continue as depositary for that global security or has ceased to be a registered clearing agency and we do not appoint another institution to act as depositary within 90 days; or
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we notify the trustee that we wish to terminate that global security.

Any global debt security that is exchangeable pursuant to the preceding paragraph will be exchangeable in whole for definitive certificated debt securities in registered form, of like tenor and of an equal aggregate principal amount as the global debt security, in denominations specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, if other than $2,000 and multiples of $1,000. The definitive debt securities will be registered by the registrar in the name or names instructed by DTC. We expect that these instructions may be based upon directions received by DTC from its participants with respect to ownership of beneficial interests in the global debt security.

Except as provided above or in your prospectus supplement, owners of the beneficial interests in a global debt security will not be entitled to receive physical delivery of debt securities in definitive certificated form and will not be considered the holders of debt securities for any purpose under the indentures. Except as provided above, no global debt security shall be exchangeable except for another global debt security of like denomination and tenor to be registered in the name of DTC or its nominee. Accordingly, each person owning a beneficial interest in a global debt security must rely on the procedures of DTC and, if that person is not a participant, on the procedures of the participant through which that person owns its interest, to exercise any rights of a holder under the global debt security or the indentures.

We understand that, under existing industry practices, in the event that we request any action of holders, or an owner of a beneficial interest in a global debt security desires to give or take any action that a holder is entitled to give or take under the debt securities or the indentures, DTC would authorize the participants holding the relevant beneficial interests to give or take that action. Additionally, those participants would authorize beneficial owners owning through those participants to give or take that action or would otherwise act upon the instructions of beneficial owners owning through them.

DTC has advised us that it is a limited-purpose trust company organized under the laws of the State of New York, a “banking organization” within the meaning of the New York Banking Law, a member of the Federal Reserve System, a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code, and a “clearing agency” registered under the Exchange Act. DTC was created to hold securities of its participants and to facilitate the clearance and settlement of transactions among its participants in securities through electronic book-entry changes in accounts of the participants. By doing so, DTC eliminates the need for physical movement of securities certificates. DTC’s participants include securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations, and certain other organizations. DTC is owned by a number of its participants and by the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. and NYSE Amex Equities. Access to DTC’s book-entry system is also available to others, such as banks, brokers, dealers, and trust companies that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a participant, either directly or indirectly. The rules applicable to DTC and its participants are on file with the SEC.

Investors may hold interests in the debt securities outside the U.S. through the Euroclear System (“Euroclear”) or Clearstream Banking (“Clearstream”) if they are participants in those systems, or indirectly through organizations which are participants in those systems. Euroclear and Clearstream will hold interests on behalf of their participants through customers’ securities accounts in Euroclear’s and Clearstream’s names on the books of their respective depositaries, which in turn will hold such interests in customers’ securities accounts in the depositaries’ names on the books of DTC.

Securities clearance accounts and cash accounts with Euroclear SA/NV are governed by the Terms and Conditions Governing Use of Euroclear, the related Operating Procedures of Euroclear, and applicable Belgian law (collectively, the “Terms and Conditions”). The Terms and Conditions govern transfers of securities and cash within Euroclear, withdrawals of securities and cash within Euroclear, withdrawals of securities and cash from Euroclear, and receipts of payments with respect to securities in Euroclear. All securities in Euroclear are held on a fungible basis without attribution of specific certificates to specific securities clearance accounts. Euroclear SA/NV acts under the Terms and

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Conditions only on behalf of Euroclear participants and has no record of or relationship with persons holding through Euroclear participants.

Distributions with respect to debt securities held beneficially through Euroclear will be credited to the cash accounts of Euroclear participants in accordance with the Terms and Conditions, to the extent received by the U.S. depositary for Euroclear.

Distributions with respect to debt securities held beneficially through Clearstream will be credited to cash accounts of Clearstream participants in accordance with its rules and procedures, to the extent received by the U.S. depositary for Clearstream.

We have provided the descriptions herein of the operations and procedures of DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream solely as a matter of convenience. These operations and procedures are solely within the control of DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream and are subject to change by them from time to time. We believe that the sources from which the information in this section and elsewhere in this prospectus concerning DTC, Euroclear, Euroclear SA/NV, Euroclear Clearance Systems S.C., Euroclear’s system, Clearstream and Clearstream’s system has been obtained are reliable, but neither we, any underwriters nor the trustee takes any responsibility for the accuracy of the information.

Initial settlement for the securities will be made in immediately available funds. Secondary market trading between DTC participants will occur in the ordinary way in accordance with DTC’s rules and will be settled in immediately available funds. Secondary market trading between Euroclear participants and/or Clearstream participants will occur in the ordinary way in accordance with the applicable rules and operating procedures of Euroclear and Clearstream, as applicable, and will be settled using the procedures applicable to conventional eurobonds in immediately available funds.

Cross-market transfers between persons holding directly or indirectly through DTC, on the one hand, and directly or indirectly through Euroclear participants or Clearstream participants, on the other, will be effected in DTC in accordance with DTC rules on behalf of the relevant European international clearing system by its U.S. depositary; however, such cross-market transactions will require delivery of instructions to the relevant European international clearing system by the counterparty in such system in accordance with its rules and procedures and within its established deadlines (European time). The relevant European international clearing system will, if the transaction meets its settlement requirements, deliver instructions to its U.S. depositary to take action to effect final settlement on its behalf by delivering or receiving securities in DTC, and making or receiving payment in accordance with normal procedures for same-day funds settlement applicable to DTC. Euroclear participants and Clearstream participants may not deliver instructions directly to their respective U.S. depositaries.

Because of time-zone differences, credits of securities received in Euroclear or Clearstream as a result of a transaction with a DTC participant will be made during subsequent securities settlement processing and dated the business day following the DTC settlement date. Credits or any transactions in securities settled during this processing will be reported to the relevant Euroclear or Clearstream participants on that following business day. Cash received in Euroclear or Clearstream as a result of sales of debt securities by or through a Euroclear participant or a Clearstream participant to a DTC participant will be received with value on the DTC settlement date but will be available in the relevant Euroclear or Clearstream cash account only as of the business day following settlement in DTC.

Although DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream have agreed to the foregoing procedures to facilitate transfers of securities among participants of DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream, they are under no obligation to perform or continue to perform these procedures and these procedures may be discontinued at any time.

Redemption or Repayment

If there are any provisions regarding redemption or repayment applicable to your debt security, we will describe them in your prospectus supplement. We or our affiliates may purchase debt securities from investors who are willing to sell from time to time, either in the open market at prevailing prices or in private transactions at negotiated prices. Debt securities that we or they purchase may, at our discretion, be held, resold or canceled.

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Mergers and Similar Transactions

We are generally permitted under the indentures to merge or consolidate with another corporation or other entity. We are also permitted under the indentures to sell all or substantially all of our assets to another corporation or other entity. With regard to any series of debt securities and other than as set forth in your prospectus supplement, however, we may not take any of these actions unless all the following conditions, among other things, are met:

•
If the successor entity in the transaction is not the Company, the successor entity must be organized as a corporation, limited liability company, partnership or trust and must expressly assume our obligations under the debt securities of that series and the indenture with respect to that series. The successor entity may be organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia.
•
Immediately after the transaction, no default under the debt securities of that series has occurred and is continuing. For this purpose, “default under the debt securities of that series” means an event of default with respect to that series or any event that would be an event of default with respect to that series if the requirements for giving us default notice and for our default having to continue for a specific period of time were disregarded. We describe these matters below under “—Default, Remedies and Waiver of Default.”

If the conditions described above are satisfied with respect to the debt securities of any series, we will not need to obtain the approval of the holders of those debt securities in order to merge or consolidate or to sell all or substantially all our assets. Also, these conditions will apply only if we wish to merge or consolidate with another entity or sell all or substantially all of our assets to another entity. We will not need to satisfy these conditions if we enter into other types of transactions, including any transaction in which we acquire the stock or assets of another entity, any transaction that involves a change of control of the Company but in which we do not merge or consolidate and any transaction in which we sell less than substantially all our assets.

The successor entity will be substituted for the Company with respect to the debt securities of any series and under the indenture with the same effect as if it had been an original party to the indenture, and, except in the case of a lease, the Company will be relieved from any further obligations and covenants under the indenture.

Subordination Provisions

Holders of subordinated debt securities should recognize that contractual provisions in the subordinated debt indenture may prohibit us from making payments on those securities. Subordinated debt securities are subordinate and junior in right of payment, to the extent and in the manner stated in the subordinated debt indenture, to all of our senior debt, as defined in the subordinated debt indenture, including all debt securities we have issued and will issue under the senior debt indenture.

The subordinated debt indenture will define “senior debt” as any indebtedness permitted under the terms of that indenture, unless the instrument under which such indebtedness is incurred expressly provides that it is on a parity with or subordinated in right of payment to the subordinated debt securities.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, “senior debt” will not include: (i) equity interests; (ii) any liability for taxes; (iii) any indebtedness to any of our subsidiaries or affiliates; (iv) any trade payables; or (v) any indebtedness incurred in violation of the subordinated debt indenture.

We may modify the subordination provisions, including the definition of senior debt, with respect to one or more series of subordinated debt securities. Such modifications will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

The subordinated debt indenture provides that, unless all principal of and any premium or interest on the senior debt has been paid in full, no payment or other distribution may be made in respect of any subordinated debt securities in the following circumstances:

•
in the event of any insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings, or any receivership, liquidation, reorganization, assignment for creditors or other similar proceedings or events involving us or our assets;

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•
(i) in the event and during the continuation of any default in the payment of principal of, and any premium and interest on, any senior debt beyond any applicable grace period or (ii) in the event that any event of default with respect to any senior debt has occurred and is continuing, permitting the holders of that senior debt (or a trustee) to accelerate the maturity of that senior debt, whether or not the maturity is in fact accelerated (unless, in the case of (i) or (ii), the payment default or event of default has been cured or waived or ceased to exist and any related acceleration has been rescinded) or (iii) in the event that any judicial proceeding is pending with respect to a payment default or event of default described in (i) or (ii); or
•
in the event that any subordinated debt securities have been declared due and payable before their stated maturity.

If the trustee under the subordinated debt indenture or any holders of the subordinated debt securities receive any payment or distribution that is prohibited under the subordination provisions, then the trustee or the holders will have to repay that money to the holders of the senior debt.

Even if the subordination provisions prevent us from making any payment when due on the subordinated debt securities of any series, we will be in default on our obligations under that series if we do not make the payment when due. This means that the trustee under the subordinated debt indenture and the holders of that series can take action against us, but they will not receive any money until the claims of the holders of senior debt have been fully satisfied.

The subordinated debt indenture allows the holders of senior debt to obtain a court order requiring us and any holder of subordinated debt securities to comply with the subordination provisions.

Defeasance, Covenant Defeasance and Satisfaction and Discharge

When we use the term defeasance, we mean discharge from some or all of our obligations under the applicable indenture. If we deposit with the trustee funds or government securities, or if so provided in your prospectus supplement, obligations other than government securities, sufficient to make payments on any series of debt securities on the dates those payments are due and payable and other specified conditions are satisfied, then, at our option, either of the following will occur:

•
we will be discharged from our obligations with respect to the debt securities of such series (“legal defeasance”); or
•
we will be discharged from any covenants we make in the applicable indenture for the benefit of such series and the related events of default will no longer apply to us (“covenant defeasance”).

If we defease any series of debt securities, the holders of such securities will not be entitled to the benefits of the applicable indenture, except for our obligations to register the transfer or exchange of such securities, replace stolen, lost or mutilated securities or maintain paying agencies and hold moneys for payment in trust. In case of covenant defeasance, our obligation to pay principal of, and any premium and interest on, the applicable series of debt securities will also survive.

We will be required to deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel that the deposit and related defeasance would not cause the holders of the applicable series of debt securities to recognize gain or loss for federal income tax purposes. If we elect legal defeasance, that opinion of counsel must be based upon a ruling from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service or a change in law to that effect.

In addition, we may satisfy and discharge all our obligations under the indenture with respect to debt securities of any series, other than our obligation to register the transfer of and exchange debt securities of that series, provided that we either:

•
deliver all outstanding debt securities of that series to the trustee for cancellation; or

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•
all such debt securities not so delivered for cancellation have either become due and payable or will become due and payable at their stated maturity within one year or are to be called for redemption within one year, and in the case of this bullet point, we have deposited with the trustee in trust an amount of cash sufficient to pay the entire indebtedness of such debt securities, including interest to the stated maturity or applicable redemption date.

No Personal Liability

No past, present or future director, officer, employee, incorporator, member, manager, partner (whether general or limited), stockholder or stockholder of the Company, as such, will have any liability for any obligations of us under the debt securities or the indentures or for any claim based on, in respect of, or by reason of, such obligations or their creation. Each holder of debt securities by accepting a debt security waives and releases all such liability. The waiver and release are part of the consideration for issuance of the debt securities. The waiver may not be effective to waive liabilities under the federal securities laws.

Default, Remedies and Waiver of Default

You will have special rights if an event of default with respect to your debt security occurs and is continuing, as described in this subsection.

Events of Default

Unless your prospectus supplement says otherwise, when we refer to an event of default with respect to any series of debt securities, we mean any of the following:

•
we do not pay the principal of and any premium on any debt security of that series on the due date;
•
we do not pay interest on any debt security of that series within 30 days after the due date;
•
we do not deposit a sinking fund payment with regard to any debt security of that series within 60 days after the due date, but only if the payment is required under provisions described in the applicable prospectus supplement;
•
we remain in breach of our covenants regarding mergers or sales of substantially all of our assets or any other covenant we make in the indenture for the benefit of the relevant series, for 90 days after we receive a notice of default stating that we are in breach and requiring us to remedy the breach, which notice must be sent by the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the relevant series of debt securities;
•
we file for bankruptcy or other events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization relating to the Company occur; or
•
if the applicable prospectus supplement states that any additional event of default applies to the series, that event of default occurs.

We may change, eliminate, or add to the events of default with respect to any particular series or any particular debt security or debt securities within a series, as indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Remedies if an Event of Default Occurs

If you are the holder of a subordinated debt security, all the remedies available upon the occurrence of an event of default under the subordinated debt indenture will be subject to the restrictions on the subordinated debt securities described above under “—Subordination Provisions.”

Except as otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, if an event of default has occurred with respect to any series of debt securities and has not been cured or waived, the trustee or the holders of not less than

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25% in principal amount of all debt securities of that series then outstanding may declare the entire principal amount of the debt securities of that series to be due immediately. Except as otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, if the event of default occurs because of events in bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization relating to the Company, the entire principal amount of the debt securities of that series will be automatically accelerated, without any action by the trustee or any holder.

Each of the situations described above is called an acceleration of the stated maturity of the affected series of debt securities. Except as otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, if the stated maturity of any series is accelerated and a judgment for payment has not yet been obtained, the holders of a majority in principal amount of the debt securities of that series may cancel the acceleration for the entire series.

If an event of default occurs, the trustee will have special duties. In that situation, the trustee will be obligated to use those of its rights and powers under the relevant indenture, and to use the same degree of care and skill in doing so, that a prudent person would use in that situation in conducting his or her own affairs.

Except as described in the prior paragraph, the trustee is not required to take any action under the relevant indenture at the request of any holders unless the holders offer the trustee reasonable protection from expenses and liability. This is called an indemnity. If the trustee is provided with an indemnity reasonably satisfactory to it, the holders of a majority in principal amount of all debt securities of the relevant series may direct the time, method and place of conducting any lawsuit or other formal legal action seeking any remedy available to the trustee with respect to that series. These majority holders may also direct the trustee in performing any other action under the relevant indenture with respect to the debt securities of that series.

Before you bypass the trustee and bring your own lawsuit or other formal legal action or take other steps to enforce your rights or protect your interests relating to any debt security, all of the following must occur:

•
the holder of your debt security must give the trustee written notice that an event of default has occurred with respect to the debt securities of your series, and the event of default must not have been cured or waived;
•
the holders of not less than 25% in principal amount of all debt securities of your series must make a written request that the trustee take action because of the default, and they or other holders must offer to the trustee indemnity reasonably satisfactory to the trustee against the cost and other liabilities of taking that action;
•
the trustee must not have taken action for 60 days after the above steps have been taken; and
•
during those 60 days, the holders of a majority in principal amount of the debt securities of your series must not have given the trustee directions that are inconsistent with the written request of the holders of not less than 25% in principal amount of the debt securities of your series.

You are entitled at any time, however, to bring a lawsuit for the payment of money due on your debt security on or after its stated maturity (or, if your debt security is redeemable, on or after its redemption date).

Book-entry and other indirect owners should consult their banks or brokers for information on how to give notice or direction to or make a request of the trustee and how to declare or cancel an acceleration of the maturity.

Waiver of Default

The holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the debt securities of any series may waive a default for all debt securities of that series. If this happens, the default will be treated as if it has not occurred. No one can waive a payment default on any debt security, however, without the approval of the particular holder of that debt security.

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Annual Information about Defaults to the Trustee

We will furnish each trustee every year a written statement of two of our officers certifying that to their knowledge we are in compliance with the applicable indenture and the debt securities issued under it, or else specifying any default under the applicable indenture.

Modifications and Waivers

There are four types of changes we can make to either indenture and the debt securities or series of debt securities issued under that indenture.

Changes Requiring Each Holder’s Approval

First, there are changes that cannot be made without the approval of each holder of a debt security affected by the change under the applicable indenture, including, among others:

•
changing the stated maturity for any principal or interest payment on such debt security;
•
reducing the principal amount, the amount payable on acceleration of the maturity after a default, the interest rate or the redemption price for such debt security;
•
permitting redemption of such debt security if not previously permitted;
•
impairing any right such holder may have to require purchase of its debt security;
•
if such debt security constitutes a convertible debt security, impairing any right that a holder may have to convert such debt security;
•
changing the currency of any payment on such debt security;
•
changing the place of payment on such debt security;
•
impairing such holder’s right to sue for payment of any amount due on its debt security;
•
reducing the percentage in principal amount of the debt securities of any one or more affected series, taken separately or together, as applicable, and whether comprising the same or different series or less than all of the debt securities of a series, the approval of whose holders is needed to change the indenture or those debt securities or waive our compliance with the applicable indenture or to waive defaults; and
•
changing the provisions of the applicable indenture dealing with modification and waiver in any other respect, except to increase any required percentage referred to above or to add to the provisions that cannot be changed or waived without approval of the holder of each affected debt security.

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Changes Not Requiring Approval

The second type of change does not require any approval by holders of the debt securities affected. These changes are limited to clarifications and changes that would not adversely affect any debt securities of any series in any material respect. Nor do we need any approval to make changes that affect only debt securities to be issued under the applicable indenture after the changes take effect. We may also make changes or obtain waivers that do not adversely affect a particular debt security, even if they affect other debt securities. In those cases, we do not need to obtain the approval of the holder of the unaffected debt security; we need only obtain any required approvals from the holders of the affected debt securities. We may also make changes to conform the text of the applicable indenture or any debt securities to any provision of the “Description of Debt Securities” in this prospectus or the comparable section in your prospectus supplement, to the extent such provision was intended to be a verbatim recitation of a provision of such indenture or debt securities.

Modification of Subordination Provisions

We may not amend the indenture related to subordinated debt securities to alter the subordination of any outstanding subordinated debt securities without the written consent of each holder of senior debt then outstanding who would be adversely affected (or the group or representative thereof authorized or required to consent thereto pursuant to the instrument creating or evidencing, or pursuant to which there is outstanding, such senior debt). In addition, we may not modify the subordination provisions of the indenture related to subordinated debt securities in a manner that would adversely affect the subordinated debt securities of any one or more series then outstanding in any material respect, without the consent of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of all affected series then outstanding, voting together as one class (and also of any affected series that by its terms is entitled to vote separately as a series, as described below).

Changes Requiring Majority Approval

Any other change to a particular indenture and the debt securities issued under that indenture would require the following approval:

•
If the change affects only particular debt securities within a series issued under the applicable indenture, it must be approved by the holders of a majority in principal amount of such particular debt securities; or
•
If the change affects debt securities of more than one series issued under the applicable indenture, it must be approved by the holders of a majority in principal amount of all debt securities of all such series affected by the change, with all such affected debt securities voting together as one class for this purpose and such affected debt securities of any series potentially comprising fewer than all debt securities of such series,

in each case, except as may otherwise be provided pursuant to such indenture for all or any particular debt securities of any series. This means that modification of terms with respect to certain securities of a series could be effectuated without obtaining the consent of the holders of a majority in principal amount of other securities of such series that are not affected by such modification.

The same majority approval would be required for us to obtain a waiver of any of our covenants in either indenture. Our covenants include the promises we make about merging or selling substantially all of our assets, which we describe above under “—Mergers and Similar Transactions.” If the holders approve a waiver of a covenant, we will not have to comply with it. The holders, however, cannot approve a waiver of any provision in a particular debt security, or in the applicable indenture as it affects that debt security, that we cannot change without the approval of the holder of that debt security as described above in “—Changes Requiring Each Holder’s Approval,” unless that holder approves the waiver.

We may issue particular debt securities or a particular series of debt securities, as applicable, that are entitled, by their terms, to separately approve matters (for example, modification or waiver of provisions in the applicable indenture) that would also, or otherwise, require approval of holders of a majority in principal amount of all affected debt securities of all affected series issued under such indenture voting together as a single class. Any such affected

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debt securities or series of debt securities would be entitled to approve such matters (i) pursuant to such special rights by consent of holders of a majority in principal amount of such affected debt securities or series of debt securities voting separately as a class and (ii) in addition, as described above, except as may otherwise be provided pursuant to the applicable indenture for such debt securities or series of debt securities, by consent of holders of a majority in principal amount of such affected debt securities or series of debt securities and all other affected debt securities of all series issued under such indenture voting together as one class for this purpose. We may issue series or debt securities of a series having these or other special voting rights without obtaining the consent of or giving notice to holders of outstanding debt securities or series.

Book-entry and other indirect owners should consult their banks or brokers for information on how approval may be granted or denied if we seek to change an indenture or any debt securities or request a waiver.

Special Rules for Action by Holders

Only holders of outstanding debt securities of the applicable series will be eligible to take any action under the applicable indenture, such as giving a notice of default, declaring an acceleration, approving any change or waiver or giving the trustee an instruction with respect to debt securities of that series. Also, we will count only outstanding debt securities in determining whether the various percentage requirements for taking action have been met. Any debt securities owned by us or any of our affiliates or surrendered for cancellation or for payment or redemption, for which money has been set aside in trust, are not deemed to be outstanding. Any required approval or waiver must be given by written consent.

In some situations, we may follow special rules in calculating the principal amount of debt securities that are to be treated as outstanding for the purposes described above. This may happen, for example, if the principal amount is payable in a non-U.S. dollar currency, increases over time or is not to be fixed until maturity.

We will generally be entitled to set any day as a record date for the purpose of determining the holders that are entitled to take action under either indenture. In certain limited circumstances, only the trustee will be entitled to set a record date for action by holders. If we or the trustee sets a record date for an approval or other action to be taken by holders, that vote or action may be taken only by persons or entities who are holders on the record date and must be taken during the period that we specify for this purpose, or that the trustee specifies if it sets the record date. We or the trustee, as applicable, may shorten or lengthen this period from time to time. This period, however, may not extend beyond the 180th day after the record date for the action. In addition, record dates for any global debt security may be set in accordance with procedures established by the depositary from time to time. Accordingly, record dates for global debt securities may differ from those for other debt securities.

Form, Exchange and Transfer

If any debt securities cease to be issued in registered global form, they will be issued:

•
only in fully registered form;
•
without interest coupons; and
•
unless we indicate otherwise in your prospectus supplement, in denominations of $2,000 and integral multiples of $1,000.

Holders may exchange their debt securities for debt securities of smaller denominations or combined into fewer debt securities of larger denominations, as long as the total principal amount is not changed. You may not exchange your debt securities for securities of a different series or having different terms, unless your prospectus supplement and the supplemental indenture with respect to your debt securities provide for such exchange.

Holders may exchange or transfer their debt securities at the office of the trustee. They may also replace lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated debt securities at that office. We have appointed the trustee to act as our agent for

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registering debt securities in the names of holders and transferring and replacing debt securities. We may appoint another entity to perform these functions or perform them ourselves.

Holders will not be required to pay a service charge to transfer or exchange their debt securities, but they may be required to pay for any tax or other governmental charge associated with the exchange or transfer. The transfer or exchange, and any replacement, will be made only if our transfer agent is satisfied with the holder’s proof of legal ownership. The transfer agent may require an indemnity before replacing any debt securities.

If we have designated additional transfer agents for your debt security, they will be named in your prospectus supplement. We may appoint additional transfer agents or cancel the appointment of any particular transfer agent. We may also approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts.

If the debt securities of any series are redeemable and we redeem less than all those debt securities, we may block the transfer or exchange of those debt securities during the period beginning 15 days before the day we mail the notice of redemption and ending on the day of that mailing, in order to freeze the list of holders to prepare the mailing. We may also refuse to register transfers of or exchange any debt security selected for redemption, except that we will continue to permit transfers and exchanges of the unredeemed portion of any debt security being partially redeemed.

If a debt security is issued as a global debt security, only DTC or other depositary will be entitled to transfer and exchange the debt security as described in this subsection because the depositary will be the sole holder of the debt security.

The rules for exchange described above apply to exchange of debt securities for other debt securities of the same series and kind. If a debt security is convertible, exercisable or exchangeable into or for a different kind of security, such as one that we have not yet issued, or for other property, the rules governing that type of conversion, exercise or exchange will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Payments

We will pay interest, principal and other amounts payable with respect to the debt securities of any series to the holders of record of those debt securities as of the record dates and otherwise in the manner specified below or in the prospectus supplement for that series.

We will make payments on a global debt security in accordance with the applicable policies of the depositary as in effect from time to time. Under those policies, we will pay directly to the depositary, or its nominee, and not to any indirect owners who own beneficial interests in the global debt security. An indirect owner’s right to receive those payments will be governed by the rules and practices of the depositary and its participants.

We will make payments on a debt security in non-global, registered form as follows. We will pay interest that is due on an interest payment date by check mailed on the interest payment date to the holder at his or her address shown on the trustee’s records as of the close of business on the regular record date. We will make all other payments by check at the paying agent described below, against surrender of the debt security. All payments by check will be made in next-day funds—i.e., funds that become available on the day after the check is cashed.

Alternatively, if a non-global debt security has a face amount of at least $1,000,000 and the holder asks us to do so, we will pay any amount that becomes due on the debt security by wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account at a bank in New York City, on the due date. To request wire payment, the holder must give the paying agent appropriate wire transfer instructions at least five business days before the requested wire payment is due. In the case of any interest payment due on an interest payment date, the instructions must be given by the person or entity who is the holder on the relevant regular record date. In the case of any other payment, payment will be made only after the debt security is surrendered to the paying agent. Any wire instructions, once properly given, will remain in effect unless and until new instructions are given in the manner described above.

Book-entry and other indirect owners should consult their banks or brokers for information on how they will receive payments on their debt securities.

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Regardless of who acts as paying agent, all money paid by us to a paying agent that remains unclaimed at the end of two years after the amount is due to a holder will be repaid to us. After that two-year period, the holder may look only to us for payment and not to the trustee, any other paying agent or anyone else.

Paying Agents

We may appoint one or more financial institutions to act as our paying agents, at whose designated offices debt securities in non-global entry form may be surrendered for payment at their maturity. We call each of those offices a paying agent. We may add, replace or terminate paying agents from time to time. We may also choose to act as our own paying agent. We will specify in the prospectus supplement for your debt security the initial location of each paying agent for that debt security. We must notify the trustee of changes in the paying agents.

Notices

Notices to be given to holders of a global debt security will be given only to the depositary, in accordance with its applicable policies as in effect from time to time. Notices to be given to holders of debt securities not in global form will be sent by mail to the respective addresses of the holders as they appear in the trustee’s records, and will be deemed given when mailed. Neither the failure to give any notice to a particular holder, nor any defect in a notice given to a particular holder, will affect the sufficiency of any notice given to another holder.

Book-entry and other indirect owners should consult their banks or brokers for information on how they will receive notices.

Our Relationship with the Trustee

The prospectus supplement for your debt security will describe any material relationships we may have with the trustee with respect to that debt security.

The same financial institution may initially serve as the trustee for our senior debt securities and subordinated debt securities. Consequently, if an actual or potential event of default occurs with respect to any of these securities, the trustee may be considered to have a conflicting interest for purposes of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. In that case, the trustee may be required to resign under one or more of the indentures, and we would be required to appoint a successor trustee. For this purpose, a “potential” event of default means an event that would be an event of default if the requirements for giving us default notice or for the default having to exist for a specific period of time were disregarded.

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DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS

We may issue warrants, in one or more series, for the purchase of debt securities, shares of common stock or shares of preferred stock. Warrants may be issued independently or together with our debt securities, common stock or preferred stock and may be attached to or separate from any offered securities. In addition to this summary, you should refer to the detailed provisions of the specific warrant agreement for complete terms of the warrants and the warrant agreement. Unless otherwise specified in a prospectus supplement accompanying this prospectus, each warrant agreement will be between the Company and a banking institution organized under the laws of the United States or a state thereof as warrant agent. A form of warrant agreement will be filed with the SEC as an exhibit to the registration statement by post-effective amendment or a Current Report on Form 8-K.

The warrants will be evidenced by warrant certificates. Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, the warrant certificates may be traded separately from the debt securities, common stock or preferred stock, if any, with which the warrant certificates were issued. Warrant certificates may be exchanged for new warrant certificates of different denominations at the office of an agent that we will appoint. Until a warrant is exercised, the holder of a warrant does not have any of the rights of a holder of our debt securities, common stock or preferred stock and is not entitled to any payments on any debt securities, common stock or preferred stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants.

A prospectus supplement accompanying this prospectus relating to a particular series of warrants to issue debt securities, common stock or preferred stock will describe the terms of those warrants, including:

•
the title and the aggregate number of warrants;
•
the debt securities, common stock or preferred stock for which each warrant is exercisable;
•
the date or dates on which the right to exercise such warrants commence and expire;
•
the price or prices at which such warrants are exercisable;
•
the currency or currencies in which such warrants are exercisable;
•
the periods during which and places at which such warrants are exercisable;
•
the terms of any mandatory or optional call provisions;
•
the price or prices, if any, at which the warrants may be redeemed at the option of the holder or will be redeemed upon expiration;
•
the identity of the warrant agent; and
•
the exchanges, if any, on which such warrants may be listed.

You may exercise warrants by paying the warrant agent the exercise price, in each case in such currency or currencies as are specified in the warrant, and giving your identity and the number of warrants to be exercised. Once you pay the warrant agent and deliver the properly completed and executed warrant certificate to the warrant agent at the specified office, the warrant agent will, as soon as practicable, forward securities to you in authorized denominations or share amounts. If you exercise less than all of the warrants evidenced by your warrant , you will be issued a new warrant for the remaining amount of warrants.

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SELLING STOCKHOLDERS

The shares of common stock that may be offered and sold by the selling stockholders pursuant to this prospectus are (a) certain shares of common stock issued to Palantir in satisfaction of fees owed for services and (b) shares issuable to High Trail Special Situations LLC (“HTSS”) upon conversion of the Note. For additional information regarding the issuance of the Note, see “Summary—Convertible Note” above.

The table below lists the selling stockholders and other information regarding the beneficial ownership of the shares of common stock held by the selling stockholders, including the shares that may be offered and sold hereunder, as determined under Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder, which generally provide that a person has beneficial ownership of a security if such person possesses sole or shared voting or investment power over that security or the right to acquire such power within 60 days.

In accordance with the terms of the Purchase Agreement, this prospectus generally covers the resale of 100% of the maximum number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Note determined as if the outstanding Note were converted in full (without regard to any limitations on conversion contained therein solely for the purpose of such calculation, including the limitations described below) at the initial conversion price. Because the conversion price may be adjusted, the number of shares that may actually be issued upon any conversion thereof and beneficially owned by HTSS as calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder may be less than the number of shares that may be offered by this prospectus.

Under the terms of the Note, HTSS may not convert the Note to the extent (but only to the extent) HTSS and its attribution parties as defined under the Note would beneficially own in the aggregate a number of shares of our common stock which would exceed 9.99% of the then-outstanding capital stock of the Company (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation may be decreased immediately by HTSS upon notice to us.

The selling stockholders may sell all, some or none of their shares of common stock registered hereunder. No offer or sale under this prospectus may be made by a stockholder unless that holder is listed in the table below, in a supplement to this prospectus or in an amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part that has become effective. We may supplement or amend this prospectus to include additional selling stockholders.

The ownership percentage indicated in the following table is based on 62,593,429 total outstanding shares of our common stock as of November 12, 2025.

|  | Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to this Offering |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Shares Beneficially Owned After this Offering(1)
Name of Selling Stockholder |  | Shares |  |  | % |  |  | Offered |  |  | Shares |  |  | %
Palantir Technologies Inc.(2) |  |  | 6,196,381 | (3) |  |  | 9.9 | % |  |  | 4,487,084 |  |  | 1,709,297 |  |  |  | 2.7%
High Trail Special Situations LLC(4) |  |  | 6,253,083 | (5) |  |  | 9.99 | % |  |  | 19,503,012 | (6) |  | 6,253,083 | (7) |  |  | 9.99%

(1) Assumes the sale of all shares of common stock that may be offered by the selling stockholders pursuant to this prospectus.

(2) The address for Palantir Technologies Inc. is 1200 17th Street, Floor 15, Denver, CO 80202.

(3) Consists of (a) 4,487,084 shares of common stock registered hereunder, (b) 1,000,000 shares of common stock issued to Palantir on November 10, 2025 as consideration for license fees and services rendered by Palantir that are not being registered hereunder and (c) 709,297 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Palantir that are not being registered hereunder.

(4) Hudson Bay Capital Management LP, the investment manager of HTSS, has voting and investment power over these securities. Sander Gerber is the managing member of Hudson Bay Capital GP LLC, which is the general partner of Hudson Bay Capital Management LP. Each of HTSS and Sander Gerber disclaims beneficial ownership

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over these securities. The address of HTSS is c/o Hudson Bay Capital Management LP, 290 Harbor Drive, 3rd Floor, Stamford, CT 06902.

(5) Consists of (a) 19,503,012 shares of common stock, the maximum number of shares of common stock issuable to HTSS upon conversion of the Note, (b) 3,012,048 shares of common stock beneficially owned by HT Investments MA LLC (“HT MA”) that are not being registered hereunder, (c) 3,012,048 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants owned by HT MA that are not being registered hereunder and (d) 4,901,316 shares of common stock issuable to HT MA as of November 12, 2025 pursuant to a convertible note held by HT MA that are not being registered hereunder. The amount set forth in the table reflects the application of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation.

(6) Consists of 19,503,012 shares of common stock, the maximum number of shares of common stock issuable to HTSS upon conversion of the Note.

(7) Consists of (a) 3,012,048 shares of common stock beneficially owned by HT MA that are not being registered hereunder, (b) 3,012,048 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants owned by HT MA that are not being registered hereunder and (c) up to 4,901,316 shares of common stock issuable to HT MA as of November 12, 2025 pursuant to a convertible note held by HT MA that are not being registered hereunder. The amount set forth in the table reflects the application of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation.

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

The securities being offered by this prospectus may be sold from time to time by us or by the selling stockholders:

•
to or through agents;
•
to or through underwriters;
•
to or through broker-dealers (acting as agent or principal);
•
in “at the market offerings” within the meaning of Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act, to or through a market maker or into an existing trading market, on an exchange, or otherwise;
•
to holders of warrants upon exercise of such warrants;
•
directly to purchasers, through a specific bidding or auction process or otherwise;
•
through a combination of any such methods of sale; or
•
through any other methods described in a prospectus supplement.

A prospectus supplement with respect to a particular offering of securities will set forth the terms of the offering of those securities, including the following:

•
name or names of any underwriters, dealers or agents;
•
any public offering price, the purchase price of the securities and the estimated amount of net proceeds we or any selling stockholder will receive; or
•
any underwriting discounts and commissions allowed or reallowed.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have not been advised by the selling stockholders as to any plan of distribution. The selling stockholders may choose to sell some, all or none of the securities described in this prospectus. To the extent required, this prospectus may be amended or supplemented from time to time to describe a particular plan of distribution.

The distribution of securities may be effected, from time to time, in one or more transactions, including block transactions and transactions on the NYSE or any other organized market where the securities may be traded. The securities may be sold at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed, or at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices relating to the prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. The consideration may be cash or another form negotiated by the parties. Agents, underwriters or broker-dealers may be paid compensation for offering and selling the securities. That compensation may be in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions to be received from us or from the purchasers of the securities. Dealers and agents participating in the distribution of the securities may be deemed to be underwriters, and compensation received by them on resale of the securities may be deemed to be underwriting discounts. If such dealers or agents were deemed to be underwriters, they may be subject to statutory liabilities under the Securities Act.

If agents are used in the sales of securities, agents may, from time to time, solicit offers to purchase the securities. If required, we will name in the applicable prospectus supplement any agent involved in the offer or sale of the securities and set forth any compensation payable to the agent. Unless otherwise indicated in the prospectus supplement, any agent will be acting on a best efforts basis for the period of its appointment. Any agent selling the securities covered by this prospectus may be deemed to be an underwriter, as that term is defined in the Securities Act, of the securities.

If underwriters are used in a sale, securities will be acquired by the underwriters for their own account and may be resold, from time to time, in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or under delayed delivery contracts or other contractual commitments. Securities may be offered to the public either through underwriting syndicates represented by one or more managing underwriters or by one or more firms acting as underwriters. If an underwriter or underwriters are used in the sale of securities, an underwriting agreement will be executed with the underwriter or underwriters at the time an agreement for the sale is reached. In connection with the sale of securities, we or the selling stockholders may

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compensate the underwriters in the form of underwriting discounts and commissions. The purchasers of the securities for whom the underwriters may act as agent may also pay them commissions. Underwriters may sell the securities to or through dealers, and these dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters and/or commissions from the purchasers for whom they may act as agents. Unless otherwise set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, the obligations of any underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to conditions precedent, and the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the securities if any are purchased.

If a dealer is used in the sale of the securities, the securities will be sold to the dealer, as principal. The dealer may then resell the securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by the dealer at the time of resale. To the extent required, we will set forth in the prospectus supplement the name of the dealer involved in the offer or sale of securities, and the terms of the transactions and any commissions or discounts we grant to the dealer. Any dealer used in selling the securities covered by this prospectus may be deemed to be an underwriter, as that term is defined in the Securities Act, of the securities.

We or the selling stockholders may designate underwriters or agents to solicit purchases of securities for the period of their appointment and to sell securities on a periodic basis, including pursuant to “at-the-market offerings” pursuant to the terms of a distribution agreement entered into with the underwriters or agents. If we or the selling stockholders engage in at-the-market sales pursuant to a distribution agreement, we will issue and sell or the selling stockholders will sell, as applicable, the securities to or through one or more underwriters or agents. During the term of any such distribution agreement, securities may be sold on a daily basis in exchange transactions or otherwise as may be agreed with the underwriters or agents. The distribution agreement may provide that any securities sold will be sold at prices related to the then prevailing market prices for our securities. Therefore, exact figures regarding net proceeds or commissions to be paid are impossible to determine and will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of each such distribution agreement will be set forth in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. Any named underwriters may engage in certain transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of our securities and any such activities will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to the transaction. To the extent that any named broker dealer or agent acts as agent on a best efforts basis pursuant to the terms of a distribution agreement, such broker dealer or agent will not engage in any such stabilization transactions.

We or the selling stockholders may directly solicit offers to purchase the securities and we or the selling stockholders may make sales of securities directly to institutional investors or others. These persons may be deemed to be underwriters within the meaning of the Securities Act with respect to any resale of the securities. To the extent required, the prospectus supplement will describe the terms of any such sales, including the terms of any bidding or auction process, if used.

If indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, agents, underwriters and dealers may be authorized to solicit offers to purchase securities from us or the selling stockholders at the public offering price set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement pursuant to securities purchase or delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. The contracts will be subject only to those conditions set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, and the applicable prospectus supplement will set forth the commission payable for solicitation of the contracts.

Agents, underwriters and dealers may be entitled under agreements to indemnification by us and the selling stockholders against specified civil liabilities, including liabilities incurred under the Securities Act, or to contribution to payments they may be required to make in respect of such liabilities. If required, the prospectus supplement will describe the terms and conditions of such indemnification or contribution. Agents, underwriters or dealers, or their affiliates may be customers of, engage in transactions with or perform services for us or our subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business for which they receive customary compensation.

If indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, one or more firms may offer and sell securities in connection with a remarketing upon their purchase, in accordance with their terms, acting as principals for their own accounts or as agents. Any remarketing firm will be identified and the terms of its agreement, if any, will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. We and the selling stockholders may be obligated to indemnify the remarketing firm against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and the remarketing firm may engage in transactions with or perform services for us or our subsidiaries for customary compensation.

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Under the securities laws of some states, the securities offered by this prospectus may be sold in those states only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers.

Any person participating in the distribution of common stock registered under the registration statement that includes this prospectus will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act, and the applicable SEC rules and regulations, including, among others, Regulation M, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales of any of our common stock by any such person. Furthermore, Regulation M may restrict the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of our common stock to engage in market-making activities with respect to our common stock. These restrictions may affect the marketability of our common stock and the ability of any person or entity to engage in market-making activities with respect to our common stock.

Certain persons participating in an offering may engage in over-allotment, stabilizing transactions, short-covering transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the offered securities. Over-allotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which creates a short position. Stabilizing transactions involve bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum. Short-covering transactions involve purchases of securities in the open market after the distribution has been completed in order to cover syndicate short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim selling concessions from dealers when the securities originally sold by the dealers are purchased in covering transactions to cover syndicate short positions. These transactions may cause the price of the securities sold in an offering to be higher than it would otherwise be. These transactions, if commenced, may be discontinued by the underwriters at any time. If any such activities will occur, they will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

In compliance with the guidelines of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or FINRA, the consideration or discount to be received by any FINRA member or independent broker dealer may not exceed 8% of the aggregate proceeds of the offering.

The applicable prospectus supplement relating to each offering will set forth the anticipated date of delivery of the securities.

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LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the issuance of the securities offered in this prospectus will be passed upon for us by Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP. If certain legal matters in connection with an offering of the securities made by this prospectus and a related prospectus supplement are passed upon by counsel for the underwriters of such offering, that counsel will be named in the applicable prospectus supplement related to that offering.

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EXPERTS

The financial statements of Surf Air Mobility Inc. incorporated in this Prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report (which contains an explanatory paragraph relating to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern as described in Note 1 to the financial statements) of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

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PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.

The following table indicates the expenses to be incurred in connection with this registration statement and the listing of our common stock, all of which will be paid by us.

|  | Amount |
SEC registration fee |  | $ | $24,014 |
FINRA filing fee |  |  | * |
NYSE listing fee |  |  | * |
Printing fees and expenses |  |  | * |
Legal fees and expenses |  |  | * |
Accounting fees and expenses |  |  | * |
Transfer agent fees and expenses |  |  | * |
Trustee fees and expenses |  |  | * |
Miscellaneous fees and expenses |  |  | * |
Total |  | $ | * |

_______________

* These fees are calculated based on the number of issuances and amount of securities offered and accordingly cannot be estimated at this time.

Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

Section 145 of the DGCL concerning indemnification of officers, directors, employees and agents is set forth below.

“Section 145. Indemnification of officers, directors, employees and agents; insurance.

(a)
A corporation shall have power to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the corporation) by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if the person acted in good faith and in a manner the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe the person’s conduct was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner which the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that the person’s conduct was unlawful.
(b)
A corporation shall have power to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if the person acted in good faith and in a manner the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or

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the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.
(c)
To the extent that a present or former director or officer of a corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding referred to in subsections (a) and (b) of this section, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, such person shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection therewith.
(d)
Any indemnification under subsections (a) and (b) of this section (unless ordered by a court) shall be made by the corporation only as authorized in the specific case upon a determination that indemnification of the present or former director, officer, employee or agent is proper in the circumstances because the person has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in subsections (a) and (b) of this section. Such determination shall be made, with respect to a person who is a director or officer of the corporation at the time of such determination, (1) by a majority vote of the directors who are not parties to such action, suit or proceeding, even though less than a quorum, or (2) by a committee of such directors designated by majority vote of such directors, even though less than a quorum, or (3) if there are no such directors, or if such directors so direct, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion, or (4) by the stockholders.
(e)
Expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by an officer or director of the corporation in defending any civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or proceeding may be paid by the corporation in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that such person is not entitled to be indemnified by the corporation as authorized in this section. Such expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by former directors and officers or other employees and agents of the corporation or by persons serving at the request of the corporation as directors, officers, employees or agents of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise may be so paid upon such terms and conditions, if any, as the corporation deems appropriate.
(f)
The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, the other subsections of this section shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under any bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such person’s official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office. A right to indemnification or to advancement of expenses arising under a provision of the certificate of incorporation or a bylaw shall not be eliminated or impaired by an amendment to the certificate of incorporation or the bylaws after the occurrence of the act or omission that is the subject of the civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or proceeding for which indemnification or advancement of expenses is sought, unless the provision in effect at the time of such act or omission explicitly authorizes such elimination or impairment after such action or omission has occurred.
(g)
A corporation shall have power to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person’s status as such, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such liability under this section.
(h)
For purposes of this section, references to “the corporation” shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers, and employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under this section with respect to

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the resulting or surviving corporation as such person would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued.
(i)
For purposes of this section, references to “other enterprises” shall include employee benefit plans; references to “fines” shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to any employee benefit plan; and references to “serving at the request of the corporation” shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner “not opposed to the best interests of the corporation” as referred to in this section.
(j)
The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this section shall, unless otherwise provided when authorized or ratified, continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.
(k)
The Court of Chancery is hereby vested with exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine all actions for advancement of expenses or indemnification brought under this section or under any bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors, or otherwise. The Court of Chancery may summarily determine a corporation’s obligation to advance expenses (including attorneys’ fees).”

The Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides for indemnification of our directors and officers to the maximum extent permitted by the DGCL, and the Amended and Restated Bylaws provide for indemnification of our directors and officers to the maximum extent permitted by the DGCL.

In addition, we entered into indemnification agreements with directors and officers containing provisions which are in some respects broader than the specific indemnification provisions contained in the DGCL. The indemnification agreements require us, among other things, to indemnify its directors and officers against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers and to advance their expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers, and controlling persons pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person in a successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, we will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to the court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

The following documents are filed as exhibits to this registration statement, including those exhibits incorporated herein by reference to a prior filing of Surf Air Mobility Inc. under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act as indicated in parentheses:

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Document
1.1* |  | Form of Underwriting Agreement.
2.1+ |  | Acquisition Agreement, dated as of March 17, 2021, by and between Surf Air Mobility Inc., Surf Air Global Limited, Surf Air Inc., SAC Merger Sub Inc. and Southern Airways Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form S-1 Registration Statement, filed on June 5, 2023).
2.2 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Acquisition Agreement, dated as of August 22, 2021, by and between Surf Air Mobility Inc., Surf Air Global Limited, Surf Air Inc., SAC Merger Sub Inc. and Southern Airways

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|  | Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Form S-1 Registration Statement, filed on June 5, 2023).
2.3 |  | Amendment No. 2 to Acquisition Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2022, by and between Surf Air Mobility Inc., Surf Air Global Limited, Surf Air Inc., SAC Merger Sub Inc. and Southern Airways Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 to the Company’s Form S-1 Registration Statement, filed on June 5, 2023).
2.4 |  | Amendment No. 3 to Acquisition Agreement, dated as of November 11, 2022, by and between Surf Air Mobility Inc., Surf Air Global Limited, Surf Air Inc., SAC Merger Sub Inc. and Southern Airways Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to the Company’s Form S-1 Registration Statement, filed on June 5, 2023).
2.5 |  | Amendment No. 4 to Acquisition Agreement, dated as of May 25, 2023, by and between Surf Air Mobility Inc., Surf Air Global Limited, Surf Air Inc., SAC Merger Sub Inc. and Southern Airways Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.5 to the Company’s Form S-1 Registration Statement, filed on June 5, 2023).
2.6 |  | Amendment No. 5 to Acquisition Agreement, dated as of June 21, 2023, by and between Surf Air Mobility Inc., Surf Air Global Limited, Surf Air Inc., SAC Merger Sub Inc. and Southern Airways Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.6 to the Company’s Form S-1 Registration Statement, filed on June 5, 2023).
2.7 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 21, 2023, by and among Surf Air Global Limited, Surf Air Mobility Inc. and SAGL Merger Sub Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.7 to the Company’s Form S-1 Registration Statement, filed on June 5, 2023).
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Surf Air Mobility Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 29, 2024).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Surf Air Mobility Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 29, 2024).
4.1** |  | Form of Indenture for Senior Debt Securities.
4.2** |  | Form of Indenture for Subordinated Debt Securities.
4.3** |  | Form of Senior Debt Securities (included in Exhibit 4.1).
4.4** |  | Form of Subordinated Debt Securities (included in Exhibit 4.2).
4.5 |  | Specimen Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form S-1 Registration Statement, filed on June 5, 2023).
4.6 |  | Form of Mandatory Convertible Security (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 6, 2024).
4.7 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated August 26, 2020, by and among Surf Air Mobility Inc., GEM Global Yield LLC SCS, and GEM Yield Bahamas Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form S-1 Registration Statement, filed on June 5, 2023).
5.1** |  | Opinion of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP.
10.1 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 12, 2025).

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10.2 |  | Form of Warrant (Registered) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 12, 2025).
10.3 |  | Form of Warrant (Private Placement) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 12, 2025).
10.4 |  | Senior Secured Convertible Note due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 12, 2025).
10.5 |  | First Amendment to Reimbursement Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 12, 2025).
23.1** |  | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
23.2** |  | Consent of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP (included as part of Exhibit 5.1).
24.1** |  | Power of Attorney.
25.1# |  | Form T-1 Statement of Eligibility and Qualification respecting the Senior Indenture.
25.2# |  | Form T-1 Statement of Eligibility and Qualification respecting the Subordinated Indenture.
107** |  | Filing Fee Table.

* To be filed by amendment or as an exhibit to a current report on Form 8-K of Surf Air Mobility Inc.

** Filed herewith.

# To be filed in accordance with the requirements of Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and Rule 5b-3 thereunder.

+ Schedules to this Exhibit omitted pursuant to Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5) promulgated under the Exchange Act. The Registrant agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule to the SEC upon request.

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Item 17. Undertakings.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(a)
To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i)
To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;
(ii)
To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement;
(iii)
To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;

provided, however, that paragraphs (a)(i), (a)(ii) and (a)(iii) do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.

(b)
That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(c)
To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
(d)
That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser:
(i)
Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and
(ii)
Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5) or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii) or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which the prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof; provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part

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of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.

(e)
That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:
(i)
Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;
(ii)
Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by such undersigned registrant;
(iii)
The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and
(iv)
Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.
(f)
That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of our annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(g)
That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, (i) the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of the registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in the form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be a part of the registration statement as of the time it was declared effective; and (ii) each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(h)
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act, as amended, may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the registrant pursuant to the provisions set forth or described in Item 15 of this registration statement, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of their counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by them is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act, and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

(1)

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(i)
To file an application for the purpose of determining the eligibility of the trustee to act under subsection (a) of Section 310 of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the “Trust Indenture Act”) in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Commission under Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act.

II-8

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Hawthorne, California, on November 12, 2025.

SURF AIR MOBILITY INC.

By: /s/ Deanna White
Deanna White
Chief Executive Officer

KNOW ALL PEOPLE BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Deanna White, Oliver Reeves and Douglas Sugimoto, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place or stead, in any and all capacities (including, without limitation, the capacities listed below), to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement, and to sign any registration statement for the same offering covered by this registration statement that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and all post-effective amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and all other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants to such attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities indicated below on the date indicated.

Name |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Deanna White |  | Chief Executive Officer |  | November 12, 2025
Deanna White |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ Oliver Reeves |  | Chief Financial Officer |  | November 12, 2025
Oliver Reeves |  | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |  |
/s/ Sudhin Shahani |  | Co-Founder and Director |  | November 12, 2025
Sudhin Shahani |  |  |  |
/s/ Carl Albert |  | Director |  | November 12, 2025
Carl Albert |  | (Chairman) |  |
/s/ David Anderman |  | Director |  | November 12, 2025
David Anderman |  |  |  |
/s/ John D’Agostino |  | Director |  | November 12, 2025
John D’Agostino |  |  |  |

/s/ Bruce Hack |  | Director |  | November 12, 2025
Bruce Hack |  |  |  |
/s/ Edward Mady |  | Director |  | November 12, 2025
Edward Mady |  |  |  |
/s/ Tyler Painter |  | Director |  | November 12, 2025
Tyler Painter |  |  |  |

/s/ Shawn Pelsinger |  | Director |  | November 12, 2025
Shawn Pelsinger |  |  |  |