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United States
Securities and Exchange Commission
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ____________ to ____________
Commission file number 000-20914
OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ohio | 31-1359191
(State of Incorporation) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

420 Third Avenue, Gallipolis, Ohio | 45631
(Address of principal executive offices) | (ZIP Code)

(740) 446-2631
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
_____________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Common shares, without par value | OVBC | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
(Title of each class) | (Trading Symbol) | (Name of each exchange on which registered)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ |  |  | Accelerated filer ☐ |
Non-accelerated filer ☒ |  |  | Smaller reporting company ☒ |
Emerging growth company ☐ |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of common shares, without par value, of the registrant outstanding as of November 14, 2023 was 4,773,132.

OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
Index

|  | Page Number
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 7
| Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 32
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 44
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 44
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 44
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 44
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 44
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 45
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 45
Item 5. | Other Information | 45
Item 6. | Exhibits | 46
Signatures |  | 47

2

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

|  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and noninterest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 15,929 |  |  | $ | 14,330 |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  |  | 75,261 |  |  |  | 31,660 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 91,190 |  |  |  | 45,990 |
Certificates of deposit in financial institutions |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,862 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 166,842 |  |  |  | 184,074 |
Securities held to maturity, net of allowance for credit losses of $2 in 2023 and $0 in 2022; (estimated fair value: 2023 - $7,929; 2022 - $8,460) |  |  | 8,946 |  |  |  | 9,226 |
Restricted investments in bank stocks |  |  | 5,062 |  |  |  | 5,953 |
Total loans |  |  | 961,222 |  |  |  | 885,049 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (8,173 | ) |  |  | (5,269 | )
Net loans |  |  | 953,049 |  |  |  | 879,780 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 21,351 |  |  |  | 20,436 |
Premises and equipment held for sale, net |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | 593 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 3,743 |  |  |  | 3,112 |
Goodwill |  |  | 7,319 |  |  |  | 7,319 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 29 |
Bank owned life insurance and annuity assets |  |  | 40,478 |  |  |  | 39,627 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | 1,294 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 7,050 |  |  |  | 6,266 |
Other assets |  |  | 7,082 |  |  |  | 5,226 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,313,952 |  |  | $ | 1,210,787 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 326,545 |  |  | $ | 354,413 |
Interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 768,995 |  |  |  | 673,242 |
Total deposits |  |  | 1,095,540 |  |  |  | 1,027,655 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 45,751 |  |  |  | 17,945 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | 8,500 |
Operating lease liability |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | 1,294 |
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments |  |  | 643 |  |  |  | — |
Other liabilities |  |  | 25,474 |  |  |  | 20,365 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 1,177,159 |  |  |  | 1,075,759 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (See Note 5) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($1.00 stated value per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized; 2023 - 5,470,453 shares issued; 2022 - 5,465,707 shares issued) |  |  | 5,470 |  |  |  | 5,465 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 51,842 |  |  |  | 51,722 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 112,699 |  |  |  | 109,320 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (16,470 | ) |  |  | (14,813 | )
Treasury stock, at cost (2023 - 697,321 shares; 2022 - 693,933 shares) |  |  | (16,748 | ) |  |  | (16,666 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 136,793 |  |  |  | 135,028 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,313,952 |  |  | $ | 1,210,787 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
3

OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Interest and dividend income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees |  | $ | 14,299 |  |  | $ | 10,984 |  |  | $ | 39,868 |  |  | $ | 30,802 |
Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 917 |  |  |  | 889 |  |  |  | 2,809 |  |  |  | 2,435 |
Tax exempt |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | 137 |
Dividends |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 236 |  |  |  | 222 |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  |  | 601 |  |  |  | 516 |  |  |  | 1,698 |  |  |  | 802 |
Other interest |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 12 |
|  |  | 15,932 |  |  |  | 12,532 |  |  |  | 44,743 |  |  |  | 34,410 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 4,058 |  |  |  | 504 |  |  |  | 8,981 |  |  |  | 1,530 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 341 |  |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 612 |  |  |  | 310 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | 182 |
|  |  | 4,556 |  |  |  | 687 |  |  |  | 10,031 |  |  |  | 2,022 |
Net interest income |  |  | 11,376 |  |  |  | 11,845 |  |  |  | 34,712 |  |  |  | 32,388 |
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | 888 |  |  |  | (378 | ) |  |  | 1,401 |  |  |  | (691 | )
Net interest income after provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | 10,488 |  |  |  | 12,223 |  |  |  | 33,311 |  |  |  | 33,079 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 714 |  |  |  | 662 |  |  |  | 1,978 |  |  |  | 1,815 |
Trust fees |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 247 |  |  |  | 247 |
Income from bank owned life insurance and annuity assets |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | 637 |  |  |  | 674 |
Mortgage banking income |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 640 |
Electronic refund check / deposit fees |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 675 |  |  |  | 675 |
Debit / credit card interchange income |  |  | 1,285 |  |  |  | 1,291 |  |  |  | 3,673 |  |  |  | 3,603 |
Tax preparation fees |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 667 |  |  |  | 741 |
Other |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | 189 |  |  |  | 1,038 |  |  |  | 576 |
|  |  | 2,568 |  |  |  | 2,615 |  |  |  | 9,048 |  |  |  | 8,971 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 5,909 |  |  |  | 5,867 |  |  |  | 17,634 |  |  |  | 17,120 |
Occupancy |  |  | 493 |  |  |  | 517 |  |  |  | 1,440 |  |  |  | 1,419 |
Furniture and equipment |  |  | 351 |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 979 |  |  |  | 841 |
Professional fees |  |  | 430 |  |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 1,296 |  |  |  | 1,405 |
Marketing expense |  |  | 241 |  |  |  | 260 |  |  |  | 723 |  |  |  | 718 |
FDIC insurance |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 421 |  |  |  | 250 |
Data processing |  |  | 737 |  |  |  | 776 |  |  |  | 2,183 |  |  |  | 2,136 |
Software |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | 561 |  |  |  | 1,771 |  |  |  | 1,620 |
Foreclosed assets |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 48 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 28 |
Other |  |  | 1,445 |  |  |  | 1,553 |  |  |  | 4,586 |  |  |  | 4,573 |
|  |  | 10,379 |  |  |  | 10,347 |  |  |  | 31,066 |  |  |  | 30,158 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 2,677 |  |  |  | 4,491 |  |  |  | 11,293 |  |  |  | 11,892 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 426 |  |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | 1,885 |  |  |  | 2,078 |
NET INCOME |  | $ | 2,251 |  |  | $ | 3,690 |  |  | $ | 9,408 |  |  | $ | 9,814 |
Earnings per share |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 1.97 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
4

OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands)

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net Income |  | $ | 2,251 |  |  | $ | 3,690 |  |  | $ | 9,408 |  |  | $ | 9,814 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities |  |  | (3,033 | ) |  |  | (8,403 | ) |  |  | (2,097 | ) |  |  | (24,567 | )
Related tax (expense) benefit |  |  | 636 |  |  |  | 1,764 |  |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 5,159 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (2,397 | ) |  |  | (6,639 | ) |  |  | (1,657 | ) |  |  | (19,408 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (146 | ) |  | $ | (2,949 | ) |  | $ | 7,751 |  |  | $ | (9,594 | )

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
5

OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES
IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

Quarter-to-date |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity |
Balance at July 1, 2023 |  | $ | 5,470 |  |  | $ | 51,842 |  |  | $ | 111,499 |  |  | $ | (14,073 | ) |  | $ | (16,666 | ) |  | $ | 138,072 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,251 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,251 |
Other comprehensive loss, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,397 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,397 | )
Cash dividends, $0.22 per share |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,051 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,051 | )
Shares acquired for treasury, 3,388 shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (82 | ) |  |  | (82 | )
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 5,470 |  |  | $ | 51,842 |  |  | $ | 112,699 |  |  | $ | (16,470 | ) |  | $ | (16,748 | ) |  | $ | 136,793 |
Balance at July 1, 2022 |  | $ | 5,465 |  |  | $ | 51,722 |  |  | $ | 104,110 |  |  | $ | (12,061 | ) |  | $ | (16,666 | ) |  | $ | 132,570 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,690 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,690 |
Other comprehensive loss, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,639 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,639 | )
Cash dividends, $0.21 per share |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,001 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,001 | )
Balance at September 30, 2022 |  | $ | 5,465 |  |  | $ | 51,722 |  |  | $ | 106,799 |  |  | $ | (18,700 | ) |  | $ | (16,666 | ) |  | $ | 128,620 |

Year-to-date |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity |
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  | $ | 5,465 |  |  | $ | 51,722 |  |  | $ | 109,320 |  |  | $ | (14,813 | ) |  | $ | (16,666 | ) |  | $ | 135,028 |
Cumulative change in adopting ASU 2016-13 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,209 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,209 | )
Balance at January 1, 2023 (as adjusted for change in adopting ASU 2016-13) |  |  | 5,465 |  |  |  | 51,722 |  |  |  | 107,111 |  |  |  | (14,813 | ) |  |  | (16,666 | ) |  |  | 132,819 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,408 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,408 |
Other comprehensive loss, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,657 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,657 | )
Cash dividends, $0.80 per share |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,820 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,820 | )
Common Stock issued to ESOP, 4,746 shares |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 120 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125 |
Shares acquired for treasury, 3,388 shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (82 | ) |  |  | (82 | )
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 5,470 |  |  | $ | 51,842 |  |  | $ | 112,699 |  |  | $ | (16,470 | ) |  | $ | (16,748 | ) |  | $ | 136,793 |
Balance at January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 5,447 |  |  | $ | 51,165 |  |  | $ | 100,702 |  |  | $ | 708 |  |  | $ | (16,666 | ) |  | $ | 141,356 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,814 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,814 |
Other comprehensive loss, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19,408 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19,408 | )
Cash dividends, $0.78 per share |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,717 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,717 | )
Common stock issued to ESOP, 18,522 shares |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 557 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 575 |
Balance at September 30, 2022 |  | $ | 5,465 |  |  | $ | 51,722 |  |  | $ | 106,799 |  |  | $ | (18,700 | ) |  | $ | (16,666 | ) |  | $ | 128,620 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
6

OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF
CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands)

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net cash provided by operating activities: |  | $ | 14,147 |  |  | $ | 10,236 |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of securities available for sale |  |  | 16,090 |  |  |  | 22,652 |
Purchases of securities available for sale |  |  | — |  |  |  | (54,103 | )
Proceeds from calls and maturities of securities held to maturity |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 634 |
Purchase of securities held to maturity |  |  | (586 | ) |  |  | (1,071 | )
Proceeds from maturities of certificates of deposit in financial institutions |  |  | 2,100 |  |  |  | 445 |
Purchase of certificates of deposits in financial institutions |  |  | (245 | ) |  |  | — |
Purchase of restricted investments in bank stocks |  |  | (969 | ) |  |  | — |
Redemptions of restricted investments in bank stocks |  |  | 1,860 |  |  |  | 1,312 |
Net change in loans |  |  | (76,950 | ) |  |  | (25,695 | )
Purchases of premises and equipment |  |  | (1,984 | ) |  |  | (1,662 | )
Disposals of premises and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 420 |
Proceeds from building grant |  |  | — |  |  |  | 200 |
Reimbursement of building grant |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | — |
Purchases of bank owned life insurance and annuity assets |  |  | (250 | ) |  |  | (1,462 | )
Withdrawals from annuity asset |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | — |
Net cash (used in) investing activities |  |  | (60,736 | ) |  |  | (58,330 | )
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in deposits |  |  | 67,885 |  |  |  | 14,417 |
Cash dividends |  |  | (3,820 | ) |  |  | (3,718 | )
Purchases of treasury stock |  |  | (82 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | — |
Repayment of Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings |  |  | (2,212 | ) |  |  | (1,528 | )
Change in other short-term borrowings |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 91,789 |  |  |  | 9,171 |
Change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 45,200 |  |  |  | (38,923 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 45,990 |  |  |  | 152,034 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 91,190 |  |  | $ | 113,111 |
Supplemental disclosure: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 5,762 |  |  | $ | 2,137 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  |  | 2,300 |  |  |  | 1,350 |
Operating lease liability arising from obtaining right-of-use asset |  |  | 187 |  |  |  | 108 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
7

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
BASIS OF PRESENTATION: The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (“Ohio Valley”) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, The Ohio Valley Bank Company (the “Bank”), Loan Central, Inc., a consumer finance company, Ohio Valley Financial Services Agency, LLC, an insurance agency, and OVBC Captive, Inc., a limited purpose property and casualty insurance company. The Bank has two wholly-owned subsidiaries, Race Day Mortgage, Inc. (“Race Day”), an Ohio corporation that provided online consumer mortgages, and Ohio Valley REO, LLC, an Ohio limited liability company (“Ohio Valley REO”), to which the Bank transfers certain real estate acquired by the Bank through foreclosure for sale by Ohio Valley REO. In February 2023, Ohio Valley announced that it was taking steps toward closing Race Day. The decision to start this process was made due to low loan demand, issues retaining personnel, and lack of profitability. Currently, there are no remaining loan applications to complete, and all commissions earned on mortgage application referrals have been recorded. An exact date of closing is still yet to be determined. Ohio Valley and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Company.” All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
These interim financial statements are prepared by the Company without audit and reflect all adjustments of a normal recurring nature which, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the consolidated financial position of the Company at September 30, 2023, and its results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, are not necessarily indicative of the operating results to be anticipated for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2023. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not purport to contain all the necessary financial disclosures required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”) that might otherwise be necessary in the circumstances. The Annual Report of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2022, contains consolidated financial statements and related notes which should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
The consolidated financial statements for 2022 have been reclassified to conform to the presentation for 2023. These reclassifications had no effect on net income or shareholders’ equity.
USE OF ESTIMATES IN THE PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: The accounting and reporting policies followed by the Company conform to US GAAP established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ.
INDUSTRY SEGMENT INFORMATION: Internal financial information is primarily reported and aggregated in two lines of business: banking and consumer finance.
ADOPTION OF NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS: Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU No. 2022-02 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): TDR’s and Vintage Disclosures. This new accounting guidance eliminated the previous accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) and resulted in additional disclosure requirements related to gross charge offs by year of origination and the removal of TDR disclosures, replaced by additional disclosures on the types of modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties.
Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, (“ASU 2016-13”) (“ASC 326”) as amended. The new accounting guidance replaces the “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model, which is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL model is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and HTM debt securities. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (loan commitments, standby letters of credit, financial guarantees, and other similar instruments). In addition, ASC 326 made changes to the accounting for available for sale debt securities. One such change is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on available for sale debt securities management does not intend to sell or believes that it is more likely than not they will be required to sell.
The Company adopted ASC 326 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable US GAAP. The Company recorded a net decrease to retained earnings of $2,209 as of January 1, 2023 for the cumulative effect of adopting ASC 326.
8

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
The following table illustrates the transition adjustment of adopting ASC 326:

|  | January 1, 2023 |
|  | As Reported Under ASC 326 |  |  | Pre-ASC 326 Adoption |  |  | Impact of ASC 326 Adoption |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ACL - HTM debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |
ACL - Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  | 2,026 |  |  |  | 681 |  |  |  | 1,345 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 2,200 |  |  |  | 2,038 |  |  |  | 162 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 1,177 |  |  |  | 1,293 |  |  |  | (116 | )
Consumer |  |  | 2,028 |  |  |  | 1,257 |  |  |  | 771 |
Total ACL - Loans |  | $ | 7,431 |  |  | $ | 5,269 |  |  | $ | 2,162 |
Deferred tax assets |  | $ | 6,853 |  |  | $ | 6,266 |  |  | $ | 587 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ACL - Off-balance sheet commitments |  | $ | 631 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 631 |

DEBT SECURITIES: The Company classifies securities into held to maturity (“HTM”) and available for sale (“AFS”) categories. HTM securities are those which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. Securities classified as AFS include securities that could be sold for liquidity, investment management or similar reasons even if there is not a present intention of such a sale. AFS securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses included in other comprehensive income, net of tax.
Premium amortization is deducted from, and discount accretion is added to, interest income on securities using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Gains and losses are recognized upon the sale of specific identified securities on the completed trade date.
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (“ACL”) - AFS SECURITIES: For AFS debt securities in an unrealized position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For debt securities AFS that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair values has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Changes in the ACL are recorded as credit loss expense (or reversal). Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an AFS security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.
Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $433 at September 30, 2023, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.
Management classifies the AFS portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. Government securities, U.S. Government sponsored entity securities, and Agency mortgage-backed residential securities. These security types have an explicit government guarantee, and therefore, no ACL is recorded for these securities. As a result, there was no ACL related to AFS debt securities at September 30, 2023.
9

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
ACL - HTM SECURITIES:Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ACL on securities HTM is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of HTM securities to present the net amount expected to be collected. HTM securities are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in the Company’s consolidated statements of income in the provision for credit losses. Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Management classifies the HTM portfolio into two major security types: Obligations of states and political subdivisions and Agency mortgage-backed residential securities. Agency mortgage-backed residential securities consist of only two securities with balances that are not significant. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions, management considers (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. At September 30, 2023, there was $2 in the ACL related to HTM debt securities, which included a $1 recovery of provision expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
LOANS: Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of unearned interest, deferred loan fees and costs, and an ACL. Interest income is reported on an accrual basis using the interest method and includes amortization of net deferred loan fees and costs over the loan term using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments. The amount of the Company’s recorded investment is not materially different than the amount of unpaid principal balance for loans.
Interest income is discontinued and the loan moved to non-accrual status when full loan repayment is in doubt, typically when the loan payments are past due 90 days or over unless the loan is well-secured or in process of collection. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.
All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis method until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
The Bank also originates long-term, fixed-rate mortgage loans, with the full intention of being sold to the secondary market. These loans are considered held for sale during the period of time after the principal has been advanced to the borrower by the Bank, but before the Bank has been reimbursed by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, typically within a few business days. Loans sold to the secondary market are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no loans held for sale by the Bank.
ACL – LOANS: The ACL for loans is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged off against the ACL when they are deemed uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. The ACL is adjusted through the provision for credit losses and reduced by net charge offs of loans.
The ACL is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Determination of an appropriate ACL is inherently subjective and may have significant changes from period to period.
The methodology for determining the ACL has two main components: evaluation of expected credit losses for certain groups of loans that share similar risk characteristics and evaluation of loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans.
10

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
The ACL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the ACL using the following methods:

Portfolio Segment |  | Measurement Method |  | Loss Driver
Residential real estate |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment, National GDP
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment, National GDP
Nonowner-occupied |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment, National GDP
Construction |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment, National GDP
Commercial and industrial |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment, National GDP
Consumer: |  |  |  |
Automobile |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment
Home equity |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment
Other |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss, Remaining Life Method |  | National Unemployment

Historical credit loss experience is the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. We apply historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. In defining historical loss rates and the prepayment rates and curtailment rates used to determine the expected life of loans, the use of regional and national peer data was used. After consideration of the historic loss calculation, management applies qualitative adjustments to reflect the current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts not already reflected in the historical loss information at the balance sheet date. Our reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment is based on the national unemployment rate and the national gross domestic product forecast for the first year. For periods beyond our reasonable and supportable forecast, we revert to historical loss rates utilizing a straight-line method over a two-year reversion period. The qualitative adjustments for current conditions are based upon changes in lending policies and practices, experience and ability of lending staff, quality of the Company’s loan review system, value of underlying collateral, the volume and severity of past due loans, the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the existence of and changes in concentrations and other external factors. Each factor is assigned a value to reflect improving, stable, or declining conditions based on management’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a troubled debt restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower, or the extension of renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.
The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the measurement of its ACL. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, any outstanding accrued interest is reversed against interest income.
Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. We evaluate all loans that meet the following criteria: 1) when it is determined that foreclosure is probable; 2) substandard, doubtful and nonperforming loans when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral; 3) when it is determined by management that a loan does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans. Specific reserves are established based on the following three acceptable methods for measuring the ACL: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate; 2) the loan’s observable market price; or 3) the fair value of the collateral when the loan is collateral dependent. Our individual loan evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of collateral method because most of our loans are collateral dependent. Collateral values are discounted to consider disposition costs when appropriate. A specific reserve is established or a charge-off is taken if the fair value of the loan is less than the loan balance.
At September 30, 2023, there was $8,173 in the ACL related to loans, with corresponding provision expense of $812 and $1,391 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.
The Company’s loan portfolio segments have been identified as follows: Commercial and Industrial, Commercial Real Estate, Residential Real Estate, and Consumer.
11

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Commercial and industrial: Portfolio segment consists of borrowings for commercial purposes to individuals, corporations, partnerships, sole proprietorships, and other business enterprises. Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured by business assets such as equipment, accounts receivable, inventory, or any other asset excluding real estate and generally made to finance capital expenditures or operations. The Company’s risk exposure is related to deterioration in the value of collateral securing the loan should foreclosure become necessary. Generally, business assets used or produced in operations do not maintain their value upon foreclosure, which may require the Company to write down the value significantly to sell.
Commercial real estate: Portfolio segment consists of nonfarm, nonresidential loans secured by owner-occupied and nonowner-occupied commercial real estate as well as commercial construction loans. An owner-occupied loan relates to a borrower purchased building or space for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon cash flows from the ongoing business operations conducted by the party, or an affiliate of the party, who owns the property. Owner-occupied loans that are dependent on cash flows from operations can be adversely affected by current market conditions for their product or service. A nonowner-occupied loan is a property loan for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon rental income associated with the property or the subsequent sale of the property. Nonowner-occupied loans that are dependent upon rental income are primarily impacted by local economic conditions which dictate occupancy rates and the amount of rent charged. Commercial construction loans consist of borrowings to purchase and develop raw land into 1-4 family residential properties. Construction loans are extended to individuals as well as corporations for the construction of an individual or multiple properties and are secured by raw land and the subsequent improvements. Repayment of the loans to real estate developers is dependent upon the sale of properties to third parties in a timely fashion upon completion. Should there be delays in construction or a downturn in the market for those properties, there may be significant erosion in value that may be absorbed by the Company.
Residential real estate: Portfolio segment consists of loans to individuals for the purchase of 1-4 family primary residences with repayment primarily through wage or other income sources of the individual borrower. The Company’s loss exposure to these loans is dependent on local market conditions for residential properties as loan amounts are determined, in part, by the fair value of the property at origination.
Consumer: Portfolio segment consists of loans to individuals secured by automobiles, open-end home equity loans and other loans to individuals for household, family, and other personal expenditures, both secured and unsecured. These loans typically have maturities of six years or less with repayment dependent on individual wages and income. The risk of loss on consumer loans is elevated as the collateral securing these loans, if any, rapidly depreciate in value or may be worthless and/or difficult to locate if repossession is necessary. The Company has allocated the highest percentage of its allowance for credit losses as a percentage of loans to the other identified loan portfolio segments due to the larger dollar balances associated with such portfolios.
ACL – OFF-BALANCE SHEET CREDIT EXPOSURES: The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted through credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. At September 30, 2023, there was $643 in the ACL related to off-balance sheet credit exposures, with corresponding provision expense of $77 and $11 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.
EARNINGS PER SHARE: Earnings per share are computed based on net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the quarter. The weighted average common shares outstanding were 4,775,308 and 4,771,774 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The weighted average common shares outstanding were 4,775,103 and 4,768,246 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Ohio Valley had no dilutive effect and no potential common shares issuable under stock options or other agreements for any period presented.
12

NOTE 2 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
The following is a description of the Company’s valuation methodologies used to measure and disclose the fair values of its financial assets and liabilities on a recurring or nonrecurring basis:
Securities: The fair values for securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3). During times when trading is more liquid, broker quotes are used (if available) to validate the model. Rating agency and industry research reports as well as defaults and deferrals on individual securities are reviewed and incorporated into the calculations.
Individually Evaluated Collateral Dependent Loans: The fair value of individually evaluated collateral dependent loans is generally based on the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell. When carried at fair value, individually evaluated collateral dependent loans generally receive specific allocations of the ACL. For collateral dependent loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. In some instances, fair value adjustments can be made based on a quoted price from an observable input, such as a purchase agreement. Such adjustments would be classified as a Level 2 classification. Individually evaluated collateral dependent loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.
Other Real Estate Owned: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. In some instances, fair value adjustments can be made based on a quoted price from an observable input, such as a purchase agreement. Such adjustments would be classified as a Level 2 classification.
Appraisals for both collateral-dependent impaired loans and other real estate owned are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, a member of management reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with management’s own assumptions of fair value based on factors that include recent market data or industry-wide statistics.
On an as-needed basis, the Company reviews the fair value of collateral, taking into consideration current market data, as well as all selling costs, which typically amount to approximately 10% of the fair value of such collateral.
Interest Rate Swap Agreements: The fair value of interest rate swap agreements is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). The variable cash receipts (or payments) are based on the expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observed market interest rate curves (Level 2).
13

NOTE 2 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Continued)
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

|  | Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2023 Using |
|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 55,863 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,674 |  |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | — |  |  |  | 105,305 |  |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,607 |  |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,607 | ) |  |  | — |

|  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using |
|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 54,792 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,983 |  |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | — |  |  |  | 121,299 |  |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,340 | ) |  |  | — |

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis
There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
There was no other real estate owned measured at fair value less costs to sell at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Furthermore, there were no corresponding write downs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
There was no quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
14

NOTE 2 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Continued)
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

|  | Carrying |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2023 Using |
|  | Value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 91,190 |  |  | $ | 91,190 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91,190 |
Certificates of deposit in financial institutions |  |  | - |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | - |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 166,842 |  |  |  | 55,863 |  |  |  | 110,979 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 166,842 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 8,946 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,873 |  |  |  | 3,056 |  |  |  | 7,929 |
Loans, net |  |  | 953,049 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 922,791 |  |  |  | 922,791 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 1,607 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,607 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,607 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 3,743 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 595 |  |  |  | 3,148 |  |  |  | 3,743 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 1,095,540 |  |  |  | 774,344 |  |  |  | 319,424 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,093,768 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 45,751 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43,888 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43,888 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 1,607 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,607 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,607 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 4,701 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,701 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,701 |

|  | Carrying |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using |
|  | Value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 45,990 |  |  | $ | 45,990 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,990 |
Certificates of deposit in financial institutions |  |  | 1,862 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,862 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,862 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 184,074 |  |  |  | 54,792 |  |  |  | 129,282 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 184,074 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 9,226 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,987 |  |  |  | 3,473 |  |  |  | 8,460 |
Loans, net |  |  | 879,780 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 846,870 |  |  |  | 846,870 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,340 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 3,112 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 2,627 |  |  |  | 3,112 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 1,027,655 |  |  |  | 875,736 |  |  |  | 149,974 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,025,710 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 17,945 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,364 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,364 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,340 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 432 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 432 |

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
15

NOTE 3 – SECURITIES
The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) and gross unrecognized gains and losses:

Securities Available for Sale |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 58,717 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,854 | ) |  | $ | 55,863 |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | 6,527 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (853 | ) |  |  | 5,674 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 122,446 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,141 | ) |  |  | 105,305 |
Total securities |  | $ | 187,690 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (20,848 | ) |  | $ | 166,842 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 57,698 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,906 | ) |  | $ | 54,792 |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | 8,845 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (862 | ) |  |  | 7,983 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 136,282 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,983 | ) |  |  | 121,299 |
Total securities |  | $ | 202,825 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (18,751 | ) |  | $ | 184,074 |

Securities Held to Maturity |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrecognized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrecognized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 8,947 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (1,032 | ) |  | $ | 7,928 |  |  | $ | (2 | )
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |
Total securities |  | $ | 8,948 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (1,032 | ) |  | $ | 7,929 |  |  | $ | (2 | )
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 9,225 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (798 | ) |  | $ | 8,459 |  |  |  |  |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Total securities |  | $ | 9,226 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (798 | ) |  | $ | 8,460 |  |  |  |  |

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at September 30, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay the debt obligations prior to their contractual maturities. Securities not due at a single maturity are shown separately.

|  | Available for Sale |  |  | Held to Maturity |
Debt Securities: |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 18,390 |  |  | $ | 18,203 |  |  | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 584 |
Due in over one to five years |  |  | 46,854 |  |  |  | 43,334 |  |  |  | 3,885 |  |  |  | 3,658 |
Due in over five to ten years |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,207 |  |  |  | 1,850 |
Due after ten years |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,270 |  |  |  | 1,836 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 122,446 |  |  |  | 105,305 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total debt securities |  | $ | 187,690 |  |  | $ | 166,842 |  |  | $ | 8,948 |  |  | $ | 7,929 |

There were no sales of securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
Debt securities with a carrying value of approximately $134,812 at September 30, 2023 and $126,318 at December 31, 2022, were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, and for other purposes required or permitted by law.
16

NOTE 3 – SECURITIES (Continued)
The following table summarizes debt securities available for sale in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

September 30, 2023 |  | Less Than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |
Securities Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 12,257 |  |  | $ | (232 | ) |  | $ | 43,606 |  |  | $ | (2,622 | ) |  | $ | 55,863 |  |  | $ | (2,854 | )
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,674 |  |  |  | (853 | ) |  |  | 5,674 |  |  |  | (853 | )
Agency mortgage-backed securities, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
residential |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 105,305 |  |  |  | (17,141 | ) |  |  | 105,305 |  |  |  | (17,141 | )
Total available for sale |  | $ | 12,257 |  |  | $ | (232 | ) |  | $ | 154,585 |  |  | $ | (20,616 | ) |  | $ | 166,842 |  |  | $ | (20,848 | )

December 31, 2022 |  | Less Than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |
Securities Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 36,460 |  |  | $ | (977 | ) |  | $ | 18,332 |  |  | $ | (1,929 | ) |  | $ | 54,792 |  |  | $ | (2,906 | )
U.S Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | 2,786 |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | 5,197 |  |  |  | (802 | ) |  |  | 7,983 |  |  |  | (862 | )
Agency mortgage-backed securities, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
residential |  |  | 71,510 |  |  |  | (7,178 | ) |  |  | 49,789 |  |  |  | (7,805 | ) |  |  | 121,299 |  |  |  | (14,983 | )
Total available for sale |  | $ | 110,756 |  |  | $ | (8,215 | ) |  | $ | 73,318 |  |  | $ | (10,536 | ) |  | $ | 184,074 |  |  | $ | (18,751 | )

Management evaluates available for sale debt securities in unrealized positions to determine whether impairment is due to credit-related factors. Consideration is given to (1) the extent to which the fair value is less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.
At September 30, 2023, the Company had 102 available for sale debt securities in an unrealized position without an allowance for credit losses, of which 19 were from U.S. Government securities, 3 were from U.S. Government sponsored entity securities, and 80 were from Agency mortgage-backed residential securities. Management does not have the intent to sell any of these securities and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2023, management believes that the unrealized losses detailed in the previous table are due to noncredit-related factors, including changes in interest rates and other market conditions and, therefore, the Company carried no allowance for credit losses on available for sale debt securities at September 30, 2023.
17

NOTE 3 – SECURITIES (Continued)
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for held to maturity debt securities:

Held to Maturity Debt Securities |  | Nine months ended September 30, 2023 |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | — |
Impact of adopting ASC 326 |  |  | 3 |
Provision for (recovery of) credit loss expense |  |  | (1 | )
Allowance for credit losses ending balance |  | $ | 2 |

The Company’s held to maturity securities primarily consist of obligations of states and political subdivisions. The ACL on held to maturity securities is estimated at each measurement date on a collective basis by major security type. Risk factors such as issuer bond ratings, historical loss rates, financial condition of issuer, and timely principal and interest payments of issuer were evaluated to determine if a credit reserve was required within the portfolio. At September 30, 2023, there were no past due principal and interest payments related to held to maturity securities. Upon adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2023, the Company identified a cumulative loss rate of .03% using historical loss data provided by S&P and Moody’s bond rating service. This resulted in a $3 credit loss reserve for held to maturity debt securities. During the third quarter of 2023, the cumulative loss rate decreased to 0.02%, resulting in a $1 recovery of provision expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Loans are comprised of the following:

|  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 321,967 |  |  | $ | 297,036 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 79,503 |  |  |  | 72,719 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 183,369 |  |  |  | 182,831 |
Construction |  |  | 48,538 |  |  |  | 33,205 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 157,275 |  |  |  | 151,232 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 62,216 |  |  |  | 54,837 |
Home equity |  |  | 32,073 |  |  |  | 27,791 |
Other |  |  | 76,281 |  |  |  | 65,398 |
|  |  | 961,222 |  |  |  | 885,049 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (8,173 | ) |  |  | (5,269 | )
Loans, net |  | $ | 953,049 |  |  | $ | 879,780 |

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, net deferred loan origination costs were $892 and $663, respectively. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, net unamortized loan purchase premiums were $739 and $1,142, respectively.
18

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)
The following table presents the recorded investment of nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing by class of loans as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

September 30,2023 |  | Loans Past Due 90 Days And Still Accruing |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans With No ACL |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans With an ACL |  |  | Total Nonaccrual Loans |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | 787 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 787 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 64 |
Construction |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 51 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | 188 |
Home equity |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 97 |
Other |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 127 |
Total |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 787 |  |  | $ | 1,828 |  |  | $ | 2,615 |

December 31, 2022 |  | Loans Past Due 90 Days And Still Accruing |  |  | Nonaccrual |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 1,708 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | 938 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70 |
Construction |  |  | — |  |  |  | 75 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  |  | 150 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 82 |
Home equity |  |  | — |  |  |  | 151 |
Other |  |  | 411 |  |  |  | 59 |
Total |  | $ | 538 |  |  | $ | 3,233 |

The Company recognized $55 and $142 of interest income in nonaccrual loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
19

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)
The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment of past due loans by class of loans as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

September 30, 2023 |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90 Days Or More Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Loans Not Past Due |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 1,832 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 428 |  |  | $ | 2,597 |  |  | $ | 319,370 |  |  | $ | 321,967 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 787 |  |  |  | 960 |  |  |  | 78,543 |  |  |  | 79,503 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 183,305 |  |  |  | 183,369 |
Construction |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 48,534 |  |  |  | 48,538 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 203 |  |  |  | 157,072 |  |  |  | 157,275 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 789 |  |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 191 |  |  |  | 1,176 |  |  |  | 61,040 |  |  |  | 62,216 |
Home equity |  |  | 723 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 820 |  |  |  | 31,253 |  |  |  | 32,073 |
Other |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | 422 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 1,042 |  |  |  | 75,239 |  |  |  | 76,281 |
Total |  | $ | 4,054 |  |  | $ | 1,108 |  |  | $ | 1,704 |  |  | $ | 6,866 |  |  | $ | 954,356 |  |  | $ | 961,222 |

December 31, 2022 |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90 Days Or More Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Loans Not Past Due |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 1,799 |  |  | $ | 701 |  |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 2,997 |  |  | $ | 294,039 |  |  | $ | 297,036 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 938 |  |  |  | 1,035 |  |  |  | 71,684 |  |  |  | 72,719 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 626 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 631 |  |  |  | 182,200 |  |  |  | 182,831 |
Construction |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 33,103 |  |  |  | 33,205 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 151,061 |  |  |  | 151,232 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 804 |  |  |  | 240 |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 1,141 |  |  |  | 53,696 |  |  |  | 54,837 |
Home equity |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | 27,436 |  |  |  | 27,791 |
Other |  |  | 875 |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 452 |  |  |  | 1,440 |  |  |  | 63,958 |  |  |  | 65,398 |
Total |  | $ | 4,466 |  |  | $ | 1,104 |  |  | $ | 2,302 |  |  | $ | 7,872 |  |  | $ | 877,177 |  |  | $ | 885,049 |

Credit Quality Indicators:
The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. These risk categories are represented by a loan grading scale from 1 through 11. The Company analyzes loans individually with a higher credit risk rating and groups these loans into categories called “criticized” and ”classified” assets. The Company considers its criticized assets to be loans that are graded 8 and its classified assets to be loans that are graded 9 through 11. The Company’s risk categories are reviewed at least annually on loans that have aggregate borrowing amounts that meet or exceed $1,000.
The Company uses the following definitions for its criticized loan risk ratings:
Special Mention. Loans classified as “special mention” indicate considerable risk due to deterioration of repayment (in the earliest stages) due to potential weak primary repayment source, or payment delinquency. These loans will be under constant supervision, are not classified and do not expose the institution to sufficient risks to warrant classification. These deficiencies should be correctable within the normal course of business, although significant changes in company structure or policy may be necessary to correct the deficiencies. These loans are considered bankable assets with no apparent loss of principal or interest envisioned. The perceived risk in continued lending is considered to have increased beyond the level where such loans would normally be granted.
20

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)
The Company uses the following definitions for its classified loan risk ratings:
Substandard. Loans classified as “substandard” represent very high risk, serious delinquency, nonaccrual, or unacceptable credit. Repayment through the primary source of repayment is in jeopardy due to the existence of one or more well-defined weaknesses, and the collateral pledged may inadequately protect collection of the loans. Loss of principal is not likely if weaknesses are corrected, although financial statements normally reveal significant weakness. Loans are still considered collectible, although loss of principal is more likely than with special mention loans. Collateral liquidation is considered likely to satisfy debt.
Doubtful. Loans classified as “doubtful” display a high probability of loss, although the amount of actual loss at the time of classification is undetermined. This classification should be temporary until such time that actual loss can be identified, or improvements are made to reduce the seriousness of the classification. These loans exhibit all substandard characteristics with the addition that weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. This classification consists of loans where the possibility of loss is high after collateral liquidation based upon existing facts, market conditions, and value. Loss is deferred until certain important and reasonable specific pending factors that may strengthen the credit can be more accurately determined. These factors may include proposed acquisitions, liquidation procedures, capital injection, receipt of additional collateral, mergers, or refinancing plans. A doubtful classification for an entire credit should be avoided when collection of a specific portion appears highly probable with the adequately secured portion graded substandard.
Loss. Loans classified as “loss” are considered uncollectible and are of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the credit has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this asset yielding such a minimum value even though partial recovery may be affected in the future. Amounts classified as loss should be promptly charged off.
As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of commercial loans by class of loans was as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 9,870 |  |  | $ | 10,287 |  |  | $ | 24,938 |  |  | $ | 6,041 |  |  | $ | 6,427 |  |  | $ | 17,397 |  |  | $ | 1,203 |  |  | $ | 76,163 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 704 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 704 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 484 |  |  |  | 1,853 |  |  |  | 299 |  |  |  | 2,636 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 9,870 |  |  | $ | 10,287 |  |  | $ | 24,938 |  |  | $ | 6,041 |  |  | $ | 6,911 |  |  | $ | 19,954 |  |  | $ | 1,502 |  |  | $ | 79,503 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

21

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 9,898 |  |  | $ | 29,533 |  |  | $ | 32,637 |  |  | $ | 25,574 |  |  | $ | 15,558 |  |  | $ | 62,778 |  |  | $ | 1,440 |  |  | $ | 177,418 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,251 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,853 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,104 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 847 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 847 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 9,898 |  |  | $ | 29,533 |  |  | $ | 33,484 |  |  | $ | 28,825 |  |  | $ | 15,558 |  |  | $ | 64,631 |  |  | $ | 1,440 |  |  | $ | 183,369 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 11,396 |  |  | $ | 26,764 |  |  | $ | 6,275 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 405 |  |  | $ | 3,336 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 48,538 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 11,396 |  |  | $ | 26,764 |  |  | $ | 6,275 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 405 |  |  | $ | 3,336 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 48,538 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial and Industrial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 5,170 |  |  | $ | 32,171 |  |  | $ | 27,308 |  |  | $ | 31,884 |  |  | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | 28,503 |  |  | $ | 29,844 |  |  | $ | 155,301 |
Special Mention |  |  | 147 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 322 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,454 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,652 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 5,317 |  |  | $ | 32,171 |  |  | $ | 27,369 |  |  | $ | 33,338 |  |  | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | 28,725 |  |  | $ | 29,934 |  |  | $ | 157,275 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 29 |

22

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)

December 31, 2022 |  | Pass |  |  | Criticized |  |  | Classified |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  | $ | 68,236 |  |  | $ | 3,545 |  |  | $ | 938 |  |  | $ | 72,719 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 177,479 |  |  |  | 5,352 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 182,831 |
Construction |  |  | 33,143 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 33,205 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 147,627 |  |  |  | 1,879 |  |  |  | 1,726 |  |  |  | 151,232 |
Total |  | $ | 426,485 |  |  | $ | 10,776 |  |  | $ | 2,726 |  |  | $ | 439,987 |

The Company considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for credit losses. For residential and consumer loan classes, the Company evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by payment activity. The following table presents the recorded investment of residential and consumer loans by class of loans based on repayment activity as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Residential Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 39,481 |  |  | $ | 44,441 |  |  | $ | 52,742 |  |  | $ | 46,166 |  |  | $ | 22,172 |  |  | $ | 96,487 |  |  | $ | 19,162 |  |  | $ | 320,651 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 187 |  |  |  | 1,129 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,316 |
Total |  | $ | 39,481 |  |  | $ | 44,441 |  |  | $ | 52,742 |  |  | $ | 46,166 |  |  | $ | 22,359 |  |  | $ | 97,616 |  |  | $ | 19,162 |  |  | $ | 321,967 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 103 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 24,641 |  |  | $ | 22,862 |  |  | $ | 8,264 |  |  | $ | 3,608 |  |  | $ | 1,508 |  |  | $ | 1,090 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61,973 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 243 |
Total |  | $ | 24,649 |  |  | $ | 22,988 |  |  | $ | 8,321 |  |  | $ | 3,630 |  |  | $ | 1,518 |  |  | $ | 1,110 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 62,216 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 284 |

23

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 31,970 |  |  | $ | 31,976 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 97 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 32,067 |  |  | $ | 32,073 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 87 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 15,529 |  |  | $ | 27,250 |  |  | $ | 12,046 |  |  | $ | 5,017 |  |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | 13,827 |  |  | $ | 76,123 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 158 |
Total |  | $ | 15,536 |  |  | $ | 27,261 |  |  | $ | 12,067 |  |  | $ | 5,117 |  |  | $ | 1,378 |  |  | $ | 1,090 |  |  | $ | 13,832 |  |  | $ | 76,281 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 723 |

| Consumer |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 | Automobile |  | Home Equity |  | Other |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Total |
Performing |  | $ | 54,728 |  |  | $ | 27,640 |  |  | $ | 64,928 |  |  | $ | 295,228 |  |  | $ | 442,524 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | 1,808 |  |  |  | 2,538 |
Total |  | $ | 54,837 |  |  | $ | 27,791 |  |  | $ | 65,398 |  |  | $ | 297,036 |  |  | $ | 445,062 |

The Company originates residential, consumer, and commercial loans to customers located primarily in the southeastern areas of Ohio as well as the western counties of West Virginia. Approximately 4.23% of total loans were unsecured at September 30, 2023, down from 4.52% at December 31, 2022.
24

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)
Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty:
Occasionally, the Company modifies loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications may include one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan; an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; a reduction in the contractual principal and interest payments of the loan; or short-term interest-only payment terms. All modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are considered to be impaired.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company experienced no new modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

September 30, 2023 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,107 |  |  | $ | 2,252 |  |  | $ | 1,115 |  |  | $ | 2,097 |  |  | $ | 7,571 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | (44 | ) |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 550 |  |  |  | 812 |
Loans charged-off |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (453 | ) |  |  | (485 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 170 |  |  |  | 275 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 2,056 |  |  | $ | 2,563 |  |  | $ | 1,190 |  |  | $ | 2,364 |  |  | $ | 8,173 |

September 30, 2022 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 614 |  |  | $ | 1,846 |  |  | $ | 1,548 |  |  | $ | 1,206 |  |  | $ | 5,214 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | (189 | ) |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | (308 | ) |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | (378 | )
Loans charged-off |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (262 | ) |  |  | (339 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 194 |  |  |  | 314 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | 1,897 |  |  | $ | 1,276 |  |  | $ | 1,215 |  |  | $ | 4,811 |

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

September 30, 2023 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | 2,038 |  |  | $ | 1,293 |  |  | $ | 1,257 |  |  | $ | 5,269 |
Impact of adopting ASC 326 |  |  | 1,345 |  |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | (116 | ) |  |  | 771 |  |  |  | 2,162 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 394 |  |  |  | (87 | ) |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 1,391 |
Loans charged-off |  |  | (103 | ) |  |  | (132 | ) |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | (1,094 | ) |  |  | (1,358 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 430 |  |  |  | 709 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 2,056 |  |  | $ | 2,563 |  |  | $ | 1,190 |  |  | $ | 2,364 |  |  | $ | 8,173 |

September 30, 2022 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 980 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |  |  | $ | 1,571 |  |  | $ | 1,384 |  |  | $ | 6,483 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | (545 | ) |  |  | (683 | ) |  |  | 271 |  |  |  | 266 |  |  |  | (691 | )
Loans charged-off |  |  | (99 | ) |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | (618 | ) |  |  | (964 | ) |  |  | (1,717 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 529 |  |  |  | 736 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | 1,897 |  |  | $ | 1,276 |  |  | $ | 1,215 |  |  | $ | 4,811 |

25

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)
The following table presents the balance in the allowance for credit losses and the recorded investment of loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment method as of December 31, 2022:

December 31, 2022 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 681 |  |  |  | 2,038 |  |  |  | 1,293 |  |  |  | 1,257 |  |  |  | 5,269 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | 2,038 |  |  | $ | 1,293 |  |  | $ | 1,257 |  |  | $ | 5,269 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,986 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 2,014 |
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 297,036 |  |  |  | 286,769 |  |  |  | 151,232 |  |  |  | 147,998 |  |  |  | 883,035 |
Total ending loans balance |  | $ | 297,036 |  |  | $ | 288,755 |  |  | $ | 151,232 |  |  | $ | 148,026 |  |  | $ | 885,049 |

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans by class of loans as of September 30, 2023:

|  | Collateral Type |
September 30, 2023 |  | Real Estate |  |  | Business Assets |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 229 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 517 |  |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 787 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27 |
Total collateral dependent loans |  | $ | 773 |  |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | 1,043 |

The following tables present information related to loans individually evaluated for impairment by class of loans as of December 31, 2022:

December 31, 2022 |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Allowance for Loan Losses Allocated |
With an allowance recorded: |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 1,692 |  |  |  | 1,607 |  |  |  | — |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 2,099 |  |  | $ | 2,014 |  |  | $ | — |

26

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)
The following tables present information related to loans individually evaluated for impairment by class of loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022:

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2022 |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, 2022 |
|  | Average Impaired Loans |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |  |  | Cash Basis Interest Recognized |  |  | Average Impaired Loans |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |
With an allowance recorded: |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 1,650 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 1,676 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 66 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 381 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 382 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 22 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total |  | $ | 2,045 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 2,080 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 89 |

The recorded investment of a loan excludes accrued interest and net deferred origination fees and costs due to immateriality.
Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing include both smaller balance homogenous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified as impaired loans.
The Company transfers loans to other real estate owned, at fair value less cost to sell, in the period the Company obtains physical possession of the property (through legal title or through a deed in lieu). As of September 30, 2023, the Company had $68 in other real estate owned for residential real estate properties compared to none at December 31, 2022. In addition, nonaccrual residential mortgage loans that are in the process of foreclosure had a recorded investment of $349 and $370 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
NOTE 5 – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK
The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and financial guarantees. The Bank’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees written, is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The contract amounts of these instruments are not included in the consolidated financial statements. At September 30, 2023, the contract amounts of these instruments totaled approximately $128,781, compared to $103,413 at December 31, 2022. The Bank estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Bank is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit. At September 30, 2023, the estimated ACL related to off-balance sheet commitments was $643, which included $77 provision expense during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and $11 in provision during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for instruments recorded on the balance sheet. Since many of these instruments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total contract amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
NOTE 6 – OTHER BORROWED FUNDS
Other borrowed funds at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are comprised of advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Cincinnati and promissory notes.

|  | FHLB Borrowings |  |  | Promissory Notes |  |  | Totals |
September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 43,357 |  |  | $ | 2,394 |  |  | $ | 45,751 |
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 15,569 |  |  | $ | 2,376 |  |  | $ | 17,945 |

27

NOTE 6 – OTHER BORROWED FUNDS (Continued)
Pursuant to collateral agreements with the FHLB, advances are secured by $315,076 in qualifying mortgage loans, $34,202 in commercial loans and $2,922 in FHLB stock at September 30, 2023. Fixed-rate FHLB advances of $43,357 mature through 2042 and have interest rates ranging from 1.53% to 4.91% and a year-to-date weighted average cost of 3.19% at September 30, 2023 and 2.34% at December 31, 2022. There were no variable-rate FHLB borrowings at September 30, 2023.
At September 30, 2023, the Company had a cash management line of credit enabling it to borrow up to $100,000 from the FHLB, subject to the stock ownership and collateral limitations described below. All cash management advances have an original maturity of 90 days. The line of credit must be renewed on an annual basis. There was $100,000 available on this line of credit at September 30, 2023.
Based on the Company’s current FHLB stock ownership, total assets and pledgeable loans, the Company had the ability to obtain borrowings from the FHLB up to a maximum of $180,030 at September 30, 2023. Of this maximum borrowing capacity, the Company had $87,522 available to use as additional borrowings, of which $87,522 could be used for short term, cash management advances, as mentioned above.
Promissory notes, issued primarily by Ohio Valley, are due at various dates through a final maturity date of November 18, 2024, and have fixed rates ranging from 3.15% to 5.00% and a year-to-date weighted average cost of 3.61% at September 30, 2023, as compared to 1.35% at December 31, 2022. At September 30, 2023, there were six promissory notes payable by Ohio Valley to related parties totaling $2,394. There were no promissory notes payable to other banks at September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
Letters of credit issued on the Bank’s behalf by the FHLB to collateralize certain public unit deposits as required by law totaled $49,150 at September 30, 2023 and $75,140 at December 31, 2022.
Scheduled principal payments as of September 30, 2023:

|  | FHLB Borrowings |  |  | Promissory Notes |  |  | Totals |
2023 |  | $ | 1,611 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,611 |
2024 |  |  | 4,959 |  |  |  | 2,394 |  |  |  | 7,353 |
2025 |  |  | 4,983 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,983 |
2026 |  |  | 12,908 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,908 |
2027 |  |  | 11,397 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,397 |
Thereafter |  |  | 7,499 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,499 |
|  | $ | 43,357 |  |  | $ | 2,394 |  |  | $ | 45,751 |

28

NOTE 7 – SEGMENT INFORMATION
The reportable segments are determined by the products and services offered, primarily distinguished between banking and consumer finance. They are also distinguished by the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if operating performance, products/services, and customers are similar. Loans, investments, and deposits provide the majority of the net revenues from the banking operation, while loans provide the majority of the net revenues for the consumer finance segment. All Company segments are domestic.
Total revenues from the banking segment, which accounted for the majority of the Company’s total revenues, totaled 95.1% and 94.0% of total consolidated revenues for the quarters end September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The accounting policies used for the Company’s reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Income taxes are allocated based on income before tax expense.
Information for the Company’s reportable segments is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |
|  | Banking |  |  | Consumer Finance |  |  | Total Company |
Net interest income |  | $ | 10,816 |  |  | $ | 560 |  |  | $ | 11,376 |
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | 727 |  |  |  | 161 |  |  |  | 888 |
Noninterest income |  |  | 2,526 |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 2,568 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 9,793 |  |  |  | 586 |  |  |  | 10,379 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 456 |  |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | 426 |
Net income |  |  | 2,366 |  |  |  | (115 | ) |  |  | 2,251 |
Assets |  |  | 1,299,554 |  |  |  | 14,398 |  |  |  | 1,313,952 |

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 |
|  | Banking |  |  | Consumer Finance |  |  | Total Company |
Net interest income |  | $ | 11,299 |  |  | $ | 546 |  |  | $ | 11,845 |
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | (400 | ) |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | (378 | )
Noninterest income |  |  | 2,573 |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 2,615 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 9,743 |  |  |  | 604 |  |  |  | 10,347 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 809 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 801 |
Net income |  |  | 3,720 |  |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | 3,690 |
Assets |  |  | 1,238,597 |  |  |  | 13,877 |  |  |  | 1,252,474 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |
|  | Banking |  |  | Consumer Finance |  |  | Total Company |
Net interest income |  | $ | 33,070 |  |  | $ | 1,642 |  |  | $ | 34,712 |
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | 1,351 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 1,401 |
Noninterest income |  |  | 8,144 |  |  |  | 904 |  |  |  | 9,048 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 29,173 |  |  |  | 1,893 |  |  |  | 31,066 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 1,759 |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 1,885 |
Net income |  |  | 8,931 |  |  |  | 477 |  |  |  | 9,408 |
Assets |  |  | 1,299,554 |  |  |  | 14,398 |  |  |  | 1,313,952 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 |
|  | Banking |  |  | Consumer Finance |  |  | Total Company |
Net interest income |  | $ | 30,791 |  |  | $ | 1,597 |  |  | $ | 32,388 |
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | (700 | ) |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (691 | )
Noninterest income |  |  | 7,987 |  |  |  | 984 |  |  |  | 8,971 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 28,296 |  |  |  | 1,862 |  |  |  | 30,158 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 1,930 |  |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 2,078 |
Net income |  |  | 9,252 |  |  |  | 562 |  |  |  | 9,814 |
Assets |  |  | 1,238,597 |  |  |  | 13,877 |  |  |  | 1,252,474 |

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NOTE 8 – LEASES
Substantially all of the Company’s operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities represent leases for branch buildings and office space to conduct business. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. The lease expense for these leases are recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leases with initial terms in excess of 12 months are recorded as either operating or financing leases on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company has no finance lease arrangements. Operating leases have remaining lease terms ranging from 31 months to 18 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 15 years. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are valued based on the present value of future minimum lease payments, discounted with an incremental borrowing rate for the same term as the underlying lease. The Company has one lease arrangement that contains variable lease payments that are adjusted periodically for an index.
Balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:

|  | As of September 30, 2023 |  |  | As of December 31, 2022 |
Operating leases: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 1,251 |  |  | $ | 1,294 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | 1,294 |

The components of lease cost are as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 135 |
Short-term lease expense |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 28 |

Future undiscounted lease payments for operating leases with initial terms of one year or more as of September 30, 2023 are as follows:

|  | Operating Leases |
2023 (remaining) |  | $ | 49 |
2024 |  |  | 195 |
2025 |  |  | 195 |
2026 |  |  | 140 |
2027 |  |  | 108 |
Thereafter |  |  | 875 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 1,562 |
Less: Imputed Interest |  |  | (311 | )
Total operating leases |  | $ | 1,251 |

Other information is as follows:

|  | As of September 30, 2023 |  |  | As of December 31, 2022 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term for operating leases |  | 13.2 years |  |  | 12.1 years |
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases |  |  | 2.92 | % |  |  | 2.70 | %

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NOTE 9 – RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES
The risks pertinent to our bank regarding liquidity and rising deposit costs have increased due to an elevated interest rate environment and increased deposit competition within our markets. Our liquidity position is supported by the management of liquid assets such as cash and interest-bearing deposits with banks, and liabilities such as core deposits. The bank can also access other sources of funds such as brokered deposits and FHLB advances. With the present economic conditions putting a strain on liquidity and higher borrowing costs, the Company believes it has sufficient liquid assets and funding sources should there be a liquidity need.
NOTE 10 – DEPOSITS
Deposits are comprised of the following:

|  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 326,545 |  |  | $ | 354,413 |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW accounts |  |  | 188,649 |  |  |  | 209,758 |
Savings and money market |  |  | 259,150 |  |  |  | 311,565 |
Time deposits of $250,000 or less |  |  | 254,192 |  |  |  | 115,049 |
Time deposits of more than $250,000 |  |  | 67,004 |  |  |  | 36,870 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 768,995 |  |  |  | 673,242 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 1,095,540 |  |  | $ | 1,027,655 |

Brokered deposits, included in time deposits, were $66,071 and $3,999 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
Forward Looking Statements
Certain statements contained in this report and other publicly available documents incorporated herein by reference constitute "forward looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements are often, but not always, identified by the use of such words as “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plan,” “goal,” “seek,” “project,” “estimate,” “strategy,” “future,” “likely,” “may,” “should,” “will,” and other similar expressions. Such statements involve various important assumptions, risks, uncertainties, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, and which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to: unexpected changes in interest rates or disruptions in the mortgage market; changes in political, economic or other factors, such as inflation rates, recessionary or expansive trends, taxes, the effects of implementation of legislation and the continuing economic uncertainty in various parts of the world; competitive pressures; fluctuations in interest rates; the level of defaults and prepayment on loans made by Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (“Ohio Valley”) and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”); unanticipated litigation, claims, or assessments; fluctuations in the cost of obtaining funds to make loans; and regulatory changes. Additional detailed information concerning such factors is available in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, under the Exchange Act, including the disclosure under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of Part I of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company undertakes no obligation and disclaims any intention to republish revised or updated forward looking statements, whether as a result of new information, unanticipated future events or otherwise.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW: The following discussion on consolidated financial statements includes the accounts of Ohio Valley and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, The Ohio Valley Bank Company (the “Bank”), Loan Central, Inc., a consumer finance company (“Loan Central”), Ohio Valley Financial Services Agency, LLC, an insurance agency, and OVBC Captive, Inc., a limited purpose property and casualty insurance company (“the Captive”). The Bank has two wholly-owned subsidiaries, Race Day Mortgage, Inc., an Ohio corporation that provided online consumer mortgages (“Race Day”), and Ohio Valley REO, LLC, an Ohio limited liability company. In February 2023, Ohio Valley announced that it was taking steps toward closing Race Day. The decision to start this process was made due to low loan demand, issues retaining personnel, and lack of profitability. All pending loan applications have been processed and a closing date will be determined upon termination of various contractual service agreements.
The Company is primarily engaged in commercial and retail banking, offering a blend of commercial and consumer banking services within southeastern Ohio as well as western West Virginia. The banking services offered by the Bank include the acceptance of deposits in checking, savings, time and money market accounts; the making and servicing of personal, commercial, floor plan and student loans; the making of construction and real estate loans; and credit card services. The Bank also offers individual retirement accounts, safe deposit boxes, wire transfers and other standard banking products and services. Furthermore, the Bank offers Tax Refund Advance Loans (“TALs”) to Loan Central tax customers. A TAL represents a short-term loan offered by the Bank to tax preparation customers of Loan Central.
IMPACT OF ADOPTING NEW ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE: Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, (“ASU 2016-13”) (“ASC 326”) as amended. The new accounting guidance replaces the “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model, which is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL model is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held to maturity debt securities. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (loan commitments, standby letters of credit, financial guarantees, and other similar instruments). Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company increased the allowance for credit losses by $2,162. In addition, a reserve for unfunded commitments and held to maturity securities was established totaling $631 and $3, respectively. The Company recorded a net charge to retained earnings of $2,209 as of January 1, 2023 for the cumulative effect of adopting ASC 326. The adoption of ASC 326 did not have an effect to net earnings on January 1, 2023.
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FINANCIAL RESULTS OVERVIEW: Net income totaled $2,251 during the third quarter of 2023, a decrease of $1,439 from the same period of 2022. Earnings per share for the third quarter of 2023 finished at $.47 per share, compared to $.77 per share during the third quarter of 2022. Net income totaled $9,408 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $406 from the same period of 2022. Earnings per share during the first nine months of 2023 finished at $1.97 per share, compared to $2.06 per share during the first nine months of 2022. During both the quarterly and year-to-date periods, earnings were negatively impacted by higher provision for credit loss and noninterest expenses. Net earnings were also negatively impacted by lower net interest income during the quarterly period, while higher net interest income had a positive impact to net earnings during the year-to-date period. Noninterest income was relatively stable and had minimal impact to both the quarterly and year-to-date net earnings. The impact of lower net earnings during 2023 also had a direct impact to the Company’s annualized net income to average asset ratio, or return on assets, which decreased to 1.00% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 1.04% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The Company’s net income to average equity ratio, or return on equity, also decreased to 9.21% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 9.56% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
During the three months ended September 30, 2023, net interest income decreased $469 from the same period in 2022. This was impacted by a decrease in the net interest margin, which finished at 3.85% during the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 4.03% during the same period in 2022. Margin compression during the quarter was largely the result of rate increases on deposit accounts and a composition shift to higher-cost certificate of deposit (“CD”) accounts. Furthermore, the higher utilization of wholesale funding sources to fund quarterly asset growth contributed to a higher cost of funds, which also had a negative effect on the margin. Partially offsetting the negative effects of higher-cost funding sources was a 0.8% increase in average earning assets during the third quarter of 2023, primarily from loans. In contrast to the quarterly results, net interest income during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased $2,324 over the same period in 2022. Growth in year-to-date net interest income was impacted by an increase in the net interest margin, which more than offset the effects of lower average earning assets. The Federal Reserve’s actions of increasing market interest rates during 2022 and 2023 have had a significant impact in growing the net interest margin, which finished at 4.03% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 3.73% for the same period in 2022. The year-to-date net interest margin responded positively due to the yield on earning assets increasing more than the cost of interest-bearing liabilities. Average earning assets decreased 0.5% during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. While average earning assets were down, the Company benefited from having higher relative balances maintained in loans, as opposed to the Federal Reserve, which generally yields less than loans. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, average loans increased $87,715, while average balances with the Federal Reserve decreased $73,664, compared to the same period in 2022.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s provision expense for credit loss was $888 and $1,401, compared to a negative provision of $378 and $691 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. Provision expense during 2023 was largely related to net charge-offs, increases in certain qualitative risk factors, and a general growth in loan balances, partially offset by lower expected loss rates. The negative provision expense from 2022 was largely impacted by improvements in lower criticized and classified loans and the partial release of the COVID reserve for the pandemic environment.
Noninterest income decreased $47 during the three months ended September 30, 2023, and increased $77 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022. The factors contributing to increases in noninterest income were largely from higher service charges on deposit accounts and higher commissions earned by Race Day during 2023 for mortgage application referrals. The factors contributing to decreases in noninterest income were largely from decreases in mortgage banking income from loan sales to the secondary market, which have been negatively impacted by elevated mortgage rates.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, noninterest expense increased $32 and $908 over the same periods in 2022, respectively. The increases were primarily related to salaries and employee benefit costs impacted by higher annual merit expenses. The Company also experienced increases in FDIC insurance premiums, software expense, and furniture and equipment costs, partially offset by decreases in professional fees and Race Day operating expenses.
The Company’s provision for income taxes decreased $375 and $193 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. This was largely due to the changes in taxable income affected by the factors mentioned above.
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At September 30, 2023, total assets were $1,313,952, an increase of $103,165 from year-end 2022. Higher assets were primarily impacted by increases in loans and cash and cash equivalents, which were collectively up $121,373, or 13.0%, from year-end 2022. Growth in total loans came from increases in the consumer loan segment (+15.2%), residential real estate loan segment (+8.4%), commercial real estate loan segment (+7.8%), and commercial and industrial loan segment (+4.0%). Growth in cash and cash equivalents came primarily from higher balances held at the Federal Reserve as a result of proceeds from the maturities and principal repayments of securities, as well as the growth in deposits and other borrowed funds.
At September 30, 2023, total liabilities were $1,177,159, up $101,400 from year-end 2022. Contributing most to this increase were higher deposit balances, which increased $67,885 from year-end 2022. The increase was impacted mostly from higher time deposits, partially offset by lower NOW, savings, money market, and noninterest-bearing demand deposits.
At September 30, 2023, total shareholders' equity was $136,793, up $1,765 from December 31, 2022. This increase came from year-to-date net income, partially offset by cash dividends paid and an increase in net unrealized losses on available for sale securities. The increase in shareholders’ equity was further limited by the adoption of new accounting guidance for measuring credit losses, which required a $2,209 charge to retained earnings. Regulatory capital ratios of the Company remained higher than the "well capitalized" minimums.
Comparison of Financial Condition
at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022
The following discussion focuses in more detail on the consolidated financial condition of the Company at September 30, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the interim consolidated financial statements and the footnotes included in this Form 10‑Q.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
At September 30, 2023, cash and cash equivalents were $91,190, an increase of $45,200, or 98.3%, from December 31, 2022. The increase in cash and cash equivalents came mostly from higher interest-bearing deposits on hand with correspondent banks. Over 80% of cash and cash equivalents consisted of the Company’s interest-bearing Federal Reserve Bank clearing account, which increased $42,359, or 137.6%, from year-end 2022. The Company utilizes its interest-bearing Federal Reserve Bank clearing account to manage excess funds, as well as to assist in funding earning asset growth. During the first nine months of 2023, the Company experienced increases in funds from Bank deposits, primarily time deposits, which were maintained in the Federal Reserve account. Other funds also came from the maturities and paydowns of securities available for sale and proceeds from FHLB borrowings. A portion of these clearing account funds were used to reinvest in higher-yielding loans, and to also help cover deposit runoff in noninterest-bearing demand and other interest-bearing deposit balances. The interest rate paid on both the required and excess reserve balances of the Federal Reserve Bank account is based on the targeted federal funds rate established by the Federal Open Market Committee. During the first nine months of 2023, the rate associated with the Company’s Federal Reserve Bank clearing account increased 100 basis points due to continued rising inflationary concerns, resulting in a target federal funds rate range of 5.25% to 5.50%. The interest-bearing deposit balances in the Federal Reserve Bank account are 100% secured by the U.S. Government.
As liquidity levels continuously vary based on consumer activities, amounts of cash and cash equivalents can vary widely at any given point in time. The Company’s focus during periods of heightened liquidity will be to invest excess funds into longer-term, higher-yielding assets, primarily loans, when opportunities arise.
Certificates of Deposit in Financial Institutions
At September 30, 2023, the Company had no balances classified as CDs owned by the Captive, compared to $1,862 at year-end 2022.
Securities
The balance of total securities decreased $17,512, or 9.1%, compared to year-end 2022. The decrease came mostly from U.S. Government agency (“Agency”) mortgage-backed securities, which were down $15,994, or 13.2%, from year-end 2022. The Company’s investment securities portfolio is made up mostly of Agency mortgage-backed securities, which represented 59.9% of total investments at September 30, 2023. During the first nine months of 2023, the Company received proceeds from principal repayments of $13,773. The monthly repayment of principal has been the primary advantage of Agency mortgage-backed securities as compared to other types of investment securities, which deliver proceeds upon maturity or call date. The Company also experienced $2,000 in maturities from its Agency security portfolio, which further decreased investments from year-end 2022.
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Further contributing to these decreasing factors were changes in net unrealized losses associated with available for sale securities. During the nine months ended September 2023, long-term reinvestment rates increased, which led to a $2,097 decrease in the fair value of the Company’s available for sale securities. The fair value of an investment security moves inversely to interest rates, so as rates moved up, the unrealized loss in the portfolio was increased causing the fair value to decrease. These changes in rates are typical and do not impact earnings of the Company as long as the securities are held to full maturity.
Loans
The loan portfolio represents the Company’s largest asset category and is its most significant source of interest income. Gross loan balances increased to $961,222 at September 30, 2023, representing an increase of $76,173, or 8.6%, as compared to $885,049 at December 31, 2022. The Company recognized increases in all of its loan segments from year-end 2022.
The Company’s commercial loan portfolio increased $28,698, or 6.5%, from year-end 2022. Contributing most to this increase were higher loan balances within the commercial real estate portfolio, which increased $22,655, or 7.8%, from year-end 2022. The commercial real estate segment comprised the second largest portion of the Company’s total loan portfolio at September 30, 2023, at 32.4%. The increase from year-end 2022 came primarily from the construction loan segment.
Commercial loans were also positively impacted by an increase in the commercial and industrial portfolio, up $6,043, or 4.0%, from year-end 2022. The growth was impacted by an increase in larger loan originations during the year. Commercial and industrial loans consist of loans to corporate borrowers primarily in small to mid-sized industrial and commercial companies that include service, retail, and wholesale merchants. Collateral securing these loans includes equipment, inventory, and stock.
The Company’s residential real estate loan portfolio increased $24,931, or 8.4%, from year-end 2022. At September 30, 2023, residential real estate loans represented the largest segment of the Company’s total loan portfolio at 33.5% and consisted primarily of one- to four-family residential mortgages and carries many of the same customer and industry risks as the commercial loan portfolio. The increase in residential real estate loans was largely related to short-term adjustable-rate mortgages, which increased $24,468, or 14.9%, from year-end 2022. With elevated mortgage rates, mortgage customers are selecting more in-house variable rate mortgage products instead of long-term fixed-rate products.
Further increases in loans came from the Company’s total consumer loan balances from year-end 2022, which increased $22,544, or 15.2%. This change was impacted by a $10,883, or 16.6%, increase in other consumer loans. Growth in other consumer loans came largely from the purchase of a pool of unsecured loans in January 2023 that had a carrying amount of $12,412 at September 30, 2023. Growth in consumer loans also came from a $7,379, or 13.5%, increase in automobile loans, and a $4,282, or 15.4%, increase in home equity lines of credit.
While management believes lending opportunities exist in the Company’s markets, future commercial lending activities will depend upon economic and other related conditions, such as general demand for loans in the Company’s primary markets, interest rates offered by the Company, and the effects of competitive pressure and normal underwriting considerations. Management will continue to place emphasis on its commercial lending, which generally yields a higher return on investment as compared to other types of loans.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) that represents management’s best estimate of the appropriate level of losses and risks inherent in our applicable financial assets under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. The amount of the ACL should not be interpreted as an indication that charge-offs in future periods will necessarily occur in those amounts, or at all. The determination of the ACL involves a high degree of judgement and subjectivity. Please refer to Note 1 of the notes to the financial statements for discussion regarding our ACL methodologies for securities and loans.
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For AFS debt securities, the Company evaluates the securities at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized costs basis is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Upon adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2023, and as of September 30, 2023, the Company determined that all AFS securities that experienced a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis were due to non-credit related factors. Furthermore, the security types for all AFS debt securities contained explicit government guarantees. Therefore, no ACL was recorded, and no provision expense was recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
For HTM debt securities, the Company evaluates the securities collectively by major security type at each measurement date to determine expected credit losses based on issuer’s bond rating, historical loss, financial condition, and timely principal and interest payments. Upon adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2023, a $3 ACL was recognized based on a .03% cumulative default rate taken from the S&P and Moody’s bond rating index. At September 30, 2023, the ACL for HTM debt securities was reduced to $2 based on a decrease in the cumulative default rate from .03% to .02%. This resulted in a $1 recovery of provision expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
For loans, the Company’s ACL is management’s estimate of expected lifetime credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers historical loss experience, current conditions, and forecasts of future economic conditions. The ACL on loans is established through a provision for credit losses recognized in earnings. The ACL on loans is reduced by charge-offs on loans and is increased by recoveries of amounts previously charged off. Management employs a process and methodology to estimate the ACL on loans that evaluates both quantitative and qualitative factors within two main components. The first component involves pooling loans into portfolio segments for loans that share similar risk characteristics. The second component involves individually analyzed loans that do no share similar risk characteristics with loans that are pooled into portfolio segments. The ACL for loans with similar risk characteristics are collectively evaluated for expected credit losses based on certain quantitative information that include historical loss rates, prepayment rates, and curtailment rates. Expected credit losses on loans with similar characteristics are also determined by certain qualitative factors that include national unemployment rates, national gross domestic product forecasts, changes in lending policy, quality of loan review, and delinquency status. The ACL for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are individually evaluated for expected credit losses primarily based on foreclosure status and whether a loan is collateral-dependent. Expected credit losses on individually evaluated loans are then determined using the present value of expected future cash flows based upon the loan’s original effective interest rate, at the loan’s observable market price, or if the loan was collateral dependent, at the fair value of the collateral.
As of September 30, 2023, the ACL for loans totaled $8,173, or 0.85%, of total loans. As of December 31, 2022, the ACL for loans totaled $5,269, or 0.60%, of total loans. The increase in the ACL of $2,904, or 55.1%, was primarily due to the $2,162 impact of adopting ASC 326 on January 1, 2023, affected mostly by the residential real estate and consumer loan portfolio segments. Upon transition to the CECL model, the Company’s ACL increased another $742 to finish with $8,173 in reserves, all from loans collectively evaluated. This increase was mostly impacted by additional reserves associated with certain qualitative risk factors incorporating the national trend of higher loan delinquencies and charge offs. Higher ACL reserves were also impacted by a $22,441 increase in collectively evaluated loan balances during the first nine months of 2023, primarily from the consumer and commercial loan segments. These factors were partially offset by lower expected loss rates in relation to an improved unemployment and gross domestic product forecast.
The Company experienced lower delinquency levels from year-end 2022. Nonperforming loans to total loans decreased to 0.28% at September 30, 2023, compared to 0.43% at December 31, 2022, and nonperforming assets to total assets decreased to 0.21% at September 30, 2023, compared to 0.31% at December 31, 2022.
During the first nine months of 2023, the Company individually evaluated several loans associated with two borrower relationships for expected credit loss. The fair value of the loans’ collateral was measured to the loans’ recorded investment and no expected losses were identified as part of that review. As a result, there were no specific reserves recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Management believes that the allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2023 was appropriate to absorb expected losses in the loan portfolio. Changes in the circumstances of particular borrowers, as well as adverse developments in the economy, are factors that could change, and management will make adjustments to the allowance for credit losses as needed. Asset quality will continue to remain a key focus of the Company as management continues to stress not just loan growth, but quality in loan underwriting.
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Deposits
Deposits continue to be the most significant source of funds used by the Company to meet obligations for depositor withdrawals, fund the borrowing needs of loan customers, and fund ongoing operations. Total deposits at September 30, 2023 increased $67,885, or 6.6%, from year-end 2022. This change in deposits came primarily from interest-bearing deposit balances, which were up by $95,753, or 14.2%, from year-end 2022, while noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $27,868, or 7.9%, from year-end 2022.
The increase in interest-bearing deposits came primarily from time deposit balances, which increased $169,277, or 111.4%, from year-end 2022. The increase came from retail time deposits, which increased $105,290 from year-end 2022. As market rates increased during 2022, deposit rates began adjusting upward during the second half of 2022 and into 2023. This has contributed to higher rate offerings on CD products, influencing a consumer shift away from lower-cost savings and money market products and into more higher-cost time deposit products. Further increases came from brokered CD issuances, which were up collectively by $63,987, primarily to fund asset growth during the first nine months of 2023.
Partially offsetting the increases in time deposits were decreases in savings deposits (down $25,957) and money market deposits (down $26,458) from year-end 2022. Elevated deposit rates on CD products and deposit rate competition were contributing factors to the deposit decreases.
The growth in time deposit balances were also partially offset by lower interest-bearing NOW account balances from year-end 2022, which decreased $21,109, or 10.1%. This decrease was largely driven by lower municipal NOW product balances, particularly within the Gallia County, Ohio, and Mason County, West Virginia, market areas.
The decrease in noninterest-bearing demand deposits came primarily from the Company’s business and incentive-based checking account balances.
While facing increased competition for deposits in its market areas, the Company will continue to emphasize growth and retention in its core deposit relationships during the remainder of 2023, reflecting the Company’s efforts to reduce its reliance on higher cost funding and improve net interest income.
Other Borrowed Funds
Other borrowed funds were $45,751 at September 30, 2023, an increase of $27,806, or 155.0%, from year-end 2022. The increase was related to a $10,000 FHLB fixed-rate advance from the second quarter and $20,000 in FHLB fixed-rate advances from the third quarter that were used to help fund earning asset growth. While deposits continue to be the primary source of funding for growth in earning assets, management will continue to utilize FHLB advances and promissory notes to help manage interest rate sensitivity and liquidity.
Shareholders’ Equity
Total shareholders' equity at September 30, 2023 increased $1,765, or 1.3%, to finish at $136,793, as compared to $135,028 at December 31, 2022. This was primarily from year-to-date net income, partially offset by a decrease in the fair value of available for sale securities, cash dividends paid, and a transition adjustment related to the adoption of ASC 326. The after-tax change in fair value totaled $1,657 from year-end 2022, as long-term market rates increased during the first nine months of 2023, causing a decrease in the fair value of the Company’s available for sale investment portfolio. The after-tax impact from the adoption of ASC totaled $2,209 and was applied against retained earnings effective January 1, 2023.
Comparison of Results of Operations
For the Three and Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following discussion focuses, in more detail, on the consolidated results of operations of the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the interim consolidated financial statements and the footnotes included in this Form 10‑Q.
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Net Interest Income
The most significant portion of the Company's revenue, net interest income, results from properly managing the spread between interest income on earning assets and interest expense incurred on interest-bearing liabilities. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, net interest income decreased $469, or 4.0%, compared to the same period in 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net interest income increased $2,324, or 7.2%, compared to the same period in 2022. The quarterly decrease in net interest income was negatively impacted by the current trend of rising interest costs that emerged in late 2022 and early 2023. During most of 2022, the Company experienced an increasing trend in the net interest margin in relation to the significant increase in market interest rates based on actions taken by the Federal Reserve. These rate increases were favorable to the Bank as a result of the substantial amount of immediately-repricing, interest-earning assets it maintained on its balance sheet and the ability to sustain a low cost of deposits in relation to the rising interest rates. However, during the fourth quarter of 2022 and first quarter of 2023, the Bank began to use its excess cash to fund a decline in deposit balances and an increase in loans. In addition, during the first quarter of 2023, the average cost of the Bank’s interest-bearing deposits began to increase more significantly due to customer pricing pressures, deposit competition, and a higher utilization of wholesale funding sources. These factors contributed to net interest margin compression during the third quarter of 2023, resulting in a higher increase in interest expense on deposits and borrowings than the increase in interest income on earning assets. While the year-to-date net interest margin continues to remain stronger than the year before, the higher deposit rates and use of more expensive wholesale funding sources continue to reduce the pace of margin growth. The net interest margin during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased 30 basis points over the prior year. This is compared to a year-over-year margin increase of 54 basis points at June 30, 2023, and a year-over-year margin increase of 70 basis points at March 31, 2023.
Total interest and fee income recognized on the Company’s earning assets increased $3,400, or 27.1%, during the third quarter of 2023, and $10,333, or 30.0%, during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022. The earnings growth was impacted by interest on loans, which increased $3,315, or 30.2%, and $9,066, or 29.4%, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. This improvement was largely related to average loan yield increases impacted by the aggressive actions taken by the Federal Reserve to increase rates during 2022 and 2023. Since the end of September 2022, the Federal Reserve has increased rates by another 225 basis points, which contributed to the repricing of a portion of the Company’s loan portfolio. As a result, the average interest rate yield on loans increased 90 basis points to 6.02% during the third quarter of 2023, and increased 85 basis points to 5.82% during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. Average loans increased $92,049, or 10.7%, and $87,716, or 10.5%, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. The increases were largely impacted by growth in average commercial and consumer loans.
Total interest income from interest-bearing deposits with banks increased $85 during the third quarter of 2023, and $897 during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. This growth in income was largely from the rate increases associated with the Company’s interest-bearing Federal Reserve Bank clearing account. As previously mentioned, the Federal Reserve took action during 2022 to increase short-term rates due to rising inflationary concerns. Since the end of September 2022, the target federal funds rate has increased by another 225 basis points. This had a corresponding effect to the interest rate tied to the Federal Reserve clearing account, which also increased by 225 basis points during that time. The impact from higher rates was partially offset by lower average Federal Reserve Bank balances, which decreased $46,031 during the third quarter of 2023, and $73,664 during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. The Company utilized Federal Reserve Bank balances to help fund new loans and manage the net decrease in average deposits during that time.
Total interest on securities increased $23, or 2.5%, during the third quarter of 2023, and $360, or 14.0%, during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. Contributing most to this increase was the average yield on securities increasing 21 basis points to reach 1.91% during the third quarter of 2023, and 29 basis points to reach 1.92% during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. The average yield increase was positively impacted by the reinvestment of maturities at market rates higher than the average portfolio yield. The average securities yield was also positively impacted by the Company’s decision to sell $12,500 in lower yielding securities during the fourth quarter of 2022 and use the proceeds to reinvest into higher-yielding securities. However, with the Company’s focus of reinvesting excess funds into higher-yielding loans and managing excess funds within its higher-yielding Federal Reserve deposit account, average security balances have decreased $19,301 and $16,870 during the third quarter and first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively.
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Total interest expense incurred on the Company’s interest-bearing liabilities increased $3,869 during the third quarter of 2023, and $8,009 during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. Increases in interest expense were impacted by a rise in average costs combined with increases in higher-costing average deposit balances. The elevated market rates in 2022 and 2023 had a more immediate impact to increasing rates on earning assets, while the average cost of deposits did not increase until the second half of 2022. Entering 2023, rates on the Company’s retail CD offerings have adjusted to much higher levels than a year ago, leading to more of a consumer demand to reinvest from lower-cost NOW, savings and money market deposit products (average cost at 0.78%) into more time deposit products (average cost at 3.24%). Furthermore, the Company issued $76,134 in brokered CDs during the first half of 2023 with a weighted average interest rate of 4.58%. These wholesale deposits were used to fund asset growth, but also contributed to the growth in interest expense over 2022. With deposit rates on the rise, the Company experienced a composition shift from less lower-cost average NOW, savings, and money market account balances (down $70,389) into more higher-cost average time deposit balances (up $80,383). As a result of the rate repricings on time deposits and the deposit shift into higher-cost deposits, the Company’s total weighted average costs on interest-bearing deposits increased by 136 basis points from 0.28% at September 30, 2022, to 1.64% at September 30, 2023.
The Company’s net interest margin is defined as fully tax-equivalent net interest income as a percentage of average earning assets. During 2023, the Company’s third quarter net interest margin decreased to 3.85% at September 30, 2023, compared to 2022’s third quarter net interest margin of 4.03% at September 30, 2022. As previously discussed, the quarterly margin decrease was caused by higher average costs associated with the Bank’s interest-bearing liabilities due to customer pricing pressures, deposit competition, and a higher utilization of wholesale funding sources. Furthermore, the Bank continues to experience a deposit composition shift into more higher-costing retail CDs and less lower-costing NOW, savings, money market, and checking account deposits, which put increased pressure on margin growth during the third quarter of 2023. Partially offsetting these negative effects during the third quarter of 2023 were increases in earning asset yields and a higher composition of average loan balances.
The Company’s year-to-date net interest margin improved to 4.03% at September 30, 2023, compared to 2022’s year-to-date net interest margin of 3.73% at September 30, 2022. Year-to-date margin improvement was impacted by the actions taken by the Federal Reserve to increase rates during 2022 and 2023. This had a direct impact to the rate repricings on the loan and securities portfolios, and the Federal Reserve Bank account, which had a positive impact on the margin. Margin enhancement also came from the redeployment of Federal Reserve Bank balances into higher yielding loans. Partially offsetting these positive effects to the margin have been increases in average deposit costs and the composition shift to higher-cost time deposit balances from a year ago. The Company’s primary focus is to invest its funds into higher yielding assets, particularly loans, as opportunities arise. However, if loan balances do not continue to expand and remain a larger component of overall earning assets, the Company will face pressure within its net interest income and margin improvement.
Provision for Credit Losses
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s provision for credit losses expense totaled $888, an increase of $1,266 when compared to $378 in negative provision expense during the three months ended September 30, 2022. For 2023, third quarter provision expense was primarily related to additional reserves associated with certain qualitative risk factors that incorporated a national trend of higher loan delinquencies and charge offs. This contributed to $779 in provision expense from the Company’s economic risk factor calculation. Other increases to provision expense came from higher net charge-offs on loans and an increase in general loan balances, that collectively contributed to $301 in provision expense during the third quarter of 2023. Partially offsetting these negative effects was a $310 reduction in provision expense from the Company’s lower expected loss rates in relation to an improved unemployment and gross domestic product forecast. For 2022, third quarter negative provision expense was related to the elimination of a specific reserve on a collateral dependent impaired loan. Upon receiving payoff of the impaired loan, the Company reduced provision expense by $297, which had represented the specific reserves allocated to the collateral deficiency of the loan.
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For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s provision for credit losses expense totaled $1,401, an increase of $2,092 when compared to $691 in negative provision expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. For 2023, year-to-date provision expense was impacted by additional reserves associated with certain qualitative risk factors that incorporated a national trend of higher loan delinquencies and charge offs. This contributed to $863 in provision expense from the Company’s economic risk factor calculation. Further provision expense in 2023 came from $649 in net loan charge-offs and $614 in expected losses associated with an increase in general loan balances from year-end 2022. Partially offsetting these negative effects was a $748 reduction in provision expense from the Company’s lower expected loss rates in relation to an improved unemployment and gross domestic product forecast. For 2022, year-to-date negative provision expense was impacted by the release of general loan reserves within the allowance based on various credit quality improvements. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company released $645 in COVID general reserves due to positive asset quality trends and lower net charge offs, which resulted in a corresponding decrease of $645 to provision expense in March 2022. Further contributing to negative provision expense during the first nine months of 2022 was the release of $1,017 in other general reserves. This reduction in other general reserves was affected by various improvements within the economic risk factor calculation that included: lower criticized and classified assets, lower delinquency levels, and higher annualized level of loan recoveries. This resulted in a corresponding decrease of $1,017 to provision expense during the first nine months of 2022. The impact of lower general reserves was partially offset by $981 in net charge-offs, which increased provision expense during the first nine months of 2022.
Credit loss expense during 2023 also came from unfunded commitments on off-balance sheet liabilities. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company established $631 in reserves for unfunded commitments within total liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. This transition adjustment was included as a charge to retained earnings on January 1, 2023. The Company re-evaluated its unfunded commitments to extend credit at September 30, 2023 and determined a reserve of $643 was required, which resulted in provision expense of $77 during the third quarter of 2023, and provision expense of $12 during the first nine months of 2023.
Credit loss expense during 2023 was further impacted by held to maturity debt securities. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company established $3 in reserves for held to maturity debt securities on the consolidated balance sheet. This transition adjustment was included as a charge to retained earnings on January 1, 2023. The Company re-evaluated its reserve for held to maturity debt securities at September 30, 2023 and determined a reserve of $2 was required, which resulted in a $1 recovery of provision expense during both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Future provisions to the allowance for credit losses will continue to be based on management’s quarterly in-depth evaluation that is discussed in further detail under the caption “Critical Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses” within this Management’s Discussion and Analysis (this “MD&A”).
Noninterest Income
Noninterest income decreased $47, or 1.8%, during the three months ended September 30, 2023, and increased $77, or 0.9%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. Noninterest revenue was positively impacted by increases in other noninterest income, which increased $37 and $462 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. The changes to other noninterest income came primarily from broker fee income at Race Day. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022, Race Day transitioned from originating and selling loans to a broker that identifies and matches home borrowers with potential lenders, while also assisting in the underwriting process. This transition is a result of the Company’s decision to discontinue operations of Race Day, as discussed above. The broker fees represent commissions earned by Race Day for mortgage application referrals at the time the loan was funded by the lender. The commissions earned on mortgage application referrals ended in April 2023, which led to no commission revenue earned during the third quarter of 2023, compared to no fee income earned during the third quarter of 2022. Race Day’s mortgage broker fee income during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 totaled $247, compared to no income earned during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The Company does not expect to receive further broker fee commissions during the remainder of 2023 as it is anticipated that Race Day will continue to wind down operations. Growth in other noninterest income also came from interest rate swaps and commissions from card merchants, which were collectively up $92 and $205 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively.
Growth in noninterest income was further impacted by increases in service charges on deposit accounts, which increased $52 during the third quarter of 2023, and $163 during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. This included a higher volume of overdraft transactions during both the quarterly and year-to-date periods of 2023.
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Noninterest income was negatively impacted by decreases in mortgage banking income affected by a lower volume of real estate loans sold to the secondary market in 2023. During periods of heavy refinancing due to lower market rates, the Company will take opportunities to sell a portion of its fixed-rate real estate volume to the secondary market to satisfy consumer demand and help minimize the interest rate risk exposure to rising rates. However, market rates have continued to shift upward in 2023, causing long-term mortgage rates to increase and slow down the consumer demand for long-term, fixed-rate real estate mortgages. As a result, the Bank’s mortgage banking income decreased $36 and $176 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, while Race Day’s mortgage banking income decreased $107 and $331 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. The impact to Race Day was largely due to their transition to broker activity as previously discussed.
The remaining noninterest income categories increased $7, or 0.4%, and decreased $41, or 0.7%, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. The quarterly increase came primarily from growth in bank owned life insurance and annuity asset income. The year-to-date decrease came primarily from lower tax preparation fees and bank owned life insurance and annuity asset income, partially offset by an increase in debit/credit card interchange income.
Noninterest Expense
Noninterest expense increased $32, or 0.3%, during the third quarter of 2023, and $908, or 3.0%, during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. Contributing most to the increase in noninterest expense were salaries and employee benefits, which increased $42 and $514 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. The expense increases were largely from annual performance-based merit increases. However, the growth in salaries and employee benefit expense was offset due to the elimination of staffing for Race Day by April 2023. As a result, a savings in salary and employee benefit expense was realized totaling $253 during the third quarter of 2023, and $500 during the first nine months of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022.
Increases in noninterest expense were also impacted by higher building and equipment costs, which increased $31 and $159 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. This was primarily related to building repair and maintenance costs, as well as utility costs.
Further impacting higher overhead costs was FDIC premium expense, which increased $61 and $171 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the FDIC announced it was going to increase initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules uniformly by 2 basis points beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. This action by the FDIC is in response to the Deposit Insurance Fund reserve falling below the 1.35% minimum level in the second quarter of 2020 following outsized growth in insured deposits in the first half of 2020. The Bank adjusted its premium expense accrual in anticipation of the 2-basis point adjustment increase to all quarterly assessments during 2023.
Also contributing to higher noninterest expense were software costs, which increased $60 and $151 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. The increase was largely impacted by various software purchases and enhancements at the Bank to further improve operational efficiencies in 2023.
Also impacting noninterest expense were professional fees, which increased $12 during the three months ended September 30, 2023, but decreased $109 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. Professional fees during the quarter were impacted primarily by higher collection costs. Professional fees for the year were impacted primarily by lower accounting expenses in relation to higher-than-normal costs in 2022 that were associated with adhering to new regulatory guidance in 2022.
The remaining noninterest expense categories decreased $174, or 6.7%, but increased $22, or 0.3%, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. These changes came primarily from other noninterest expense, which decreased $108 during the quarter, but increased $13 during the year-to-date period, impacted by higher loan closing costs, consulting expense, and interest rate swap expense. These increases were completely offset during the third quarter, and partially offset during the year-to-date period by, decreases in various overhead expenses associated with Race Day resulting from the continued unwinding of business operations mentioned above.
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Efficiency
The Company’s efficiency ratio is defined as noninterest expense as a percentage of fully tax-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income. The effects from provision expense are excluded from the efficiency ratio. Management continues to place emphasis on managing its balance sheet mix and interest rate sensitivity as well as developing more innovative ways to generate noninterest revenue. Comparing the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 to the same periods in 2022, the Company has benefited from an increase in earning asset yields due to market rate increases by the Federal Reserve, and a higher composition of higher-yielding loans. However, the continued trend of increasing deposit rates, a deposit composition shift to higher-cost time deposit balances, and the increased use of higher-cost wholesale funding sources led to margin compression during the third quarter of 2023, and had a negative impact to quarterly net interest income. As a result, net interest income during the three months ended September 30, 2023 finished below the net interest income results from the same period in 2022, while net interest income during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 outperformed the net interest income results over the same period in 2022. Contributions from noninterest income were relatively stable during both the quarterly and year-to-date periods of 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, and had minimal impact to earnings. While noninterest expense was also stable during the quarter, the year-to-date noninterest expense continues to be impacted by increases in overhead costs associated with annual merit increases. However, the year-to-date increase in noninterest expense only partially offset the increase in year-to-date net interest income. As a result, the Company’s quarterly efficiency number increased (regressed) to 73.6% during the three months ended September 30, 2023, from 71.0% during the same period in 2022. The Company’s year-to-date efficiency number decreased (improved) to 70.3% during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, from 72.3% during the same period in 2022.
Provision for income taxes
The Company’s income tax provision decreased $375 and $193 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, respectively. The changes in tax expense corresponded directly to the changes in associated taxable income during 2023 and 2022.
Capital Resources
Federal regulators have classified and defined capital into the following components: (i) Tier 1 capital, which includes tangible shareholders’ equity for common stock, qualifying preferred stock and certain qualifying hybrid instruments, and (ii) Tier 2 capital, which includes a portion of the allowance for credit losses, certain qualifying long-term debt, preferred stock and hybrid instruments which do not qualify as Tier 1 capital.
In September 2019, consistent with Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule providing simplified capital requirements for certain community banking organizations (banks and holding companies). Under the rule, a qualifying community banking organization (“QCBO”) is eligible to opt into the Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) framework in lieu of the Basel III capital requirements if it has less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, limited amounts of certain trading assets and liabilities, limited amounts of off-balance sheet exposure and a leverage ratio greater than 9.0%. The new rule took effect January 1, 2020, and QCBOs were allowed to opt into the new CBLR framework in their Call Report beginning the first quarter of 2020.
A QCBO opting into the CBLR framework must maintain a CBLR of 9.0%, subject to a two-quarter grace period to come back into compliance, provided that the QCBO maintains a leverage ratio of more than 8.0% during the grace period. A QCBO failing to satisfy these requirements must comply with the existing Basel III capital requirements as implemented by the banking regulators in July 2013.
The Bank opted into the CBLR, and therefore, is not required to comply with the Basel III capital requirements The numerator of the CBLR is Tier 1 capital, as calculated under present rules. The denominator of the CBLR is the QCBO’s average assets, calculated in accordance with the QCBO’s Call Report instructions and less assets deducted from Tier 1 capital. The current rules and Call Report instructions were impacted by the Company’s adoption of ASC 326 and its election to apply the 3-year CECL transition provision on January 1, 2023. By making this election, the Bank, in accordance with Section 301 of the regulatory capital rules, will increase it retained earnings (Tier 1 Capital) and average assets by 75% of its CECL transition amount during the first year of the transition period, 50% of its CECL transition amount during the second year, and 25% of its CECL transitional amount during the third year of the transition period. The Bank’s transition amount from the adoption of CECL totaled $2,276, which resulted in the add-back of $1,707 to both Tier 1 capital and average assets as part of the CBLR calculation for September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, the Bank’s CBLR was 11.06%.
Cash dividends paid by the Company were $3,820 during the first nine months of 2023. The year-to-date dividends paid totaled $0.80 per share.
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Liquidity
Liquidity relates to the Company's ability to meet the cash demands and credit needs of its customers and is provided by the ability to readily convert assets to cash and raise funds in the marketplace. Total cash and cash equivalents, held to maturity securities maturing within one year, and available for sale securities, which totaled $258,617, represented 19.7% of total assets at September 30, 2023 compared to $230,853 and 19.1% of total assets at December 31, 2022. This growth in liquid funds came primarily from increases in deposits, as well as increases in borrowings and net proceeds from maturities and paydowns of securities. A large portion of these dollars were used to fund the 8.6% growth in loans. Increases in deposits were largely impacted by growth in time deposits, which increased 111.4% from year-end 2022. Of the Company’s $1,095,540 in total deposit balances at September 30, 2023, only 34.8%, or $381,673, were deemed uninsured as per the $250 FDIC threshold. To further enhance the Bank’s ability to meet liquidity demands, the FHLB offers advances to the Bank. At September 30, 2023, the Bank could borrow an additional $87,522 from the FHLB. Furthermore, the Bank has established a borrowing line with the Federal Reserve, which had availability of $62,519 at September 30, 2023. Lastly, the Bank also has the ability to purchase federal funds from a correspondent bank. As our liquidity position dictates, the preceding funding sources, or other sources such as brokered CD’s, may be utilized to supplement our liquidity position. For further cash flow information, see the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows above. Management does not rely on any single source of liquidity and monitors the level of liquidity based on many factors affecting the Company’s financial condition.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As discussed in Note 5 – Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk, the Company engages in certain off-balance sheet credit-related activities, including commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which could require the Company to make cash payments in the event that specified future events occur. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. While these commitments are necessary to meet the financing needs of the Company’s customers, many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total amount of commitments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
Critical Accounting Policies
The most significant accounting policies followed by the Company are presented in Note A to the financial statements in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report to Shareholders, as updated in Note 1 of the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the other financial statement notes, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Management views critical accounting policies to be those which are highly dependent on subjective or complex judgments, estimates and assumptions, and where changes in those estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the financial statements. Management currently views the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses to be a critical accounting policy.
Allowance for credit losses
The Company believes the determination of the allowance for credit losses involves a higher degree of judgment and complexity than its other significant accounting policies. The allowance for credit losses is calculated with the objective of maintaining a reserve level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated credit losses over the life of an asset or off-balance sheet credit exposure. Management’s determination of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is based on periodic evaluations of past events, including historical credit loss experience on financial assets with similar risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets. However, this evaluation has subjective components requiring material estimates, including expected default probabilities, the expected loss given default, the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans, and estimated losses based on historical loss experience and forecasted economic conditions. All of these factors may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent that actual results differ from management estimates, additional provisions for credit losses may be required that would adversely impact earnings in future periods. Refer to “Allowance for Credit Losses” and “Provision for Credit Losses” sections within this MD&A for additional discussion.
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Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company maintains a diversified credit portfolio, with residential real estate loans currently comprising the most significant portion. Credit risk is primarily subject to loans made to businesses and individuals in southeastern Ohio and western West Virginia. Management believes this risk to be general in nature, as there are no material concentrations of loans to any industry or consumer group. To the extent possible, the Company diversifies its loan portfolio to limit credit risk by avoiding industry concentrations.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Not applicable.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
With the participation of the Chief Executive Officer (the principal executive officer) and the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (the principal financial officer) of Ohio Valley, Ohio Valley’s management has evaluated the effectiveness of Ohio Valley’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2023. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by Ohio Valley in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to Ohio Valley’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, Ohio Valley’s Chief Executive Officer and Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that Ohio Valley’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023 to ensure that information required to be disclosed by Ohio Valley in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in Ohio Valley’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a‑15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during Ohio Valley’s fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Ohio Valley’s internal control over financial reporting.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, the Company may be involved in various claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not currently involved in any material legal proceedings outside the ordinary course of the Company’s business.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
There are no material changes to the risk factors as previously disclosed under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the 2022 Form 10-K and the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
(a) There were no sales of unregistered equity securities during the three months ended September 30, 2023.
(b) Not applicable.
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(c) The following table provides information regarding Ohio Valley’s repurchases of its common shares during the three months ended September 30, 2023:

Period |  | Total number of shares purchased(1) |  |  | Average price paid per share |  |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs |  |  | Maximum approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs |
July 1 - 31, 2023 |  |  | ---- |  |  |  | ---- |  |  |  | ---- |  |  | $ | 4,046 |
August 1 - 31, 2023 |  |  | 1,196 |  |  | $ | 24.55 |  |  |  | 1,196 |  |  | $ | 4,016 |
September 1 - 30, 2023 |  |  | 2,192 |  |  | $ | 24.17 |  |  |  | 2,192 |  |  | $ | 3,963 |
TOTAL |  |  | 3,388 |  |  | $ | 24.30 |  |  |  | 3,388 |  |  | $ | 3,963 |

(1) | On July 23, 2021, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a program for the repurchase of up to $5,000 in shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock. On August 18, 2022, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved the extension of the expiration date of the share repurchase program from August 31, 2022 to August 31, 2023. On August 15, 2023, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a further extension of the expiration date of the share repurchase program to August 31, 2024.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not applicable.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
(a) Not applicable.
(b) Not applicable.
(c) Not applicable.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
(a) Exhibits:

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description
3.1 |  | Amended Articles of Incorporation of Ohio Valley (reflects amendments through April 7, 1999) [for SEC reporting compliance only - - not filed with the Ohio Secretary of State]: Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3(a) to Ohio Valley’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2007 (File No. 000-20914).
3.2 |  | Code of Regulations of Ohio Valley: Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3(b) to Ohio Valley’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2010 (File No. 000-20914).
4.1 |  | Agreement to furnish instruments and agreements defining rights of holders of long-term debt: Filed herewith.
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification (Principal Executive Officer): Filed herewith.
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification (Principal Financial Officer): Filed herewith.
32 |  | Section 1350 Certifications (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer): Filed herewith.
101.INS # |  | XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH # |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema: Filed herewith. #
101.CAL # |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase: Filed herewith. #
101.DEF # |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase: Filed herewith. #
101.LAB # |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase: Filed herewith. #
101.PRE # |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase: Filed herewith. #
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) Filed herewith #

# Attached as Exhibit 101 are the following documents formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensive Business Reporting Language): (i) Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income; (iii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (iv) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity; (v) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (vi) Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
Date: | November 14, 2023 | By: | /s/Larry E. Miller, II
|  |  | Larry E. Miller, II
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | November 14, 2023 | By: | /s/Scott W. Shockey
|  |  | Scott W. Shockey
|  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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