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Income tax expense/(credit) - Reconciliation of effective tax rate (Details) - USD ($)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Dec. 31, 2021
Dec. 31, 2020
Reconciliation of income tax credit      
Loss before taxation $ (183,306,283) $ (170,284,098) $ (3,901,443)
Notional tax on loss before taxation, calculated at the applicable rate (18,117,948) (6,622,976) (697,772)
Tax effect of non-deductible expenses 25,595,035 11,587,117 1,111,877
Tax effect of non-taxable income (168,565) (1,008,915) (76,874)
Tax effect of temporary difference not recognized     73,833
Tax effect on utilization of previously unrecognized tax losses   (579,657) (692,350)
Tax effect of tax losses not recognized 101,854   298,651
Tax effect of previously unrecognized temporary differences recognized in current year (263,272) 360,922 (1,957,229)
Others   (3,747) 2,306
Tax expense/(credit) $ 7,147,104 $ 3,732,744 $ (1,937,558)