Miller and Wiseman chat about the bank's Community First mission and its longevity with WSAZ's Susan Nicholas.

Message from Management |  |
Dear Valued Shareholders, |  |
2022 was a year of POSITIONING and PLANNING at Ohio Valley Bank and Loan Central ... literally. Chairman Wiseman took the entire year to visit every single branch and department to listen to suggestions and gain feedback from all employees to improve the company. He heard everything from changes that make banking easier to new ways to put our Community First. From this collaboration of ideas came a new five-year Strategic Plan for the company which enforces four executive initiatives: |  | We invite you to attend this year’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be held at 5 p.m. (social hour begins at 4 p.m.) on Wednesday, May 17, 2023, at the Holzer Leadership and Innovation Institute in Gallipolis. Together we will celebrate our successes, talk through our challenges, and learn more about the small town success story that you loyally support through your ownership of shares. Be sure to bring a family member whom you wish to pass on your shares to one day, so that they may see first-hand why you care. Sincerely,
Improve the customer experience Increase efficiency Serve with a sense of urgency Foster professionals |  |
The Bank also aggressively took on multiple major technology projects in the areas of mortgages, credit cards, consumer lending, and digital banking, to build the technology infrastructure needed to take our homegrown service to the next level. |  | Thomas E. Wiseman Chairman of the Board Ohio Valley Banc Corp.
You may have noticed these changes when you were able to digitally sign some of your mortgage documents, saving days (maybe a week) off the time it took to get to closing. Or, you may have noticed it when you could tap and go to pay with your OVB Platinum credit card at the register. These are just a couple of the small conveniences that our customers are seeing already from this investment in our technology foundations. We can’t wait to show you what is coming next. |  |
Larry E. Miller II President & CEO Ohio Valley Banc Corp.
|  | In honor of OVB’s 150th Anniversary, employees of the bank dressed to different time periods in the bank’s history. Pictured here in front of OVB on the Square from OVB’s Executive Area are L-R: Adria Watson, Larry Miller, Polly Clay, Tom Wiseman, Ryan Jones, and Cindy Johnston.

1

When a bank cares this much about your hometown…
Why bank anywhere else?

The employees of Ohio Valley Bank and Loan Central work hard to provide trusted guidance and support for the communities in which they live and work. When there is good work to be done, you will find one of these folks close by. |  | 5. OVB’s Larry Russell and Jenni Swain, present a donation to the local VFW Honor Guard as a result of fundraising held by the OVB employees’ Veterans Action Committee, a volunteer effort.
1. To the right, OVB is a proud supporter of all local Chambers of Commerce. Pictured here is L-R: OVB’s Ryan Jones, Joe Wyant, Carrie Dugan, Samantha Perkins, and Adam Massie attending the Annual Jackson County Chamber Dinner in 2022. |  | 6. Folks from the Walbrown family farm of Mason County decorate several OVB branches for fall.
Next page, from top to bottom: |  | 7. Chris Preston, Tonya Sexton, and Haley Popp help teach kids how to plan for real world expenses during the “Get a Life” financial literacy event at Milton Middle School.
2. Chris Burns (right) with OVB’s Misty Caruthers was one of 80 winners who each took home $150 in cash during the bank’s year-long celebration of its 150th anniversary. |  | 8. OVB’s Joe Wyant is on hand for the coin toss before the Apple Festival Bowl.
3. OVB Jackson staff and family decorate a Christmas Tree in Manpower Park. L-R are Joe Wyant, Jessica Taylor, Timothy Jenkins, Helen Tripp, and Brittiany Hensley and her son. 4. OVB’s Chris Preston with school administrators as he delivered free Marshall Green & White Game football tickets, compliments of the bank, to be given to Cabell County School students. |  |

2

3

4

5

Director & Ofﬁcer |  | OVBC OFFICERS
Listing |  |
|  | Thomas E. Wiseman, Chairman of the Board
|  | Larry E. Miller II, President & Chief Executive Oﬃcer
OVBC DIRECTORS |  | Ryan J. Jones, Chief Operating and Risk Officer
|  | Tommy R. Shepherd, Senior Vice President & Secretary
Thomas E. Wiseman |  | Scott W. Shockey, Senior Vice President & CFO
Chairman of the Board |  | Bryan F. Stepp, Senior Vice President - Lending/Credit
Ohio Valley Banc Corp. and Ohio Valley Bank |  | Bryna S. Butler, Vice President
|  | Frank W. Davison, Vice President
Larry E. Miller II |  | Allen W. Elliott, Vice President
President & Chief Executive Oﬃcer |  | Cherie A. Elliott, Vice President
Ohio Valley Banc Corp. and Ohio Valley Bank |  | Brandon O. Huﬀ, Vice President
|  | Marilyn G. Kearns, Vice President
David W. Thomas, Lead Director |  | Mario P. Liberatore, Vice President
Former Chief Examiner, Ohio Division of |  | Shawn R. Siders, Vice President
Financial Institutions |  | Paula W. Clay, Assistant Secretary
bank supervision and regulation |  | Cindy H. Johnston, Assistant Secretary
Anna P. Barnitz |  | OHIO VALLEY BANK DIRECTORS
Treasurer & CFO, Bob’s Market & Greenhouses, Inc. |  |
wholesale horticultural products and retail landscaping |  | Thomas E. Wiseman, Chairman | Edward J. Robbins
stores |  | David W. Thomas, Lead Director | Edward B. Roberts
|  | Anna P. Barnitz | Brent A. Saunders
Kimberly A. Canady |  | Kimberly A. Canady | K. Ryan Smith
Owner, Canady Farms, LLC |  | Brent R. Eastman |
agricultural products and agronomy services |  | Larry E. Miller II |
Brent R. Eastman |  | LOAN CENTRAL DIRECTORS
President & Co-owner, Ohio Valley Supermarkets |  |
Partner, Eastman Enterprises |  | Ryan J. Jones, Chairman
grocery |  | Cherie A. Elliott
|  | Larry E. Miller II
Edward J. Robbins |  |
President & CEO, Ohio Valley Veneer, Inc. |  |
wood harvesting, processing and manufacturing of dry |  | WEST VIRGINIA ADVISORY BOARD
lumber & ﬂooring in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee |  |
|  | Mario P. Liberatore, Chairman
Edward B. Roberts |  | E. Allen Bell
Co-owner, OakBridge Financial Partners LLC |  | Richard L. Handley
Financial Advisor, LPL Financial |  | Stephen L. Johnson
ﬁnancial services |  | John A. Myers
Brent A. Saunders |  |
Chairman of the Board, Holzer Health System |  | DIRECTORS EMERITUS
Attorney, Halliday, Sheets & Saunders |  |
healthcare and legal |  | W. Lowell Call | Barney A. Molnar
|  | Steven B. Chapman | Jeﬀrey E. Smith
K. Ryan Smith |  | Robert E. Daniel | Wendell B. Thomas
President, University of Rio Grande, |  | Harold A. Howe | Lannes C. Williamson
Rio Grande Community College |  | John G. Jones |
Former Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives |  |  |
higher education |  |  |

6

OHIO VALLEY BANK OFFICERS |  |
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS |  | ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENTS
Thomas E. Wiseman | Chairman of the Board |  | Terri M. Camden | Asst. Human Resources Director
Larry E. Miller II | President & Chief Executive Oﬃcer |  | John M. Copley | Collections Manager
Ryan J. Jones | Chief Operating and Risk Officer |  | Barbara A. Patrick | BSA Officer / Loss Prevention
Tommy R. Shepherd | Executive Vice President & Secretary |  | Stephenie L. Peck | Regional Branch Administrator
Scott W. Shockey | Executive Vice President, |  | Raymond G. Polcyn | Manager of Buying Department
| Chief Financial Oﬃcer |  | Richard P. Speirs | Facilities Manager / Security Officer
Bryan F. Stepp | Executive Vice President, |  | Terri L. Taylor | Lawrence County Region Manager
| Lending/Credit |  | Kimberly R. Williams | Systems Officer
Mario P. Liberatore | President, OVB West Virginia |  | Melissa P. Wooten | Shareholder Relations Manager &
|  |  | Trust Officer
|  | Joe J. Wyant | Region Manager Jackson County
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENTS |  |
|  | ASSISTANT CASHIERS
Bryna S. Butler | Corporate Communications |  |
Frank W. Davison | Operations |  | Glen P. Arrowood II | Manager of Indirect Lending
Allen W. Elliott | Branch Administration |  | Tammie L. Powell | IT Manager
Brandon O. Huﬀ | Process Eﬃciency Oﬃcer |  | William F. Richards | Advertising Manager
Marilyn G. Kearns | Human Resources |  | Pamela K. Smith | Eastern Cabell Region Manager
Shawn R. Siders | Chief Credit Oﬃcer |  | Melinda G. Spurlock | Accounting Specialist
|  |  | Anthony W. Staley | Product Development
|  |  |  | Business Sales & Support
VICE PRESIDENTS |  | LOAN CENTRAL OFFICERS
John A. Anderson | Director of Loan Operations |  | Ryan J. Jones, Chairman of the Board
Shelly N. Boothe | Commerical Business |  | Cherie A. Elliott, President
| Development Oﬃcer |  | Timothy R. Brumﬁeld, Vice President & Secretary,
Kyla R. Carpenter | Director of Marketing |  | Manager, Gallipolis Oﬃce
Paula W. Clay | Assistant Secretary |  | John J. Holtzapfel, Compliance Oﬃcer,
Jody M. DeWees | Trust |  | Manager, Wheelersburg Oﬃce
Lori A. Edwards | Residential Loan Operations Manager |  | Melody D. Hammond, Manager, Chillicothe Oﬃce
Brian E. Hall | Corporate Banking |  | Joseph I. Jones, Manager, South Point Oﬃce
Andrew G. Hudson | Senior Compliance Officer |  | Steven B. Leach, Manager, Jackson Oﬃce
Cindy H. Johnston | Assistant Secretary |  | T. Joe Wilson, Manager, Waverly Oﬃce
Angela S. Kinnaird | Director of Customer Support |  |
Tamela D. LeMaster | Branch Administration/CRM |  |
Adam D. Massie | Northern Region Manager |  |
Jay D. Miller | Business Development Oﬃcer |  |
Diana L. Parks | Internal Audit Liaison |  |
Christopher S. Petro | Comptroller |  |
Benjamin F. Pewitt | Business Development |  |
Gregory A. Phillips | Consumer Lending |  |
Christopher L. Preston | Business Development West Virginia |  |
Rick A. Swain | Western Division Branch Manager |  |
Patrick H. Tackett | Corporate Banking |  |

7

And speaking of the next generation...

Now is the perfect time to get your children and grandchildren involved as future shareholders of Ohio Valley Banc Corp. With kid-friendly services from our Statement Savings with no minimum balance requirement for students to our Right Start Checking to our online Virtual Classroom, the next generation is more interested in banking that the generations before. Many kids already know OVB from their classroom with our exciting OVB Classroom Adventures and BANKit! programs. Share your pride in your ownership of OVBC stock with your loved ones. Encourage them to get involved too. It is easy for registered shareholders to transfer ownership of any number of shares at any time without brokerage fees. Current shareholders can gift one or more shares to anyone they choose. Contact the OVBC Shareholder Relations Department at 800-468-6682 or email investorrelations@ovbc.com to make it happen.. Every year, more and more residents of our communities see the value and benefit of ownership in Ohio Valley Banc Corp., the stock that pays dividends! If you have a future OVBC shareholder in your family, encourage them to attend the Annual Meeting of Shareholders with you on May 17, 2023. |  | $4,720,074 in dividends paid to OVBC shareholders in 2022 $1,413,476 of those dividends reinvested in the company through the Dividend Reinvestment Program and Employee Profit Sharing Plan.

8

selected financial data

|  | Years Ended December 31 |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest income |  | $ | 47,616 |  |  | $ | 44,712 |  |  | $ | 46,173 |  |  | $ | 50,317 |  |  | $ | 49,197 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 2,838 |  |  |  | 3,699 |  |  |  | 6,191 |  |  |  | 7,265 |  |  |  | 5,471 |
Net interest income |  |  | 44,778 |  |  |  | 41,013 |  |  |  | 39,982 |  |  |  | 43,052 |  |  |  | 43,726 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | (419 | ) |  |  | 2,980 |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 1,039 |
Total other income |  |  | 10,162 |  |  |  | 9,864 |  |  |  | 11,438 |  |  |  | 9,166 |  |  |  | 8,938 |
Total other expenses |  |  | 39,040 |  |  |  | 37,280 |  |  |  | 36,133 |  |  |  | 39,498 |  |  |  | 37,426 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 15,932 |  |  |  | 14,016 |  |  |  | 12,307 |  |  |  | 11,720 |  |  |  | 14,199 |
Income taxes |  |  | 2,594 |  |  |  | 2,284 |  |  |  | 2,048 |  |  |  | 1,813 |  |  |  | 2,255 |
Net income |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | 11,732 |  |  |  | 10,259 |  |  |  | 9,907 |  |  |  | 11,944 |
PER SHARE DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share |  | $ | 2.80 |  |  | $ | 2.45 |  |  | $ | 2.14 |  |  | $ | 2.08 |  |  | $ | 2.53 |
Cash dividends declared per share |  | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 0.84 |
Book value per share |  | $ | 28.30 |  |  | $ | 29.74 |  |  | $ | 28.48 |  |  | $ | 26.77 |  |  | $ | 24.87 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding |  |  | 4,769,135 |  |  |  | 4,780,609 |  |  |  | 4,787,446 |  |  |  | 4,767,279 |  |  |  | 4,725,971 |
AVERAGE BALANCE SUMMARY: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans |  | $ | 844,413 |  |  | $ | 841,681 |  |  | $ | 811,434 |  |  | $ | 775,860 |  |  | $ | 773,995 |
All other interest-earning assets(1) |  |  | 319,586 |  |  |  | 307,228 |  |  |  | 205,532 |  |  |  | 189,187 |  |  |  | 223,390 |
Deposits |  |  | 1,071,682 |  |  |  | 1,042,364 |  |  |  | 906,315 |  |  |  | 850,400 |  |  |  | 886,639 |
Other borrowed funds(2) |  |  | 28,454 |  |  |  | 34,564 |  |  |  | 40,416 |  |  |  | 45,850 |  |  |  | 48,967 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | 135,221 |  |  |  | 138,831 |  |  |  | 131,038 |  |  |  | 122,314 |  |  |  | 112,393 |
Total assets |  |  | 1,254,652 |  |  |  | 1,233,801 |  |  |  | 1,096,191 |  |  |  | 1,035,230 |  |  |  | 1,063,256 |
PERIOD END BALANCES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans |  | $ | 885,049 |  |  | $ | 831,191 |  |  | $ | 848,664 |  |  | $ | 772,774 |  |  | $ | 777,052 |
All other interest-earning assets(1) |  |  | 232,775 |  |  |  | 334,811 |  |  |  | 255,662 |  |  |  | 166,761 |  |  |  | 184,925 |
Deposits |  |  | 1,027,655 |  |  |  | 1,059,908 |  |  |  | 993,739 |  |  |  | 821,471 |  |  |  | 846,704 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | 135,028 |  |  |  | 141,356 |  |  |  | 136,324 |  |  |  | 128,179 |  |  |  | 117,874 |
Total assets |  |  | 1,210,787 |  |  |  | 1,249,769 |  |  |  | 1,186,932 |  |  |  | 1,013,272 |  |  |  | 1,030,493 |
KEY RATIOS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets |  |  | 1.06 | % |  |  | .95 | % |  |  | .94 | % |  |  | .96 | % |  |  | 1.12 | %
Return on average equity |  |  | 9.86 | % |  |  | 8.45 | % |  |  | 7.83 | % |  |  | 8.10 | % |  |  | 10.63 | %
Dividend payout ratio |  |  | 35.39 | % |  |  | 34.25 | % |  |  | 39.20 | % |  |  | 40.37 | % |  |  | 33.20 | %
Average equity to average assets |  |  | 10.78 | % |  |  | 11.25 | % |  |  | 11.95 | % |  |  | 11.82 | % |  |  | 10.57 | %

(1) All other interest-earning assets include securities, interest-bearing deposits with banks and restricted investments in bank stocks.
(2) Other borrowed funds include subordinated debentures.
9

consolidated statements of condition

|  | As of December 31 |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and noninterest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 14,330 |  |  | $ | 14,111 |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  |  | 31,660 |  |  |  | 137,923 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 45,990 |  |  |  | 152,034 |
Certificates of deposit in financial institutions |  |  | 1,862 |  |  |  | 2,329 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 184,074 |  |  |  | 177,000 |
Securities held to maturity (estimated fair value: 2022 - $8,460; 2021 - $10,450) |  |  | 9,226 |  |  |  | 10,294 |
Restricted investments in bank stocks |  |  | 5,953 |  |  |  | 7,265 |
Total loans |  |  | 885,049 |  |  |  | 831,191 |
Less: Allowance for loan losses |  |  | (5,269 | ) |  |  | (6,483 | )
Net loans |  |  | 879,780 |  |  |  | 824,708 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 20,436 |  |  |  | 20,730 |
Premises and equipment held for sale, net |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | 438 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 3,112 |  |  |  | 2,695 |
Goodwill |  |  | 7,319 |  |  |  | 7,319 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 64 |
Bank owned life insurance and annuity assets |  |  | 39,627 |  |  |  | 37,281 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net |  |  | 1,294 |  |  |  | 1,195 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 6,266 |  |  |  | 2,428 |
Other assets |  |  | 5,226 |  |  |  | 3,989 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,210,787 |  |  | $ | 1,249,769 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 354,413 |  |  | $ | 353,578 |
Interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 673,242 |  |  |  | 706,330 |
Total deposits |  |  | 1,027,655 |  |  |  | 1,059,908 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 17,945 |  |  |  | 19,614 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | 8,500 |
Operating lease liability |  |  | 1,294 |  |  |  | 1,195 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 20,365 |  |  |  | 19,196 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 1,075,759 |  |  |  | 1,108,413 |
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (See Note L) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($1.00 stated value per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized; 2022 - 5,465,707 shares issued; 2021 - 5,447,185 shares issued) |  |  | 5,465 |  |  |  | 5,447 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 51,722 |  |  |  | 51,165 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 109,320 |  |  |  | 100,702 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (14,813 | ) |  |  | 708 |
Treasury stock, at cost (693,933 shares) |  |  | (16,666 | ) |  |  | (16,666 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 135,028 |  |  |  | 141,356 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,210,787 |  |  | $ | 1,249,769 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
10

consolidated statements of income

For the years ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees |  | $ | 42,273 |  |  | $ | 42,102 |
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 3,340 |  |  |  | 1,948 |
Tax exempt |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 236 |
Dividends |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | 231 |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  |  | 1,493 |  |  |  | 163 |
Other interest |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 32 |
|  |  | 47,616 |  |  |  | 44,712 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 2,130 |  |  |  | 2,977 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 412 |  |  |  | 564 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 158 |
|  |  | 2,838 |  |  |  | 3,699 |
Net interest income |  |  | 44,778 |  |  |  | 41,013 |
Provision for (recovery of) loan losses |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | (419 | )
Net interest income after provision for loan losses |  |  | 44,810 |  |  |  | 41,432 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 2,443 |  |  |  | 1,864 |
Trust fees |  |  | 325 |  |  |  | 285 |
Income from bank owned life insurance and annuity assets |  |  | 883 |  |  |  | 904 |
Mortgage banking income |  |  | 697 |  |  |  | 854 |
Electronic refund check / deposit fees |  |  | 675 |  |  |  | 675 |
Debit / credit card interchange income |  |  | 4,862 |  |  |  | 4,644 |
Loss on sale of securities |  |  | (1,537 | ) |  |  | (1,066 | )
Tax preparation fees |  |  | 743 |  |  |  | 754 |
Other |  |  | 1,071 |  |  |  | 950 |
|  |  | 10,162 |  |  |  | 9,864 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 21,615 |  |  |  | 21,649 |
Occupancy |  |  | 1,910 |  |  |  | 1,796 |
Furniture and equipment |  |  | 1,170 |  |  |  | 1,136 |
Professional fees |  |  | 1,609 |  |  |  | 1,578 |
Marketing expense |  |  | 1,428 |  |  |  | 826 |
FDIC insurance |  |  | 335 |  |  |  | 326 |
Data processing |  |  | 2,761 |  |  |  | 2,406 |
Software |  |  | 2,197 |  |  |  | 1,858 |
Foreclosed assets |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 55 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 48 |
Other |  |  | 5,917 |  |  |  | 5,602 |
|  |  | 39,040 |  |  |  | 37,280 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 15,932 |  |  |  | 14,016 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 2,594 |  |  |  | 2,284 |
NET INCOME |  | $ | 13,338 |  |  | $ | 11,732 |
Earnings per share |  | $ | 2.80 |  |  | $ | 2.45 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
11

consolidated statements of
comprehensive income

For the years ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
NET INCOME |  | $ | 13,338 |  |  | $ | 11,732 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities |  |  | (21,184 | ) |  |  | (3,253 | )
Reclassification adjustment for realized losses |  |  | 1,537 |  |  |  | 1,066 |
|  |  | (19,647 | ) |  |  | (2,187 | )
Related tax effect |  |  | 4,126 |  |  |  | 459 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (15,521 | ) |  |  | (1,728 | )
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | (2,183 | ) |  | $ | 10,004 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
12

consolidated statements of changes in
shareholders’ equity

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Total Shareholders' Equity |
Balances at January 1, 2021 |  | $ | 5,447 |  |  | $ | 51,165 |  |  | $ | 92,988 |  |  | $ | 2,436 |  |  | $ | (15,712 | ) |  | $ | 136,324 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,732 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,732 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,728 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,728 | )
Cash dividends, $0.84 per share |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,018 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,018 | )
Shares acquired for treasury, 34,194 shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (954 | ) |  |  | (954 | )
Balances at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 5,447 |  |  |  | 51,165 |  |  |  | 100,702 |  |  |  | 708 |  |  |  | (16,666 | ) |  |  | 141,356 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,338 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,521 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,521 | )
Common stock issued to ESOP, 18,522 shares |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 557 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 575 |
Cash dividends, $0.99 per share |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,720 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,720 | )
Balances at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 5,465 |  |  | $ | 51,722 |  |  | $ | 109,320 |  |  | $ | (14,813 | ) |  | $ | (16,666 | ) |  | $ | 135,028 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
13

consolidated statements of cash flows

For the years ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 13,338 |  |  | $ | 11,732 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of premises and equipment |  |  | 1,464 |  |  |  | 1,461 |
Accretion of building grant |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | — |
Net amortization of purchase accounting adjustments |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 37 |
Net amortization of securities |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 815 |
Net realized loss on sale of securities |  |  | 1,537 |  |  |  | 1,066 |
Proceeds from sale of loans in secondary market |  |  | 7,831 |  |  |  | 18,972 |
Loans disbursed for sale in secondary market |  |  | (7,134 | ) |  |  | (18,118 | )
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 103 |
Recovery of mortgage servicing rights |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11 | )
Gain on sale of loans |  |  | (768 | ) |  |  | (946 | )
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 48 |
Amortization of certificates of deposit premiums |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | — |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | (130 | )
Provision for loan losses |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | (419 | )
Contribution of common stock to ESOP |  |  | 575 |  |  |  | — |
Earnings on bank owned life insurance and annuity assets |  |  | (883 | ) |  |  | (904 | )
Change in accrued interest receivable |  |  | (417 | ) |  |  | 624 |
Change in other liabilities |  |  | 1,223 |  |  |  | (113 | )
Change in other assets |  |  | (1,291 | ) |  |  | (1,030 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 15,990 |  |  |  | 13,187 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale |  |  | 10,963 |  |  |  | 47,666 |
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of securities available for sale |  |  | 27,524 |  |  |  | 41,301 |
Purchases of securities available for sale |  |  | (66,821 | ) |  |  | (157,686 | )
Proceeds from calls and maturities of securities held to maturity |  |  | 1,044 |  |  |  | 3,700 |
Purchases of securities held to maturity |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,001 | )
Proceeds from maturities of certificates of deposit in financial institutions |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 935 |
Purchases of certificates of deposit in financial institutions |  |  | — |  |  |  | (764 | )
Redemptions of restricted investments in bank stocks |  |  | 1,312 |  |  |  | 241 |
Net change in loans |  |  | (55,028 | ) |  |  | 17,181 |
Purchases of premises and equipment |  |  | (1,988 | ) |  |  | (1,085 | )
Disposals of premises and equipment |  |  | 420 |  |  |  | 486 |
Proceeds from building grant |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance |  |  | — |  |  |  | 172 |
Purchases of bank owned life insurance and annuity assets |  |  | (1,463 | ) |  |  | (550 | )
Net cash (used in) investing activities |  |  | (83,392 | ) |  |  | (52,404 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in deposits |  |  | (32,253 | ) |  |  | 66,169 |
Cash dividends |  |  | (4,720 | ) |  |  | (4,018 | )
Purchases of treasury stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | (954 | )
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 600 |
Repayment of Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings |  |  | (1,909 | ) |  |  | (7,789 | )
Change in other short-term borrowings |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | (1,060 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) by financing activities |  |  | (38,642 | ) |  |  | 52,948 |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (106,044 | ) |  |  | 13,731 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 152,034 |  |  |  | 138,303 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 45,990 |  |  | $ | 152,034 |
Supplemental disclosure: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 2,845 |  |  | $ | 4,360 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  |  | 1,975 |  |  |  | 2,800 |
Transfers from loans to other real estate owned |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15 |
Operating lease liability arising from obtaining right-of-use asset |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 570 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
14

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business: Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (“Ohio Valley”) is a financial holding company registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. Ohio Valley has one banking subsidiary, The Ohio Valley Bank Company (the “Bank”), an Ohio state-chartered bank that is a member of the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) and is regulated primarily by the Ohio Division of Financial Institutions and the Federal Reserve Board. Ohio Valley also has a subsidiary that engages in consumer lending generally to individuals with higher credit risk history, Loan Central, Inc.; a subsidiary insurance agency that facilitates the receipts of insurance commissions, Ohio Valley Financial Services Agency, LLC; and a limited purpose property and casualty insurance company, OVBC Captive, Inc. The Bank has two wholly-owned subsidiaries, Race Day Mortgage, Inc. (“Race Day”), an Ohio corporation that provides online consumer mortgages, and Ohio Valley REO, LLC (“Ohio Valley REO”), an Ohio limited liability company, to which the Bank transfers certain real estate acquired by the Bank through foreclosure for sale by Ohio Valley REO. In February 2023, Ohio Valley announced that it was taking steps toward closing Race Day. The decision to start this process was made due to low loan demand, issues retaining personnel, and lack of profitability. Ohio Valley plans to see current loan applications in progress to completion. An exact date of closing is anticipated to be set once existing loan applications have been processed. Ohio Valley and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Company.”
The Company provides a full range of commercial and retail banking services from 23 offices located in southeastern Ohio and western West Virginia. It accepts deposits in checking, savings, time and money market accounts and makes personal, commercial, floor plan, student, construction and real estate loans. Substantially all loans are secured by specific items of collateral, including business assets, consumer assets, and commercial and residential real estate. Commercial loans are expected to be repaid from cash flow from business operations. The Company also offers safe deposit boxes, wire transfers and other standard banking products and services. The Bank’s deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). In addition to accepting deposits and making loans, the Bank invests in U. S. Government and agency obligations, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions and investments permitted by applicable law.
The Bank’s trust department provides a wide variety of fiduciary services for trusts, estates and benefit plans and also provides investment and security services as an agent for its customers.
Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ohio Valley and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Bank, Loan Central, Inc., Ohio Valley Financial Services Agency, LLC, and OVBC Captive, Inc. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Industry Segment Information: Internal financial information is primarily reported and aggregated in two lines of business, banking and consumer finance.
Use of Estimates: The accounting and reporting policies followed by the Company conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”) established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ.
Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, noninterest-bearing deposits with banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with banks with maturity terms of less than 90 days. Generally, federal funds are purchased and sold for one-day periods. The Company reports net cash flows for customer loan transactions, deposit transactions, short-term borrowings and interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions.
Certificates of deposit in financial institutions: Certificates of deposit in financial institutions are carried at cost and have maturity terms of 90 days or greater. The longest maturity date is September 22, 2023.
Debt Securities: The Company classifies securities into held to maturity and available for sale categories. Held to maturity securities are those which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. Securities classified as available for sale include securities that could be sold for liquidity, investment management or similar reasons even if there is not a present intention of such a sale. Available for sale securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses included in other comprehensive income, net of tax.
Premium amortization is deducted from, and discount accretion is added to, interest income on securities using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Gains and losses are recognized upon the sale of specific identified securities on the completed trade date.
15

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments of Securities: In determining an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”), management considers many factors, including: (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, (3) whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions, and (4) whether the Company has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery. The assessment of whether an OTTI decline exists involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and is based on the information available to management at a point in time.
When an OTTI occurs, the amount of the OTTI recognized in earnings depends on whether an entity intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, less any current-period credit loss. If an entity intends to sell or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, less any current-period credit loss, the OTTI shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If an entity does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period loss, the OTTI shall be separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI related to th e credit loss is determined based on the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and is recognized in earnings. The amount of the total OTTI related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. The previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings becomes the new amortized cost basis of the investment.
Restricted Investments in Bank Stocks: As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system and the FRB system, the Bank is required to own a certain amount of stock based on its level of borrowings and other factors and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock and FRB stock are carried at cost, classified as restricted securities, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income. The Company has additional investments in other restricted bank stocks that are not material to the financial statements.
Loans: Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of unearned interest, deferred loan fees and costs, and an allowance for loan losses. Interest income is reported on an accrual basis using the interest method and includes amortization of net deferred loan fees and costs over the loan term using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments. The amount of the Company’s recorded investment is not materially different than the amount of unpaid principal balance for loans.
Interest income is discontinued and the loan moved to non-accrual status when full loan repayment is in doubt, typically when the loan is impaired or payments are past due 90 days or over unless the loan is well-secured or in process of collection. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or over and still accruing include both smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified impaired loans.
All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis method until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
The Bank also originates long-term, fixed-rate mortgage loans, with full intention of being sold to the secondary market. These loans are considered held for sale during the period of time after the principal has been advanced to the borrower by the Bank, but before the Bank has been reimbursed by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, typically within a few business days. Loans sold to the secondary market are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. The Bank had no loans held for sale as of December 31, 2022, as compared to $1,682 in loans held for sale at December 31, 2021.
16

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Allowance for Loan Losses: The allowance for loan losses is a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Management estimates the allowance balance required using past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged-off.
T he allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are individually classified as impaired. A loan is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans for which the terms have been modified and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties are considered troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) and are classified as impaired.
Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length and reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed.
Commercial and commercial real estate loans are individually evaluated for impairment. If a loan is impaired, a portion of the allowance is allocated so that the loan is reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as consumer and most residential real estate, are collectively evaluated for impairment, and accordingly, they are not separately identified for impairment disclosure. TDRs are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception. If a TDR is considered to be a collateral dependent loan, the loan is reported, net, at the fair value of the collateral. For TDRs that subsequently default, the Company determines the amount of reserve in accordance with the accounting policy for the allowance for loan losses.
The general component covers non-impaired loans and impaired loans that are not individually reviewed for impairment and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors. The historical loss experience is determined by portfolio segment and is based on the actual loss history experienced by the Company over the most recent three years for the consumer and real estate portfolio segment and five years for the commercial portfolio segment. The total loan portfolio’s actual loss experience is supplemented with other economic factors based on the risks present for each portfolio segment. These economic factors include consideration of the following: levels of and trends in delinquencies and impaired loans; levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; national and local economic trends and conditions; industry conditions; and effects of changes in credit concentrations. The following portfolio segments have been identified: Commercial and Industrial, Commercial Real Estate, Residential Real Estate, and Consumer.
Commercial and industrial loans consist of borrowings for commercial purposes to individuals, corporations, partnerships, sole proprietorships, and other business enterprises. Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured by business assets such as equipment, accounts receivable, inventory, or any other asset excluding real estate and generally made to finance capital expenditures or operations. The Company’s risk exposure is related to deterioration in the value of collateral securing the loan should foreclosure become necessary. Generally, business assets used or produced in operations do not maintain their value upon foreclosure, which may require the Company to write down the value significantly to sell.
17

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Commercial real estate consists of nonfarm, nonresidential loans secured by owner-occupied and nonowner-occupied commercial real estate as well as commercial construction loans. An owner-occupied loan relates to a borrower purchased building or space for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon cash flows from the ongoing business operations conducted by the party, or an affiliate of the party, who owns the property. Owner-occupied loans that are dependent on cash flows from operations can be adversely affected by current market conditions for their product or service. A nonowner-occupied loan is a property loan for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon rental income associated with the property or the subsequent sale of the property. Nonowner-occupied loans that are dependent upon rental income are primarily impacted by local economic conditions which dictate occupancy rates and the amount of rent charged. Commercial construction loans consist of borrowings to purchase and develop raw land into 1-4 family residential properties. Construction loans are extended to individuals as well as corporations for the construction of an individual or multiple properties and are secured by raw land and the subsequent improvements. Repayment of the loans to real estate developers is dependent upon the sale of properties to third parties in a timely fashion upon completion. Should there be delays in construction or a downturn in the market for those properties, there may be significant erosion in value which may be absorbed by the Company.
Residential real estate loans consist of loans to individuals for the purchase of 1-4 family primary residences with repayment primarily through wage or other income sources of the individual borrower. The Company’s loss exposure to these loans is dependent on local market conditions for residential properties as loan amounts are determined, in part, by the fair value of the property at origination.
Consumer loans are comprised of loans to individuals secured by automobiles, open-end home equity loans and other loans to individuals for household, family, and other personal expenditures, both secured and unsecured. These loans typically have maturities of six years or less with repayment dependent on individual wages and income. The risk of loss on consumer loans is elevated as the collateral securing these loans, if any, rapidly depreciate in value or may be worthless and/or difficult to locate if repossession is necessary. The Company has allocated the highest percentage of its allowance for loan losses as a percentage of loans to the other identified loan portfolio segments due to the larger dollar balances associated with such portfolios.
At December 31, 2022, there were no changes to the accounting policies or methodologies within any of the Company’s loan portfolio segments from the prior period.
Concentrations of Credit Risk: The Company grants residential, consumer and commercial loans to customers located primarily in the southeastern Ohio and western West Virginia areas.
The following represents the composition of the Company’s loan portfolio as of December 31:

|  | % of Total Loans |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 33.56 | % |  |  | 33.02 | %
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 32.63 | % |  |  | 33.90 | %
Consumer loans |  |  | 16.72 | % |  |  | 16.05 | %
Commercial and industrial loans |  |  | 17.09 | % |  |  | 17.03 | %
|  |  | 100.00 | % |  |  | 100.00 | %

The Bank, in the normal course of its operations, conducts business with correspondent financial institutions. Balances in correspondent accounts, investments in federal funds, certificates of deposit and other short-term securities are closely monitored to ensure that prudent levels of credit and liquidity risks are maintained. At December 31, 2022, the Bank’s primary correspondent balance was $30,796 on deposit at the FRB, Cleveland, Ohio.
Premises and Equipment: Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, which is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the owned asset and, for leasehold improvement, over the remaining term of the leased facility, whichever is shorter. The useful lives range from three to eight years for equipment, furniture and fixtures and seven to 39 years for buildings and improvements.
The Company enters into leases in the normal course of business primarily for branch buildings and office space to conduct business. The Company’s leases have remaining terms ranging from four months to 19 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 15 years.
18

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
The Company includes lease extension and termination options in the lease term if, after considering relevant economic factors, it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise the option. In addition, the Company has elected to account for any non-lease components in its real estate leases as part of the associated lease component. The Company has also elected to not recognize leases with original lease terms of 12 months or less (short-term leases) on the Company’s balance sheet.
Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date. Lease expense for operating leases and short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of lease payments over the lease term. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have any finance leases.
The Company’s operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are valued based on the present value of future minimum lease payments, discounted with an incremental borrowing rate for the same term as the underlying lease. The Company has one lease arrangement that contains variable lease payments that are adjusted periodically for an index.
Foreclosed assets: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. Physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan occurs when legal title is obtained upon completion of foreclosure or when the borrower conveys all interest in the property to satisfy the loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through a similar legal agreement. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, a valuation allowance is recorded through expense. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed.
Goodwill: Goodwill arises from business combinations and is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree, over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life on our balance sheet. The Company has selected December 31 as the date to perform its annual qualitative impairment test. Given that the Company has been profitable and had positive equity, the qualitative assessment indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill was more than the carrying amount, resulting in no impairment. See Note F for more specific disclosures related to goodwill impairment testing.
Long-term Assets: Premises and equipment and other long-term assets are reviewed for impairment when events indicate their carrying amount may not be recoverable from future undiscounted cash flows. If impaired, the assets are recorded at fair value.
Mortgage Servicing Rights: A mortgage servicing right (“MSR”) is a contractual agreement where the right to service a mortgage loan is sold by the original lender to another party. When the Company sells mortgage loans to the secondary market, it retains the servicing rights to these loans. The Company’s MSR is recognized separately when acquired through sales of loans and is initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in mortgage banking income. Subsequently, the MSR is then amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated future servicing income of the underlying loan. The MSR is then evaluated for impairment periodically based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to the carrying amount, with any impairment being recognized through a valuation allowance. Fair value of the MSR is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights into groupings based on predominant risk characteristics, such as interest rate, loan type and investor type. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular grouping, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s MSR assets were $456 and $480, respectively.
Earnings Per Share: Earnings per share is based on net income divided by the following weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods: 4,769,135 for 2022 and 4,780,609 for 2021. Ohio Valley had no dilutive effect and no potential common shares issuable under stock options or other agreements for any period presented.
19

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Income Taxes: Income tax expense is the sum of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized at the time of enactment of such change in tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.
Comprehensive Income: Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale which are also recognized as separate components of equity, net of tax.
Loss Contingencies: Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there now are such matters that will have a material effect on the financial statements.
Bank Owned Life Insurance and Annuity Assets: The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain key executives. Bank owned life insurance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement. The Company also purchased an annuity investment for a certain key executive that earns interest.
Employee Stock Ownership Plan: Compensation expense is based on the market price of shares as they are committed to be allocated to participant accounts.
Dividend Reinvestment Plan: The Company maintains a Dividend Reinvestment Plan. The plan enables shareholders to elect to have their cash dividends on all or a portion of shares held automatically reinvested in additional shares of the Company’s common stock. The stock is issued out of the Company’s authorized shares and credited to participant accounts at fair market value. Dividends are reinvested on a quarterly basis.
Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments: Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. These financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. See Note L for more specific disclosure related to loan commitments.
Dividend Restrictions: Banking regulations require maintaining certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by the Bank to Ohio Valley or by Ohio Valley to its shareholders. See Note P for more specific disclosure related to dividend restrictions.
Restrictions on Cash: Cash on hand or on deposit with a third-party correspondent bank and the FRB totaled $30,908 and $136,379 at year-end 2022 and 2021, respectively, and were subject to clearing requirements but not subject to any regulatory reserve requirements. The balances on deposit with a third-party correspondent do not earn interest.
Derivatives: At the inception of a derivative contract, the Company designates the derivative as one of three types based on the Company’s intentions and belief as to likely effectiveness as a hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (“fair value hedge”), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedge”), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation (“stand-alone derivative”).
20

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Net cash settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense, based on the item being hedged. Net cash settlements on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in noninterest income. Cash flows on hedges are classified in the cash flow statement the same as the cash flows of the items being hedged.
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the only derivative instruments used by the Company were interest rate swaps, which are classified as stand-alone derivatives. See Note H for more specific disclosures related to interest rate swaps.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments: Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note O. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.
Reclassifications: The consolidated financial statements for 2021 have been reclassified to conform with the presentation for 2022. These reclassifications had no effect on the net results of operations or shareholders’ equity.
Accounting Guidance to be Adopted in Future Periods: In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses”. ASU 2016-13 requires entities to replace the current “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model, which is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. These expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date are to be based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This ASU will also require enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an entity’s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. Once adopted, the allowance for loan losses will be referred to as the allowance for credit losses. The Bank has developed a CECL model and is evaluating model results in relation to the new ASU guidance. Management expects to recognize a one-time cumulative effect adjustment to the allowance for loan losses as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the new standard is effective. Management expects the adoption will result in a material increase to arrive at the new allowance for credit losses balance. For SEC filers who are smaller reporting companies, such as the Company, ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022.
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) - TDRs and Vintage Disclosures.” This Update eliminates the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs by creditors in ASC 310-40. This Update also enhances disclosure requirements for certain loan restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Specifically, rather than applying the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, an entity will apply the loan refinancing and restructuring guidance to determine whether a modification or other form of restructuring results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Additionally, the amendments in this ASU require a public business entity to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases in the existing vintage disclosures.
The amendments in this Update are effective for entities that have adopted the amendments in Update 2016-13 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For entities that have not yet adopted the amendments in Update 2016-13, the effective date for the amendments in this Update are the same as the effective dates in Update 2016-13. This Update requires prospective transition for the disclosures related to loan restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and the presentation of gross write-offs in the vintage disclosures. The guidance related to the recognition and measurement of TDRs may be adopted on a prospective or modified retrospective transition method. The Company adopted the amendments beginning January 1, 2023. The Company adjusted its processes and procedures related to the amendments and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
21

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note B - Securities
The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and gross unrecognized gains and losses:

|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Securities Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 57,698 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,906 | ) |  | $ | 54,792 |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | 8,845 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (862 | ) |  |  | 7,983 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 136,282 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,983 | ) |  |  | 121,299 |
Total securities |  | $ | 202,825 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (18,751 | ) |  | $ | 184,074 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 20,182 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | 20,143 |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | 25,980 |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | (173 | ) |  |  | 25,916 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 129,942 |  |  |  | 1,476 |  |  |  | (477 | ) |  |  | 130,941 |
Total securities |  | $ | 176,104 |  |  | $ | 1,585 |  |  | $ | (689 | ) |  | $ | 177,000 |

|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrecognized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrecognized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Securities Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 9,225 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (798 | ) |  | $ | 8,459 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Total securities |  | $ | 9,226 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (798 | ) |  | $ | 8,460 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 10,292 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | (44 | ) |  | $ | 10,448 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |
Total securities |  | $ | 10,294 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | (44 | ) |  | $ | 10,450 |

At year-end 2022, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders’ equity. At year-end 2021, there were holdings of $18,500 in securities issued by the Federal Farm Credit Bank that exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity.
During 2022, proceeds from the sales of debt securities totaled $10,963 with gross losses of $1,537 recognized. During 2021, proceeds from the sales of debt securities totaled $47,666 with gross losses of $1,066 recognized.
Securities with a carrying value of approximately $126,318 at December 31, 2022 and $123,742 at December 31, 2021 were pledged to secure public deposits and repurchase agreements and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.
Unrealized losses on the Company’s debt securities have not been recognized into income because the issuers’ securities were of high credit quality as of December 31, 2022, and management does not intend to sell, and it is likely that management will not be required to sell, the securities prior to their anticipated recovery. Management does not believe any individual unrealized loss at December 31, 2022 and 2021 represents an OTTI.
22

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note B - Securities (continued)
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at December 31, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay the debt obligations prior to their contractual maturities. Securities not due at a single maturity are shown separately.

|  | Available for Sale |  |  | Held to Maturity |
Debt Securities: |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 7,019 |  |  | $ | 6,921 |  |  | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | 787 |
Due in one to five years |  |  | 54,524 |  |  |  | 51,540 |  |  |  | 3,903 |  |  |  | 3,735 |
Due in five to ten years |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 4,314 |  |  |  | 2,263 |  |  |  | 1,976 |
Due after ten years |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,270 |  |  |  | 1,961 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 136,282 |  |  |  | 121,299 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total debt securities |  | $ | 202,825 |  |  | $ | 184,074 |  |  | $ | 9,226 |  |  | $ | 8,460 |

The following table summarizes securities with unrealized losses at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

December 31, 2022 |  | Less than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  | Total |
Securities Available for Sale |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 36,460 |  |  | $ | (977 | ) |  | $ | 18,332 |  |  | $ | (1,929 | ) |  | $ | 54,792 |  |  | $ | (2,906 | )
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | 2,786 |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | 5,197 |  |  |  | (802 | ) |  |  | 7,983 |  |  |  | (862 | )
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 71,510 |  |  |  | (7,178 | ) |  |  | 49,789 |  |  |  | (7,805 | ) |  |  | 121,299 |  |  |  | (14,983 | )
Total available for sale |  | $ | 110,756 |  |  | $ | (8,215 | ) |  | $ | 73,318 |  |  | $ | (10,536 | ) |  | $ | 184,074 |  |  | $ | (18,751 | )

|  | Less than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  | Total |
Securities Held to Maturity |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrecognized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrecognized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrecognized Loss |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 4,084 |  |  | $ | (366 | ) |  | $ | 2,218 |  |  | $ | (432 | ) |  | $ | 6,302 |  |  | $ | (798 | )
Total held to maturity |  | $ | 4,084 |  |  | $ | (366 | ) |  | $ | 2,218 |  |  | $ | (432 | ) |  | $ | 6,302 |  |  | $ | (798 | )

December 31, 2021 |  | Less than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  | Total |
Securities Available for Sale |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 20,143 |  |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,143 |  |  | $ | (39 | )
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | 18,307 |  |  |  | (173 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,307 |  |  |  | (173 | )
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 64,560 |  |  |  | (477 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 64,560 |  |  |  | (477 | )
Total available for sale |  | $ | 103,010 |  |  | $ | (689 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 103,010 |  |  | $ | (689 | )

|  | Less than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  | Total |
Securities Held to Maturity |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrecognized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrecognized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrecognized Loss |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 2,617 |  |  | $ | (38 | ) |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | 2,747 |  |  | $ | (44 | )
Total held to maturity |  | $ | 2,617 |  |  | $ | (38 | ) |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | 2,747 |  |  | $ | (44 | )

23

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note C - Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses
Loans are comprised of the following at December 31:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 297,036 |  |  | $ | 274,425 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 72,719 |  |  |  | 71,979 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 182,831 |  |  |  | 176,100 |
Construction |  |  | 33,205 |  |  |  | 33,718 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 151,232 |  |  |  | 141,525 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 54,837 |  |  |  | 48,206 |
Home equity |  |  | 27,791 |  |  |  | 22,375 |
Other |  |  | 65,398 |  |  |  | 62,863 |
|  |  | 885,049 |  |  |  | 831,191 |
Less: Allowance for loan losses |  |  | (5,269 | ) |  |  | (6,483 | )
Loans, net |  | $ | 879,780 |  |  | $ | 824,708 |

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, net deferred loan origination costs were $663 and $191, respectively. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, net unamortized loan purchase premiums were $1,142 and $1,260, respectively.
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

December 31, 2022 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial & Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 980 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |  |  | $ | 1,571 |  |  | $ | 1,384 |  |  | $ | 6,483 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | (318 | ) |  |  | (556 | ) |  |  | 283 |  |  |  | 559 |  |  |  | (32 | )
Loans charged off |  |  | (135 | ) |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | (618 | ) |  |  | (1,399 | ) |  |  | (2,188 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 713 |  |  |  | 1,006 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | 2,038 |  |  | $ | 1,293 |  |  | $ | 1,257 |  |  | $ | 5,269 |

December 31, 2021 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial & Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,480 |  |  | $ | 2,431 |  |  | $ | 1,776 |  |  | $ | 1,473 |  |  | $ | 7,160 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | (615 | ) |  |  | (61 | ) |  |  | (258 | ) |  |  | 515 |  |  |  | (419 | )
Loans charged off |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  | (115 | ) |  |  | (120 | ) |  |  | (1,162 | ) |  |  | (1,481 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | 293 |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 558 |  |  |  | 1,223 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 980 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |  |  | $ | 1,571 |  |  | $ | 1,384 |  |  | $ | 6,483 |

24

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note C - Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses (continued)
The following table presents the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment of loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment method as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

December 31, 2022 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial & Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 681 |  |  |  | 2,038 |  |  |  | 1,293 |  |  |  | 1,257 |  |  |  | 5,269 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | 2,038 |  |  | $ | 1,293 |  |  | $ | 1,257 |  |  | $ | 5,269 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,986 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 2,014 |
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 297,036 |  |  |  | 286,769 |  |  |  | 151,232 |  |  |  | 147,998 |  |  |  | 883,035 |
Total ending loans balance |  | $ | 297,036 |  |  | $ | 288,755 |  |  | $ | 151,232 |  |  | $ | 148,026 |  |  | $ | 885,049 |

December 31, 2021 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial & Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 980 |  |  |  | 2,548 |  |  |  | 1,561 |  |  |  | 1,384 |  |  |  | 6,473 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 980 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |  |  | $ | 1,571 |  |  | $ | 1,384 |  |  | $ | 6,483 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,411 |  |  | $ | 4,531 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 10,023 |
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 274,425 |  |  |  | 276,386 |  |  |  | 136,994 |  |  |  | 133,363 |  |  |  | 821,168 |
Total ending loans balance |  | $ | 274,425 |  |  | $ | 281,797 |  |  | $ | 141,525 |  |  | $ | 133,444 |  |  | $ | 831,191 |

25

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note C - Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses (continued)
The following table presents information related to loans individually evaluated for impairment by class of loans as of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

December 31, 2022 |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Allowance for Loan Losses Allocated |  |  | Average Impaired Loans |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |  |  | Cash Basis Interest Recognized |
With an allowance recorded: |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 1,692 |  |  |  | 1,607 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,662 |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 97 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 382 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 29 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Total |  | $ | 2,099 |  |  | $ | 2,014 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,067 |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | 128 |

December 31, 2021 |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Allowance for Loan Losses Allocated |  |  | Average Impaired Loans |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |  |  | Cash Basis Interest Recognized |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 1,993 |  |  | $ | 1,993 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 1,987 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 94 |
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 5,052 |  |  |  | 5,027 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,151 |  |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | 309 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 387 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 29 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 2,538 |  |  |  | 2,538 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,981 |  |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 139 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Other |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Total |  | $ | 10,048 |  |  | $ | 10,023 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 10,587 |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 575 |

The recorded investment of a loan excludes accrued interest and net deferred origination fees and costs due to immateriality.
Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing include both smaller balance homogenous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified as impaired loans.
The Company transfers loans to other real estate owned, at fair value less cost to sell, in the period the Company obtains physical possession of the property (through legal title or through a deed in lieu). As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no other real estate owned for residential real estate properties, compared to $15 as of December 31, 2021. In addition, nonaccrual residential mortgage loans that are in the process of foreclosure had a recorded investment of $370 and $316 as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
26

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note C - Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses (continued)
The following table presents the recorded investment of nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing by class of loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Loans Past Due 90 Days And Still Accruing |  |  | Nonaccrual |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 1,708 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | 938 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70 |
Construction |  |  | — |  |  |  | 75 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  |  | 150 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 82 |
Home equity |  |  | — |  |  |  | 151 |
Other |  |  | 411 |  |  |  | 59 |
Total |  | $ | 538 |  |  | $ | 3,233 |

|  | Loans Past Due 90 Days And Still Accruing |  |  | Nonaccrual |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 2,683 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,055 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Construction |  |  | — |  |  |  | 146 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 150 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 147 |
Home equity |  |  | — |  |  |  | 148 |
Other |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 17 |
Total |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 4,346 |

27

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note C - Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses (continued)
The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment of past due loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

December 31, 2022 |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90 Days Or More Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Loans Not Past Due |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 1,799 |  |  | $ | 701 |  |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 2,997 |  |  | $ | 294,039 |  |  | $ | 297,036 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 938 |  |  |  | 1,035 |  |  |  | 71,684 |  |  |  | 72,719 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 626 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 631 |  |  |  | 182,200 |  |  |  | 182,831 |
Construction |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 33,103 |  |  |  | 33,205 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 151,061 |  |  |  | 151,232 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 804 |  |  |  | 240 |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 1,141 |  |  |  | 53,696 |  |  |  | 54,837 |
Home equity |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | 27,436 |  |  |  | 27,791 |
Other |  |  | 875 |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 452 |  |  |  | 1,440 |  |  |  | 63,958 |  |  |  | 65,398 |
Total |  | $ | 4,466 |  |  | $ | 1,104 |  |  | $ | 2,302 |  |  | $ | 7,872 |  |  | $ | 877,177 |  |  | $ | 885,049 |

December 31, 2021 |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90 Days Or More Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Loans Not Past Due |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 2,208 |  |  | $ | 1,218 |  |  | $ | 921 |  |  | $ | 4,347 |  |  | $ | 270,078 |  |  | $ | 274,425 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 895 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | 1,048 |  |  |  | 70,931 |  |  |  | 71,979 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 176,000 |  |  |  | 176,100 |
Construction |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | 33,596 |  |  |  | 33,718 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 517 |  |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 215 |  |  |  | 792 |  |  |  | 140,733 |  |  |  | 141,525 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 656 |  |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 194 |  |  |  | 998 |  |  |  | 47,208 |  |  |  | 48,206 |
Home equity |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 247 |  |  |  | 22,128 |  |  |  | 22,375 |
Other |  |  | 401 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 711 |  |  |  | 62,152 |  |  |  | 62,863 |
Total |  | $ | 4,848 |  |  | $ | 1,777 |  |  | $ | 1,740 |  |  | $ | 8,365 |  |  | $ | 822,826 |  |  | $ | 831,191 |

28

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note C - Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses (continued)
Troubled Debt Restructurings:
A TDR occurs when the Company has agreed to a loan modification in the form of a concession for a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulty. All TDRs are considered to be impaired. The modification of the terms of such loans included one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan; an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; a reduction in the contractual principal and interest payments of the loan; or short-term interest-only payment terms.
The Company has allocated reserves for a portion of its TDRs to reflect the fair values of the underlying collateral or the present value of the concessionary terms granted to the customer.
The following table presents the types of TDR loan modifications by class of loans as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

|  | TDRs Performing to Modified Terms |  |  | TDRs Not Performing to Modified Terms |  |  | Total TDRs |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reduction of principal and interest payments |  | $ | 411 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 411 |
Credit extension at lower stated rate than market rate |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 361 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit extension at lower stated rate than market rate |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 379 |
Total TDRs |  | $ | 1,151 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,151 |

|  | TDRs Performing to Modified Terms |  |  | TDRs Not Performing to Modified Terms |  |  | Total TDRs |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reduction of principal and interest payments |  | $ | 1,455 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,455 |
Maturity extension at lower stated rate than market rate |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 268 |
Credit extension at lower stated rate than market rate |  |  | 375 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 375 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit extension at lower stated rate than market rate |  |  | 385 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 385 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest only payments |  |  | 2,301 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,301 |
Total TDRs |  | $ | 4,784 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,784 |

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no specific allocations in reserves to customers whose loan terms have been modified in TDRs. At December 31, 2022, the Company had no commitments to lend additional amounts to customers with outstanding loans that are classified as TDRs, as compared to $3,199 at December 31, 2021.
There were no TDR loan modifications that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 that impacted provision expense or the allowance for loan losses.
During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no TDRs that experienced any payment defaults within twelve months following their loan modification. A default is considered to have occurred once the TDR is past due 90 days or more or it has been placed on nonaccrual. TDR loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
29

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note C - Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses (continued)
Credit Quality Indicators:
The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. These risk categories are represented by a loan grading scale from 1 through 11. The Company analyzes loans individually with a higher credit risk rating and groups these loans into categories called “criticized” and ”classified” assets. The Company considers its criticized assets to be loans that are graded 8 and its classified assets to be loans that are graded 9 through 11. The Company’s risk categories are reviewed at least annually on loans that have aggregate borrowing amounts that meet or exceed $1,000.
The Company uses the following definitions for its criticized loan risk ratings:
Special Mention. Loans classified as “special mention” indicate considerable risk due to deterioration of repayment (in the earliest stages) that results from potential weak primary repayment source, or payment delinquency. These loans will be under constant supervision and are not classified and do not expose the institution to sufficient risks to warrant classification. These deficiencies should be correctable within the normal course of business, although significant changes in company structure or policy may be necessary to correct the deficiencies. These loans are considered bankable assets with no apparent loss of principal or interest envisioned. The perceived risk in continued lending is considered to have increased beyond the level where such loans would normally be granted. Credits that are defined as a TDRs should be graded no higher than special mention until they have been reported as performing over one year after restructuring.
The Company uses the following definitions for its classified loan risk ratings:
Substandard. Loans classified as “substandard” represent very high risk, serious delinquency, nonaccrual, or unacceptable credit. Repayment through the primary source of repayment is in jeopardy due to the existence of one or more well defined weaknesses and the collateral pledged may inadequately protect collection of the loans. Loss of principal is not likely if weaknesses are corrected, although financial statements normally reveal significant weakness. Loans are still considered collectible, although loss of principal is more likely than with special mention loans. Collateral liquidation is considered likely to satisfy debt.
Doubtful. Loans classified as “doubtful” display a high probability of loss, although the amount of actual loss at the time of classification is undetermined. This classification should be temporary until such time that actual loss can be identified, or improvements made to reduce the seriousness of the classification. These loans exhibit all substandard characteristics with the addition that weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. This classification consists of loans where the possibility of loss is high after collateral liquidation based upon existing facts, market conditions, and value. Loss is deferred until certain important and reasonable specific pending factors that may strengthen the credit can be more accurately determined. These factors may include proposed acquisitions, liquidation procedures, capital injection, receipt of additional collateral, mergers, or refinancing plans. A doubtful classification for an entire credit should be avoided when collection of a specific portion appears highly probable with the adequately secured portion graded substandard.
Loss. Loans classified as “loss” are considered uncollectible and are of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the credit has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this asset yielding such a minimum value even though partial recovery may be affected in the future. Amounts classified as loss should be promptly charged off.
Criticized and classified loans will mostly consist of commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loans. The Company considers its loans that do not meet the criteria for a criticized and classified asset rating as pass rated loans, which will include loans graded from 1 (Prime) to 7 (Watch). All commercial loans are categorized into a risk category either at the time of origination or re-evaluation date.
30

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note C - Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses (continued)
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of commercial loans by class of loans is as follows:

December 31, 2022 |  | Pass |  |  | Criticized |  |  | Classified |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  | $ | 68,236 |  |  | $ | 3,545 |  |  | $ | 938 |  |  | $ | 72,719 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 177,479 |  |  |  | 5,352 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 182,831 |
Construction |  |  | 33,143 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 33,205 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 147,627 |  |  |  | 1,879 |  |  |  | 1,726 |  |  |  | 151,232 |
Total |  | $ | 426,485 |  |  | $ | 10,776 |  |  | $ | 2,726 |  |  | $ | 439,987 |

December 31, 2021 |  | Pass |  |  | Criticized |  |  | Classified |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  | $ | 66,999 |  |  | $ | 618 |  |  | $ | 4,362 |  |  | $ | 71,979 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 175,901 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | 176,100 |
Construction |  |  | 33,685 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 33,718 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 134,983 |  |  |  | 1,862 |  |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | 141,525 |
Total |  | $ | 411,568 |  |  | $ | 2,480 |  |  | $ | 9,274 |  |  | $ | 423,322 |

The Company also obtains the credit scores of its borrowers upon origination (if available by the credit bureau), but the scores are not updated. The Company focuses mostly on the performance and repayment ability of the borrower as an indicator of credit risk and does not consider a borrower’s credit score to be a significant influence in the determination of a loan’s credit risk grading.
For residential and consumer loan classes, the Company evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by payment activity. The following table presents the recorded investment of residential and consumer loans by class of loans based on payment activity as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

|  | Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  | Automobile |  |  | Home Equity |  |  | Other |  |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Total |
Performing |  | $ | 54,728 |  |  | $ | 27,640 |  |  | $ | 64,928 |  |  | $ | 295,228 |  |  | $ | 442,524 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | 1,808 |  |  |  | 2,538 |
Total |  | $ | 54,837 |  |  | $ | 27,791 |  |  | $ | 65,398 |  |  | $ | 297,036 |  |  | $ | 445,062 |

|  | Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2021 |  | Automobile |  |  | Home Equity |  |  | Other |  |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Total |
Performing |  | $ | 48,004 |  |  | $ | 22,227 |  |  | $ | 62,686 |  |  | $ | 271,732 |  |  | $ | 404,649 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 2,693 |  |  |  | 3,220 |
Total |  | $ | 48,206 |  |  | $ | 22,375 |  |  | $ | 62,863 |  |  | $ | 274,425 |  |  | $ | 407,869 |

The Company originates residential, consumer, and commercial loans to customers located primarily in the southeastern areas of Ohio as well as the western counties of West Virginia. Approximately 4.52% of total loans were unsecured at December 31, 2022, up from 4.45% at December 31, 2021.
31

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note D - Premises and Equipment
Following is a summary of premises and equipment at December 31:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Land |  | $ | 2,486 |  |  | $ | 2,570 |
Buildings |  |  | 22,526 |  |  |  | 22,360 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 1,509 |  |  |  | 1,402 |
Furniture and equipment |  |  | 10,410 |  |  |  | 9,528 |
|  |  | 36,931 |  |  |  | 35,860 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  |  | 16,495 |  |  |  | 15,130 |
Total premises and equipment |  | $ | 20,436 |  |  | $ | 20,730 |

Following is a summary of premises and equipment held for sale at December 31:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Land |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 105 |
Buildings |  |  | 594 |  |  |  | 387 |
|  |  | 678 |  |  |  | 492 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 54 |
Total premises and equipment held for sale |  | $ | 593 |  |  | $ | 438 |

Note E – Leases
Balance sheet information related to leases at December 31 was as follows:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Operating leases: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 1,294 |  |  | $ | 1,195 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,294 |  |  |  | 1,195 |

The components of lease cost were as follows for the year ending December 31:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 185 |  |  | $ | 161 |
Short-term lease expense |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 36 |

Future undiscounted lease payments for operating leases with initial terms of one year or more as of December 31, 2022 are as follows:

|  | Operating Leases |
2023 |  | $ | 173 |
2024 |  |  | 154 |
2025 |  |  | 154 |
2026 |  |  | 140 |
2027 |  |  | 129 |
Thereafter |  |  | 873 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 1,623 |
Less: Imputed Interest |  |  | (329 | )
Total operating leases |  | $ | 1,294 |

Other information at December 31 was as follows:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term for operating leases |  | 12.1 years |  |  | 13.7 years |
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases |  |  | 2.70 | % |  |  | 2.29 | %

32

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note F – Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill: The change in goodwill during the year is as follows:

|  | Gross Carrying Amount |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 7,319 |  |  | $ | 7,319 |

Impairment exists when a reporting unit’s carrying value of goodwill exceeds its fair value. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s reporting unit had positive equity and the Company elected to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if it was more likely than not that fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, including goodwill. The qualitative assessment indicated that it is more likely than not that fair value of goodwill is more than the carrying value, resulting in no impairment. Therefore, the Company did not proceed to step one of the annual goodwill impairment testing requirement.
Acquired intangible assets: Acquired intangible assets were as follows at year-end:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |
Amortized intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core deposit intangibles |  | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | 709 |  |  | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | 674 |

Aggregate amortization expense was $35 for 2022 and $48 for 2021.
Estimated amortization expense for each of the next five years:

2023 |  | $ | 21 |
2024 |  |  | 8 |
2025 |  |  | — |
2026 |  |  | — |
2027 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 29 |

Note G - Deposits
Following is a summary of interest-bearing deposits at December 31:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
NOW accounts |  | $ | 209,758 |  |  | $ | 205,362 |
Savings and Money Market |  |  | 311,565 |  |  |  | 311,686 |
Time: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In denominations of $250,000 or less |  |  | 115,049 |  |  |  | 147,000 |
In denominations of more than $250,000 |  |  | 36,870 |  |  |  | 42,282 |
Total time deposits |  |  | 151,919 |  |  |  | 189,282 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 673,242 |  |  | $ | 706,330 |

33

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note G - Deposits (continued)
Following is a summary of total time deposits by remaining maturity at December 31, 2022:

2023 |  | $ | 105,871 |
2024 |  |  | 36,304 |
2025 |  |  | 5,586 |
2026 |  |  | 2,354 |
2027 |  |  | 1,513 |
Thereafter |  |  | 291 |
Total |  | $ | 151,919 |

Brokered deposits, included in time deposits, were $3,999 and $11,438 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Note H - Interest Rate Swaps
The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities. The Company utilizes interest rate swap agreements as part of its asset/liability management strategy to help manage its interest rate risk position. As part of this strategy, the Company provides its customer with a fixed-rate loan while creating a variable-rate asset for the Company by the customer entering into an interest rate swap with the Company on terms that match the loan. The Company offsets its risk exposure by entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with an unaffiliated institution. These interest rate swaps do not qualify as designated hedges; therefore, each swap is accounted for as a standalone derivative. At December 31, 2022, the Company had offsetting interest rate swaps associated with commercial loans with a notional value of $13,196 and a fair value asset of $1,340 and a fair value liability for the same amount included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively. This is compared to offsetting interest rate swaps with a notional value of $13,843 and a fair value asset and liability of $599 at December 31, 2021. The notional amount of the interest rate swaps does not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amount exchanged is determined by reference to the notional amount and the other terms of the individual interest rate swap agreement. To offset the risk exposure related to market value fluctuations of its interest rate swaps, the Company maintained collateral deposits on hand with a third-party correspondent, which totaled $600 at December 31, 2021. Risk exposure in 2022 was reduced due to the increasing rate environment, resulting in no offsetting collateral deposits at December 31, 2022.
Note I - Other Borrowed Funds
Other borrowed funds at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are comprised of advances from the FHLB of Cincinnati and promissory notes.

|  | FHLB Borrowings |  |  | Promissory Notes |  |  | Totals |
2022 |  | $ | 15,569 |  |  | $ | 2,376 |  |  | $ | 17,945 |
2021 |  | $ | 17,476 |  |  | $ | 2,138 |  |  | $ | 19,614 |

Pursuant to collateral agreements with the FHLB, advances are secured by $290,943 in qualifying mortgage loans, $31,833 in commercial loans and $3,813 in FHLB stock at December 31, 2022. Fixed-rate FHLB advances of $15,569 mature through 2042 and have interest rates ranging from 1.53% to 2.97% and a year-to-date weighted average cost of 2.34% and 2.39% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no variable-rate FHLB borrowings at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2022, the Company had a cash management line of credit enabling it to borrow up to $100,000 from the FHLB, subject to the stock ownership and collateral limitations described below. All cash management advances have an original maturity of 90 days. The line of credit must be renewed on an annual basis. There was $100,000 available on this line of credit at December 31, 2022.
Based on the Company’s current FHLB stock ownership, total assets and pledgeable loans, the Company had the ability to obtain borrowings from the FHLB up to a maximum of $182,963 at December 31, 2022. Of this maximum borrowing capacity, the Company had $92,254 available to use as additional borrowings, of which $92,254 could be used for short term, cash management advances, as mentioned above.
34

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note I - Other Borrowed Funds (continued)
Promissory notes, issued primarily by Ohio Valley, are due at various dates through a final maturity date of November 18, 2024, and have fixed rates ranging from 1.25% to 3.25% and a year-to-date weighted average cost of 1.35% at December 31, 2022, as compared to 1.23% at December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022, there were six promissory notes payable by Ohio Valley to related parties totaling $2,376. See Note M for further discussion of related party transactions. There were no promissory notes payable to other banks at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Letters of credit issued on the Bank’s behalf by the FHLB to collateralize certain public unit deposits as required by law totaled $75,140 at December 31, 2022 and $68,380 at December 31, 2021.
Scheduled principal payments over the next five years:

|  | FHLB Borrowings |  |  | Promissory Notes |  |  | Totals |
2023 |  | $ | 1,986 |  |  | $ | 1,607 |  |  | $ | 3,593 |
2024 |  |  | 1,693 |  |  |  | 769 |  |  |  | 2,462 |
2025 |  |  | 1,560 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,560 |
2026 |  |  | 1,434 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,434 |
2027 |  |  | 1,397 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,397 |
Thereafter |  |  | 7,499 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,499 |
|  | $ | 15,569 |  |  | $ | 2,376 |  |  | $ | 17,945 |

Note J - Subordinated Debentures and Trust Preferred Securities
On March 22, 2007, a trust formed by Ohio Valley issued $8,500 of adjustable-rate trust preferred securities as part of a pooled offering of such securities. The rate on these trust preferred securities was fixed at 6.58% for five years, and then converted to a floating-rate term on March 15, 2012, based on a rate equal to the 3-month LIBOR plus 1.68%. The interest rate on these trust preferred securities was 6.45% at December 31, 2022 and 1.88% at December 31, 2021. There were no debt issuance costs incurred with these trust preferred securities. The Company issued subordinated debentures to the trust in exchange for the proceeds of the offering. The subordinated debentures must be redeemed no later than June 15, 2037.
Under the provisions of the related indenture agreements, the interest payable on the trust preferred securities is deferrable for up to five years and any such deferral is not considered a default. During any period of deferral, the Company would be precluded from declaring or paying dividends to shareholders or repurchasing any of the Company’s common stock. Under generally accepted accounting principles, the trusts are not consolidated with the Company. Accordingly, the Company does not report the securities issued by the trust as liabilities, and instead reports as liabilities the subordinated debentures issued by the Company and held by the trust. Since the Company’s equity interest in the trusts cannot be received until the subordinated debentures are repaid, these amounts have been netted. The subordinated debentures may be included in Tier 1 capital (with certain limitations applicable) under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations.
Note K - Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes consists of the following components:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Current tax expense |  | $ | 2,306 |  |  | $ | 2,414 |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | (130 | )
Total income taxes |  | $ | 2,594 |  |  | $ | 2,284 |

35

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note K - Income Taxes (continued)
The source of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Items giving rise to deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  | $ | 1,146 |  |  | $ | 1,410 |
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale |  |  | 3,938 |  |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation |  |  | 2,058 |  |  |  | 2,007 |
Deferred loan fees/costs |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 148 |
Accrued bonus |  |  | 266 |  |  |  | 286 |
Purchase accounting adjustments |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 2 |
Net operating loss |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 82 |
Lease liability |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | 324 |
Nonaccrual interest income |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | 174 |
Other |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | 275 |
Items giving rise to deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | (99 | ) |  |  | (104 | )
FHLB stock dividends |  |  | (676 | ) |  |  | (676 | )
Unrealized gain on securities available for sale |  |  | — |  |  |  | (188 | )
Prepaid expenses |  |  | (231 | ) |  |  | (205 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (843 | ) |  |  | (783 | )
Right-of-use asset |  |  | (355 | ) |  |  | (324 | )
Net deferred tax asset |  | $ | 6,266 |  |  | $ | 2,428 |

The Company determined that it was not required to establish a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets since management believes that the deferred tax assets are likely to be realized through the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, deductions against forecasted income and tax planning strategies.
At December 31, 2022, the Company’s deferred tax asset related to Section 382 net operating loss carryforwards was $314, which will expire in 2026.
The difference between the financial statement tax provision and amounts computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to income before taxes is as follows:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Statutory tax (21%) |  | $ | 3,346 |  |  | $ | 2,943 |
Effect of nontaxable interest |  |  | (385 | ) |  |  | (378 | )
Effect of nontaxable insurance premiums |  |  | (240 | ) |  |  | (220 | )
Income from bank owned insurance, net |  |  | (168 | ) |  |  | (168 | )
Effect of postretirement benefits |  |  | (112 | ) |  |  | 26 |
Effect of nontaxable life insurance death proceeds |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10 | )
Effect of state income tax |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 150 |
Tax credits |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | (72 | )
Other items |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 13 |
Total income taxes(1) |  | $ | 2,594 |  |  | $ | 2,284 |

(1) E ffective income tax rate was 16.3% for both 2022 and 2021
At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits. The Company does not expect the amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly change within the next twelve months. The Company did not recognize any interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters for the periods presented.
The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as West Virginia state income tax. The Company is no longer subject to federal or state examination for years prior to 2019. The tax years 2019-2021 remain open to federal and state examinations.
36

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note L - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and financial guarantees. The Bank’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees written, is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for instruments recorded on the balance sheet.
Following is a summary of such commitments at December 31:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Fixed rate |  | $ | 1,110 |  |  | $ | 1,014 |
Variable rate |  |  | 98,862 |  |  |  | 84,929 |
Standby letters of credit |  |  | 3,441 |  |  |  | 3,659 |

At December 31, 2022, the fixed-rate commitments have interest rates ranging from 3.38% to 7.38% and maturities ranging from 16 years to 30 years.
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Bank to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Bank evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Bank upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment and income-producing commercial properties.
There are various contingent liabilities that are not reflected in the financial statements, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, after consultation with legal counsel, the ultimate disposition of these matters is not expected to have a material effect on financial condition or results of operations.
Note M - Related Party Transactions
Certain directors, executive officers and companies with which they are affiliated were loan customers during 2022. A summary of activity on these borrower relationships with aggregate debt greater than $120 is as follows:

Total loans at January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 17,848 |
New loans |  |  | 35 |
Repayments |  |  | (1,388 | )
Other changes |  |  | 201 |
Total loans at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 16,696 |

Other changes include adjustments for loans applicable to one reporting period that are excludable from the other reporting period, such as changes in persons classified as directors, executive officers and companies’ affiliates.
Deposits from principal officers, directors, and their affiliates at year-end 2022 and 2021 were $91,782 and $110,405. In addition, the Company had promissory notes outstanding with directors and their affiliates totaling $2,376 at year-end 2022 and $2,138 at year-end 2021. The interest rates ranged from 1.00% to 3.25%, with terms ranging from 12 to 24 months.
37

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note N - Employee Benefits
The Bank has a profit-sharing plan for the benefit of its employees and their beneficiaries. Contributions to the plan are determined by the Board of Directors of Ohio Valley. Contributions charged to expense were $256 and $265 for 2022 and 2021.
Ohio Valley maintains an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) covering substantially all employees of the Company. Ohio Valley issues shares to the ESOP, purchased by the ESOP with subsidiary cash contributions, which are allocated to ESOP participants based on relative compensation. The total number of shares held by the ESOP, all of which have been allocated to participant accounts, were 313,114 and 292,680 at December 31, 2022 and 2021. In addition, the subsidiaries made contributions to the ESOP as follows:

|  | Years ended December 31 |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Number of shares issued |  |  | 18,522 |  |  |  | — |
Fair value of stock contributed |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash contributed |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 580 |
Total expense |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 580 |

Life insurance contracts with a cash surrender value of $37,317 and annuity assets of $2,310 at December 31, 2022 have been purchased by the Company, the owner of the policies. The purpose of these contracts was to replace a current group life insurance program for executive officers, implement a deferred compensation plan for directors and executive officers, implement a director retirement plan and implement supplemental retirement plans for certain officers. Under the deferred compensation plan, Ohio Valley pays each participant the amount of fees deferred plus interest over the participant’s desired term, upon termination of service. Under the director retirement plan, participants are eligible to receive ongoing compensation payments upon retirement subject to length of service. The supplemental retirement plans provide payments to select executive officers upon retirement based upon a compensation formula determined by Ohio Valley’s Board of Directors. The present value of payments expected to be provided are accrued during the service period of the covered individuals and amounted to $9,192 and $8,973 at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Expenses related to the plans for each of the last two years amounted to $458 and $830. In association with the split-dollar life insurance plan, the present value of the postretirement benefit totaled $3,309 at December 31, 2022 and $3,843 at December 31, 2021.
Note O - Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
38

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note O - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
The following is a description of the Company’s valuation methodologies used to measure and disclose the fair values of its financial assets and liabilities on a recurring or nonrecurring basis:
Securities: The fair values for securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3). During times when trading is more liquid, broker quotes are used (if available) to validate the model. Rating agency and industry research reports as well as defaults and deferrals on individual securities are reviewed and incorporated into the calculations.
Impaired Loans: At the time a loan is considered impaired, it is valued at the lower of cost or fair value. Impaired loans carried at fair value generally receive specific allocations of the allowance for loan losses. For collateral dependent loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. In some instances, fair value adjustments can be made based on a quoted price from an observable input, such as a purchase agreement. Such adjustments would be classified as a Level 2 classification. Impaired loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.
Other Real Estate Owned: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. In some instances, fair value adjustments can be made based on a quoted price from an observable input, such as a purchase agreement. Such adjustments would be classified as a Level 2 classification.
Appraisals for both collateral-dependent impaired loans and other real estate owned are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, a member of management reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with management’s own assumptions of fair value based on factors that include recent market data or industry-wide statistics.
On an as-needed basis, the Company reviews the fair value of collateral, taking into consideration current market data, as well as all selling costs, which typically amount to approximately 10% of the fair value of such collateral.
Interest Rate Swap Agreements: The fair value of interest rate swap agreements is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). The variable cash receipts (or payments) are based on the expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observed market interest rate curves (Level 2).
39

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note O - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

|  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022, Using |
|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 54,792 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,983 |  |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | — |  |  |  | 121,299 |  |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,340 | ) |  |  | — |

|  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021, Using |
|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 20,143 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,916 |  |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | — |  |  |  | 130,941 |  |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | (599 | ) |  |  | — |

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis
There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2022. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2021 are summarized below:

|  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021, Using |
|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and Industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,983 |

At December 31, 2021, the recorded investment of impaired loans measured for impairment using the fair value of collateral for collateral-dependent loans totaled $1,993, with a corresponding valuation allowance of $10, resulting in an increase of $10 in provision expense during the year ended December 31, 2021, with no corresponding charge-offs recognized.
There was no other real estate owned that was measured at fair value less costs to sell at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Furthermore, there were no corresponding write downs during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
40

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note O - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
There was no quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2022. The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2021:

December 31, 2021 |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique(s) |  | Unobservable Input(s) |  | Range |  | (Weighted Average) |
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and Industrial |  | $ | 1,983 |  | Sales approach |  | Adjustment to comparables and equipment comparables |  | 0% to 25% |  |  | 18.5% |

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using: |
|  | Carrying Value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 45,990 |  |  | $ | 45,990 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,990 |
Certificates of deposit in financial institutions |  |  | 1,862 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,862 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,862 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 184,074 |  |  |  | 54,792 |  |  |  | 129,282 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 184,074 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 9,226 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,987 |  |  |  | 3,473 |  |  |  | 8,460 |
Loans, net |  |  | 879,780 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 846,870 |  |  |  | 846,870 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,340 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 3,112 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 2,627 |  |  |  | 3,112 |
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 1,027,655 |  |  |  | 875,736 |  |  |  | 149,974 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,025,710 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 17,945 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,364 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,364 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,340 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 432 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 432 |

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021 Using: |
|  | Carrying Value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 152,034 |  |  | $ | 152,034 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 152,034 |
Certificates of deposit in financial institutions |  |  | 2,329 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,329 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,329 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 177,000 |  |  |  | 20,143 |  |  |  | 156,857 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 177,000 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 10,294 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,063 |  |  |  | 4,387 |  |  |  | 10,450 |
Loans, net |  |  | 824,708 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 821,899 |  |  |  | 821,899 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 2,695 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 363 |  |  |  | 2,332 |  |  |  | 2,695 |
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 1,059,908 |  |  |  | 870,626 |  |  |  | 189,796 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,060,422 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 19,614 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,279 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,279 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 439 |

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
41

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note P - Regulatory Matters
Banks and bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgements by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action. The net unrealized gain or loss on available for sale securities is not included in computing regulatory capital. Management believes as of December 31, 2022, the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.
Prompt corrective action regulations applicable to insured depository institutions provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. At year-end 2022 and 2021, the Bank met the capital requirements to be deemed well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since year-end 2022 and 2021 that management believes have changed the institution’s well capitalized category.
In 2019, the federal banking agencies jointly issued a final rule that provides for an optional, simplified measure of capital adequacy, the community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) framework, for qualifying community banking organizations (banks and holding companies), consistent with Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act. The final rule became effective on January 1, 2020 and was elected by the Bank as of March 31, 2020. In April 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interim final rule that made temporary changes to the CBLR framework, pursuant to Section 4012 of the CARES Act, and a second interim final rule that provided a graduated increase in the CBLR requirement after the expiration of the temporary changes implemented pursuant to Section 4012 of the CARES Act.
The CBLR removes the requirement for qualifying banking organizations to calculate and report risk-based capital and only requires a Tier 1 to average assets (“leverage”) ratio. Qualifying banking organizations that elect to use the CBLR framework and that maintain a leverage ratio of greater than required minimums are considered to have satisfied the generally applicable risk based and leverage capital requirements in the agencies’ capital rules and, if applicable, are considered to have met the well capitalized ratio requirements for purposes of Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Under the interim final rules, the CBLR minimum requirement was 8% as of December 31, 2020, 8.5% for calendar year 2021, and 9% for calendar year 2022 and beyond. The interim rule allowed for a two-quarter grace period to correct a ratio that fell below the required amount, provided that the Bank maintained a leverage ratio of 7% as of December 31, 2020, 7.5% for calendar year 2021, and 8% for calendar year 2022 and beyond.
Under the final rule, an eligible banking organization can opt out of the CBLR framework and revert back to the risk-weighting framework without restriction. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Bank qualified as a community banking organization as defined by the federal banking agencies and elected to measure capital adequacy under the CBLR framework.
The following tables summarize the actual and required capital amounts of the Bank as of year-end.

|  | Actual |  |  | To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations |
Bank |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 135,404 |  |  |  | 11.0 | % |  | $ | 110,806 |  |  |  | 9.0 | %
December 31, 2021 |  |  | 126,201 |  |  |  | 10.3 |  |  |  | 104,387 |  |  |  | 8.5 |

42

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note P - Regulatory Matters (continued)
Dividends paid by the subsidiaries are the primary source of funds available to Ohio Valley for payment of dividends to shareholders and for other working capital needs. The payment of dividends by the subsidiaries to Ohio Valley is subject to restrictions by regulatory authorities and state law. These restrictions generally limit dividends to the current and prior two years retained earnings of the Bank and Loan Central, Inc., and 90% of the prior year’s net income of OVBC Captive, Inc. At January 1, 2023 approximately $15,751 of the subsidiaries’ retained earnings were available for dividends under these guidelines. The ability of Ohio Valley to borrow funds from the Bank is limited as to amount and terms by banking regulations. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System also has a policy requiring Ohio Valley to provide notice to the FRB in advance of the payment of a dividend to Ohio Valley’s shareholders under certain circumstances, and the FRB may disapprove of such dividend payment if the FRB determines the payment would be an unsafe or unsound practice.
Note Q - Parent Company Only Condensed Financial Information
Below is condensed financial information of Ohio Valley. In this information, Ohio Valley’s investment in its subsidiaries is stated at cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of the subsidiaries since acquisition. This information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION

|  | Years ended December 31: |
Assets |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 4,697 |  |  | $ | 5,366 |
Investment in subsidiaries |  |  | 141,402 |  |  |  | 147,214 |
Notes receivable – subsidiaries |  |  | 2,365 |  |  |  | 2,123 |
Other assets |  |  | 259 |  |  |  | 38 |
Total assets |  | $ | 148,723 |  |  | $ | 154,741 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes payable |  | $ | 2,376 |  |  | $ | 2,138 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | 8,500 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 2,819 |  |  |  | 2,747 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 13,695 |  |  |  | 13,385 |
Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 135,028 |  |  |  | 141,356 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 148,723 |  |  | $ | 154,741 |

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

|  | Years ended December 31: |
Income: |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Interest on notes |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 20 |
Dividends from subsidiaries |  |  | 4,180 |  |  |  | 6,650 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on notes |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 31 |
Interest on subordinated debentures |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 158 |
Operating expenses |  |  | 396 |  |  |  | 379 |
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  |  | 3,488 |  |  |  | 6,102 |
Income tax benefit |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 112 |
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  |  | 9,709 |  |  |  | 5,518 |
Net Income |  | $ | 13,338 |  |  | $ | 11,732 |
Other Comprehensive Income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (15,521 | ) |  |  | (1,728 | )
Comprehensive Income |  | $ | (2,183 | ) |  | $ | 10,004 |

43

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note Q - Parent Company Only Condensed Financial Information (continued)
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Years ended December 31: |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net Income |  | $ | 13,338 |  |  | $ | 11,732 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  |  | (9,709 | ) |  |  | (5,518 | )
Common stock issued to ESOP |  |  | 575 |  |  |  | — |
Change in other assets |  |  | (221 | ) |  |  | (6 | )
Change in other liabilities |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 1,598 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 4,055 |  |  |  | 7,806 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in notes receivable |  |  | (242 | ) |  |  | (520 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (242 | ) |  |  | (520 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in notes payable |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | (1,060 | )
Purchases of treasury stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | (954 | )
Cash dividends paid |  |  | (4,720 | ) |  |  | (4,018 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (4,482 | ) |  |  | (6,032 | )
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (669 | ) |  |  | 1,254 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 5,366 |  |  |  | 4,112 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 4,697 |  |  | $ | 5,366 |

44

notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.
Note R - Segment Information
The reportable segments are determined by the products and services offered, primarily distinguished between banking and consumer finance. They are also distinguished by the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business which are then aggregated if operating performance, products/services, and customers are similar. Loans, investments, and deposits provide the majority of the net revenues from the banking operation, while loans provide the majority of the net revenues for the consumer finance segment. All Company segments are domestic.
Total revenues from the banking segment, which accounted for the majority of the Company’s total revenues, totaled 94.2% and 94.1% of total consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The accounting policies used for the Company’s reportable segments are the same as those described in Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Income taxes are allocated based on income before tax expense. All goodwill is in the Banking segment.
Segment information is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2022 |
|  | Banking |  |  | Consumer Finance |  |  | Total Company |
Net interest income |  | $ | 42,529 |  |  | $ | 2,249 |  |  | $ | 44,778 |
Provision for (recovery of) loan losses |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | (32 | )
Noninterest income |  |  | 9,121 |  |  |  | 1,041 |  |  |  | 10,162 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 36,612 |  |  |  | 2,428 |  |  |  | 39,040 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 2,429 |  |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | 2,594 |
Net income |  |  | 12,709 |  |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 13,338 |
Assets |  |  | 1,195,974 |  |  |  | 14,813 |  |  |  | 1,210,787 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
|  | Banking |  |  | Consumer Finance |  |  | Total Company |
Net interest income |  | $ | 38,883 |  |  | $ | 2,130 |  |  | $ | 41,013 |
Provision for (recovery of) loan losses |  |  | (500 | ) |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | (419 | )
Noninterest income |  |  | 8,831 |  |  |  | 1,033 |  |  |  | 9,864 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 34,847 |  |  |  | 2,433 |  |  |  | 37,280 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 2,149 |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | 2,284 |
Net income |  |  | 11,218 |  |  |  | 514 |  |  |  | 11,732 |
Assets |  |  | 1,235,231 |  |  |  | 14,538 |  |  |  | 1,249,769 |

45

report of independent registered
public accounting firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Ohio Valley Banc Corp.
Gallipolis, Ohio
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of condition of Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Allowance for Loan Losses – Economic Conditions Qualitative Factor
As more fully described in Note A and Note C to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s allowance for loan losses represents management’s estimate of probable incurred credit losses in the loan portfolio. The allowance consists of a specific component which relates to individually impaired loans and a general component. For the general component, management performs a quantitative and qualitative analysis to determine the general reserve portion of the allowance for loan losses. The quantitative component consists of historical loss experience determined by portfolio segment and is based on the actual loss history experienced by the Company. The total loan portfolio’s actual loss experience is supplemented with qualitative factors based on the risks present for each portfolio segment. These qualitative factors include consideration of the following: levels of and trends in delinquencies and impaired loans; levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; national and local economic trends and conditions (economic conditions); industry conditions; and effects of changes in credit concentrations. The most significant qualitative factor considered as of December 31, 2022 was the economic conditions. Management exercised significant judgment when assessing the economic conditions qualitative factor in estimating the allowance for loan losses.
We identified auditing the economic conditions qualitative factor component of the allowance for loan losses as a critical audit matter because auditing management’s assessment of the economic conditions qualitative factor required significant auditor judgment.
46

report of independent registered
public accounting firm
The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following:

• | Evaluation of the completeness and accuracy of internal data used to formulate the economic conditions qualitative factors

• | Evaluation of the relevance and reliability of external data used as a basis for the economic conditions qualitative factor

• | Evaluated management’s judgments and assumptions used to determine the economic conditions qualitative factor for reasonableness

• | Performed data validation of inputs and tested mathematical accuracy of management’s calculation of the economic conditions qualitative factor

|  | /s/Crowe LLP
|  | Crowe LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1992. |  |
Cleveland, Ohio |  |
March 23, 2023 |  |

47

management's report on internal control
over financial reporting
Board of Directors and Shareholders
Ohio Valley Banc Corp.
The management of Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (the Company) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
The system of internal control over financial reporting as it relates to the consolidated financial statements is evaluated for effectiveness by management. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed Ohio Valley Banc Corp.’s system of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, in relation to criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting as described in the 2013 “Internal Control Integrated Framework,” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, its system of internal control over financial reporting is effective and meets the criteria of the “Internal Control Integrated Framework.”
Ohio Valley Banc Corp.

/s/Larry E. Miller | /s/Scott W. Shockey
Larry E. Miller, II President and Chief Executive Officer | Scott W. Shockey Senior Vice President, CFO
March 23, 2023 |

48

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements contained in this report and other publicly available documents incorporated herein by reference constitute "forward looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements are often, but not always, identified by the use of such words as “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plan,” “goal,” “seek,” “project,” “estimate,” “strategy,” “future,” “likely,” “may,” “should,” “will,” and other similar expressions. Such statements involve various important assumptions, risks, uncertainties, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control and which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to: the effects of COVID-19 and recovery therefrom on our business, operations, customers and capital position; unexpected changes in interest rates or disruptions in the mortgage market; changes in political, economic or other factors, such as inflation rates, recessionary or expansive trends, taxes, the effects of implementation of legislation and the continuing economic uncertainty in various parts of the world; competitive pressures; fluctuations in interest rates; the level of defaults and prepayment on loans made by Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (“Ohio Valley”) and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”); unanticipated litigation, claims, or assessments; fluctuations in the cost of obtaining funds to make loans; and regulatory changes. Additional detailed information concerning such factors is available in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, under the Exchange Act, including the disclosure under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of Part I of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company undertakes no obligation and disclaims any intention to republish revised or updated forward looking statements, whether as a result of new information, unanticipated future events or otherwise.
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The purpose of this discussion is to provide an analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of the Company that is not otherwise apparent from the audited consolidated financial statements included in this report. The accompanying consolidated financial information has been prepared by management in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”) and is consistent with that reported in the consolidated financial statements. Reference should be made to those statements and the selected financial data presented elsewhere in this report for an understanding of the following tables and related discussion. All dollars are reported in thousands, except share and per share data.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW:
The following discussion on consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ohio Valley and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, The Ohio Valley Bank Company (the “Bank”), Loan Central, Inc., a consumer finance company (“Loan Central”), Ohio Valley Financial Services Agency, LLC, an insurance agency, and OVBC Captive, Inc., a limited purpose property and casualty insurance company (the “Captive”). The Bank has two wholly-owned subsidiaries, Race Day Mortgage, Inc., an Ohio corporation that provides online consumer mortgages (“Race Day”), and Ohio Valley REO, LLC, an Ohio limited liability company.In February 2023, Ohio Valley announced that it was taking steps toward closing Race Day. The decision to start this process was made due to low loan demand, issues retaining personnel, and lack of profitability. Ohio Valley plans to see current loan applications in progress to completion. An exact date of closing is anticipated to be set once existing loan applications have been processed. Ohio Valley and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Company.”
49

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
The Company is primarily engaged in commercial and retail banking, offering a blend of commercial and consumer banking services within southeastern Ohio as well as western West Virginia. The banking services offered by the Bank include the acceptance of deposits in checking, savings, time and money market accounts; the making and servicing of personal, commercial, floor plan and student loans; the making of construction and real estate loans; and credit card services. The Bank also offers individual retirement accounts, safe deposit boxes, wire transfers and other standard banking products and services. Furthermore, the Bank offers Tax Refund Advance Loans (“TALs”) to Loan Central tax customers. A TAL represents a short-term loan offered by the Bank to tax preparation customers of Loan Central.
CUSTOMER SUPPORT DURING THE PANDEMIC:
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was signed into law. The CARES Act provided assistance to small businesses through the establishment of the Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"). The PPP provided small businesses with funds to use for payroll and certain other expenses. The funds were provided in the form of loans that would be fully forgiven if certain criteria were met. In 2021, Congress amended the PPP by extending the authority of the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) to guarantee loans and the ability of PPP lenders to disburse PPP loans until May 31, 2021. The Company supported its clients who experienced financial hardship due to COVID-19 through participation in the PPP, assistance with expedited deposits of CARES Act stimulus payments, and loan modifications, as needed.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:
SUMMARY
2022 v. 2021
Ohio Valley generated net income of $13,338 for 2022, an increase of $1,606, or 13.7%, from 2021. Earnings per share were $2.80 for 2022, an increase of 14.3% from 2021. The increase in net income and earnings per share for 2022 was impacted by higher net interest income and noninterest income, partially offset by increases in both provision expense and noninterest expense. For 2022, net interest income was positively impacted by the aggressive rate increases initiated by the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”), elevating prime rate from 3.25% to 7.50% during 2022. The rate increases were in response to rising inflationary concerns. This had a corresponding impact on higher asset yields that generated growth in interest income, while interest expenses remained less sensitive to higher market rates during most of 2022. As a result, net interest income increased $3,765, while the Company’s fully tax-equivalent net interest income as a percentage of average earning assets (“net interest margin”) increased 28 basis points to 3.89% at December 31, 2022. Average earnings assets also increased 1.3% coming from growth in investment securities and loans, partially offset by a decrease in interest-bearing deposits with banks. Earnings growth in 2022 also came from noninterest income, which increased $298 over 2021. Noninterest income was mostly impacted by increases in service charges on deposit accounts and interchange income on debit and credit card transactions, which were collectively up $797 over 2021. Partially offsetting these positive factors within noninterest income was a $471 increase in realized losses from the sales of lower-yielding securities during 2022 compared to 2021. The positive contributions from higher net interest income and noninterest income were partially offset by increases in both provision expense and noninterest expense, which were collectively up $2,147 over 2021. Provision expense increased $387 over 2021 in large part to higher net charge offs. Noninterest expense increased $1,760 over 2021 mostly from higher marketing, data processing, and software costs, as well as various other overhead costs from Race Day.
50

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
The Company’s net interest income in 2022 was $44,778, representing an increase of $3,765, or 9.2%, from 2021. Impacting net interest income growth was the increase in net interest margin in relation to the increase in market rates. During 2022, the FRB took unprecedented action to restrain inflation and improve the stability of the economy. The FRB raised market rates seven consecutive times ranging from 25 basis points in the beginning of the year to 75 basis points toward the end of the year and brought the prime lending rate up to 7.50% at year-end 2022, an increase of 425 basis points from year-end 2021. This action contributed to higher earning asset yields during 2022. Partially offsetting these positive effects on earning assets were lower PPP loan fees during 2022. The Company had participated in the PPP to assist various businesses in our market areas during the pandemic. The fees earned on PPP loans decreased $1,169 for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the same period in 2021, which had a negative impact to net interest income. While rising market rates during 2022 had a direct impact to higher earning asset yields, the impact was less immediate to interest-bearing costs primarily due to a lagging effect associated with time deposits and certain other interest-bearing deposits. As a result, the Company’s net interest margin finished at 3.89% during the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of 28 basis points from a 3.61% net interest margin during the same period in 2021.
Also having a positive impact to net interest income was growth in average earning assets, which were up $15,090 during 2022, as compared to 2021. The growth came largely from increases in investment securities, which were up $36,317 over 2021. The Company utilized a portion of its interest-bearing FRB deposit balances to fund new security purchases in 2022 and account for the runoff in time deposit balances in 2022. As a result, average interest-bearing balances with banks decreased $23,959 from 2021. Average loans during 2022 were limited to a $2,732 increase over 2021, largely due to the repayment of all PPP loans as of the first quarter of 2022. As a result of these repayments, the average balance of PPP loans decreased $14,260 from 2021.
The Company benefited from recording negative provision expense of $32 and $419 during both the years ending 2022 and 2021, respectively. The factors that limited provision expense the most during 2022 include a decrease in classified loans, as well as a partial release of the COVID-19 reserve. Partially offsetting these positive effects was a $924 increase in net charge-offs during 2022, primarily from the commercial and industrial loan portfolio.
The Company’s noninterest income increased $298, or 3.0%, from 2021. The year-to-date increase in noninterest income was largely impacted by a $579 increase in service charges on deposit accounts, which included a higher volume of overdraft transactions during 2022. Further contributing to the increase in noninterest income for 2022 was debit / credit card interchange income, which was up $218 and impacted by higher consumer spending during 2022. Partially offsetting these positive effects within noninterest income was an increase of $471 in realized losses on the sale of lower-yielding securities. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company sold $12,500 in securities at a loss of $1,537, as compared to $1,066 in losses during the fourth quarter of 2021. The proceeds from the sales of securities were reinvested into similar higher-yielding securities to increase interest earnings.
51

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
The Company’s noninterest expenses during 2022 increased $1,760, or 4.7%, from 2021. This increase was mostly impacted by marketing expense, which was up $602 during 2022. This surge in marketing costs was primarily related to specific donations made during the fourth quarter of 2022 to support the communities we serve. Data processing expense increased $355 due to higher debit and credit card transaction volume impacted by elevated consumer spending. Software expense increased $339 in relation to software platforms utilized by Race Day, as well as various software purchases and enhancements to further enhance operating efficiencies at the Bank. Other noninterest expense increased $315 due to various other overhead costs from Race Day, which included the purchase of mortgage loan marketing leads.
The Company’s provision for income taxes increased $310 during 2022, largely due to the changes in taxable income affected by the factors mentioned above.
NET INTEREST INCOME
The most significant portion of the Company's revenue, net interest income, results from properly managing the spread between interest income on earning assets and interest expense incurred on interest-bearing liabilities. The Company earns interest and dividend income from loans, investment securities and short-term investments while incurring interest expense on interest-bearing deposits and short- and long-term borrowings. Net interest income is affected by changes in both the average volume and mix of assets and liabilities and the level of interest rates for financial instruments. Changes in net interest income are measured by net interest margin and net interest spread. Net interest margin is expressed as the percentage of net interest income to average interest-earning assets. Net interest spread is the difference between the average yield earned on interest-earning assets and the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Both of these are reported on a fully tax-equivalent (“FTE”) basis. Net interest margin exceeds the net interest rate spread because noninterest-bearing sources of funds, principally noninterest-bearing demand deposits and stockholders' equity, also support interest-earning assets. The following is a discussion of changes in interest-earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities and the associated impact on interest income and interest expense for the two years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Tables I and II have been prepared to summarize the significant changes outlined in this analysis.
Net interest income in 2022 totaled $45,264 on an FTE basis, up $3,773, or 9.1%, from 2021. This increase reflects positive contributions from a 20 basis point increase in earning asset yield, an 11 basis point decrease in average interest-bearing liability cost, and a 1.3% increase in average earning assets. The average earning asset yield during 2022 was impacted by the FRB’s action to increase rates by 425 basis points beginning in March 2022. Conversely, the Company was able to maintain its average cost of deposits at the lower levels it was experiencing prior to the series of aggressive market rate increases. This was largely due to a heightened liquidity position of core interest- and noninterest-bearing demand deposit balances, as well as savings and money market account balances. With average rates on deposits remaining low and higher core deposit balances on hand, this extended the continued maturity runoff of time deposits during 2022 that the Company had experienced during 2021. As a result, the net interest margin increased from 3.61% in 2021 to 3.89% in 2022. The net interest margin increase of 28 basis points reflects the benefits of both a 20 basis point increase from the mix and yield on earning assets and an 11 basis point decrease in funding costs, partially offset by a 3 basis point decreasing impact from the use of noninterest-bearing funding (i.e., demand deposits and shareholders’ equity). The increase in average earning assets came mostly from a 21.2% increase in securities, partially offset by a 17.6% decrease in interest-bearing balances with banks during 2022, as compared to the same period in 2021. Average loans also increased 0.3% over the same time period.
52

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
Net interest income increased in 2022 primarily due to the increase in average yield and volume of earning assets combined with the decrease in average cost and volume of interest-bearing liabilities. The yield increase in average earning assets was responsible for increasing FTE interest income by $2,269 during 2022 compared to 2021, while the volume increase in average earning assets contributed to a $643 increase in FTE interest income during the same period. These positive impacts were further enhanced by a decrease in average interest-bearing liability costs that contributed to a $525 reduction in interest expense during 2022 compared to 2021, while a volume decrease in average interest-bearing liabilities contributed to a $336 reduction in interest expense during the same period. The increase in average earning asset yield for 2022 was largely impacted by interest-bearing balances with other banks. The action of the FRB to aggressively increase rates during 2022 had an immediate effect on increasing the interest income generated by the Company’s FRB clearing account. The clearing account interest rate was adjusted up from 0.25% in March 2022 to 4.50% at December 2022. Prior to this, the rate had been fluctuating at or below 0.25% since March 2020. As a result, the average yield factor on interest-bearing balances with other banks had a positive impact on earnings in 2022, increasing interest income by $1,352, as compared to a $215 decrease in interest income during 2021. Conversely, the average volume on interest-bearing balances with other banks contributed to $40 decrease in interest income during 2022, as compared to a $136 increase to interest income during 2021. The change was impacted by the utilization of excess deposits within the FRB clearing account during 2022. The Company utilizes its interest-bearing FRB clearing account to manage excess funds, as well as to assist in funding earning asset growth. Entering 2022 and prior to the FRB actions of increasing rates, the impact of COVID-19 had generated higher levels of excess funds within the clearing account. The Company used these balances in 2022 to help fund a portion of the growth in loans and investment security purchases, while also facilitating the maturity runoff of time deposits. The volume decrease in the Bank’s FRB clearing account during 2022 led to a $23,959, or 17.6%, decrease in average interest-bearing balances with other banks during 2022 compared to 2021, and also led to a lower composition of average interest-bearing balances with other banks, finishing at 9.6% of average earning assets in 2022, as compared to 11.8% in 2021.
Average securities of $207,474 at year-end 2022 represented a 21.2% increase from the $171,157 in average securities at year-end 2021. The significant surge in deposits during 2021 that carried over into 2022 was a result of various government stimulus programs that produced heightened levels of excess liquidity. The Company utilized a portion of these excess funds to purchase investment securities. Average taxable securities in 2022 increased 22.7% over the prior year, particularly from purchases of U.S. Government and Agency mortgage-backed securities. As a result, the composition of average taxable securities grew to 17.1% of average earning assets at year-end 2022, as compared to 14.1% at year-end 2021, and contributed to a $565 increase in interest income during 2022, as compared to a $912 increase in interest income during 2021. The rising rate environment had a positive impact on the average yields on taxable securities during 2022, as the new purchases were being booked at higher interest rate yields. Furthermore, the Company took opportunities to sell some of its lower-yielding taxable securities in December of 2021 and 2022, and use the proceeds to reinvest into higher-yielding securities. The resulting realized losses from both sales are expected to be offset by increases in future interest income. As a result, the average yield factor for taxable securities contributed to a $912 increase in interest income during 2022, as compared to a $974 decrease in interest income during 2021. Average tax exempt securities were down 7.1% from the prior year, largely related to maturities of state and municipal investments. As a result, the composition of average state and municipal investments trended down to 0.7% of average earning assets at year-end 2022, as compared to 0.8% at year-end 2021. Management continues to focus on generating loan growth as loans provide the greatest return to the Company. Management also maintains securities at a dollar level adequate enough to provide ample liquidity and cover pledging requirements.
Loans also had a positive, but limited, impact to net interest income from both volume and yield factors. Total loans experienced a $2,732, or 0.3%, increase in average loans, which contributed to $138 in additional FTE interest income during 2022 compared to 2021. This growth came predominantly from the commercial real estate, commercial and industrial and consumer loan segments. However, the Company’s government-guaranteed PPP loans that were originated from 2020 and early 2021 began to fully payoff during the second half of 2021. The payoffs of those loans caused an average balance decrease of $14,260 in PPP loans in 2022 compared to 2021, which limited average loan growth in 2022. While average loans increased in 2022, investment securities experienced more accelerated growth in 2022. As a result, the Company’s average loan composition decreased to 72.5% of average earning assets at year-end 2022, as compared to 73.3% for 2021. The increase in short-term rates during 2022 had a direct impact on the repricing of a portion of the Company’s loan portfolio that contributed to higher earnings in 2022. Partially offsetting the effects of market rate repricings were lower loan fees, primarily from a $1,169 decrease in fees from the payoffs of PPP loans in 2021. As a result, the average loan yield finished at 5.06% at year-end 2022, as compared to 5.05% at year-end 2021, which contributed to a $55 increase in FTE interest income during 2022.
53

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
Net interest income was positively impacted by a decline in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities, particularly with the Company’s time deposits, during 2022. Prior to 2022, the Company was already benefiting from lower interest costs on its CD portfolio from the short-term rate decreases in 2020 that had a lagging effect into 2021. The Company entered 2022 with CD rates still adjusting downward, but also experiencing a large increase in excess deposits carried over from 2021 resulting from various government stimulus programs. As the FRB began moving short-term rates up in March 2022, the Company still maintained heightened levels of liquidity, which allowed deposit rates to remain unadjusted for most of 2022. This extended the downward rate repricings on CDs as they matured or renewed at lower rates. Rate offerings on CDs began adjusting up in the second half of 2022, but was not impactful in generating significant increases to interest expense during that period. As a result, the average cost of time deposits decreased 36 basis points from 1.01% in 2021 to 0.65% in 2022, which contributed to a $643 decrease in interest expense for the year. This is compared to a $1,483 decrease in interest expense during 2021. Lower CD rates have also generated less consumer demand for CD products. As a result, the average time deposit segment decreased $30,890, or 15.4%, during 2022. This led to a decrease in the composition of average time deposits from 26.9% of interest-bearing liabilities at year-end 2021 to 22.7% at year-end 2022, which contributed to a $279 decrease in interest expense for the year, as compared to a $189 decrease in interest expense during 2021.
Lower interest rates also had a significant impact on core deposit segments that include negotiable order of withdrawal (“NOW”), savings and money market accounts. Interest expense on these accounts was largely unaffected by the rising rate environment in 2022 due to a lagging effect on deposit rate adjustments. These repricing efforts to limit the magnitude of deposit rate increases in a higher rate environment contributed to a minimal impact to interest expense during 2022. As a result, the Company’s average cost of savings and money market accounts decreased from 0.09% in 2021 to 0.08% in 2022, while the average cost of NOW accounts increased slightly from 0.32% in 2021 to 0.34% in 2022. Collectively, this contributed to just a $5 increase to interest expense during 2022, as compared to an $846 decrease in 2021. Customer deposits continued to increase during 2022 within these core deposit segments impacted by excess deposits carried over from 2021 that had been impacted by stimulus relief monies and a consumer preference to preserve these customer deposit proceeds during the pandemic. As a result, average balances during 2022 increased 7.1% within NOW accounts and 7.7% within savings and money market accounts, altogether representing 73.5% of average interest-bearing liabilities in 2022, as compared to 68.5% in 2021.
Conversely, the Company’s average other borrowings and subordinated debentures collectively decreased $6,110, or 17.7%, during 2022. The decrease was related to the principal repayments applied to various FHLB advances. Borrowings and subordinated debentures continue to represent the smallest composition of average interest-bearing liabilities, finishing at 3.8% and 4.6% at the end of 2022 and 2021, respectively.
54

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
Total interest and fee income on average earning assets increased $2,912, or 6.4%, during 2022, but decreased $1,423, or 3.1%, during 2021. The converse relationship between 2022 and 2021 was the change in rate environments, transitioning from a low rate environment in 2021 to a rising rate environment in 2022. The Company’s interest and fees from its consumer loan portfolio increased $629, or 6.3%, during 2022. The increase was primarily the result of higher consumer loan yields and an increase in average consumer capital line and unsecured loan balances. As a result, consumer loan interest increased $534 and consumer loan fees increased $95 during 2022. During 2021, consumer loan interest and fees decreased $376, or 3.6%. The decrease was primarily the result of lower consumer loan yields and a decrease in average automobile loans. As a result, consumer loan interest decreased $358 and consumer loan fees decreased $18 during 2021.
The Company’s interest and fees from its commercial loan portfolio decreased $368, or 1.7%, during 2022. The decrease came primarily from lower commercial loan fees, which decreased $1,295, or 60.4%, during 2022, as compared to 2021. The Company had participated in the PPP since 2020 as part of the government’s relief program for businesses impacted by COVID-19. These originations began in the second quarter of 2020, with another round added during the first quarter of 2021. The majority of PPP loan originations from both rounds had paid off during 2021. This resulted in the income recognition of $1,184 in PPP loan fees from the SBA during 2021, as compared to $15 in PPP loan fees in 2022. This $1,169 decrease in PPP loan fees completely offset an increase in commercial interest income in 2022, which was up $927 over 2021. The interest income increase was impacted by higher average yields and increases in average commercial loan balances within the commercial real estate and commercial and industrial portfolios. During 2021, the Company’s commercial loan interest and fees increased $1,387, or 7.0%, during 2021. The increase was impacted by higher average commercial loan balances that completely offset the negative impact of lower commercial loan yields. Commercial loan demand was successful in generating an average balance increase of 14.0% within the Company’s commercial real estate and commercial and industrial portfolios. Balance increases were driven by a $48,035 increase in average commercial loans from the Company’s Pike and Athens county markets in Ohio and Cabell County market in West Virginia. Further impacting commercial revenue during 2021 was a $728 increase in loan fees, which came from the payoffs of PPP loans discussed above that impacted 2021. This resulted in income recognition of $1,184 in PPP loan fees from the SBA during 2021, an increase of $479 in PPP fees over 2020.
The Company’s interest and fees from its residential real estate loan portfolio decreased $90, or 0.8%, during 2022. This was impacted by a decrease in average residential real estate loan balances caused by principal repayments and payoffs, and a lower volume of new loan originations during 2022. The demand for residential real estate loans declined as mortgage rates continued to increase during 2022, causing potential home buyers to hold back and wait for affordability to improve. As a result, interest income decreased $51 and fee income decreased $39 within the residential real estate portfolio during 2022. During 2021, the Company’s interest and fees from its residential real estate loan portfolio decreased $2,113, or 16.2%, during 2021. The decrease was impacted by lower average balances, yields and fees on the residential real estate loan portfolio during 2021. Residential real estate loan yields were negatively impacted by a sustained low rate environment in 2021. Lower average residential real estate loan balances in 2021 came mostly from the Bank’s warehouse lending volume. Warehouse lending consists of a line of credit provided by the Bank to another mortgage lender that makes loans for the purchase of one- to four-family residential real estate properties. The mortgage lender eventually sells the loans and repays the Bank. As mortgage refinancings reached their peak during the second half of 2020, the volume of warehouse lending balances decreased to zero at June 30, 2021. As a result, average warehouse lending balances decreased from $25,110 in 2020 to $7,214 in 2021. The sustained low rate environment combined with less mortgage refinancings also contributed to a shift into more long-term fixed-rate mortgages (up $4,284) and less short-term adjustable-rate mortgages (down $11,044) during 2021. Lower real estate loan fees were the result of fewer loan modifications during 2021.
55

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
CONSOLIDATED AVERAGE BALANCE SHEET & ANALYSIS OF NET INTEREST INCOME

|  | December 31 |
Table I |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  |  | Income/ Expense |  |  | Yield/ Average |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Income/ Expense |  |  | Yield/ Average |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing balances with banks |  | $ | 112,112 |  |  | $ | 1,507 |  |  |  | 1.34 | % |  | $ | 136,071 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  |  | 0.14 | %
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 199,446 |  |  |  | 3,656 |  |  |  | 1.83 |  |  |  | 162,511 |  |  |  | 2,179 |  |  |  | 1.34 |
Tax exempt |  |  | 8,028 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | 2.83 |  |  |  | 8,646 |  |  |  | 297 |  |  |  | 3.44 |
Loans |  |  | 844,413 |  |  |  | 42,712 |  |  |  | 5.06 |  |  |  | 841,681 |  |  |  | 42,519 |  |  |  | 5.05 |
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 1,163,999 |  |  |  | 48,102 |  |  |  | 4.13 | % |  |  | 1,148,909 |  |  |  | 45,190 |  |  |  | 3.93 | %
Noninterest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  |  | 14,767 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,739 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other nonearning assets |  |  | 81,303 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77,254 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  | (5,417 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,101 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest-earning assets |  |  | 90,653 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 84,892 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,254,652 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,233,801 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW accounts |  | $ | 226,709 |  |  | $ | 778 |  |  |  | 0.34 | % |  | $ | 211,636 |  |  | $ | 680 |  |  |  | 0.32 | %
Savings and money market |  |  | 322,272 |  |  |  | 242 |  |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  | 299,129 |  |  |  | 265 |  |  |  | 0.09 |
Time deposits |  |  | 169,682 |  |  |  | 1,110 |  |  |  | 0.65 |  |  |  | 200,572 |  |  |  | 2,032 |  |  |  | 1.01 |
Other borrowed money |  |  | 19,954 |  |  |  | 412 |  |  |  | 2.06 |  |  |  | 26,064 |  |  |  | 564 |  |  |  | 2.16 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 3.48 |  |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | 1.86 |
Total int.-bearing liabilities |  |  | 747,117 |  |  |  | 2,838 |  |  |  | 0.38 | % |  |  | 745,901 |  |  |  | 3,699 |  |  |  | 0.49 | %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposit accounts |  |  | 353,019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 331,027 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  | 19,295 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,042 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 372,314 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 349,069 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | 135,221 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 138,831 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,254,652 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,233,801 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest earnings |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 45,264 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 41,491 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.89 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.61 | %
Net interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.75 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.44 | %
Average interest-bearing liabilities to average earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64.19 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64.92 | %

Fully taxable equivalent yields are reported for tax exempt securities and loans and calculated assuming a 21% tax rate, net of nondeductible interest expense. Tax-equivalent adjustments for securities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $47 and $61, respectively. Tax-equivalent adjustments for loans during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $439 and $417, respectively. Average balances are computed on an average daily basis. The average balance for available for sale securities includes the market value adjustment. However, the calculated yield is based on the securities’ amortized cost. Average loan balances include nonaccruing loans. Loan income includes cash received on nonaccruing loans.
56

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations

RATE VOLUME ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN INTEREST INCOME & EXPENSE Table II

(dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | Increase (Decrease) From Previous Year Due to |  |  | Increase (Decrease) From Previous Year Due to |
|  | Volume |  |  | Yield/Rate |  |  | Total |  |  | Volume |  |  | Yield/Rate |  |  | Total |
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing balances with banks |  | $ | (40 | ) |  | $ | 1,352 |  |  | $ | 1,312 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | (215 | ) |  | $ | (79 | )
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 565 |  |  |  | 912 |  |  |  | 1,477 |  |  |  | 744 |  |  |  | (974 | ) |  |  | (230 | )
Tax exempt |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | (62 | )
Loans |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 1,587 |  |  |  | (2,639 | ) |  |  | (1,052 | )
Total interest income |  |  | 643 |  |  |  | 2,269 |  |  |  | 2,912 |  |  |  | 2,445 |  |  |  | (3,868 | ) |  |  | (1,423 | )
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW accounts |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | (52 | ) |  |  | 62 |
Savings and money market |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | (794 | ) |  |  | (667 | )
Time deposits |  |  | (279 | ) |  |  | (643 | ) |  |  | (922 | ) |  |  | (189 | ) |  |  | (1,483 | ) |  |  | (1,672 | )
Other borrowed money |  |  | (127 | ) |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (152 | ) |  |  | (128 | ) |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | (165 | )
Subordinated debentures |  |  | ---- |  |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | ---- |  |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | (50 | )
Total interest expense |  |  | (336 | ) |  |  | (525 | ) |  |  | (861 | ) |  |  | (76 | ) |  |  | (2,416 | ) |  |  | (2,492 | )
Net interest earnings |  | $ | 979 |  |  | $ | 2,794 |  |  | $ | 3,773 |  |  | $ | 2,521 |  |  | $ | (1,452 | ) |  | $ | 1,069 |

The change in interest due to volume and rate is determined as follows: Volume Variance - change in volume multiplied by the previous year's rate; Yield/Rate Variance - change in rate multiplied by the previous year's volume; Total Variance –change in volume multiplied by the change in rate. The change in interest due to both volume and rate has been allocated to volume and rate changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each. The tax exempt securities and loan income is presented on an FTE basis. FTE yield assumes a 21% tax rate, net of related nondeductible interest expense.

The Company’s interest income from taxable investment securities increased $1,477, or 67.8%, in 2022. This was primarily due to investment purchases and reinvestment of maturities at market rates higher than the average portfolio yield. During 2022, the Company took opportunities to reinvest a portion of excess deposits into new U.S. Government and Agency mortgage-backed securities, which contributed to a $42,806 increase in average taxable securities. Additionally, the Company sold $12,500 of lower-yielding taxable securities at the end of 2022, and $48,732 of lower-yielding taxable securities at the end of 2021. The proceeds from both sales were used to reinvest in similar higher-yielding securities that impacted higher asset yields in 2022. These factors had a positive impact on increasing the yield on taxable securities, which increased from 1.34% in 2021 to 1.83% in 2022. During 2021, interest income from taxable investment securities decreased $230, or 9.6%. The Company took opportunities to reinvest a portion of excess deposits into new U.S. Government, U.S. Government sponsored entity and Agency mortgage-backed securities, which contributed to a $44,421 increase in average taxable securities. However, the positive impacts from higher average taxable securities was completely offset by a 70 basis point decline in taxable securities yield from 2.04% to 1.34%. This was primarily due to investment purchases and reinvestment of maturities at market rates lower than the average portfolio yield.
57

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
Total interest expense incurred on the Company’s interest-bearing liabilities decreased $861, or 23.3%, during 2022, and $2,492, or 40.3%, during 2021. The decrease in interest expense during 2022 was largely the result of a lagging effect to deposit rate increases during the time that the FRB took action to aggressively move short-term rates up to combat inflationary pressures in 2022. At that time, the Company was able to maintain a large amount of excess deposit balances within its core segment of interest-bearing NOW, savings and money market accounts with little to no change to their respective deposit product rates. With deposit rates resistant to increase, this caused continued maturity runoff of higher-cost CD balances, some of which were reinvested back into other Bank products. Given the Company’s asset-sensitivity, the increases in short-term interest rates had a positive impact on net interest income in that interest-earning assets repriced faster than interest-bearing liabilities. By experiencing minimal change in deposit rates, this delayed the negative impact that higher market rates had on increasing deposit expense during most of 2022. As a result, the weighted average cost on interest-bearing liabilities decreased from 0.49% in 2021 to 0.38% in 2022. The decrease in interest expense during 2021 was largely the result of a decline in market rates from March 2020, which impacted 2021. The Company’s strategy continues to focus on funding earning asset growth with lower cost, core deposit funding sources to further reduce, or limit growth in, interest expense. With the FRB’s action to reduce short-term rates in 2020, the Bank saw many of its interest-bearing deposit products reprice downward. This led to a decrease in the Company’s weighted average costs from 0.90% at year-end 2020 to 0.49% at year-end 2021. This caused the interest cost on most deposit products to decrease during 2021. However, the pace of interest expense savings was slowed during 2020 due to a lag in repricing on deposits. The Company can only benefit from lower CD interest expense to the extent that new CDs at lower rates could be issued. As CD rates continued to reprice downward, the Company experienced more of an interest expense savings in 2021 than in 2020. The Company’s repricing efforts continued in 2021 with a rate reduction to the Company’s prime investment deposit account, which had a significant impact in lowering money market expense during 2021. Lower rates on deposits also contributed to less of a consumer demand for CDs in 2021, which caused a shift into more NOW, savings and money market balances. This composition shift from higher-cost CDs to lower-cost NOW, savings and money market accounts helped to reduce the Company’s interest expense during 2021.
The Company’s interest expenses were also impacted by other borrowed money and subordinated debentures, which were down collectively by $14, or 1.9%, during the year ended 2022, and $215, or 22.9% during the year ended 2021. The decreases were primarily from the average balance decrease in FHLB borrowings caused by principal repayments during both 2021 and 2022. Partially offsetting the decreases from FHLB borrowings was an increase in the average cost of subordinated debentures, which grew from 1.86% in 2021 to 3.48% in 2022. The impact came from the rise in market rates during 2022 that had a corresponding effect to the rate tied to the subordinated debt.
During 2022, the Company’s net interest margin was positively impacted by the increasing market rates that contributed to higher earning asset yields. The positive impact from 2022’s interest rate increases by the FRB materially elevated interest income on earning assets during 2022. The margin was also positively impacted by a decrease in interest costs in 2022 due to the lagging effect in deposit rates, mostly from CDs, that significantly delayed upward cost adjustments in 2022. These factors contributed to an increase in the net interest margin from 3.61% in 2021 to 3.89% in 2022. The Company’s primary focus is to invest its funds into higher-yielding assets, particularly loans, as opportunities arise. However, if loan balances do not continue to expand and remain a larger component of overall earning assets, the Company will face pressure within its net interest income and margin improvement.
58

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
PROVISION EXPENSE
Credit risk is inherent in the business of originating loans. The Company sets aside an allowance for loan losses through charges to income, which are reflected in the consolidated statement of income as the provision for loan losses. Provision for loan loss is recorded to achieve an allowance for loan losses that is adequate to absorb losses in the Company’s loan portfolio. Management performs, on a quarterly basis, a detailed analysis of the allowance for loan losses that encompasses loan portfolio composition, loan quality, loan loss experience and other relevant economic factors.
During 2022, the Company recorded negative provision expense of $32, as compared to $419 in negative provision expense in 2021. The factors contributing most to the Company’s net recovery of provision expense during both years include decreases in certain economic risk factors, such as the level of classified loans, and the partial release of the COVID-19 reserve. These improvements contributed to lower general reserves during both 2022 and 2021. Partially offsetting these improvements were increases in net charge-offs, which were more impactful in reducing the net recovery of provision expense in 2022 compared to 2021.
During 2022, the Company experienced a $645 decrease in its COVID-19 reserve allocation. This risk factor was added in March 2020 and was necessary to account for the negative outlook of the pandemic, including increases in unemployment that could produce higher anticipated losses. Based on positive asset quality trends and lower net charge-offs, management released $645 of the reserve related to the COVID-19 risk factor in the first quarter of 2022, resulting in a corresponding decrease to both provision expense and the allowance for loan losses.
Excluding the impact from the COVID-19 risk factor, the Company also decreased its general allocations from $3,840 at December 31, 2021 to $3,071 at December 31, 2022, which resulted in lower provision expense during 2022. The Company’s general allocation evaluates several factors that include: loan volume, average historical loan loss trends, credit risk, regional unemployment conditions, asset quality, and changes in classified and criticized assets. Provision expense decreases arising from general allocations were impacted by a decrease in classified assets, as well as lower nonperforming loans that yielded less general allocations. Classified assets within the commercial loan portfolio decreased $6,548, or 70.6%, from year-end 2021 to year-end 2022. Furthermore, the Company’s nonperforming loans to total loans were 0.43% at year-end 2022, as compared to 0.56% at year-end 2021, while nonperforming assets to total assets were 0.31% at year-end 2022 and 0.37% at year-end 2021. Partially offsetting these factors was a negative impact to general allocations in 2022 associated with the Company’s historical loan loss factor. This was due to a normalizing effect on the average historical loan loss factor, which decreased by 6 basis points in 2021 compared to just a 1 basis point decrease in 2022. This resulted in less general reserves being released in 2022 compared to 2021, effectively causing the reduction in provision expense to be less impactful in 2022.
Further generating lower provision expense was a decrease in specific allocations. Specific allocations of the allowance for loan losses identify loan impairment by measuring fair value of the underlying collateral and the present value of estimated future cash flows. There was no net impact to provision expense in 2022 related to specific allocations, as compared to $10 in provision expense in 2021.
Partially offsetting the decreasing effects to provision expense mentioned above was a $924, or 358.1%, increase in net-charge offs on loans. The increase in net charge offs came mostly from the charge offs of two commercial and industrial loans totaling $613 in the second quarter of 2022 as part of a single borrower relationship. This required a corresponding increase to provision expense.
59

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
Also contributing to higher provision expense were increases in loan balances generally allocated for at December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021. The risk associated with the increase in loans generated higher general reserves and a corresponding increase to provision expense.
Management believes that the allowance for loan losses was adequate at December 31, 2022, and reflected probable incurred losses in the portfolio. The allowance for loan losses was 0.60% of total loans at December 31, 2022, as compared to 0.78% at December 31, 2021. There can be no assurance, however, that adjustments to the allowance for loan losses will not be required in the future. Changes in the circumstances of particular borrowers, as well as adverse developments in the economy, could cause further increases in the required allowance for loan losses and require additional provision expense. Asset quality will continue to remain a key focus, as management continues to stress not just loan growth, but quality in loan underwriting as well. Future provisions to the allowance for loan losses will continue to be based on management’s quarterly in-depth evaluation that is discussed in further detail below under the caption “Critical Accounting Policies - Allowance for Loan Losses” within this Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
NONINTEREST INCOME
During 2022, total noninterest income increased $298, or 3.0%, as compared to 2021. The increase in noninterest revenue was primarily impacted by higher service charges on deposit accounts, which were up $579, or 31.1%, during 2022 over 2021. This was primarily from an increase in the volume of overdraft transactions during 2022.
Noninterest income was positively impacted by an increase in debit and credit card interchange income, which was up $218, or 4.7%, during 2022, as compared to 2021. Higher interchange income was impacted by an increase in consumer spending that led to a higher volume of transactions associated with the Company’s debit and credit card products.
Other noninterest income also increased $121, or 12.7%, during 2022, as compared to 2021. This was primarily impacted by a $186 increase in broker fees at Race Day for their portion of mortgage loan sales during 2022. Increases in other noninterest income also came from higher earnings on compensating balances as part of processing tax refunds, which increased $95 in 2022. Further increases also came from commercial loan servicing fees, which were up $44 during 2022. These increases were partially offset by the sale of bank owned property during 2021. The property sales from 2021 resulted in a $194 non-recurring gain, which included the sales of vacant land in Lawrence County, Ohio and a branch building in Jackson, Ohio, that had been acquired as part of the merger with the Milton Banking Company in 2016.
Partially offsetting the increases to noninterest income mentioned above were higher losses associated with the sales of investment securities. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company received proceeds of $10,963 from the sale of three securities totaling $12,500 at a weighted average yield of 1.22%. The lower-yielding securities were replaced with similar securities with a higher weighted average yield of 4.09%. The Company had repeated this strategy a year earlier during the fourth quarter of 2021, receiving proceeds of $47,666 from the sale of thirteen securities totaling $48,732 at a weighted average yield of 0.89%. The lower-yielding securities were replaced with similar securities with a higher weighted average yield of 1.30%. As a result, realized losses on the sale of securities totaled $1,537 in 2022, as compared to $1,066 in losses in 2021, lowering noninterest income by $471. While realized losses were incurred, the transactions are expected to increase future income and have a positive impact to the margin.
Noninterest income was also negatively impacted by a $157, or 18.4%, decrease in mortgage banking income affected by a lower volume of real estate loans sold to the secondary market in 2022. To help manage consumer demand for longer-term, fixed-rate real estate mortgages during a low interest rate environment, the Company will sell a portion of the real estate loan volume it originates during that period. The decision to sell long-term fixed-rate mortgages at lower rates would also help to minimize the interest rate risk exposure to rising rates. The large volume of mortgage refinancing experienced during the pandemic of 2020 began to normalize in 2021. As market rates increased in 2022, this had a negative effect on further lowering mortgage refinancing volume. As a result, the Bank’s mortgage banking income decreased $443 in 2022. Partially offsetting this decrease was Race Day’s growth in mortgage banking income, which increased $286 in 2022 due to an increase in volume of loan sales.
60

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
The Company’s remaining noninterest income categories increased $8, or 0.3%, during the year ended 2022, as compared to 2021. This was in large part due to higher trust income partially offset by lower earnings on bank owned life insurance and tax preparation fees.
NONINTEREST EXPENSE
Management continues to work diligently to minimize noninterest expense. For 2022, total noninterest expense increased $1,760, or 4.7%, as compared to 2021. The Company’s largest noninterest expense item, salaries and employee benefits, was limited to a $34, or 0.2%, decrease during 2022. Contributing most to this cost savings was the reevaluation of nonqualified benefit plan liabilities at year-end 2022. Based on higher market interest rates, the benefit plan liabilities were reduced, leading to a lump sum decrease in benefit expense in December 2022. As a result, the expense associated with the nonqualified benefit plans decreased $978 during 2022, as compared to 2021. Partially offsetting the decrease in benefit plan expense were higher salary expense, which was primarily related to the staffing of Race Day employees and to annual merit increases associated with the improved financial performance achieved in 2022.
Completely offsetting the decrease in salaries and employee benefit costs were higher marketing costs, increasing $602, or 72.9%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Marketing costs were largely impacted by specific donations made during the fourth quarter of 2022 to support the communities that we serve and reflective of our Community First mission. As a result, donation expenses increased $562 during 2022, while advertising and public relation expenses increased $40.
Data processing expense also increased $355, or 14.8%, during 2022. Higher costs in this category were the direct result of the volume increase in debit and credit card transactions, which increased processing costs.
The Company also experienced an increase in software expense during 2022, which was up $339, or 18.3%, over the year ended 2021. The increase was largely impacted by the associated software costs from Race Day, which included various software platforms and resources necessary to conduct business. Further increases came from various software purchases and enhancements at the Bank to further improve operational efficiencies in 2022.
Other noninterest expense increased $315, or 5.6%, during 2022 compared to 2021. This was primarily impacted by various other overhead costs from Race Day, which increased $467 during 2022. These costs include the expense associated with purchasing mortgage loan marketing leads and employee recruiting costs. Partially offsetting additional Race Day overhead expense was a nonrecurring prepayment penalty expense incurred from the prior year. During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company redeemed $3,187 in long-term FHLB advances that had been used to fund fixed rate loans. The specific loans being funded were paid off, which permitted the Company to redeem the advances. By redeeming the advances, a prepayment penalty of $186 was incurred, which contributed to the increase in other noninterest expense during 2021.
61

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
The Company’s occupancy, furniture and equipment expenses were also up $148, or 5.1%, during 2022, as compared to 2021. This was primarily related to building repair and maintenance costs, as well as utility costs.
The remaining noninterest expense categories increased $35, or 1.7%, during the year-ended 2022, as compared to 2021.
The Company's efficiency ratio is defined as noninterest expense as a percentage of fully tax-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income. The effects from provision expense are excluded from the efficiency ratio. Management continues to place emphasis on managing its balance sheet mix and interest rate sensitivity as well as developing more innovative ways to generate noninterest revenue. During 2022, the Company has benefited from an increase in earning asset yields and a decrease in the average costs on interest-bearing liabilities. The actions of the FRB to increase market rates have contributed to the asset yield improvement. Furthermore, the composition shift from lower yielding Federal Reserve Bank balances to higher yielding loans and securities has also had a positive impact to the net interest margin. These factors more than offset the decrease in PPP loan fees that were more impactful during 2021 than 2022. As a result, net interest income during the year ended 2022 has outperformed the net interest income results during the year ended 2021. Increases in overhead costs associated with Race Day, along with higher marketing, data processing and software costs have contributed to higher noninterest expense, which have increased 4.7% during the year ended 2022, compared to the year ended 2021. However, the increases in overhead expense, net of noninterest revenue, during the year ended 2022 are only partially offsetting the benefits of higher net interest earnings. As a result, the Company’s efficiency number decreased (improved) to 70.44% at December 31, 2022, from 72.59% at December 31, 2021.
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES
The provision for income taxes during 2022 totaled $2,594, compared to $2,284 in 2021. The effective tax rate for both 2022 and 2021 was 16.3%. The effective tax rate was unchanged in 2022 as a result of a lump sum adjustment that reduced costs associated with certain nondeductible retirement benefit plans during 2022, which lowered tax expense.
FINANCIAL CONDITION:
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
The Company’s cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, as well as interest- and non-interest bearing balances due from other banks. The amounts of cash and cash equivalents fluctuate on a daily basis due to customer activity and liquidity needs. At December 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents decreased $106,044 to $45,990, compared to $152,034 at December 31, 2021. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents came mostly from lower interest-bearing deposits on hand with correspondent banks. At December 31, 2022, the Company’s interest-bearing FRB clearing account represented over 66% of cash and cash equivalents. The Company utilizes its interest-bearing FRB clearing account to manage excess funds, as well as to assist in funding earning asset growth. During 2022, the Company utilized a portion of its clearing account balances to reinvest in higher-yielding loans and investment securities. The interest rate paid on both the required and excess reserve balances of the FRB account is based on the targeted federal funds rate established by the Federal Open Market Committee. During 2022, the rate associated with the Company’s FRB clearing account increased 425 basis points due to rising inflationary concerns, resulting in a target federal funds rate range of 4.25% to 4.50%. The interest-bearing deposit balances in the FRB are 100% secured by the U.S. Government.
62

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
As liquidity levels continuously vary based on consumer activities, amounts of cash and cash equivalents can vary widely at any given point in time. The Company’s focus during periods of heightened liquidity will be to invest excess funds into longer-term, higher-yielding assets, primarily loans, when the opportunities arise. Further information regarding the Company’s liquidity can be found below under the caption “Liquidity” in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT IN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
At December 31, 2022, the Company had $1,862 in CDs owned by the Captive, down $467, or 20.1%, from year-end 2021. The deposits on hand at December 31, 2022, consist of eight certificates with remaining maturity terms ranging from less than four months up to nine months.
SECURITIES
Management's goal in structuring its investment securities portfolio is to maintain a prudent level of liquidity and to provide an acceptable rate of return without sacrificing asset quality. During 2022, the balance of total securities increased $6,006, or 3.2%, compared to year-end 2021. The Company’s investment securities portfolio is made up mostly of Agency mortgage-backed securities, representing 62.8% of total investments at December 31, 2022. During the year ended 2022, the Company utilized a portion of its heightened excess deposits to purchase investment securities with the intent of minimizing the amount of funds being maintained within the lower-yielding interest-bearing FRB clearing account. This resulted in $29,470 of new Agency mortgage-backed securities, while receiving principal repayments of $22,891. The monthly repayment of principal has been the primary advantage of Agency mortgage-backed securities as compared to other types of investment securities, which deliver proceeds upon maturity or at a specified call date. The Company also used excess deposits to purchase $37,351 in U.S. Government securities, net of maturities.
Furthermore, during the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company received proceeds of $10,963 from the sale of three securities totaling $12,500. These securities carrying a weighted average yield of 1.22% were replaced with similar securities at a higher weighted average yield of 4.09%. While this sale and repurchase of securities resulted in a realized loss of $1,537 with little change to the balance of earning assets, the Company will benefit from the shift to higher-yielding securities that is expected to increase future income and have a positive impact to the margin.
In addition, the continued increases in long-term reinvestment rates during 2022 led to a $19,647 decrease in the fair value associated with the Company’s available for sale securities at December 31, 2022. The fair value of an investment security moves inversely to interest rates, so as reinvestment rates increased, the unrealized gain in the portfolio decreased. These changes in rates are typical and do not impact earnings of the Company as long as the securities are held to full maturity.

Investment Portfolio Composition |
at December 31, 2022 | at December 31, 2021

63

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations

SECURITIES Table III

| MATURING |
As of December 31, 2022 | Within One Year |  | After One but Within Five Years |  | After Five but Within Ten Years |  | After Ten Years |
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 4,928 |  |  |  | 2.37 | % |  | $ | 49,864 |  |  |  | 2.30 | % |  | $ | ---- |  |  |  | ---- |  |  | $ | ---- |  |  |  | ---- |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | 1,993 |  |  |  | 2.73 | % |  |  | 1,676 |  |  |  | 1.89 | % |  |  | 4,314 |  |  |  | 1.50 | % |  |  | ---- |  |  |  | ---- |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 787 |  |  |  | 4.89 | % |  |  | 3,735 |  |  |  | 3.02 | % |  |  | 1,976 |  |  |  | 2.53 | % |  |  | 1,961 |  |  |  | 2.81 | %
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 3.37 | % |  |  | 62,658 |  |  |  | 2.08 | % |  |  | 58,523 |  |  |  | 1.47 | % |  |  | ---- |  |  |  | ---- |
Total securities |  | $ | 7,827 |  |  |  | 2.73 | % |  | $ | 117,933 |  |  |  | 2.20 | % |  | $ | 64,813 |  |  |  | 1.50 | % |  | $ | 1,961 |  |  |  | 2.81 | %

Tax-equivalent adjustments of $47 have been made in calculating yields on obligations of states and political subdivisions using a 21% rate. Weighted average yields are calculated on the basis of the cost and effective yields weighted for the scheduled maturity of each security. Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are assigned to a maturity category based on estimated average lives. Securities are shown at their fair values, which include the market value adjustments for available for sale securities.

Maturing securities provided the Company with sufficient liquidity in 2021 and 2022 so as to obviate the need for other sources of fundraising, such as debt offerings.
The Company’s focus will be to generate interest revenue primarily through loan growth, as loans generate the highest yields of total earning assets. Table III provides a summary of the securities portfolio by category and remaining contractual maturity. Issues classified as equity securities have no stated maturity date and are not included in Table III.
LOANS
In 2022, the Company's primary category of earning assets and most significant source of interest income, total loans, increased $53,858, or 6.5%, to $885,049. The increase in loan balances from year-end 2021 came primarily from the residential real estate and commercial and industrial loan portfolios, with other increases coming from the commercial real estate and consumer loan portfolios.
Generating residential real estate loans remains a significant focus of the Company’s lending efforts. The residential real estate loan portfolio represents the largest class of the Company's overall loan portfolio at 33.6% and consists primarily of one-to-four family residential mortgages and carries many of the same customer and industry risks as the commercial loan portfolio. The Company’s mortgage loan balances experienced significant declines during the previous year of 2021 after the mortgage refinancing period reached its peak in 2020. A larger volume of loan prepayments and payoffs in 2021 completely offset new mortgage loan originations during that time. These prepayments and payoffs of real estate loans continued in 2022, but were not as impactful as in 2021. Due to the rise in market rates in 2022, the Company experienced less opportunities to sell long-term fixed-rate residential mortgages to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, which generated more loan origination opportunities for the Bank in 2022. As a result, residential real estate loans increased $22,611, or 8.2%, during 2022 as compared to year-end 2021. The increase in residential real estate loans was primarily from the Bank's warehouse lending volume. Warehouse lending consists of a line of credit provided by the Bank to another mortgage lender that makes loans for the purchase of one-to-four family residential real estate properties. The mortgage lender eventually sells the loans and repays the Bank. Warehouse lending increased from no balances at year-end 2021 to $19,158 at year-end 2022. The increase in market rates during 2022 had an impact on lowering loan volume within the long-term fixed-rate loan portfolio. This contributed to a shift into more short-term adjustable-rate mortgages (up $9,501) and less long-term fixed-rate mortgages (down $5,937) at year-end 2022.
64

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations

Loan Portfolio Composition |
at December 31, 2022 | at December 31,2021

Management continues to place emphasis on its commercial lending, which generally yields a higher return on investment as compared to other types of loans. The commercial lending segment increased $16,665, or 3.9%, from year-end 2021, which came mostly from commercial and industrial loans. Commercial and industrial loans consist of loans to corporate borrowers primarily in small to mid-sized industrial and commercial companies that include service, retail and wholesale merchants. Collateral securing these loans includes equipment, inventory, and stock. The commercial and industrial loan segment also included PPP loan balances that had a significant impact on average earning asset growth in 2021. The Company’s remaining PPP loans of $446 that were outstanding at year-end 2021 were paid off during the first quarter of 2022. During 2022, the commercial and industrial loan portfolio increased $9,707, or 6.9%, from year-end 2021. The growth was impacted by an increase in larger loan originations during the year.
The commercial real estate loan segment comprised the largest portion of the Company's total commercial loan portfolio at December 31, 2021, representing 65.6% of such portfolio. Commercial real estate consists of owner-occupied, nonowner-occupied and construction loans. Owner-occupied loans consist of nonfarm, nonresidential properties. A commercial owner-occupied loan is a borrower purchased building or space for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon cash flows from the ongoing operations conducted by the party, or an affiliate of the party, who owns the property. Owner-occupied loans of the Company include loans secured by hospitals, churches, and hardware and convenience stores. Nonowner-occupied loans are property loans for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon rental income associated with the property or the subsequent sale of the property, such as apartment buildings, condominiums, hotels and motels. These loans are primarily impacted by local economic conditions, which dictate occupancy rates and the amount of rent charged. Commercial construction loans are extended to individuals as well as corporations for the construction of an individual property or multiple properties and are secured by raw land and the subsequent improvements. Commercial real estate also includes loan participations with other banks outside the Company’s primary market area. Although the Company is not actively seeking to participate in loans originated outside its primary market area, it has taken advantage of the relationships it has with certain lenders in those areas where the Company believes it can profitably participate with an acceptable level of risk. Commercial real estate loans totaled $288,755 at December 31, 2022, an increase of $6,958, or 2.5%, over the balance of commercial real estate loans at year-end 2021. Most of this growth came from nonowner-occupied loan originations, with balances increasing $6,731, or 3.8%, from year-end 2021. Larger originations during 2022 also contributed to growth in the owner-occupied commercial loan portfolio, increasing $740, or 1.0%, from year-end 2021. Partially offsetting these increases were larger payoffs from construction loans related to one-to-four family residential homes, which decreased $513, or 1.5%, from year-end 2021.
65

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
While management believes lending opportunities exist in the Company's markets, future commercial lending activities will depend upon economic and related conditions, such as general demand for loans in the Company's primary markets, interest rates offered by the Company, the effects of competitive pressure and normal underwriting considerations.

MATURITY AND REPRICING DATA OF LOANS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Table IV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Within One Year |  |  | After One but Within Five Years |  |  | After Five but Within Fifteen Years |  |  | After Fifteen Years |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate loans |  | $ | 64,248 |  |  | $ | 168,505 |  |  | $ | 58,327 |  |  | $ | 5,956 |  |  | $ | 297,036 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 68,327 |  |  |  | 194,484 |  |  |  | 25,017 |  |  |  | 927 |  |  |  | 288,755 |
Commercial and industrial loans |  |  | 44,346 |  |  |  | 41,741 |  |  |  | 41,024 |  |  |  | 24,121 |  |  |  | 151,232 |
Consumer loans(1) |  |  | 48,682 |  |  |  | 59,838 |  |  |  | 39,506 |  |  |  | ---- |  |  |  | 148,026 |
Total loans |  | $ | 225,603 |  |  | $ | 464,568 |  |  | $ | 163,874 |  |  | $ | 31,004 |  |  | $ | 885,049 |

Loans maturing or repricing after one year with: |  | Variable Interest Rates |  |  | Fixed Interest Rates |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate loans |  | $ | 178,211 |  |  | $ | 54,577 |  |  | $ | 232,788 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 201,334 |  |  |  | 19,094 |  |  |  | 220,428 |
Commercial and industrial loans |  |  | 29,082 |  |  |  | 77,804 |  |  |  | 106,886 |
Consumer loans(1) |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 99,250 |  |  |  | 99,344 |
Total loans |  | $ | 408,721 |  |  | $ | 250,725 |  |  | $ | 659,446 |

(1) Includes automobile, home equity and other consumer loans.
66

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
The Company’s loan balances were also impacted by an increase in the consumer loan portfolio, which was up $14,582, or 10.9%, from year-end 2021. The Company’s consumer loans are primarily secured by automobiles, mobile homes, recreational vehicles and other personal property. Personal loans and unsecured credit card receivables are also included as consumer loans. Leading the growth in consumer loans was an increase in automobile loan balances of $6,631, or 13.8%, from year-end 2021. Automobile loans represent the Company’s largest consumer loan segment at 37.1% of total consumer loans. Automobile loans increased primarily due to a resurgence in consumer spending during 2022 that had been significantly impacted by the pandemic environment. During that time, automobile sales had been limited due to the lingering health concerns of COVID-19, as well as a reduction in available car inventory impacted by a chip shortage. As those situations have improved, the demand for auto loans has picked up in 2022. Consumer loans were also impacted by an increase of $5,416, or 24.2%, in home equity lines of credit during 2022. This was due in large part to the Company offering a new home equity line product with no closing costs beginning in the second quarter of 2022. Furthermore, as part of the Company’s efforts to invest the heightened levels of excess deposits, the Company purchased multiple pools of loans issued to healthcare professionals during the third quarter of 2022. In relation to the purchase of these loans, the other consumer loan segment increased $2,535, or 4.0%, from year-end 2021. The Company will continue to attempt to increase its auto lending segment while maintaining strict loan underwriting processes to limit future loss exposure. However, the Company will place more emphasis on loan portfolios (i.e. commercial and, to a smaller extent, residential real estate) with higher returns than auto loans. Indirect automobile loans bear additional costs from dealers that partially offset interest revenue and lower the rate of return.
The Company will continue to sell a portion of its long-term fixed-rate loans to the secondary market even though there is no significant demand for such loans under the current rising rate environment. Furthermore, the Company will continue to monitor the pace of its loan volume and will remain consistent in its approach to sound underwriting practices with a focus on asset quality.
ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES
Tables V and VI have been provided to enhance the understanding of the loan portfolio and the allowance for loan losses. Management evaluates the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses quarterly based on several factors, including, but not limited to, general economic conditions, loan portfolio composition, prior loan loss experience, and management's estimate of probable incurred losses. Management continually monitors the loan portfolio to identify potential portfolio risks and to detect potential credit deterioration in the early stages, and then establishes reserves based upon its evaluation of these inherent risks. Actual losses on loans are reflected as reductions in the reserve and are referred to as charge-offs. The amount of the provision for loan losses charged to operating expenses is the amount necessary, in management's opinion, to maintain the allowance for loan losses at an adequate level that is reflective of probable and inherent loss. The allowance required is primarily a function of the relative quality of the loans in the loan portfolio, the mix of loans in the portfolio and the rate of growth of outstanding loans. Impaired loans, which include loans classified as TDRs, are considered in the determination of the overall adequacy of the allowance for loan losses.
67

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES
Table V

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Years Ended December 31 |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Residential real estate loans |  | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | 980 |
Percentage of loans to total loans |  |  | 33.56 | % |  |  | 33.02 | %
Percentage of net charge-offs to average loans |  |  | -.01 | % |  |  | -.04 | %
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 2,038 |  |  |  | 2,548 |
Percentage of loans to total loans |  |  | 32.63 | % |  |  | 33.90 | %
Percentage of net charge-offs to average loans |  |  | -.02 | % |  |  | -.07 | %
Commercial and industrial loans |  |  | 1,293 |  |  |  | 1,571 |
Percentage of loans to total loans |  |  | 17.09 | % |  |  | 17.03 | %
Percentage of net charge-offs to average loans |  |  | .38 | % |  |  | -.04 | %
Consumer loans(1) |  |  | 1,257 |  |  |  | 1,384 |
Percentage of loans to total loans |  |  | 16.73 | % |  |  | 16.05 | %
Percentage of net charge-offs to average loans |  |  | .50 | % |  |  | .45 | %
Allowance for loan losses |  | $ | 5,269 |  |  | $ | 6,483 |
Total loans percentage |  |  | 100.00 | % |  |  | 100.00 | %
Net charge-offs to average loans |  |  | .14 | % |  |  | .03 | %

The above allocation is based on estimates and subjective judgments and is not necessarily indicative of the specific amounts or loan categories in which losses may ultimately occur.
(1) Includes automobile, home equity and other consumer loans.
CREDIT RATIOS
Table VI

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Years Ended December 31 |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Loans |  | $ | 885,049 |  |  | $ | 831,191 |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  | 5,269 |  |  |  | 6,483 |
Past due 90 days or more and still accruing |  |  | 538 |  |  |  | 290 |
Nonaccrual |  |  | 3,233 |  |  |  | 4,346 |
Allowance for loan losses to total loans |  |  | .60 | % |  |  | .78 | %
Nonaccrual loans to total loans |  |  | .37 | % |  |  | .52 | %
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans |  |  | 162.98 | % |  |  | 149.17 | %

Management formally considers placing a loan on nonaccrual status when collection of principal or interest has become doubtful. Furthermore, generally, a loan is not returned to accrual status unless either all delinquent principal or interest has been brought current or the loan becomes well secured and is in the process of collection.
68

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
Management continues to focus on improving asset quality and lowering credit risk while working to maintain its relationships with its borrowers. During 2022, the Company’s allowance for loan losses decreased $1,214, or 18.7%, to $5,269, compared to $6,483 at year-end 2021. As part of the Company’s quarterly analysis of the allowance for loan losses, management reviewed various factors that directly impact the general allocation needs of the allowance, which include: historical loan losses, loan delinquency levels, local economic conditions and unemployment rates, criticized/classified asset coverage levels and loan loss recoveries. During 2022, the Company experienced a $1,204 decrease in its general allocations of the allowance for loan losses. Contributing to this decrease were lower reserves associated with the COVID-19 risk factor. The Company added a COVID-19 risk factor in 2020 due to the negative economic outlook of the pandemic. Based on positive asset quality trends and lower net charge offs, management released $645 of the reserve related to the COVID-19 risk factor during the first quarter of 2022, resulting in a corresponding decrease in both provision expense and general allocations of the allowance for loan loss. Excluding the impact from the COVID-19 risk factor, the Company experienced a $559 decrease in general allocations of the allowance for loan losses. A lower historical loan loss factor and lower classified assets were the key factors to the year-to-date drop in general allocations. The historical loan loss factor decreased from 0.18% at year-end 2021 to 0.17% at year-end 2022, while the classified risk factor decreased as a result of various commercial loan upgrades from improvements in the financial performance of certain borrowers’ ability to repay their loans. During the second and third quarters of 2022, the Company experienced payoffs on two commercial loan relationships that had $8,019 in loans and committed balances, which reduced classified assets and released general reserves during 2022. Furthermore, the Company upgraded a single commercial loan relationship during the first quarter of 2022 totaling $2,232 from a classified to a criticized loan status, which also contributed to the release of general reserves during 2022. This contributed to lower classified assets from year-end 2021, particularly within the commercial real estate and commercial and industrial segments. Additionally, the Company’s delinquency levels decreased from year-end 2021, with nonperforming loans to total loans of 0.43% at December 31, 2022 compared to 0.56% at December 31, 2021, and lower nonperforming assets to total assets of 0.31% at December 31, 2022 compared to 0.37% at year-end 2021.
Specific allocations of the allowance for loan losses identify loan impairment by measuring fair value of the underlying collateral and the present value of estimated future cash flows. At year-end 2022, the Company identified no impairment on loans being specifically evaluated, as compared to $10 in impairment at year-end 2021. The change in specific reserves was related to the payoff on one commercial borrower during the third quarter of 2022 that led to the release of specific reserves.
At December 31, 2022, the ratio of the allowance for loan losses decreased to 0.60%, compared to 0.78% at December 31, 2021. Management believes that the allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2022, was adequate and reflected probable incurred losses in the loan portfolio. There can be no assurance, however, that adjustments to the allowance for loan losses will not be required in the future. Changes in the circumstances of particular borrowers, as well as adverse developments in the economy, are factors that could change, and management will make adjustments to the allowance for loan losses as needed. Asset quality will continue to remain a key focus of the Company, as management continues to stress not just loan growth, but also quality in loan underwriting. Future provisions to the allowance for loan losses will continue to be based on management’s quarterly in-depth evaluation that is discussed in further detail below under the caption “Critical Accounting Policies - Allowance for Loan Losses” within this Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses” is required to be adopted by smaller reporting companies by the fiscal year and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company meets the requirements to be considered a smaller reporting company under SEC Regulation S-K and SEC Rule 405, and will adopt ASU 2016-13 effective January 1, 2023. ASU 2016-13 requires entities to replace the current “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model, which is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. To implement the new standard, the Company established a cross-discipline governance structure, which included a dedicated working group and a CECL Committee consisting of members from different functions including Finance, Credit, Lending and Executive, who provided implementation oversight and reviewed policy elections, key assumptions, processes, and model results. The working group is responsible for the implementation process that includes developing the loan segmentation, data sourcing and validation, loss driver inputs, qualitative factors, parallel model runs, scenario testing and back testing.
69

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
The Company used a third-party vendor to assist in the implementation process of its new model to calculate credit losses over the estimated life of the applicable financial assets. The Company elected to use the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) methodology for the quantitative analysis for the majority of its loan segments. Management’s estimate of the allowance balance is using relevant and reliable available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current condition, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. Forecast of economic conditions are based on forecasted unemployment and gross domestic product. Model assumptions include developing historical loss rates, prepayment rates and curtailment rates. In defining these model assumptions, the use of regional and national peer data was utilized. The development and validation of credit models also included determining the length of the reasonable and supportable forecast and regression period. The Company does not expect to record an allowance for credit losses for its available for sale securities at the date of adoption because it has not identified credit losses in that portfolio. However, a nominal allowance for credit losses will be established for held to maturity securities based on national historical loss rates for respective credit ratings for municipal securities as calculated by the major credit rating agencies.
The Company has completed parallel model runs, and continues to test and refine the credit loss models in parallel with the existing incurred loss approach. In addition, the Company is in process of finalizing the review of the most recent model run and certain assumptions, completing policies, procedures and control enhancements, and including model validation by another third-party vendor. The status of the Company's implementation has been periodically presented to the CECL Committee. The Company expects to recognize a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to the allowance for credit losses as of the January 1, 2023 date of adoption of the new standard, which is estimated to be between $1.7 million and $2.5 million. The Company does not expect to record a material amount for off balance sheet commitments. The Company will be electing the three-year phase in option of the day-one impact of this standard to regulatory capital.
DEPOSITS
Deposits are used as part of the Company’s liquidity management strategy to meet obligations for depositor withdrawals, to fund the borrowing needs of loan customers, and to fund ongoing operations. Deposits, both interest- and noninterest-bearing, continue to be the most significant source of funds used by the Company to support earning assets. Deposits are attractive sources of funding because of their stability and general low cost as compared to other funding sources. The Company seeks to maintain a proper balance of core deposit relationships on hand while also utilizing various wholesale deposit sources, such as brokered and internet CD balances, as an alternative funding source to manage efficiently the net interest margin. Deposits are influenced by changes in interest rates, economic conditions and competition from other banks.
Total deposits consist mostly of “core” deposits, which include noninterest-bearing deposits, as well as interest-bearing demand, savings, and money market deposits. The Bank focuses on core deposit relationships with consumers from local markets who can maintain multiple accounts and services at the Bank. The Company believes such core deposits are more stable and less sensitive to changing interest rates and other economic factors. Total deposits decreased $32,253, or 3.0%, from year-end 2021 to $1,027,655 at December 31, 2022. The decrease was largely related to lower interest-bearing deposit balances, which were down $33,088, or 4.7%, from year-end 2021.
70

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
The decrease in interest-bearing deposits came primarily from lower time deposits, which include CDs and individual retirement accounts. Total time deposits decreased $37,363, or 19.7%, from year-end 2021. This decrease came largely from the Company’s retail time deposits, which decreased $22,465, or 13.4%, from year-end 2021 due to the consumer shift to savings products. While the the FRB increased short-term rates by 425 basis points due to inflationary concerns, there was a lagging effect to the repricings of CD rate offerings, which contributed to the decrease in consumer demand for CDs during 2022. Futher decreasing time deposit balances were lower wholesale time deposits. While the Company's preference is to fund earning asset demand with retail core deposits, wholesale deposits are utilized to help satisfy earning asset growth. Due to the heightened liquidity position from year-end 2021, brokered and internet CD issuances decreased $14,898, or 67.3%. The Company will continue to evaluate its use of wholesale deposits to manage the Company’s liquidity position and interest rate risk associated with longer-term, fixed-rate asset loan demand.
Decreases in interest-bearing time deposit balances were partially offset by a $7,713, or 5.3%, increase in the Company’s other savings accounts. Growth in these balances came primarily from higher statement savings account balances impacted by the lagging effect to deposit repricings that produced maturity runoff of CDs during 2022. NOW account balances were also up $4,396, or 2.1%, from year-end 2021, largely driven by higher municipal NOW product balances within the Gallia County, Ohio, and Mason County, West Virginia, market areas. These increases to interest-bearing deposits were partially offset by lower money market account balances, which were down $7,833, or 4.8%, from year-end 2021. The deposit rate on the Company’s Prime Investment money market account had been reduced during 2021 in response to decreasing market rates in 2020, and the rate remained flat in 2022 during the rise in market rates. This contributed to a consumer shift from money market deposits into more savings and noninterest-bearing deposit accounts.

Composition of Total Deposits |
at December 31, 2022 | at December 31, 2021

71

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
Total deposits during 2022 benefited from higher noninterest-bearing balances, which increased $835, or 0.2%, from year-end 2021. The increase came mostly from the Company’s business and incentive-based checking account balances.
The Company expects to continue to experience increased competition for deposits in its market areas, which could challenge its net growth. The Company will continue to emphasize growth and retention within its core deposit relationships during 2023, reflecting the Company’s efforts to reduce its reliance on higher cost funding and improving net interest income.
OTHER BORROWED FUNDS
The Company also accesses other funding sources, including short-term and long-term borrowings, to fund potential asset growth and satisfy short-term liquidity needs. Other borrowed funds consist primarily of FHLB advances and promissory notes. During 2022, other borrowed funds were down $1,669, or 8.5%, from year-end 2021. The decrease was related primarily to the principal repayments applied to various FHLB advances during the first quarter of 2022. While deposits continue to be the primary source of funding for growth in earning assets, management will continue to utilize FHLB advances and promissory notes to help manage interest rate sensitivity and liquidity.
SUBORDINATED DEBENTURES
The Company received proceeds from the issuance of one trust preferred security on March 22, 2007, totaling $8,500 at a fixed rate of 6.58%. The trust preferred security is now at an adjustable rate equal to the 3-month LIBOR plus 1.68%. The Company does not report the securities issued by the trust as a liability, but instead, reports as a liability the subordinated debenture issued by the Company and held by the trust.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
As discussed in Notes I and L to the financial statements at December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company engages in certain off-balance sheet credit-related activities, including commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which could require the Company to make cash payments in the event that specified future events occur. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. While these commitments are necessary to meet the financing needs of the Company’s customers, many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total amount of commitments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Management does not anticipate that the Company’s current off-balance sheet activities will have a material impact on the results of operations or financial condition.
72

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
CAPITAL RESOURCES
Federal regulators have classified and defined capital into the following components: (i) Tier 1 capital, which includes tangible shareholders’ equity for common stock, qualifying preferred stock and certain qualifying hybrid instruments, and (ii) Tier 2 capital, which includes a portion of the allowance for loan losses, certain qualifying long-term debt, preferred stock and hybrid instruments which do not qualify as Tier 1 capital.
In September 2019, consistent with Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule providing simplified capital requirements for certain community banking organizations (banks and holding companies). Under the rule, a qualifying community banking organization (“QCBO”) is eligible to opt into the Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) framework in lieu of the Basel III capital requirements if it has less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, limited amounts of certain trading assets and liabilities, limited amounts of off-balance sheet exposure and a leverage ratio greater than 9.0%. The new rule took effect January 1, 2020, and QCBOs were allowed to opt into the new CBLR framework in their Call Report beginning the first quarter of 2020.
A QCBO opting into the CBLR framework must maintain a CBLR of 9.0%, subject to a two quarter grace period to come back into compliance, provided that the QCBO maintains a leverage ratio of more than 8.0% during the grace period. A QCBO failing to satisfy these requirements must comply with the existing Basel III capital requirements as implemented by the banking regulators in July 2013.
The numerator of the CBLR is Tier 1 capital, as calculated under present rules. The denominator of the CBLR is the QCBO’s average assets, calculated in accordance with the QCBO’s Call Report instructions and less assets deducted from Tier 1 capital.
The Bank opted into the CBLR, and will, therefore, not be required to comply with the Basel III capital requirements. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank’s CBLR was 11.0%.
Pursuant to the CARES Act, the federal banking regulators in April 2020 issued interim final rules to set the CBLR at 8% beginning in the second quarter of 2020 through the end of 2020. Beginning in 2021, the CBLR increased to 8.5% for the calendar year. Community banks had until January 1, 2022 before the CBLR requirement returned to 9%.
As detailed in Note P to the financial statements at December 31, 2022, the Bank was deemed to be “well capitalized” under applicable prompt corrective action regulations. The Company's total shareholders' equity at December 31, 2022 of $135,028 decreased $6,328, or 4.5%, as compared to $141,356 at December 31, 2021. Capital grew during 2022 primarily from year-to-date net income of $13,338, less dividends paid of $4,720. This net growth was more than offset by a $15,521 after-tax decrease in net unrealized gains on available for sale securities from year-end 2021, as long-term reinvestment rates increased during most of 2022 causing a decrease in the fair value of the Company’s available for sale investment portfolio.
LIQUIDITY
Liquidity relates to the Company's ability to meet the cash demands and credit needs of its customers and is provided by the ability to readily convert assets to cash and raise funds in the market place. Total cash and cash equivalents, held to maturity securities maturing within one year, and available for sale securities, which totaled $230,853, represented 19.1% of total assets at December 31, 2022 compared to $329,264 and 26.3% of total assets at December 31, 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on higher levels of excess funds during 2021 and 2022, which included customer deposits of stimulus monies from various government relief programs. To further enhance the Bank’s ability to meet liquidity demands, the FHLB offers advances to the Bank. At December 31, 2022, the Bank could borrow an additional $92,254 from the FHLB. Furthermore, the Bank has established a borrowing line with the Federal Reserve. At December 31, 2022, this line had total availability of $56,332. Lastly, the Bank also has the ability to purchase federal funds from a correspondent bank. For further cash flow information, see the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows above. Management does not rely on any single source of liquidity and monitors the level of liquidity based on many factors affecting the Company’s financial condition.
73

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
INFLATION
Consolidated financial data included herein has been prepared in accordance with US GAAP. Presently, US GAAP requires the Company to measure financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars with the exception of securities available for sale, which are carried at fair value. Changes in the relative value of money due to inflation or deflation are generally not considered.
In management's opinion, changes in interest rates affect the financial institution to a far greater degree than changes in the inflation rate. While interest rates are greatly influenced by changes in the inflation rate, they do not change at the same rate or in the same manner as the inflation rate. Rather, interest rate volatility is based on changes in the expected rate of inflation, as well as monetary and fiscal policies. A financial institution's ability to be relatively unaffected by changes in interest rates is a good indicator of its capability to perform in today's volatile economic environment. The Company seeks to insulate itself from interest rate volatility by ensuring that rate sensitive assets and rate sensitive liabilities respond to changes in interest rates in a similar time frame and to a similar degree.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The most significant accounting policies followed by the Company are presented in Note A to the consolidated financial statements. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the other financial statement notes, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Management views critical accounting policies to be those that are highly dependent on subjective or complex judgments, estimates, and assumptions, and where changes in those estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the financial statements. Management currently views the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses and goodwill to be critical accounting policies.
Allowance for Loan Losses:
The allowance for loan losses is a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Management estimates the allowance balance required using past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off.
The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are individually classified as impaired. A loan is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans generally consist of loans with balances of $200 or more on nonaccrual status or nonperforming in nature. Loans for which the terms have been modified, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered troubled debt restructurings and classified as impaired.
Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length and reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed.
74

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations
Commercial and commercial real estate loans are individually evaluated for impairment. If a loan is impaired, a portion of the allowance is allocated so that the loan is reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as consumer and most residential real estate, are collectively evaluated for impairment, and accordingly, they are not separately identified for impairment disclosure. Troubled debt restructurings are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception. If a troubled debt restructuring is considered to be a collateral dependent loan, the loan is reported, net, at the fair value of the collateral. For troubled debt restructurings that subsequently default, the Company determines the amount of reserve in accordance with the accounting policy for the allowance for loan losses.
The general component covers non-impaired loans and impaired loans that are not individually reviewed for impairment and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors. The historical loss experience is determined by portfolio segment and is based on the actual loss history experienced by the Company over the most recent 3 years for the consumer and real estate portfolio segment and 5 years for the commercial portfolio segment. The total loan portfolio's actual loss experience is supplemented with other economic factors based on the risks present for each portfolio segment. These economic factors include consideration of the following: levels of and trends in delinquencies and impaired loans; levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; national and local economic trends and conditions; industry conditions; and effects of changes in credit concentrations. During the second quarter of 2022, the Company established a new economic risk factor for certain risks that may impact the loan portfolio, such as elevated inflation, increasing interest rates, slowing housing starts, declining GDP, and negative employment trends. The following portfolio segments have been identified: Commercial Real Estate, Commercial and Industrial, Residential Real Estate, and Consumer.
Commercial and industrial loans consist of borrowings for commercial purposes to individuals, corporations, partnerships, sole proprietorships, and other business enterprises. Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured by business assets such as equipment, accounts receivable, inventory, or any other asset excluding real estate and generally made to finance capital expenditures or operations. The Company’s risk exposure is related to deterioration in the value of collateral securing the loan should foreclosure become necessary. Generally, business assets used or produced in operations do not maintain their value upon foreclosure, which may require the Company to write-down the value significantly to sell.
Commercial real estate consists of nonfarm, nonresidential loans secured by owner-occupied and nonowner-occupied commercial real estate as well as commercial construction loans. An owner-occupied loan relates to a borrower purchased building or space for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon cash flows from the ongoing business operations conducted by the party, or an affiliate of the party, who owns the property. Owner-occupied loans that are dependent on cash flows from operations can be adversely affected by current market conditions for their product or service. A nonowner-occupied loan is a property loan for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon rental income associated with the property or the subsequent sale of the property. Nonowner-occupied loans that are dependent upon rental income are primarily impacted by local economic conditions which dictate occupancy rates and the amount of rent charged. Commercial construction loans consist of borrowings to purchase and develop raw land into one-to-four family residential properties. Construction loans are extended to individuals as well as corporations for the construction of an individual or multiple properties and are secured by raw land and the subsequent improvements. Repayment of the loans to real estate developers is dependent upon the sale of properties to third parties in a timely fashion upon completion. Should there be delays in construction or a downturn in the market for those properties, there may be significant erosion in value which may be absorbed by the Company.
75

management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations

KEY RATIOS Table VII

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Return on average assets |  |  | 1.06 | % |  |  | .95 | % |  |  | .94 | % |  |  | .96 | % |  |  | 1.12 | %
Return on average equity |  |  | 9.86 | % |  |  | 8.45 | % |  |  | 7.83 | % |  |  | 8.10 | % |  |  | 10.63 | %
Dividend payout ratio |  |  | 35.39 | % |  |  | 34.25 | % |  |  | 39.20 | % |  |  | 40.37 | % |  |  | 33.20 | %
Average equity to average assets |  |  | 10.78 | % |  |  | 11.25 | % |  |  | 11.95 | % |  |  | 11.82 | % |  |  | 10.57 | %

Residential real estate loans consist of loans to individuals for the purchase of one-to-four family primary residences with repayment primarily through wage or other income sources of the individual borrower. The Company’s loss exposure to these loans is dependent on local market conditions for residential properties as loan amounts are determined, in part, by the fair value of the property at origination.
Consumer loans are comprised of loans to individuals secured by automobiles, open-end home equity loans and other loans to individuals for household, family, and other personal expenditures, both secured and unsecured. These loans typically have maturities of 6 years or less with repayment dependent on individual wages and income. The risk of loss on consumer loans is elevated as the collateral securing these loans, if any, rapidly depreciate in value or may be worthless and/or difficult to locate if repossession is necessary. During the last several years, one of the most significant portions of the Company’s net loan charge-offs have been from consumer loans. Nevertheless, the Company has allocated the highest percentage of its allowance for loan losses as a percentage of loans to the other identified loan portfolio segments due to the larger dollar balances associated with such portfolios.
CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK
The Company maintains a diversified credit portfolio, with residential real estate loans currently comprising the most significant portion. Credit risk is primarily subject to loans made to businesses and individuals in southeastern Ohio and western West Virginia. Management believes this risk to be general in nature, as there are no material concentrations of loans to any industry or consumer group. To the extent possible, the Company diversifies its loan portfolio to limit credit risk by avoiding industry concentrations.
76

Ohio Valley Banc Corp. Email: investorrelations@ovbc.com Web: www.ovbc.com/shareholder Phone: 800-468-6682 HQ: 420 Third Avenue, Gallipolis, OH 45631 Traded on The NASDAQ Global Market Symbol: OVBC