<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.(17)(A)
<SEQUENCE>21
<FILENAME>c95895a1exv99wx17yxay.txt
<DESCRIPTION>CODE OF ETHICS
<TEXT>
<PAGE>
                                                                   EXHIBIT 17(a)


[MORGAN STANLEY LOGO]


                      MORGAN STANLEY INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT
                                 CODE OF ETHICS

Effective June 15, 2004



---------------------------
(Print Name)

         The investment advisors, advisors, distribution companies and related
service companies listed on the attached Schedule A that operate within Morgan
Stanley Investment Management (each, a "Covered Company" and collectively,
"Investment Management") have adopted this Code of Ethics (the "Code"). The
principal objectives of the Code are (i) to provide policies and procedures
consistent with applicable law and regulation, including Rule 17j-1 under the
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act"), and Section 204 A
of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the "Advisers Act"), and
(ii) make certain that the personal trading and other business activities of
Employees of Investment Management (defined in Section III. below) are conducted
in a manner consistent with applicable law and regulation and the general
principles set forth in the Code.

         Employees of Investment Management are also subject to the "Morgan
Stanley Code of Conduct -- Securities and Asset Management Businesses" (the
"Code of Conduct"), and the Morgan Stanley Code of Ethics and Business
Practices, which can be found on the Law Portal of the Morgan Stanley Today
intranet site. Employees are reminded that they are also subject to other Morgan
Stanley Investment Management policies, including policies on insider trading,
the receipt of gifts, the handling of all internally distributed proprietary and
confidential information, Morgan Stanley Investment Management Senior Loan
Firewall Procedures, and service as a director of a publicly traded company. All
internally distributed information is proprietary and confidential information
and should not be discussed with people outside of Morgan Stanley Investment
Management or shared with anybody outside of the Investment Department.

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                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
                                                                                        Page
                                                                                        ----

<S>     <C>                                                                             <C>
I.      Policy Highlights..................................................................1

II.     General Principles.................................................................2
        A.     Shareholder and Client Interests Come First.................................2
        B.     Avoid Actual and Potential Conflicts of Interest............................3

III.    Definitions........................................................................3
        A.     Access Persons..............................................................3
        B.     Covered Accounts............................................................3
        C.     Covered Securities..........................................................4
        D.     Investment Personnel........................................................4

IV.     Grounds for Disqualification from Employment.......................................4

V.      Personal Securities Transactions...................................................5
        A.     Prohibited Conduct..........................................................5
        B.     Restrictions and Limitations on Personal Securities Transactions............5
        C.     Exempt Securities...........................................................9
        D.     Pre-Clearance Requirement..................................................10
        E.     Permitted Brokerage Accounts and Accounts Holding Morgan Stanley/
                 Van Kampen Funds.........................................................13

VI.     Reporting Requirements............................................................15
        A.     Report of Transactions.....................................................15
        B.     Form of Reporting..........................................................17
        C.     Responsibility to Report...................................................18
        D.     Leave of Absence...........................................................18
        E.     Where to File Report.......................................................18
        F.     Responsibility to Review...................................................18

VII.    Code of Ethics Review Committee...................................................19

VIII.   Service as a Director and Outside Business Activities.............................19

IX.     Gifts.............................................................................19

X.      Sanctions.........................................................................20

XI.     Employee Certification............................................................20
</TABLE>

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I.       Policy Highlights

         The Code is designed so that all acts, practices and courses of
         business engaged in by employees are conducted in accordance with the
         highest possible standards and to prevent abuses or even the appearance
         of abuses by Employees relating to their personal trading and other
         business activity. Compliance with the Code is a matter of
         understanding the basic requirements and making sure the steps the
         employee takes with respect to each personal securities transaction and
         his/her personal investment is in accordance with these requirements.
         This Section sets forth selected rules that frequently raise questions.
         These are by no means comprehensive and Employees must examine the
         specific sections of the Code for more details and are strongly urged
         to consult Compliance when questions arise:

         o     Shares of Morgan Stanley/Van Kampen open-end investment companies
               ("Affiliated Mutual Funds"), whether purchased, sold or exchanged
               in a brokerage account, directly through a transfer agent or in a
               401(k) or other retirement plan, including the Morgan Stanley
               401(k) plan, are exempt from pre-clearance requirements but are
               subject to holding and reporting requirements. AFFILIATED MUTUAL
               FUNDS MAY NOT BE SOLD, REDEEMED OR EXCHANGED UNTIL AT LEAST 60
               CALENDAR DAYS FROM THE PURCHASE TRADE DATE. SHARES IN THE SAME
               MUTUAL FUND MAY NOT BE REPURCHASED UNTIL AT LEAST 60 CALENDAR
               DAYS FROM THE SALE TRADE DATE. INVESTMENT PERSONNEL, DEFINED
               HEREIN, MAY NOT SELL, REDEEM OR EXCHANGE AFFILIATED MUTUAL FUNDS
               UNTIL AT LEAST 90 CALENDAR DAYS FROM THE PURCHASE TRADE DATE AND
               ARE SUBJECT TO THE REPURCHASE RESTRICTIONS ABOVE;

         o     Purchases and sales of shares in money market funds, including
               Morgan Stanley/Van Kampen money market funds, continue to be
               exempt from preclearance, minimum holding period and reporting
               requirements of the Code;

         o     Employees must maintain brokerage accounts at Morgan Stanley
               unless an exception is granted. All accounts for the purchase of
               Affiliated Mutual Funds must be pre-approved by the Compliance
               Department before opening;

         o     All Personal Securities Transactions must be pre-cleared through
               Compliance, except as set forth herein;

         o     Employees may only transact in MWD stock during designated window
               periods and all transactions must be pre-cleared. The
               restrictions imposed by Morgan Stanley on Senior Management and
               other persons in connection with transactions in MWD stock are in
               addition to this Code, and must be observed to the extent
               applicable;

         o     Exchange Traded Funds ("ETFs") and closed-end mutual funds must
               be pre-cleared and are subject to all other holding and reporting
               requirements;

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         o     Employees are prohibited from acquiring any security in an
               initial public offering (IPO) or any other public underwriting;

         o     Private placements, participation on the Board of any company and
               any outside business activities must be pre-approved by the Code
               of Ethics Review Committee;

         o     Employees may not sell Covered Securities under any circumstances
               unless they have been held for at least 30 days and they may not
               be sold at a profit until at least 60 calendar days from the
               purchase trade date;

         o     Employees may not repurchase any security sold by the Employee
               within the previous 30 days and may not repurchase such security
               within the previous 60 days if the purchase price is lower than
               any sale price within the 60-day period;

         o     Portfolio managers and research analysts and those who report to
               them, may not trade in a security if accounts they manage trade
               in the same security within the 7 days prior to or 7 days
               following the Employee's transaction;

         o     Employees are required to submit an Initial Holdings Report upon
               hire, Quarterly Transactions Reports and an Annual Report and
               Compliance Certification.


II.      General Principles

         A.    Shareholder and Client Interests Come First

               Every Employee owes a fiduciary duty to the shareholders of
               registered investment companies (each; a "Fund" and collectively,
               the "Funds") and to the Managed Account Clients (defined as
               clients other than registered investment companies including
               unregistered investment companies, institutional clients and
               individuals). This means that in every decision relating to
               investments, every Employee must recognize the needs and
               interests of the Fund shareholders and the Managed Account
               Clients, and be certain that at all times the interests of the
               Fund shareholders and other Managed Account Clients are placed
               ahead of any personal interest.

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         B.    Avoid Actual and Potential Conflicts of Interest

               The restrictions and requirements of the Code are designed to
               prevent behavior which actually or potentially conflicts, or
               raises the appearance of an actual or potential conflict, with
               the interests of the Fund shareholders or the Managed Account
               Clients. It is of the utmost importance that the Personal
               Securities Transactions of Employees be conducted in a manner
               consistent with both the letter and spirit of the Code to avoid
               any such conflict of interest and to prevent abuse of an
               Employee's position of trust and responsibility.

III.     Definitions

         A.    "Access Persons" shall include all directors, officers, and
               employees of Investment Management as well as certain other
               persons falling within such definition under Rule 17j-1 under the
               1940 Act and such other persons that may be so deemed by each
               Local Compliance Group from time to time, except those persons
               who are not officers and directors of an investment adviser under
               Investment Management and who meet the following criteria: (i)
               directors and officers of Morgan Stanley Distributors Inc.,
               Morgan Stanley Distribution Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co., and Van
               Kampen Funds Inc. (each a "Distributor" and collectively, the
               "Distributors") that do not devote substantially all of their
               working time to the activities (including distribution
               activities) of an investment adviser under Morgan Stanley
               Investment Management; (ii) directors and officers of the
               Distributors that do not, in connection with their regular
               functions and duties, participate in, obtain information with
               respect to, or make recommendations as to, or purchase and sell
               securities on behalf of a Fund or a Managed Account Client; and
               (iii) directors and officers of the Distributors that do not have
               access to information regarding the day-to-day investment
               activities of Investment Management shall not be deemed Access
               Persons. Such persons are, however, subject to the Code of
               Conduct. The Local Compliance Group for each Covered Company will
               identify all Access Persons of Investment Management and notify
               them of their pre-clearance and reporting obligations at the time
               they become an Access Person. Access Persons will be referred to
               as "Employees" throughout the Code. Employees with questions
               concerning their status as Access Persons are urged to consult
               with their Local Compliance Group.

         B.    "Covered Accounts" shall include any account in which an
               Employee has, or acquires any direct or indirect beneficial
               ownership in a security held in the account. Generally, an
               employee is regarded as having beneficial ownership of securities
               held in an account in the name of: (1) the individual; (2) a
               husband, wife or minor child; (3) a relative sharing the same
               house; (4) another person if the Employee obtains benefits
               substantially equivalent to ownership of the

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               securities; (ii) can obtain ownership of the securities
               immediately or at some future time; or (iii) can have investment
               discretion or otherwise can exercise control. In addition, as
               described in the Code, certain circumstances constitute
               Beneficial Ownership by an Employee of securities held by a
               trust.

         C.    "Covered Securities" shall include all securities, any option to
               purchase or sell, and any security convertible into or
               exchangeable for such securities. For example, Covered Securities
               also include, but are not limited to individual securities,
               open-end mutual funds, exchange traded funds, closed-end funds
               and unit investment trusts. Exemption from certain requirements
               of the Code may apply to designated Covered Securities, as set
               forth below. In addition, certain securities, such as money
               market funds, are exempt from the definition of "Covered
               Security" as explained in the Code.

         D.    "Investment Personnel" shall mean any Investment Management
               Employee who, in connection with his or her regular functions or
               duties, makes or participates in making recommendations regarding
               the purchase or sale of securities or anyone who, in connection
               with their job functions, has real-time knowledge of such
               recommendations. This includes, but is not limited to, portfolio
               managers, research analysts, and all persons reporting to
               portfolio managers and research analysts and personnel in the
               trading department, among others.

IV.      Grounds for Disqualification from Employment

         Pursuant to the terms of Section 9 of the 1940 Act, no director,
         officer or employee of a Covered Company, as listed in Schedule A may
         become, or continue to remain, an officer, director or employee without
         an exemptive order issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange
         Commission if such director, officer or employee:

         o     within the past ten years has been convicted of any felony or
               misdemeanor (i) involving the purchase or sale of any security;
               or (ii) arising out of their conduct as an underwriter, broker,
               dealer, investment adviser, municipal securities dealer,
               government securities broker, government securities dealer,
               transfer agent, or entity or person required to be registered
               under the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act, or as an affiliated
               person, salesman or employee of any investment company, bank,
               insurance company or entity or person required to be registered
               under the Commodity Exchange Act; or

         o     is or becomes permanently or temporarily enjoined by any court
               from: (i) acting as an underwriter, broker, dealer, investment
               adviser, municipal securities dealer, government securities
               broker, government securities dealer, transfer agent, or entity
               or person required to be registered under the U.S. Commodity
               Exchange Act, or as an affiliated person, salesman or employee of
               any investment company,

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               bank, insurance company or entity or person required to be
               registered under the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act; or (ii)
               engaging in or continuing any conduct or practice in connection
               with any such activity or in connection with the purchase or sale
               of any security.

         It is your obligation to immediately report any conviction or
         injunction falling within the foregoing provisions to the Chief Legal
         or Compliance Officer of Investment Management.

V.       Personal Securities Transactions

         A.    Prohibited Conduct

               No Employee shall buy or sell any Covered Security (with the
               exception of those described in sub-section C. below) for a
               Covered Account (referred to herein as a "Personal Securities
               Transaction") unless:



               1.   pre-clearance of the transaction has been obtained; and the

               2.   transaction is reported in writing to the Local Compliance
                    Group in accordance with the requirements below.


         B.    Restrictions and Limitations on Personal Securities Transactions

               Except where otherwise indicated, the following restrictions and
               limitations govern Personal Securities Transaction:

               1.   Covered Securities purchased may not be sold until at least
                    30 calendar days from the purchase trade date and may not be
                    sold at a profit until at least 60 calendar days from the
                    purchase trade date. Covered Securities sold may not be
                    repurchased until at least 30 calendar days from the sale
                    trade date. In addition, Covered Securities sold may not be
                    purchased at a lower price until at least 60 calendar days
                    from the sale trade date. Any violation may result in
                    disgorgement of all profits from the transactions as well as
                    other possible sanctions.

               2.   Morgan Stanley/Van Kampen open-end Mutual Funds (excluding
                    money market funds), whether purchased in a brokerage
                    account, directly through a transfer agent or in a 401(k) or
                    other retirement plan, may not be sold, redeemed or
                    exchanged until at least 60 calendar days from the purchase
                    trade date. They may not be repurchased until at least 60
                    calendar days from the sale trade date. Investment Personnel
                    may not sell, redeem or exchange such mutual funds until at
                    least 90 calendar days from the purchase trade date and are
                    subject to the repurchase restrictions above;





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                    In the event of financial hardship, exceptions to this
                    section of the Code may be granted, but only with the prior
                    written approval of a Compliance Officer and the Employee's
                    supervisor and if the transaction is consistent with each
                    Fund prospectus.

               3.   No short sales are permitted.

               4.   No transactions in options or futures are permitted, except
                    that listed options may be purchased, and covered calls
                    written. No option may be purchased or written if the
                    expiration date is less than 60 calendar days from the date
                    of purchase. No option position may be closed at a profit
                    less than 60 calendar days from the date it is established.

               5.   No Employee may acquire any security in an initial public
                    offering (IPO) or any other public underwriting. No Employee
                    shall purchase shares of a Fund that is managed by a Covered
                    Company if such Fund is not generally available to the
                    public, unless the vehicle is designed for Morgan Stanley
                    employees and there is no intention of it becoming public in
                    the future.

               6a.  Private placements of any kind may only be acquired with
                    special permission from the Code of Ethics Review Committee
                    and if approved, will be subject to monitoring by the Local
                    Compliance Group. Any Employee wishing to request approval
                    for private placements must complete a Private Placement
                    Approval Request Form and submit the form to the Local
                    Compliance Group. A copy of the Private Placement Approval
                    Request Form, which may be revised from time to time, is
                    attached as EXHIBIT A. Where the Code of Ethics Review
                    Committee approves any acquisition of a private placement,
                    its decision and reasons for supporting the decision will be
                    documented in a written report, which is to be kept for five
                    years by the Local Compliance Group after the end of the
                    fiscal year in which the approval was granted.

               6b.  Any Employee who has a personal position in an issuer
                    through a private placement must affirmatively disclose that
                    interest if such employee is involved in considering any
                    subsequent investment decision by a Fund or Managed Account
                    regarding any security of that issuer or its affiliate(s).
                    In such event, the President or Chief Investment Officer of
                    Investment Management shall independently determine the
                    final investment decision. Written records of any such
                    circumstance shall be sent to the Local Compliance Group and
                    maintained for a period of five years after the end of the
                    fiscal year in which the approval was granted.


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                    Restrictions 7.a. and 7.b. apply only to portfolio managers
                    and research analysts (and all persons reporting to
                    portfolio managers and research analysts) of Investment
                    Management.

               7a.  No purchase or sale transaction may be made in any Covered
                    Security by any portfolio manager or research analyst (or
                    person reporting to a portfolio manager or research analyst)
                    for a period of 7 calendar days before or after that Covered
                    Security is bought or sold by any Fund (other than Morgan
                    Stanley Value-Added Market Series, Morgan Stanley Select
                    Dimensions Investment Series -- Value-Added Market
                    Portfolio, and Morgan Stanley index funds, or Portfolios) or
                    any Managed Account (other than index-based Managed
                    Accounts) for which such portfolio manager or research
                    analyst (or person reporting to a portfolio manager or
                    research analyst) serves in that capacity.

               7b.  The definition of portfolio manager shall also extend to any
                    person involved in determining the composition of the
                    portfolios of Funds that are UITs or who have knowledge of a
                    composition of a UIT portfolio prior to deposit. These
                    individuals shall not buy or sell a Covered Security within
                    7 calendar days before or after such Covered Security is
                    included in the initial deposit of a UIT portfolio.

               Restriction 7.c. applies only to personnel in the trading
               department of each Covered Company.

               7c.  No purchase or sale transaction may be made in any Covered
                    Security traded through the appropriate Covered Company's
                    trading desk(s) (as determined by the Local Compliance
                    Group) by any person on that trading desk at the same time
                    that any Fund (other than Morgan Stanley Value-Added Market
                    Series, Morgan Stanley Select Dimensions Investment
                    Series--Value-Added Market Portfolio, and Morgan Stanley
                    index funds, or Portfolios) or any Managed Account (other
                    than index-based Managed Accounts) has a pending purchase or
                    sale order in that same Covered Security.

               7d.  Any transaction by persons described in sub-sections 7.a.,
                    7.b., and 7.c. above within such enumerated period may be
                    required to be reversed, if applicable, and any profits or,
                    at the discretion of the Code of Ethics Review Committee,
                    any differential between the sale price of the Personal
                    Security Transaction and the subsequent purchase or sale
                    price by a relevant Fund or Managed Account during the
                    enumerated period, will be subject to disgorgement; other
                    sanctions may also be applied.

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               8.   No Employee shall purchase or sell any Covered Security
                    which to their knowledge at the time of such purchase or
                    sale: (i) is being considered for purchase or sale by a Fund
                    or a Managed Account; or (ii) is being purchased or sold by
                    a Fund or a Managed Account. With respect to portfolio
                    managers and research analysts (and all persons reporting to
                    portfolio managers and research analysts) of a Covered
                    Company, no such persons may purchase shares of a closed-end
                    investment company over which such person exercises
                    investment discretion.

               9.   If a Personal Securities Transaction is not executed on the
                    day pre-clearance is granted, it is required that
                    pre-clearance be sought again on a subsequent day (i.e.,
                    open orders, such as limit orders, good until cancelled
                    orders and stop-loss orders, must be pre-cleared each day
                    until the transaction is effected).(1)

               10.  Employees shall not participate in investment clubs.

               11.  Employees may only transact in MWD stock during designated
                    window periods. Also, such transactions must be pre-cleared
                    with Compliance. Holdings and transactions in MWD stock are
                    subject to the initial, quarterly and annual reporting
                    requirements as well as the 30-day holding period
                    restriction and the 60-day short swing profit
                    restriction(2). The restrictions imposed by Morgan Stanley
                    on Senior Management and other persons in connection with
                    transactions in MWD stock are in addition to this Code, and
                    must be observed to the extent applicable. Employees are
                    required to read the Code of Conduct for a listing of
                    specific restrictions and limitations relating to the
                    purchase or sale of MWD stock. Employees receiving MWD stock
                    or options through EICP and other plans may be subject to
                    certain trading restrictions and exemptions. Employees
                    should check Employment documents and consult with
                    compliance to address any questions.

               Important: Regardless of the limited applicability of
               Restrictions 7.a., 7.b., and 7.c. each Local Compliance Group
               monitors all transactions by Employees in all locations in order
               to ascertain any pattern of conduct that may evidence actual or
               potential conflicts with the principles and objectives of the
               Code, including a pattern of front-running. The Compliance Group
               of each Covered Company: (i) on a quarterly basis, will provide
               the Boards of Directors/Trustees of the Funds it manages with a
               written report that describes any issues that arose during the
               previous quarter under the Code and, if applicable, any Funds'
               Sub-Adviser's Code of Ethics, including but not limited to,
               information about material violations

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(1) In the case of trades in institutional markets where the market has already
closed, transactions must be executed by the next close of trading in that
market.

(2) In connection with the sale of MWD stock, periodic purchases through
employee sponsored equity purchase plans shall not be counted when calculating
the 30-day holding period restriction or the 60-day short swing profit
restriction.

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         and sanctions imposed in response to the material violations; and (ii)
         on an annual basis, will certify that each Covered Company has adopted
         procedures reasonably necessary to prevent its Employees from violating
         the Code. Also, as stated elsewhere in this Code, any violation of the
         foregoing restrictions may result in disgorgement of all profits from
         the transactions as well as other possible sanctions.

C.       Exempt Securities

         1.    The securities listed below are exempt from: (i) the holding
               period and other restrictions of this Section V., sub-sections
               B.1., B.2., B. 7a-d. and B.8.; (ii) the pre-clearance
               requirements; and (iii) the initial, quarterly and annual
               reporting requirements. Accordingly, it is not necessary to
               obtain pre-clearance for Personal Securities Transactions in any
               of the following securities, nor is it necessary to report such
               securities in the quarterly Transaction Reports or the Initial
               Holdings Report and Annual Compliance Certification:

               (a)  Direct obligations of the United States Government(3);
               (b)  Bank Certificates of Deposit;
               (c)  Bankers' Acceptances;
               (d)  Commercial Paper; and
               (e)  High Quality Short-Term Debt Instruments (which for these
                    purposes are repurchase agreements and any instrument that
                    has a maturity at issuance of fewer than 366 days that is
                    rated in one of the two highest categories by a Nationally
                    Recognized Statistical Rating Organization).
               (f)  Shares held in money market funds, including Morgan
                    Stanley/Van Kampen money market funds.
               (g)  Shares held in non-affiliated open-end Mutual Funds.

         2.    Transactions in redeemable Unit Investment Trusts are exempt from
               the restrictions contained in this Section V., sub-sections B.1.
               and B.7 and the pre-clearance requirement of Section V.,
               sub-section A., but are subject to the reporting requirements of
               Section VI., sub-section A.

         3.    Shares of Morgan Stanley/Van Kampen open-end mutual funds are
               exempt from the pre-clearance requirement of Section V,
               sub-section A, but are subject to the account opening
               restrictions of Section V, sub-section E, initial, quarterly and
               annual reporting requirements of Section VI,

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(3) Includes securities that carry full faith and credit of the U.S. Government
for the timely payment of principal and interest, such as Ginnie Maes, U.S.
Savings Bonds, and U.S. Treasuries. For international offices, the equivalent
shares in fixed income securities issued by the government of their respective
jurisdiction; however such securities are subject to the initial and annual
reporting requirements of sub-section D.

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         and the holding period restrictions contained in Section V, sub-section
         B. Exchange Traded Funds ("ETFs") and closed-end funds must be
         pre-cleared and are subject to all other reporting requirements.

4.       All Employees wishing to participate in an issuer's direct stock
         purchase plan or automatic dividend reinvestment plans must submit a
         memorandum to the Local Compliance Group stating the name and the
         amount to be invested in the plan. Any sale transactions from an
         automatic dividend reinvestment plan must be pre-cleared. Purchases
         under an issuer's direct stock purchase plan or automatic dividend
         reinvestment plan are exempt from the restrictions contained in this
         Section V, sub-sections B.1., B.7a-d. and B.8. and the pre-clearance
         requirement but are subject to the reporting requirements.

5.       Transactions in Morgan Stanley and Van Kampen mutual funds within the
         Morgan Stanley 401(k) Plan(4) are exempt from the pre-clearance
         requirement of Section V. sub-section A, but are subject to the
         initial, quarterly and annual reporting requirements of Section VI. and
         the holding period restrictions contained in Section V, sub-section B.

6.       Employees may maintain fully discretionary managed accounts provided
         that each of the following conditions are met: (i) the investment
         program is offered by Morgan Stanley; (ii) the portfolio manager's
         strategy/investment discipline/investment program offered/utilized is
         the same for both Employee and non-Employee client accounts; (iii)
         written permission is obtained from the Director of Compliance and the
         Chief Investment Officer (or their designees) prior to opening a fully
         discretionary account; (iv) written certification is obtained stating
         that there will be no communication between the portfolio manager and
         the Employee with regard to investment decisions prior to execution;
         and (v) Employee accounts will be treated no differently from
         non-Employee accounts. The Employee must designate duplicate copies of
         trade confirmations and statements to be sent to the Compliance
         Department. To the extent that an Employee directs trades for tax
         purposes, that Employee shall obtain pre-clearance for each transaction
         from his/her Local Compliance Group.


D.       Pre-Clearance Requirement

         1.    Personal Securities Transactions

               (a)      From Whom Obtained


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(4) This includes Morgan Stanley Retirement Plans that are equivalent to 401(k)
Plans in jurisdictions outside the United States.

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                        All Employees are required to obtain pre-clearance of
                        Personal Securities Transactions in Covered Securities.
                        Employees must complete the required Form, as described
                        below, and submit it to the Compliance Department for
                        approval.

                        A copy of the Personal Securities Transaction Approval
                        Form, which may be revised from time to time, is
                        attached as EXHIBIT B.

               (b)      Personal Securities Transaction Approval Process

                        Pre-clearance must be obtained by completing and signing
                        the Personal Securities Transaction Approval Form and
                        obtaining the proper pre-clearance signatures. The
                        Approval Form must also indicate, as applicable, the
                        name of the individual's financial advisor, the branch
                        office numbers, as well as other required information.

                        If an Employee has more than one Covered Account, the
                        Employee must indicate for which Covered Account the
                        trade is intended on the Personal Securities Transaction
                        Approval Form. Employees are required to have duplicate
                        copies of their trade confirmations and Covered Account
                        statements (which can be electronically transmitted)
                        sent to the Local Compliance Group for each Covered
                        Account the Employee has, or as a result of the
                        transaction acquires, any direct or indirect beneficial
                        ownership (as defined in sub-section E.3. below).

                        Employees are required to: (i) confirm that no open
                        orders exist in the same or related security with the
                        appropriate trading desk(s) (as determined by the Local
                        Compliance Group); and (ii) have the transaction
                        approved by the Local Compliance Group.

                        Portfolio managers and research analysts (or persons
                        reporting to portfolio managers or research analysts) of
                        Investment Management seeking pre-clearance for a
                        Personal Securities Transaction must obtain an
                        additional signature from a designated Senior Portfolio
                        Manager (prior to pre-clearance from the Local
                        Compliance Group). Trading desk personnel at any Covered
                        Company seeking pre-clearance for a Personal Securities
                        Transaction must obtain an additional signature from
                        their immediate supervisor prior to pre-clearance from
                        the Local Compliance Group.

               (c)      Filing and Approval

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                        After all required signatures are obtained, the Personal
                        Securities Transaction Approval Form must be filed with
                        the Local Compliance Group. The Employee should retain a
                        copy for his/her records.

                        Compliance will act on the request and notify the
                        Employee whether the request has been approved or
                        denied. If pre-clearance of a request is approved, it is
                        effective only for a transaction completed prior to the
                        close of business on the day of approval. Any
                        transaction not completed will require a new approval.

                        Each Local Compliance Group has implemented procedures
                        reasonably designed to monitor purchases and sales
                        effected pursuant to these pre-clearance procedures.

         2.    Factors Considered in Pre-Clearance of Personal Securities
               Transactions

               In reviewing any Personal Securities Transaction for
               pre-clearance, the following factors, among others, will
               generally be considered:

               o        Whether the amount or the nature of the transaction, or
                        the Employee making it, is likely to affect the price or
                        market of security that is held by a Fund or a Managed
                        Account Client.
               o        Whether the purchase or sale transaction of the Covered
                        Security by the Employee: (i) is being considered for
                        purchase or sale by a Fund or a Managed Account; or (ii)
                        is being purchased or sold by a Fund or a Managed
                        Account Client.
               o        Whether the individual making the proposed purchase or
                        sale is likely to benefit from purchases or sales being
                        made or considered on behalf of any Fund or a Managed
                        Account Client.
               o        Whether the transaction is non-volitional on the part of
                        the Employee.
               o        Whether the transaction is conducted in a manner that is
                        consistent with the Code to avoid any appearance of
                        impropriety.

               In addition to the requirements set forth in the Code, the Local
               Compliance Group and/or, if applicable, designated Senior
               Portfolio Manager/immediate trading room supervisor (as
               appropriate), in keeping with the general principles and
               objectives of the Code, may refuse to grant pre-clearance of a
               Personal Securities Transaction in their sole discretion without
               being required to specify any reason for the refusal.

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E.       Permitted Brokerage Accounts and Accounts Holding Morgan Stanley/Van
         Kampen Funds

         1.    Brokerage Accounts

               All securities transactions must be made through a Morgan Stanley
               brokerage account(5). No other brokerage accounts, including
               mutual fund accounts with brokerage capabilities, are permitted
               unless special permission is obtained from the Local Compliance
               Group. If an Employee maintains an account(s) outside of Morgan
               Stanley, that Employee must transfer his/her account(s) to a
               Morgan Stanley brokerage account as soon as practical (generally
               within 30 days). Failure to do so will be considered a
               significant violation of the Code. In the event permission to
               maintain an outside brokerage account is granted by the Local
               Compliance Group, it is the responsibility of the Employee to
               arrange for duplicate confirmations of all securities
               transactions and brokerage statements to be sent to the Local
               Compliance Group.

               Prior to opening a Morgan Stanley brokerage account, Employees
               must obtain approval from their Local Compliance Group. No
               Employee may open a brokerage account unless a completed and
               signed copy of a Morgan Stanley Employee Account Request Form
               attached as EXHIBIT C is submitted to the Local Compliance Group
               for approval. Employees are responsible for reporting their
               Morgan Stanley account number to the Local Compliance Group.

         2.    Accounts Holding Affiliated Mutual Funds

               The opening of an account for purchase of Affiliated Mutual Funds
               (other than participation in the Morgan Stanley 401(k) Plan) must
               be pre-approved by the Local Compliance Group. Duplicate
               confirmations of all transactions and statements must be sent to
               the Local Compliance Group. (See EXHIBIT C).

         3.    Accounts Covered

               An Employee must obtain pre-clearance for any Personal Securities
               Transaction if such Employee has, or as a result of the
               transaction acquires, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership
               in the security.

               The term "beneficial ownership" shall be interpreted with
               reference to the definition contained in the provisions of
               Section 16 of the Securities

----------
(5) Morgan Stanley brokerage account shall mean an account with an affiliated
Morgan Stanley broker in the Employee's local jurisdiction.

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               Exchange Act of 1934. Generally, a person is regarded as having
               beneficial ownership of securities held in the name of:

               (a)      the individual; or

               (b)      a husband, wife or a minor child; or

               (c)      a relative sharing the same house; or

               (d)      other person if the Employee: (i) obtains benefits
                        substantially equivalent to ownership of the securities;
                        (ii) can obtain ownership of the securities immediately
                        or at some future time; or (iii) can have investment
                        discretion or otherwise can exercise control.


               The following circumstances constitute Beneficial Ownership by an
               Employee of securities held by a trust:

               (a)      Ownership of securities as a trustee where either the
                        Employee or members of the Employee's immediate family
                        have a vested interest in the principal or income of the
                        trust.

               (b)      Estate or trust accounts in which the Employee has the
                        power to effect investment decisions, unless a specific
                        exemption is granted.

               (c)      Any Employee who is a settlor of a trust is required to
                        comply with all the provisions of the Code, unless
                        special exemption in advance is granted by the Local
                        Compliance Group and: (i) the Employee does not have any
                        direct or indirect beneficial interest in the trust;
                        (ii) the Employee does not have the direct or indirect
                        power to effect investment decisions for the trust, and
                        (iii) the consent of all the beneficiaries is required
                        in order for the Employee to revoke the trust.


               It is the responsibility of the Employee to arrange for duplicate
               confirmations of all securities transactions and statements to be
               sent to the Local Compliance Group. The final determination of
               beneficial ownership is a question to be determined in light of
               the facts of each particular case. If there are any questions as
               to beneficial ownership, please contact your Local Compliance
               Group.

         4.    Accounts Exempt from Pre-approval Requirement

               Pre-approval is not required for any account where the Employee
               does not have direct or indirect beneficial ownership. In case of
               doubt as to whether

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               an account is a Covered Account, Employees must consult with
               their Local Compliance Group.

VI.      Reporting Requirements

         A.    Report of Transactions

               Employees are subject to several reporting requirements including
               an Initial Listing of Securities Holdings and Accounts when an
               Employee commences employment with Investment Management,
               Quarterly Securities Transactions and New Accounts Reports and an
               Annual Listing of Securities Holdings Report and Certification of
               Compliance. It is the responsibility of Employees to submit their
               reports in a timely manner. Compliance will notify Employees of
               their Quarterly and Annual Reporting obligations under the Code.

               1.       Initial Listing of Securities Holdings and Brokerage and
                        Morgan Stanley/Van Kampen Mutual Fund Accounts Report

                        When an Employee begins employment with Investment
                        Management he or she must provide an Initial Listing of
                        Securities Holdings and Brokerage Accounts Report to
                        their Local Compliance Group disclosing: (i) all Covered
                        Securities, including Affiliated Mutual Funds, and
                        private placement securities beneficially owned by the
                        Employee, listing the title of the security, number of
                        shares held, and principal amount of the security; (ii)
                        the name of the broker, dealer, bank or financial
                        institution where the Employee maintains a personal
                        account; and (iii) the date the report is submitted by
                        the Employee.

               2.       Quarterly Securities Transactions and New Brokerage
                        and Morgan Stanley/Van Kampen Mutual Fund Accounts
                        Reports

                        Quarterly Securities Transactions and New Brokerage and
                        Mutual Fund Accounts Reports must be submitted by
                        Employees within 10 calendar days after the end of each
                        calendar quarter. Any new brokerage account, any account
                        opened for the purchase of Morgan Stanley/Van Kampen
                        mutual funds, or any mutual fund account(s) with
                        brokerage capabilities opened during the quarter without
                        their Local Compliance Group's prior approval must also
                        be reported within 10 calendar days after the end of
                        each calendar quarter. (See EXHIBIT E.)

                        (a)   All Personal Securities Transactions in Covered
                              Securities, and all securities transactions in
                              Morgan Stanley/Van Kampen open-end mutual funds
                              must be reported in the next quarterly transaction
                              report after the transaction is effected. Please
                              note exceptions to

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                              this in sub-section (b) below. The quarterly
                              report shall contain the following information:

                              (i)     The date of the transaction, the title,
                                      interest rate and maturity date (if
                                      applicable), number of shares and
                                      principal amount of each security
                                      involved;

                              (ii)    The nature of the transaction (i.e.,
                                      purchase, sale, or any other type of
                                      acquisition or disposition);

                              (iii)   The price at which the purchase or sale
                                      was effected;

                              (iv)    The name of the broker, dealer, bank or
                                      other financial institution with, or
                                      through which, the purchase or sale was
                                      effected; and

                              (v)     The date the report was submitted to the
                                      Local Compliance Group by such person.


                              In addition, any new brokerage account, any
                              account opened for the purchase of Morgan
                              Stanley/Van Kampen mutual funds, or any mutual
                              fund account with brokerage capabilities opened
                              during the quarter without approval from the Local
                              Compliance Group must be reported. The report must
                              contain the following information:

                              (i)     The name of the broker, dealer, bank or
                                      other financial institution with whom the
                                      account was established; and

                              (ii)    The date the account was established.


                        (b)   Exemption from Filing Quarterly Report - An
                              Employee need not make a quarterly transaction
                              report if he/she: (i) maintains only a Morgan
                              Stanley brokerage account, Morgan Stanley/Van
                              Kampen direct account for the purchase of mutual
                              funds and/or Morgan Stanley 401(k) Plan and the
                              report would duplicate information contained in
                              the trade confirms, system generated reports or
                              account statements received by the Local
                              Compliance Group. In addition, the Employee must
                              not have opened any new brokerage accounts or
                              mutual fund accounts without obtaining approval
                              from their Local Compliance Group during the
                              quarter.

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         3.    Annual Listing of Securities Holdings Reports and Certification
               of Compliance

               The Annual Listing of Securities Holdings Report and
               Certification of Compliance requires all Employees to provide an
               annual listing of holdings of: (i) all Covered Securities
               beneficially owned and all Morgan Stanley/Van Kampen open-end
               mutual funds (excluding money market accounts), listing the title
               of the security, number of shares held, and principal amount of
               the security as of December 31 of the preceding year, (ii) the
               name of any broker, dealer, bank or financial institution where
               the account(s) in which these Covered Securities were maintained,
               as of December 31 of the preceding year; and (iii) the date the
               report is submitted. This report must be provided no later than
               30 calendar days after December 31 each year. In the case of
               Employees maintaining a Morgan Stanley brokerage
               account(s),Morgan Stanley/Van Kampen open-end mutual funds,
               and/or Morgan Stanley 401(k) Plan for which trade confirms,
               system generated reports or account statements are already
               received on a quarterly basis by the Local Compliance Group, an
               annual certification (Certification of Compliance) that the
               holdings information already provided to the Local Compliance
               Group accurately reflects all such holdings will satisfy the
               aforementioned requirement.

B.       Form of Reporting

         The Initial Listing of Securities Holdings and Brokerage Accounts
         Report, Quarterly Securities Transactions and New Brokerage Accounts
         Reports, and the Annual Listing of Securities Holdings Report and
         Certification of Compliance must be completed on the appropriate forms,
         attached as EXHIBITS D, E, AND F respectively, which would be provided
         by each Local Compliance Group. By not submitting a quarterly
         transaction report form, an Employee will be deemed to have represented
         that such person has: (i) executed reportable transactions only in
         accounts listed with the Local Compliance Group; or (ii) only traded
         securities exempt from the reporting requirements. Copies of the
         Initial Listing of Securities Holdings Report and Brokerage and Mutual
         Fund Accounts Report, Quarterly Securities Transactions and New
         Brokerage and Mutual Fund Accounts Reports, and the Annual Listing of
         Securities Holdings Report and Certification of Compliance, which may
         be revised from time to time, are attached as EXHIBITS D, E, AND F,
         respectively.

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C.       Responsibility to Report

         The responsibility for reporting is imposed on each Employee required
         to make a report. Any effort by a Covered Company to facilitate the
         reporting process does not change or alter that individual's
         responsibility.

D.       Leave of Absence

         Employees on leave of absence may not be subject to the pre-clearance
         and reporting provisions of the Code, provided that, during their leave
         period, they: (i) do not participate in, obtain information with
         respect to, make recommendations as to, or make the purchase and sale
         of securities on behalf of a Fund or a Managed Account Client; and (ii)
         do not have access to information regarding the day-to-day investment
         activities of Investment Management.

E.       Where to File Report

         All reports must be filed by Employees with their Local Compliance
         Group.

F.       Responsibility to Review

         Each Local Compliance Group will review all Initial Listing of
         Securities Holdings and Brokerage and Mutual Fund Accounts Reports,
         Quarterly Securities Transactions and New Brokerage and Morgan
         Stanley/Van Kampen Mutual Fund Accounts Reports, and Annual Listing of
         Securities Holdings Reports and Certification of Compliance, filed by
         Employees, as well as broker confirmations, system generated reports,
         and account statements.


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VII.     Code of Ethics Review Committee

         A Code of Ethics Review Committee, consisting of the President/Chief
         Operating Officer, Chief Investment Officer, Chief Legal Officer, Chief
         Compliance Officer and the Chief Administrative Officer -- Investments,
         of Morgan Stanley Investment Management or their designees will review
         and consider any proper request of an Employee for relief or exemption
         from any restriction, limitation or procedure contained herein
         consistent with the principles and objectives outlined in this Code.
         The Committee shall meet on an ad hoc basis, as it deems necessary,
         upon written request by an Employee stating the basis for the requested
         relief. The Committee's decision is within its sole discretion.

VIII.    Service as a Director and Outside Business Activities

         A.    Approval to Serve as a Director

               No Employee may serve on the board of any company without prior
               approval of the Code of Ethics Review Committee. If such approval
               is granted, it will be subject to the implementation of
               information barrier procedures to isolate any such person from
               making investment decisions for Funds or Managed Accounts
               concerning the company in question.

         B.    Approval to Engage in Outside Business Activities

               No Employee may engage in any outside business activities without
               prior approval of the Code of Ethics Review Committee. If such
               approval is granted, it is the responsibility of the Employee to
               notify Compliance immediately if any conflict or potential
               conflict of interest arises in the course of such activity.

         C.    Approval Process

               A copy of a Form for approval to serve as a Director and to
               engage in Outside Business Activities is attached as EXHIBIT G.
               This form should be completed and submitted to Compliance for
               processing.

IX.      Gifts

         No Employee shall accept directly or indirectly anything of value,
         including gifts and gratuities, in excess of $100 per year from any
         person or entity that does business with any Fund or Managed Account,
         not including occasional meals or tickets to theater or sporting events
         or other similar entertainment. Client entertainment expenses generally
         are not considered gifts if: (i) Firm personnel are present; (ii) a
         Firm client is present; and (iii) the entertainment is not so regular
         or frequent that it creates the appearance of impropriety.

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X.       Sanctions

         Upon discovering a violation of this Code, Investment Management may
         impose such sanctions as they deem appropriate, including a reprimand
         (orally or in writing), demotion, suspension or termination of
         employment and/or other possible sanctions. The President/Chief
         Operating Officer of Investment Management and the Chief Legal Officer
         or Chief Compliance Officer together, are authorized to determine the
         choice of sanctions to be imposed in specific cases, including
         termination of employment.

XI.      Employee Certification

         Employees are required to sign a copy of this Code indicating their
         understanding of, and their agreement to abide by the terms of this
         Code.

         In addition, Employees will be required to certify annually that: (i)
         they have read and understand the terms of this Code and recognize the
         responsibilities and obligations incurred by their being subject to
         this Code; and (ii) they are in compliance with the requirements of
         this Code, including but not limited to the reporting of all brokerage
         accounts, and the pre-clearance of all non-exempt Personal Securities
         Transactions in accordance with this Code.

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                                                                      SCHEDULE A

MORGAN STANLEY INVESTMENT ADVISORS INC.
MORGAN STANLEY INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT INC.
MORGAN STANLEY INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT LIMITED
MORGAN STANLEY INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT COMPANY
MORGAN STANLEY ASSET & INVESTMENT TRUST
         MANAGEMENT CO., LIMITED
MORGAN STANLEY INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT
         PRIVATE LIMITED
MORGAN STANLEY ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT PARTNERS LP
MORGAN STANLEY AIP GP LP
MORGAN STANLEY HEDGE FUND PARTNERS GP LP
MORGAN STANLEY HEDGE FUND PARTNERS LP
MORGAN STANLEY SERVICES COMPANY INC.
MORGAN STANLEY DISTRIBUTORS INC.
MORGAN STANLEY DISTRIBUTION INC.
MORGAN STANLEY & CO. INCORPORATED
VAN KAMPEN ASSET MANAGEMENT
VAN KAMPEN ADVISORS INC.
VAN KAMPEN INVESTMENTS, INC.
VAN KAMPEN FUNDS INC.
VAN KAMPEN TRUST COMPANY
VAN KAMPEN INVESTOR SERVICES INC.



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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
