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United States
Securities and Exchange Commission
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ____________ to ____________
Commission file number 000-20914
OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ohio | 31-1359191
(State of Incorporation) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

420 Third Avenue, Gallipolis, Ohio | 45631
(Address of principal executive offices) | (ZIP Code)

(740) 446-2631
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
_____________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common shares, without par value | OVBC | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ |  |  | Accelerated filer ☐ |
Non-accelerated filer ☒ |  |  | Smaller reporting company ☒ |
Emerging growth company ☐ |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of common shares, without par value, of the registrant outstanding as of May 14, 2024 was 4,793,674.

OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
Index

|  | Page Number
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 7
| Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 42
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 42
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 42
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 42
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 42
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 42
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 43
Item 5. | Other Information | 43
Item 6. | Exhibits | 44
Signatures |  | 45

2

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

|  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and noninterest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 15,422 |  |  | $ | 14,252 |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  |  | 113,638 |  |  |  | 113,874 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 129,060 |  |  |  | 128,126 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 162,186 |  |  |  | 162,258 |
Securities held to maturity, net of allowance for credit losses of $2 in 2024 and 2023 |  |  | 7,968 |  |  |  | 7,986 |
Restricted investments in bank stocks |  |  | 4,983 |  |  |  | 5,037 |
Total loans |  |  | 989,862 |  |  |  | 971,900 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (9,229 | ) |  |  | (8,767 | )
Net loans |  |  | 980,633 |  |  |  | 963,133 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 21,728 |  |  |  | 21,450 |
Premises and equipment held for sale, net |  |  | 568 |  |  |  | 573 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 4,338 |  |  |  | 3,606 |
Goodwill |  |  | 7,319 |  |  |  | 7,319 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 8 |
Bank owned life insurance and annuity assets |  |  | 40,745 |  |  |  | 40,593 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net |  |  | 1,159 |  |  |  | 1,205 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 6,438 |  |  |  | 6,306 |
Other assets |  |  | 5,469 |  |  |  | 4,535 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,372,599 |  |  | $ | 1,352,135 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 306,574 |  |  | $ | 322,222 |
Interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 842,210 |  |  |  | 804,914 |
Total deposits |  |  | 1,148,784 |  |  |  | 1,127,136 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 43,261 |  |  |  | 44,593 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | 8,500 |
Operating lease liability |  |  | 1,159 |  |  |  | 1,205 |
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments |  |  | 586 |  |  |  | 692 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 24,527 |  |  |  | 26,002 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 1,226,817 |  |  |  | 1,208,128 |
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($1.00 stated value per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized; 2024 - 5,490,995 shares issued; 2023 - 5,470,453 shares issued) |  |  | 5,491 |  |  |  | 5,470 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 52,321 |  |  |  | 51,842 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 116,614 |  |  |  | 114,871 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (11,896 | ) |  |  | (11,428 | )
Treasury stock, at cost (697,321 shares) |  |  | (16,748 | ) |  |  | (16,748 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 145,782 |  |  |  | 144,007 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,372,599 |  |  | $ | 1,352,135 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
3

OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Interest and dividend income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees |  | $ | 15,250 |  |  | $ | 12,276 |
Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 885 |  |  |  | 958 |
Tax exempt |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 42 |
Dividends |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 90 |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  |  | 1,417 |  |  |  | 426 |
Other interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |
|  |  | 17,684 |  |  |  | 13,794 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 5,899 |  |  |  | 1,832 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | 102 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 138 |
|  |  | 6,494 |  |  |  | 2,072 |
Net interest income |  |  | 11,190 |  |  |  | 11,722 |
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | 751 |  |  |  | 489 |
Net interest income after provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | 10,439 |  |  |  | 11,233 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 725 |  |  |  | 611 |
Trust fees |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 86 |
Income from bank owned life insurance and annuity assets |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | 207 |
Mortgage banking income |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 47 |
Electronic refund check / deposit fees |  |  | 540 |  |  |  | 540 |
Debit / credit card interchange income |  |  | 1,145 |  |  |  | 1,173 |
Tax preparation fees |  |  | 607 |  |  |  | 631 |
Other |  |  | 311 |  |  |  | 472 |
|  |  | 3,696 |  |  |  | 3,767 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 6,167 |  |  |  | 5,884 |
Occupancy |  |  | 469 |  |  |  | 462 |
Furniture and equipment |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | 298 |
Professional fees |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | 433 |
Marketing expense |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | 241 |
FDIC insurance |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 138 |
Data processing |  |  | 807 |  |  |  | 720 |
Software |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | 562 |
Foreclosed assets |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 2 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 7 |
Other |  |  | 1,483 |  |  |  | 1,525 |
|  |  | 10,741 |  |  |  | 10,272 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 3,394 |  |  |  | 4,728 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 601 |  |  |  | 820 |
NET INCOME |  | $ | 2,793 |  |  | $ | 3,908 |
Earnings per share |  | $ | 0.58 |  |  | $ | 0.82 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
4

OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands)

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net Income |  | $ | 2,793 |  |  | $ | 3,908 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities |  |  | (600 | ) |  |  | 2,145 |
Related tax (expense) benefit |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | (450 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (468 | ) |  |  | 1,695 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 2,325 |  |  | $ | 5,603 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
5

OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES
IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

Quarter-to-date |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Total Shareholders' Equity |
Balance at January 1, 2024 |  | $ | 5,470 |  |  | $ | 51,842 |  |  | $ | 114,871 |  |  | $ | (11,428 | ) |  | $ | (16,748 | ) |  | $ | 144,007 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,793 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,793 |
Other comprehensive loss, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (468 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (468 | )
Cash dividends, $0.22 per share |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,050 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,050 | )
Common Stock issued to ESOP, 20,542 shares |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 479 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 500 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 5,491 |  |  | $ | 52,321 |  |  | $ | 116,614 |  |  | $ | (11,896 | ) |  | $ | (16,748 | ) |  | $ | 145,782 |
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  | $ | 5,465 |  |  | $ | 51,722 |  |  | $ | 107,111 |  |  | $ | (14,813 | ) |  | $ | (16,666 | ) |  | $ | 132,819 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,908 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,908 |
Other comprehensive loss, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,695 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,695 |
Cash dividends, $0.21 per share |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,002 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,002 | )
Common Stock issued to ESOP, 4,746 shares |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 120 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 5,470 |  |  | $ | 51,842 |  |  | $ | 110,017 |  |  | $ | (13,118 | ) |  | $ | (16,666 | ) |  | $ | 137,545 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
6

OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF
CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands)

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net cash provided by operating activities: |  | $ | 928 |  |  | $ | 4,225 |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of securities available for sale |  |  | 9,161 |  |  |  | 6,582 |
Purchases of securities available for sale |  |  | (9,554 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from calls and maturities of securities held to maturity |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 217 |
Proceeds from maturities of certificates of deposit in financial institutions |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,122 |
Redemptions of restricted investments in bank stocks |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 1,860 |
Net change in loans |  |  | (18,315 | ) |  |  | (21,641 | )
Purchases of premises and equipment |  |  | (694 | ) |  |  | (430 | )
Withdrawals from bank owned life insurance and annuity asset |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | — |
Net cash (used in) investing activities |  |  | (19,260 | ) |  |  | (12,290 | )
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in deposits |  |  | 21,648 |  |  |  | 53,540 |
Cash dividends |  |  | (1,050 | ) |  |  | (1,002 | )
Repayment of Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings |  |  | (1,386 | ) |  |  | (633 | )
Change in other short-term borrowings |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 18 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 19,266 |  |  |  | 51,923 |
Change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 934 |  |  |  | 43,858 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 128,126 |  |  |  | 45,990 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 129,060 |  |  | $ | 89,848 |
Supplemental disclosure: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 7,055 |  |  | $ | 1,178 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
7

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
BASIS OF PRESENTATION: The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (“Ohio Valley”) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, The Ohio Valley Bank Company (the “Bank”), Loan Central, Inc., a consumer finance company, and Ohio Valley Financial Services Agency, LLC, an insurance agency. The Bank has one wholly-owned subsidiary, Ohio Valley REO, LLC (“Ohio Valley REO”), an Ohio limited liability company, to which the Bank transfers certain real estate acquired by the Bank through foreclosure for sale by Ohio Valley REO. In December 2023, Ohio Valley ceased operating Race Day Mortgage, Inc. (“Race Day”), which had been a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank since April 2021. The decision to cease operating Race Day was made due to low loan demand, poor employee retention, and lack of profitability. In December 2023, Ohio Valley also ceased operating OVBC Captive, Inc. (the “Captive”), which had been a subsidiary of Ohio Valley since July 2014. The decision to cease operating the Captive was the result of proposed IRS regulations that adversely impacted the taxation of small captives and severely limited the Captive’s ability to operate. Ohio Valley and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Company.” All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
These interim financial statements are prepared by the Company without audit and reflect all adjustments of a normal recurring nature which, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the consolidated financial position of the Company at March 31, 2024, and its results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024, are not necessarily indicative of the operating results to be anticipated for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not purport to contain all the necessary financial disclosures required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”) that might otherwise be necessary in the circumstances. The Annual Report of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2023, contains consolidated financial statements and related notes which should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
The consolidated financial statements for 2023 have been reclassified to conform to the presentation for 2024. These reclassifications had no effect on net income or shareholders’ equity.
USE OF ESTIMATES IN THE PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: The accounting and reporting policies followed by the Company conform to US GAAP established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ.
INDUSTRY SEGMENT INFORMATION: Internal financial information is primarily reported and aggregated in two lines of business: banking and consumer finance.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS: In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The updated accounting guidance requires expanded reportable segment disclosures, primarily related to significant segment expenses which are regularly provided to the company's chief operating decision maker. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Retrospective application is required. The Company is currently evaluating the effect the updated guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The updated accounting guidance requires enhanced income tax disclosures, including the disaggregation of existing disclosures related to the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect the updated guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
8

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
DEBT SECURITIES: The Company classifies securities into held to maturity (“HTM”) and available for sale (“AFS”) categories. HTM securities are those which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. Securities classified as AFS include securities that could be sold for liquidity, investment management or similar reasons even if there is not a present intention of such a sale. AFS securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses included in other comprehensive income, net of tax.
Premium amortization is deducted from, and discount accretion is added to, interest income on securities using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Gains and losses are recognized upon the sale of specific identified securities on the completed trade date.
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (“ACL”) - AFS SECURITIES: For AFS debt securities in an unrealized position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For debt securities AFS that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair values has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Changes in the ACL are recorded as credit loss expense (or reversal). Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an AFS security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.
Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $435 at March 31, 2024 and $394 at December 31, 2023, and are excluded from the estimate of credit losses.
Management classifies the AFS portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. Government securities, U.S. Government sponsored entity securities, and Agency mortgage-backed residential securities. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was no ACL related to AFS debt securities.
9

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
ACL - HTM SECURITIES: Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ACL on securities HTM is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of HTM securities to present the net amount expected to be collected. HTM securities are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in the Company’s consolidated statements of income in the provision for credit losses. Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Management classifies the HTM portfolio into two major security types: Obligations of states and political subdivisions and Agency mortgage-backed residential securities. Agency mortgage-backed residential securities consist of only two securities with balances that are not significant. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions, management considers (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. At March 31, 2024, the ACL related to HTM debt securities was $2, unchanged from December 31, 2023. Furthermore, there was no corresponding provision expense during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
LOANS: Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of unearned interest, deferred loan fees and costs, and an ACL. Interest income is reported on an accrual basis using the interest method and includes amortization of net deferred loan fees and costs over the loan term using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments. The amount of the Company’s recorded investment is not materially different than the amount of unpaid principal balance for loans.
Interest income is discontinued and the loan moved to nonaccrual status when full loan repayment is in doubt, typically when the loan payments are past due 90 days or over unless the loan is well-secured or in process of collection. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.
All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis method until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
The Bank also originates long-term, fixed-rate mortgage loans, with the full intention of being sold to the secondary market. These loans are considered held for sale during the period of time after the principal has been advanced to the borrower by the Bank, but before the Bank has been reimbursed by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, typically within a few business days. Loans sold to the secondary market are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no loans held for sale by the Bank.
ACL – LOANS: The ACL for loans is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged off against the ACL when they are deemed uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. The ACL is adjusted through the provision for credit losses and reduced by net charge offs of loans.
The ACL is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Determination of an appropriate ACL is inherently subjective and may have significant changes from period to period.
The methodology for determining the ACL has two main components: evaluation of expected credit losses for certain groups of loans that share similar risk characteristics and evaluation of loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans.
10

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
The ACL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the ACL using the following methods:

Portfolio Segment |  | Measurement Method |  | Loss Driver
Residential real estate |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment, National GDP
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment, National GDP
Nonowner-occupied |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment, National GDP
Construction |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment, National GDP
Commercial and industrial |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment, National GDP
Consumer: |  |  |  |
Automobile |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment
Home equity |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss |  | National Unemployment
Other |  | Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss, Remaining Life Method |  | National Unemployment

Historical credit loss experience is the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. We apply historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. In defining historical loss rates and the prepayment rates and curtailment rates used to determine the expected life of loans, the use of regional and national peer data was used. After consideration of the historic loss calculation, management applies qualitative adjustments to reflect the current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts not already reflected in the historical loss information at the balance sheet date. Our reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment is based on the national unemployment rate and the national gross domestic product forecast for the first year. For periods beyond our reasonable and supportable forecast, we revert to historical loss rates utilizing a straight-line method over a two-year reversion period. The qualitative adjustments for current conditions are based upon changes in lending policies and practices, experience and ability of lending staff, quality of the Company’s loan review system, value of underlying collateral, the volume and severity of past due loans, the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the existence of and changes in concentrations and other external factors. Each factor is assigned a value to reflect improving, stable, or declining conditions based on management’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a troubled debt restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower, or the extension of renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.
The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the measurement of its ACL. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, any outstanding accrued interest is reversed against interest income.
Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. We evaluate all loans that meet the following criteria: 1) when it is determined that foreclosure is probable; 2) substandard, doubtful and nonperforming loans when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral; 3) when it is determined by management that a loan does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans. Specific reserves are established based on the following three acceptable methods for measuring the ACL: 1) the present value of
expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate; 2) the loan’s observable market price; or 3) the fair value of the collateral when the loan is collateral dependent. Our individual loan evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of
collateral method because most of our loans are collateral dependent. Collateral values are discounted to consider disposition costs when appropriate. A specific reserve is established or a charge-off is taken if the fair value of the loan is less than the loan balance.
At March 31, 2024, there was $9,229 in the ACL related to loans, compared to $8,767 at December 31, 2023. This resulted in corresponding provision expense of $857 during the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $465 in provision expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
The Company’s loan portfolio segments have been identified as follows: Commercial and Industrial, Commercial Real Estate, Residential Real Estate, and Consumer.
11

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Commercial and industrial: Portfolio segment consists of borrowings for commercial purposes to individuals, corporations, partnerships, sole proprietorships, and other business enterprises. Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured by business assets such as equipment, accounts receivable, inventory, or any other asset excluding real estate and generally made to finance capital expenditures or operations. The Company’s risk exposure is related to deterioration in the value of collateral securing the loan should foreclosure become necessary. Generally, business assets used or produced in operations do not maintain their value upon foreclosure, which may require the Company to write down the value significantly to sell.
Commercial real estate: Portfolio segment consists of nonfarm, nonresidential loans secured by owner-occupied and nonowner-occupied commercial real estate as well as commercial construction loans. An owner-occupied loan relates to a borrower purchased building or space for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon cash flows from the ongoing business operations conducted by the party, or an affiliate of the party, who owns the property. Owner-occupied loans that are dependent on cash flows from operations can be adversely affected by current market conditions for their product or service. A nonowner-occupied loan is a property loan for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon rental income associated with the property or the subsequent sale of the property. Nonowner-occupied loans that are dependent upon rental income are primarily impacted by the level of interest rates associated with the debt and to local economic conditions, which dictate occupancy rates and the amount of rent charged. The increase in debt service due to higher interest rates may not be able to be passed on to tenants. As part of the origination process, loan interest rates and occupancy rates are stressed to determine the impact on the borrower’s ability to maintain adequate debt service under different economic conditions. Furthermore, the Company monitors the concentration in any one industry and has established limits relative to capital. In addition, credit quality trends are monitored by industry to determine if a change in the risk exposure to a certain industry may warrant a change in our underwriting standards. Commercial construction loans consist of borrowings to purchase and develop raw land into 1-4 family residential properties. Construction loans are extended to individuals as well as corporations for the construction of an individual or multiple properties and are secured by raw land and the subsequent improvements. Repayment of the loans to real estate developers is dependent upon the sale of properties to third parties in a timely fashion upon completion. Should there be delays in construction or a downturn in the market for those properties, there may be significant erosion in value that may be absorbed by the Company.
Residential real estate: Portfolio segment consists of loans to individuals for the purchase of 1-4 family primary residences with repayment primarily through wage or other income sources of the individual borrower. The Company’s loss exposure to these loans is dependent on local market conditions for residential properties as loan amounts are determined, in part, by the fair value of the property at origination.
Consumer: Portfolio segment consists of loans to individuals secured by automobiles, open-end home equity loans and other loans to individuals for household, family, and other personal expenditures, both secured and unsecured. These loans typically have maturities of six years or less with repayment dependent on individual wages and income. The risk of loss on consumer loans is elevated as the collateral securing these loans, if any, rapidly depreciate in value or may be worthless and/or difficult to locate if repossession is necessary. The Company has allocated the highest percentage of its ACL as a percentage of loans to the other identified loan portfolio segments due to the larger dollar balances associated with such portfolios.
ACL – OFF-BALANCE SHEET CREDIT EXPOSURES: The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted through credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. At March 31, 2024, there was $586 in the ACL related to off-balance sheet credit exposures, compared to $692 at December 31, 2023. This resulted in a corresponding recovery of $106 in provision expense during the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $24 in provision expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
EARNINGS PER SHARE: Earnings per share is based on net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the quarter. The weighted average common shares outstanding were 4,785,773 and 4,773,461 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Ohio Valley had no dilutive effect and no potential common shares issuable under stock options or other agreements for any period presented.
12

NOTE 2 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
The following is a description of the Company’s valuation methodologies used to measure and disclose the fair values of its financial assets and liabilities on a recurring or nonrecurring basis:
Securities: The fair values for securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3). During times when trading is more liquid, broker quotes are used (if available) to validate the model. Rating agency and industry research reports as well as defaults and deferrals on individual securities are reviewed and incorporated into the calculations.
Individually Evaluated Collateral Dependent Loans: The fair value of individually evaluated collateral dependent loans is generally based on the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell. When carried at fair value, individually evaluated collateral dependent loans generally receive specific allocations of the ACL. For collateral dependent loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. In some instances, fair value adjustments can be made based on a quoted price from an observable input, such as a purchase agreement. Such adjustments would be classified as a Level 2 classification. Individually evaluated collateral dependent loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.
Other Real Estate Owned: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. In some instances, fair value adjustments can be made based on a quoted price from an observable input, such as a purchase agreement. Such adjustments would be classified as a Level 2 classification.
Appraisals for both collateral-dependent impaired loans and other real estate owned are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, a member of management reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with management’s own assumptions of fair value based on factors that include recent market data or industry-wide statistics.
On an as-needed basis, the Company reviews the fair value of collateral, taking into consideration current market data, as well as all selling costs that typically approximate 10%.
Interest Rate Swap Agreements: The fair value of interest rate swap agreements is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). The variable cash receipts (or payments) are based on the expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observed market interest rate curves (Level 2).
13

NOTE 2 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Continued)
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

|  | Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2024 Using |
|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 54,880 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,817 |  |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | — |  |  |  | 101,489 |  |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,263 |  |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,263 | ) |  |  | — |

|  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023 Using |
|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 50,297 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,877 |  |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | — |  |  |  | 106,084 |  |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,147 |  |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,147 | ) |  |  | — |

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2024 or 2023.
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis
There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
There was no other real estate owned that was measured at fair value less costs to sell at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Furthermore, there were no corresponding write downs during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
There was no quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
14

NOTE 2 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Continued)
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

|  | Carrying |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2024 Using |
|  | Value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 129,060 |  |  | $ | 129,060 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129,060 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 162,186 |  |  |  | 54,880 |  |  |  | 107,306 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 162,186 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 7,968 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,793 |  |  |  | 3,455 |  |  |  | 7,248 |
Loans, net |  |  | 980,633 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 961,438 |  |  |  | 961,438 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 1,263 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,263 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,263 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 4,338 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 675 |  |  |  | 3,663 |  |  |  | 4,338 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 1,148,784 |  |  |  | 752,327 |  |  |  | 396,514 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,148,841 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 43,261 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,045 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,045 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 1,263 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,263 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,263 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 6,036 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 6,035 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,036 |

|  | Carrying |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023 Using: |
|  | Value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 128,126 |  |  | $ | 128,126 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 128,126 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 162,258 |  |  |  | 50,297 |  |  |  | 111,961 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 162,258 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 7,986 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,281 |  |  |  | 3,109 |  |  |  | 7,390 |
Loans, net |  |  | 963,133 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 944,544 |  |  |  | 944,544 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 11,147 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,147 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,147 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 3,606 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | 3,140 |  |  |  | 3,606 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 1,127,136 |  |  |  | 748,013 |  |  |  | 379,455 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,127,468 |
Other borrowed funds |  |  | 44,593 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43,387 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43,387 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,500 |
Interest rate swap derivatives |  |  | 1,147 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,147 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,147 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 6,597 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 6,596 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,597 |

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
15

NOTE 3 – SECURITIES
The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and gross unrecognized gains and losses, and allowance for credit losses:

Securities Available for Sale |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 56,880 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,000 | ) |  | $ | 54,880 |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | 6,485 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (668 | ) |  |  | 5,817 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 114,082 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,593 | ) |  |  | 101,489 |
Total securities |  | $ | 177,447 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (15,261 | ) |  | $ | 162,186 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 52,174 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,877 | ) |  | $ | 50,297 |
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | 6,527 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (650 | ) |  |  | 5,877 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 118,218 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,134 | ) |  |  | 106,084 |
Total securities |  | $ | 176,919 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (14,661 | ) |  | $ | 162,258 |

Securities Held to Maturity |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrecognized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrecognized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 7,969 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | (732 | ) |  | $ | 7,247 |  |  | $ | (2 | )
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |
Total securities |  | $ | 7,970 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | (732 | ) |  | $ | 7,248 |  |  | $ | (2 | )
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 7,987 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | (615 | ) |  | $ | 7,389 |  |  | $ | (2 | )
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |
Total securities |  | $ | 7,988 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | (615 | ) |  | $ | 7,390 |  |  | $ | (2 | )

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at March 31, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay the debt obligations prior to their contractual maturities. Securities not due at a single maturity are shown separately.

|  | Available for Sale |  |  | Held to Maturity |
Debt Securities: |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 14,901 |  |  | $ | 14,785 |  |  | $ | 896 |  |  | $ | 875 |
Due in over one to five years |  |  | 48,464 |  |  |  | 45,912 |  |  |  | 3,471 |  |  |  | 3,276 |
Due in over five to ten years |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,476 |  |  |  | 1,273 |
Due after ten years |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,126 |  |  |  | 1,823 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | 114,082 |  |  |  | 101,489 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total debt securities |  | $ | 177,447 |  |  | $ | 162,186 |  |  | $ | 7,970 |  |  | $ | 7,248 |

There were no sales of securities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
Debt securities with a carrying value of approximately $140,195 at March 31, 2024 and $126,994 at December 31, 2023, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, and for other purposes required or permitted by law.
16

NOTE 3 – SECURITIES (Continued)
The following table summarizes debt securities available for sale in an unrealized loss position for which an ACL losses has not been recorded at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

March 31, 2024 |  | Less Than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |
Securities Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 16,547 |  |  | $ | (174 | ) |  | $ | 38,333 |  |  | $ | (1,826 | ) |  | $ | 54,880 |  |  | $ | (2,000 | )
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,817 |  |  |  | (668 | ) |  |  | 5,817 |  |  |  | (668 | )
Agency mortgage-backed |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
securities, residential |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 101,489 |  |  |  | (12,593 | ) |  |  | 101,489 |  |  |  | (12,593 | )
Total available for sale |  | $ | 16,547 |  |  | $ | (174 | ) |  | $ | 145,639 |  |  | $ | (15,087 | ) |  | $ | 162,186 |  |  | $ | (15,261 | )

December 31, 2023 |  | Less Than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |
Securities Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government securities |  | $ | 9,474 |  |  | $ | (52 | ) |  | $ | 40,823 |  |  | $ | (1,825 | ) |  | $ | 50,297 |  |  | $ | (1,877 | )
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,877 |  |  |  | (650 | ) |  |  | 5,877 |  |  |  | (650 | )
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 106,084 |  |  |  | (12,134 | ) |  |  | 106,084 |  |  |  | (12,134 | )
Total available for sale |  | $ | 9,474 |  |  | $ | (52 | ) |  | $ | 152,784 |  |  | $ | (14,609 | ) |  | $ | 162,258 |  |  | $ | (14,661 | )

Management evaluates available for sale debt securities in unrealized positions to determine whether impairment is due to credit-related factors. Consideration is given to (1) the extent to which the fair value is less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.
At March 31, 2024, the Company had 97 available for sale debt securities in an unrealized position without an ACL, of which 14 were from U.S. Government securities, 3 were from U.S. Government sponsored entity securities, and 80 were from Agency mortgage-backed residential securities. Comparatively at December 31, 2023, the Company had 99 available for sale debt securities in an unrealized position without an ACL, of which 15 were from U.S. Government securities, 3 were from U.S. Government sponsored entity securities, and 81 were from Agency mortgage-backed residential securities. Management does not have the intent to sell any of these securities and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Accordingly, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, management believes that the unrealized losses detailed in the previous table are due to noncredit-related factors, including changes in interest rates and other market conditions. As a result, the Company carried no ACL on available for sale debt securities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
The following table presents the activity in the ACL for held to maturity debt securities:

Held to Maturity Debt Securities |  | Three months ended March 31, 2024 |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2023 |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |
Impact of adopting ASC 326 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |
Credit loss expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Allowance for credit losses ending balance |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 3 |

The Company’s held to maturity securities primarily consist of obligations of states and political subdivisions. The ACL on held to maturity securities is estimated at each measurement date on a collective basis by major security type. Risk factors such as issuer bond ratings, historical loss rates, financial condition of issuer, and timely principal and interest payments of issuer were evaluated to determine if a credit reserve was required within the portfolio. At March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no past due principal and interest payments related to held to maturity securities. During the first quarter of 2024, the cumulative loss rate remained at .02%, resulting in no change to provision expense during the three months ended March 31, 2024. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company identified a cumulative loss rate of .03% upon adoption of ASC326 on January 1. This resulted in a $3 credit loss reserve for held to maturity debt securities, with no provision expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
17

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Loans are comprised of the following:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 324,738 |  |  | $ | 319,504 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 79,317 |  |  |  | 82,356 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 182,994 |  |  |  | 178,201 |
Construction |  |  | 73,586 |  |  |  | 62,337 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 160,473 |  |  |  | 157,298 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 58,641 |  |  |  | 61,461 |
Home equity |  |  | 38,434 |  |  |  | 35,893 |
Other |  |  | 71,679 |  |  |  | 74,850 |
|  |  | 989,862 |  |  |  | 971,900 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (9,229 | ) |  |  | (8,767 | )
Loans, net |  | $ | 980,633 |  |  | $ | 963,133 |

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, net deferred loan origination costs were $777 and $794, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, net unamortized loan purchase premiums were $631 and $687, respectively.
The following table presents the recorded investment of nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing by class of loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

March 31, 2024 |  | Loans Past Due 90 Days And Still Accruing |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans With No ACL |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans With an ACL |  |  | Total Nonaccrual Loans |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 1,663 |  |  | $ | 357 |  |  | $ | 2,020 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | 885 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 885 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 66 |
Construction |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 149 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 94 |
Home equity |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 152 |
Other |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | 115 |
Total |  | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | 2,680 |  |  | $ | 801 |  |  | $ | 3,481 |

December 31, 2023 |  | Loans Past Due 90 Days And Still Accruing |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans With No ACL |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans With an ACL |  |  | Total Nonaccrual Loans |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,234 |  |  | $ | 1,234 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | 775 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 775 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 61 |
Construction |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 48 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 78 |
Home equity |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 95 |
Other |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Total |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 775 |  |  | $ | 1,617 |  |  | $ | 2,392 |

The Company recognized $4 and $20 of interest income in nonaccrual loans during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
18

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)
The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment of past due loans by class of loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

March 31, 2024 |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90 Days Or More Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Loans Not Past Due |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 2,941 |  |  | $ | 687 |  |  | $ | 1,141 |  |  | $ | 4,769 |  |  | $ | 319,969 |  |  | $ | 324,738 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 805 |  |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | 1,054 |  |  |  | 78,263 |  |  |  | 79,317 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 182,821 |  |  |  | 182,994 |
Construction |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 73,583 |  |  |  | 73,586 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 615 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 764 |  |  |  | 159,709 |  |  |  | 160,473 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 1,117 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 221 |  |  |  | 1,454 |  |  |  | 57,187 |  |  |  | 58,641 |
Home equity |  |  | 351 |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 555 |  |  |  | 37,879 |  |  |  | 38,434 |
Other |  |  | 510 |  |  |  | 633 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 1,292 |  |  |  | 70,387 |  |  |  | 71,679 |
Total |  | $ | 5,777 |  |  | $ | 2,356 |  |  | $ | 1,931 |  |  | $ | 10,064 |  |  | $ | 979,798 |  |  | $ | 989,862 |

December 31, 2023 |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90 Days Or More Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Loans Not Past Due |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 2,705 |  |  | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 481 |  |  | $ | 3,554 |  |  | $ | 315,950 |  |  | $ | 319,504 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 2,580 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 775 |  |  |  | 3,355 |  |  |  | 79,001 |  |  |  | 82,356 |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  | 681 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 681 |  |  |  | 177,520 |  |  |  | 178,201 |
Construction |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 62,337 |  |  |  | 62,337 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 3,338 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 3,386 |  |  |  | 153,912 |  |  |  | 157,298 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automobile |  |  | 782 |  |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | 1,109 |  |  |  | 60,352 |  |  |  | 61,461 |
Home equity |  |  | 353 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 510 |  |  |  | 35,383 |  |  |  | 35,893 |
Other |  |  | 658 |  |  |  | 121 |  |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 927 |  |  |  | 73,923 |  |  |  | 74,850 |
Total |  | $ | 11,097 |  |  | $ | 761 |  |  | $ | 1,664 |  |  | $ | 13,522 |  |  | $ | 958,378 |  |  | $ | 971,900 |

Credit Quality Indicators:
The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. These risk categories are represented by a loan grading scale from 1 through 11. The Company analyzes loans individually with a higher credit risk rating and groups these loans into categories called “criticized” and ”classified” assets. The Company considers its criticized assets to be loans that are graded 8 and its classified assets to be loans that are graded 9 through 11. The Company’s risk categories are reviewed at least annually on loans that have aggregate borrowing amounts that meet or exceed.
The Company uses the following definitions for its criticized loan risk ratings:
Special Mention. Loans classified as “special mention” are graded 8 and indicate considerable risk due to deterioration of repayment (in the earliest stages) due to potential weak primary repayment source, or payment delinquency. These loans will be under constant supervision, are not classified and do not expose the institution to sufficient risks to warrant classification. These deficiencies should be correctable within the normal course of business, although significant changes in company structure or policy may be necessary to correct the deficiencies. These loans are considered bankable assets with no apparent loss of principal or interest envisioned. The perceived risk in continued lending is considered to have increased beyond the level where such loans would normally be granted.
19

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)
The Company uses the following definitions for its classified loan risk ratings:
Substandard. Loans classified as “substandard” are graded 9 and represent very high risk, serious delinquency, nonaccrual, or unacceptable credit. Repayment through the primary source of repayment is in jeopardy due to the existence of one or more well-defined weaknesses, and the collateral pledged may inadequately protect collection of the loans. Loss of principal is not likely if weaknesses are corrected, although financial statements normally reveal significant weakness. Loans are still considered collectible, although loss of principal is more likely than with special mention loans. Collateral liquidation is considered likely to satisfy debt.
Doubtful. Loans classified as “doubtful” are graded 10 and display a high probability of loss, although the amount of actual loss at the time of classification is undetermined. This classification should be temporary until such time that actual loss can be identified, or improvements are made to reduce the seriousness of the classification. These loans exhibit all substandard characteristics with the addition that weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. This classification consists of loans where the possibility of loss is high after collateral liquidation based upon existing facts, market conditions, and value. Loss is deferred until certain important and reasonable specific pending factors that may strengthen the credit can be more accurately determined. These factors may include proposed acquisitions, liquidation procedures, capital injection, receipt of additional collateral, mergers, or refinancing plans. A doubtful classification for an entire credit should be avoided when collection of a specific portion appears highly probable with the adequately secured portion graded substandard.
Loss. Loans classified as “loss” are graded 11 and are considered uncollectible and are of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the credit has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this asset yielding such a minimum value even though partial recovery may be affected in the future. Amounts classified as loss should be promptly charged off.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of commercial loans by class of loans was as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
March 31, 2024 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 1,571 |  |  | $ | 17,801 |  |  | $ | 7,859 |  |  | $ | 10,484 |  |  | $ | 5,735 |  |  | $ | 18,700 |  |  | $ | 347 |  |  | $ | 62,497 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,405 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 633 |  |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 14,137 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,383 |  |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 2,683 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,571 |  |  | $ | 17,801 |  |  | $ | 7,859 |  |  | $ | 23,889 |  |  | $ | 5,735 |  |  | $ | 21,716 |  |  | $ | 746 |  |  | $ | 79,317 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
March 31, 2024 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 9,036 |  |  | $ | 6,210 |  |  | $ | 27,689 |  |  | $ | 31,906 |  |  | $ | 20,259 |  |  | $ | 70,782 |  |  | $ | 5,585 |  |  | $ | 171,467 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,663 |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,791 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,327 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,200 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,200 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 9,036 |  |  | $ | 7,873 |  |  | $ | 27,802 |  |  | $ | 32,666 |  |  | $ | 23,459 |  |  | $ | 76,573 |  |  | $ | 5,585 |  |  | $ | 182,994 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

20

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
March 31, 2024 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 2,820 |  |  | $ | 33,479 |  |  | $ | 31,455 |  |  | $ | 1,186 |  |  | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 3,148 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 72,690 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | 657 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 709 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 187 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 187 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 2,820 |  |  | $ | 34,136 |  |  | $ | 31,455 |  |  | $ | 1,186 |  |  | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 3,387 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 73,586 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
March 31, 2024 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial and Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 3,436 |  |  | $ | 8,363 |  |  | $ | 29,893 |  |  | $ | 26,592 |  |  | $ | 30,383 |  |  | $ | 27,512 |  |  | $ | 28,631 |  |  | $ | 154,810 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 503 |  |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 1,503 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 1,291 |  |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | 2,515 |  |  |  | 4,160 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 3,436 |  |  | $ | 8,693 |  |  | $ | 29,984 |  |  | $ | 27,150 |  |  | $ | 31,947 |  |  | $ | 27,677 |  |  | $ | 31,586 |  |  | $ | 160,473 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 109 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 18,120 |  |  | $ | 7,911 |  |  | $ | 10,679 |  |  | $ | 5,973 |  |  | $ | 6,125 |  |  | $ | 15,925 |  |  | $ | 459 |  |  | $ | 65,192 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 427 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 427 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,934 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 498 |  |  |  | 2,005 |  |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 16,737 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 18,120 |  |  | $ | 7,911 |  |  | $ | 24,613 |  |  | $ | 5,973 |  |  | $ | 6,623 |  |  | $ | 18,357 |  |  | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | 82,356 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

21

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonowner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 12,688 |  |  | $ | 29,344 |  |  | $ | 32,235 |  |  | $ | 20,484 |  |  | $ | 15,415 |  |  | $ | 61,809 |  |  | $ | 1,128 |  |  | $ | 173,103 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 768 |  |  |  | 3,226 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,034 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,028 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 12,688 |  |  | $ | 29,344 |  |  | $ | 33,073 |  |  | $ | 23,710 |  |  | $ | 15,415 |  |  | $ | 62,843 |  |  | $ | 1,128 |  |  | $ | 178,201 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  |  | 20219 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 28,055 |  |  | $ | 29,174 |  |  | $ | 1,231 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 392 |  |  | $ | 2,937 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 62,091 |
Special Mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 246 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 28,055 |  |  | $ | 29,174 |  |  | $ | 1,231 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 392 |  |  | $ | 3,183 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 62,337 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial and Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 8,770 |  |  | $ | 30,885 |  |  | $ | 26,806 |  |  | $ | 31,247 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 27,632 |  |  | $ | 27,510 |  |  | $ | 153,194 |
Special Mention |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 214 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 1,363 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 2,283 |  |  |  | 3,890 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 8,910 |  |  | $ | 30,885 |  |  | $ | 26,864 |  |  | $ | 32,610 |  |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | 27,822 |  |  | $ | 29,859 |  |  | $ | 157,298 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 29 |

22

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)
The Company considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for credit losses. For residential and consumer loan classes, the Company evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by payment activity. The following table presents the recorded investment of residential and consumer loans by class of loans based on repayment activity as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
March 31, 2024 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Residential Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 8,841 |  |  | $ | 53,765 |  |  | $ | 43,313 |  |  | $ | 50,199 |  |  | $ | 43,511 |  |  | $ | 109,602 |  |  | $ | 13,474 |  |  | $ | 322,705 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 927 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,106 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,033 |
Total |  | $ | 8,841 |  |  | $ | 53,765 |  |  | $ | 44,240 |  |  | $ | 50,199 |  |  | $ | 43,511 |  |  | $ | 110,708 |  |  | $ | 13,474 |  |  | $ | 324,738 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
March 31, 2024 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Consumer - Automobile: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 3,894 |  |  | $ | 26,641 |  |  | $ | 18,048 |  |  | $ | 5,922 |  |  | $ | 2,504 |  |  | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,402 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | 128 |  |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 239 |
Total |  | $ | 3,894 |  |  | $ | 26,769 |  |  | $ | 18,099 |  |  | $ | 5,959 |  |  | $ | 2,504 |  |  | $ | 1,416 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,641 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 200 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
March 31, 2024 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Consumer - Home Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,773 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 36,298 |  |  | $ | 38,282 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | 152 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,773 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 36,450 |  |  | $ | 38,434 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

23

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
March 31, 2024 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Consumer - Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 4,747 |  |  | $ | 25,236 |  |  | $ | 12,305 |  |  | $ | 9,713 |  |  | $ | 3,951 |  |  | $ | 1,697 |  |  | $ | 13,877 |  |  | $ | 71,526 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 153 |
Total |  | $ | 4,747 |  |  | $ | 25,274 |  |  | $ | 12,340 |  |  | $ | 9,719 |  |  | $ | 3,987 |  |  | $ | 1,701 |  |  | $ | 13,911 |  |  | $ | 71,679 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 248 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Residential Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 50,484 |  |  | $ | 44,640 |  |  | $ | 50,949 |  |  | $ | 44,818 |  |  | $ | 21,854 |  |  | $ | 91,956 |  |  | $ | 13,560 |  |  | $ | 318,261 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 1,061 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,243 |
Total |  | $ | 50,484 |  |  | $ | 44,640 |  |  | $ | 50,949 |  |  | $ | 44,818 |  |  | $ | 22,036 |  |  | $ | 93,017 |  |  | $ | 13,560 |  |  | $ | 319,504 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 121 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Consumer - Automobile: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 28,939 |  |  | $ | 20,376 |  |  | $ | 7,013 |  |  | $ | 3,028 |  |  | $ | 1,212 |  |  | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61,327 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 134 |
Total |  | $ | 28,973 |  |  | $ | 20,436 |  |  | $ | 7,028 |  |  | $ | 3,029 |  |  | $ | 1,221 |  |  | $ | 774 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61,461 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 368 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Consumer - Home Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 1,649 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,070 |  |  | $ | 35,798 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 95 |
Total |  | $ | 1,649 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,165 |  |  | $ | 35,893 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 87 |

24

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Amortized |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Consumer - Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 18,377 |  |  | $ | 24,904 |  |  | $ | 10,800 |  |  | $ | 4,482 |  |  | $ | 1,093 |  |  | $ | 953 |  |  | $ | 14,087 |  |  | $ | 74,696 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 154 |
Total |  | $ | 18,388 |  |  | $ | 24,921 |  |  | $ | 10,867 |  |  | $ | 4,535 |  |  | $ | 1,094 |  |  | $ | 957 |  |  | $ | 14,088 |  |  | $ | 74,850 |
Current Period gross charge-offs |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 955 |

The Company originates residential, consumer, and commercial loans to customers located primarily in the southeastern areas of Ohio as well as the western counties of West Virginia. Approximately 4.46% of total loans were unsecured at March 31, 2024, up from 4.37% at December 31, 2023.
Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty:
Occasionally, the Company modifies loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications may include one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan; an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; a reduction in the contractual principal and interest payments of the loan; or short-term interest-only payment terms. All modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are considered to be impaired.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company experienced no new modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

March 31, 2024 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,213 |  |  | $ | 3,047 |  |  | $ | 1,275 |  |  | $ | 2,232 |  |  | $ | 8,767 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | 184 |  |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | 857 |
Loans charged-off |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | (448 | ) |  |  | (594 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 199 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 3,246 |  |  | $ | 1,354 |  |  | $ | 2,301 |  |  | $ | 9,229 |

March 31, 2023 |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,026 |  |  | $ | 2,200 |  |  | $ | 1,177 |  |  | $ | 2,028 |  |  | $ | 7,431 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 465 |
Loans charged-off |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | (132 | ) |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | (248 | ) |  |  | (456 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 167 |
Total ending allowance balance |  | $ | 2,031 |  |  | $ | 2,306 |  |  | $ | 1,177 |  |  | $ | 2,093 |  |  | $ | 7,607 |

25

NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (Continued)
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans by class of loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

|  | Collateral Type |
March 31, 2024 |  | Real Estate |  |  | Business Assets |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 1,663 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,663 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 696 |  |  |  | 189 |  |  |  | 885 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27 |
Total collateral dependent loans |  | $ | 2,386 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 2,575 |

|  | Collateral Type |
December 31, 2023 |  | Real Estate |  |  | Business Assets |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 1,663 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,663 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | 258 |  |  |  | 958 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27 |
Total collateral dependent loans |  | $ | 2,390 |  |  | $ | 258 |  |  | $ | 2,648 |

The recorded investment of a loan excludes accrued interest and net deferred origination fees and costs due to immateriality.
Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing include both smaller balance homogenous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified as impaired loans.
The Company transfers loans to other real estate owned, at fair value less cost to sell, in the period the Company obtains physical possession of the property (through legal title or through a deed in lieu). The Company had no other real estate owned for residential real estate properties at March 31, 2024 compared to $68 at December 31, 2023. In addition, nonaccrual residential mortgage loans that are in the process of foreclosure had a recorded investment of $196 and $348 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
NOTE 5 – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK
The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and financial guarantees. The Bank’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees written, is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The contract amounts of these instruments are not included in the consolidated financial statements. At March 31, 2024, the contract amounts of these instruments totaled approximately $188,305, compared to $192,163 at December 31, 2023. The Bank estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Bank is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit. At March 31, 2024, the estimated ACL related to off-balance sheet commitments was $586, which included a $106 recovery of provision during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and $24 in provision during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for instruments recorded on the balance sheet. Since many of these instruments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total contract amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
26

NOTE 6 - OTHER BORROWED FUNDS
Other borrowed funds at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are comprised of advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Cincinnati and promissory notes.

|  | FHLB Borrowings |  |  | Promissory Notes |  |  | Totals |
March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 40,813 |  |  | $ | 2,448 |  |  | $ | 43,261 |
December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 42,199 |  |  | $ | 2,394 |  |  | $ | 44,593 |

Pursuant to collateral agreements with the FHLB, advances are secured by $317,484 in qualifying mortgage loans, $32,623 in commercial loans and $2,843 in FHLB stock at March 31, 2024. Fixed-rate FHLB advances of $40,813 mature through 2042 and have interest rates ranging from 1.53% to 4.91% and a year-to-date weighted average cost of 4.03% at March 31, 2024 and 3.50% at December 31, 2023. There were no variable-rate FHLB borrowings at March 31, 2024.
At March 31, 2024, the Company had a cash management line of credit enabling it to borrow up to $100,000 from the FHLB, subject to the stock ownership and collateral limitations described in the next paragraph. All cash management advances have an original maturity of 90 days. The line of credit must be renewed on an annual basis. There was $100,000 available on this line of credit at March 31, 2024.
Based on the Company’s current FHLB stock ownership, total assets and pledgeable loans, the Company had the ability to obtain borrowings from the FHLB up to a maximum of $183,492 at March 31, 2024. Of this maximum borrowing capacity, the Company had $81,930 available to use as additional borrowings, of which $81,930 could be used for short term, cash management advances, as mentioned above.
Promissory notes, issued primarily by Ohio Valley, are due at various dates through a final maturity date of March 13, 2025, and have fixed rates ranging from 3.15% to 5.25% and a year-to-date weighted average cost of 4.13% at March 31, 2024, as compared to 3.79% at December 31, 2023. At March 31, 2024 there were six promissory notes payable by Ohio Valley to related parties totaling $2,448. There were no promissory notes payable to other banks at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Letters of credit issued on the Bank’s behalf by the FHLB to collateralize certain public unit deposits as required by law totaled $60,750 at March 31, 2024 and $52,350 at December 31, 2023.
Scheduled principal payments as of March 31, 2024:

|  | FHLB Borrowings |  |  | Promissory Notes |  |  | Totals |
2024 |  | $ | 4,026 |  |  | $ | 1,269 |  |  | $ | 5,295 |
2025 |  |  | 4,983 |  |  |  | 1,179 |  |  |  | 6,162 |
2026 |  |  | 12,908 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,908 |
2027 |  |  | 11,397 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,397 |
2028 |  |  | 1,349 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,349 |
Thereafter |  |  | 6,150 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,150 |
|  | $ | 40,813 |  |  | $ | 2,448 |  |  | $ | 43,261 |

27

NOTE 7 – SEGMENT INFORMATION
The reportable segments are determined by the products and services offered, primarily distinguished between banking and consumer finance. They are also distinguished by the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if operating performance, products/services, and customers are similar. Loans, investments, and deposits provide the majority of the net revenues from the banking operation, while loans provide the majority of the net revenues for the consumer finance segment. All Company segments are domestic.
Total revenues from the banking segment, which accounted for the majority of the Company’s total revenues, totaled 93.8% and 92.5% of total consolidated revenues for the quarters end March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The accounting policies used for the Company’s reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Income taxes are allocated based on income before tax expense. All goodwill is in the banking segment.
Information for the Company’s reportable segments is as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2024 |
|  | Banking |  |  | Consumer Finance |  |  | Total Company |
Net interest income |  | $ | 10,643 |  |  | $ | 547 |  |  | $ | 11,190 |
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | 769 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 751 |
Noninterest income |  |  | 2,948 |  |  |  | 748 |  |  |  | 3,696 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 10,018 |  |  |  | 723 |  |  |  | 10,741 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 477 |  |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | 601 |
Net income |  |  | 2,327 |  |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | 2,793 |
Assets |  |  | 1,358,573 |  |  |  | 14,026 |  |  |  | 1,372,599 |

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2023 |
|  | Banking |  |  | Consumer Finance |  |  | Total Company |
Net interest income |  | $ | 11,184 |  |  | $ | 538 |  |  | $ | 11,722 |
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses |  |  | 584 |  |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | 489 |
Noninterest income |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | 767 |  |  |  | 3,767 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 9,596 |  |  |  | 676 |  |  |  | 10,272 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 668 |  |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | 820 |
Net income |  |  | 3,336 |  |  |  | 572 |  |  |  | 3,908 |
Assets |  |  | 1,252,673 |  |  |  | 13,792 |  |  |  | 1,266,465 |

28

NOTE 8 – LEASES
Substantially all of the Company’s operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities represent leases for branch buildings and office space to conduct business. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. The lease expense for these leases are recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leases with initial terms in excess of 12 months are recorded as either operating or financing leases on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company has no finance lease arrangements. Operating leases have remaining lease terms ranging from 25 month to 17.3 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 15 years. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are valued based on the present value of future minimum lease payments, discounted with an incremental borrowing rate for the same term as the underlying lease. The Company has one lease arrangement that contains variable lease payments that are adjusted periodically for an index.
Balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:

|  | As of March 31, 2024 |  |  | As of December 31, 2023 |
Operating leases: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 1,159 |  |  | $ | 1,205 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,159 |  |  |  | 1,205 |

The components of lease cost were as follows:

| Three months ended March 31, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 51 |
Short-term lease expense |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | - |

Future undiscounted lease payments for operating leases with initial terms of one year or more as of March 31, 2024 are as follows:

|  | Operating Leases |
2024 (remaining) |  | $ | 146 |
2025 |  |  | 195 |
2026 |  |  | 140 |
2027 |  |  | 109 |
2028 |  |  | 111 |
Thereafter |  |  | 764 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 1,465 |
Less: Imputed Interest |  |  | (306 | )
Total operating leases |  | $ | 1,159 |

Other information was as follows:

|  | As of March 31, 2024 |  |  | As of December 31, 2023 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term for operating leases |  | 12.7 years |  |  | 13.0 years |
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases |  |  | 2.89 | % |  |  | 2.91 | %

29

NOTE 9 – RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES
The risks pertinent to the Bank regarding liquidity and rising deposit costs have increased due to an elevated interest rate environment and increased deposit competition within our markets. Our liquidity position is supported by the management of liquid assets such as cash and interest-bearing deposits with banks, and liabilities such as core deposits. The Bank can also access other sources of funds such as brokered deposits and FHLB advances. With the present economic conditions putting a strain on liquidity and higher borrowing costs, the Company believes it has sufficient liquid assets and funding sources should there be a liquidity need.
NOTE 10 – DEPOSITS
Deposits are comprised of the following:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 306,574 |  |  | $ | 322,222 |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW accounts |  |  | 184,471 |  |  |  | 170,422 |
Savings and money market |  |  | 261,282 |  |  |  | 255,369 |
Time deposits of $250 or less |  |  | 312,478 |  |  |  | 301,323 |
Time deposits of more than $250 |  |  | 83,979 |  |  |  | 77,800 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 842,210 |  |  |  | 804,914 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 1,148,784 |  |  | $ | 1,127,136 |

Brokered deposits, included in time deposits, were $64,901 and $64,893 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
30

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
Certain statements contained in this report and other publicly available documents incorporated herein by reference constitute "forward looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements are often, but not always, identified by the use of such words as “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plan,” “goal,” “seek,” “project,” “estimate,” “strategy,” “future,” “likely,” “may,” “should,” “will,” and other similar expressions. Such statements involve various important assumptions, risks, uncertainties, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, particularly with regard to developments related to the current economic and geopolitical landscape, and which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to: the effects of fluctuating interest rates on our customers’ operations and financial condition; changes in political, economic or other factors, such as inflation rates, recessionary or expansive trends, taxes, the effects of implementation of legislation and the continuing economic uncertainty in various parts of the world; competitive pressures; the level of defaults and prepayment on loans made by Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (“Ohio Valley”) and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”); unanticipated litigation, claims, or assessments; fluctuations in the cost of obtaining funds to make loans; and regulatory changes. Additional detailed information concerning such factors is available in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, under the Exchange Act, including the disclosure under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of Part I of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company undertakes no obligation and disclaims any intention to republish revised or updated forward looking statements, whether as a result of new information, unanticipated future events or otherwise.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW: The following discussion on consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ohio Valley and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, The Ohio Valley Bank Company (the “Bank”), Loan Central, Inc., a consumer finance company (“Loan Central”), and Ohio Valley Financial Services Agency, LLC, an insurance agency. The Bank has one wholly-owned subsidiary, Ohio Valley REO, LLC, an Ohio limited liability company. In December 2023, Ohio Valley ceased operating Race Day Mortgage, Inc. (“Race Day”), which had been a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank since April 2021. The decision to cease operating Race Day was made due to low loan demand, poor employee retention, and lack of profitability. In December 2023, Ohio Valley also ceased operating OVBC Captive, Inc. (the “Captive”), which had been a subsidiary of Ohio Valley since July 2014. The decision to cease operating the Captive was the result of proposed IRS regulations that adversely impacted the taxation of small captives and severely limited the Captive’s ability to operate. Ohio Valley and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Company.”
The Company is primarily engaged in commercial and retail banking, offering a blend of commercial and consumer banking services within southeastern Ohio as well as western West Virginia. The banking services offered by the Bank include the acceptance of deposits in checking, savings, time and money market accounts; the making and servicing of personal, commercial, floor plan and student loans; the making of construction and real estate loans; and credit card services. The Bank also offers individual retirement accounts, safe deposit boxes, wire transfers and other standard banking products and services. Furthermore, the Bank offers Tax Refund Advance Loans (“TALs”) to Loan Central tax customers. A TAL represents a short-term loan offered by the Bank to tax preparation customers of Loan Central.
FINANCIAL RESULTS OVERVIEW: Net income totaled $2,793 during the first quarter of 2024, a decrease of $1,115 from the same period of 2023. Earnings per share for the first quarter of 2024 finished at $.58 per share, compared to $.82 per share during the first quarter of 2023. Lower quarterly earnings were largely the result of decreases in both net interest and noninterest income combined with increases in both provision for credit losses and noninterest expense. The impact of lower net earnings during the first quarter of 2024 also had a direct impact to the Company’s annualized net income to average asset ratio, or return on assets, which decreased to 0.83% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to 1.28% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. In addition, the Company’s net income to average equity ratio, or return on equity, decreased to 7.77% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to 11.85% for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
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During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net interest income decreased $532, or 4.5%, from the same period in 2023. The decrease was largely related to the decrease in the net interest margin, which was partially offset by growth in average earning assets, led by strong growth in the loan portfolio. The net interest margin decreased 60 basis points from 4.21% during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, to 3.61% during the quarter ended March 31, 2024. The margin decrease was largely related to the cost of funding sources increasing more than the yield on earning assets. This increase in the cost of funding was partially linked to the Company’s decision to increase rates on deposit accounts to attract deposits amidst heightened market competition for such funds. In addition, the composition of funding sources trended toward certificates of deposit (“CDs”), and wholesale funding sources, which generally cost more than other funding sources, such as checking, NOW, savings and money market deposit products. The effects from a lower margin were partially offset by a 10.5% increase in average earning assets, primarily from average loans, which were up $78,997 during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023, led by the commercial and residential real estate loan segments. For the same period, the average balance maintained at the Federal Reserve increased $60,307 and average securities decreased $16,983, as maturities were deployed into higher yielding loans.
The Company’s provision for credit loss expense increased $262, or 53.6%, during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily related to a $106 increase in net charge-offs, higher general reserves associated with the growth in loans, and an increase in select qualitative risk factors.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, noninterest income decreased $71, or 1.9%, from the same period in 2023. This decrease was largely due to the closure of Race Day at the end of 2023. Due to the closure, there was no mortgage application referral income earned in 2024 compared to $231 in commissions earned during the first quarter of 2023. This decrease was partially offset by a $114 increase in service charges on deposit accounts.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, noninterest expense increased $469, or 4.6%, over the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily related to a $283 increase in salaries and employee benefit costs, impacted by higher annual merit increases and higher health insurance premiums. The Company also experienced increases in both data processing and software expense, which were up $246 during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.
The Company’s provision for income taxes decreased $219 during the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. This was largely due to the changes in taxable income affected by the factors mentioned above.
At March 31, 2024, total assets were $1,372,599, an increase of $20,464 from year-end 2023. Higher assets were primarily impacted by an increase in loans, which were up $17,962, or 1.8%, from year-end 2023. Growth in loans came from increases in the commercial real estate loan segment (+4.0%), commercial and industrial loan segment (+2.0%), and residential real estate loan segment (+1.6%), partially offset by a decrease in the consumer loan segment (-2.0%).
At March 31, 2024, total liabilities were $1,226,817, up $18,689 from year-end 2023. Contributing most to this increase were higher deposit balances, which increased $21,648 from year-end 2023. The deposit increase was primarily impacted by higher time deposits and NOW account deposits, partially offset by lower noninterest-bearing demand deposits.
At March 31, 2024, total shareholders' equity was $145,782, up $1,775 from December 31, 2023. This increase came primarily from quarterly net income, partially offset by quarterly cash dividends paid and an increase in net unrealized losses on available for sale securities. Regulatory capital ratios of the Company remained higher than the "well capitalized" minimums.
Comparison of Financial Condition
at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
The following discussion focuses, in more detail, on the consolidated financial condition of the Company at March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the interim consolidated financial statements and the footnotes included in this Form 10‑Q.
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Cash and Cash Equivalents
At March 31, 2024, cash and cash equivalents were $129,060, an increase of $934, or 0.7%, from December 31, 2023. The increase came primarily from cash and noninterest-bearing deposits with banks, which were up $1,170, or 8.2%, from year-end 2023, primarily from higher cash on hand. Over 88% of cash and cash equivalents is comprised of the Company’s interest-bearing Federal Reserve Bank clearing account, which contributed most to the $236, or 0.2%, decrease in interest-bearing deposits with banks. The Company utilizes its interest-bearing Federal Reserve Bank clearing account to manage excess funds, as well as to assist in funding earning asset growth. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company experienced increases in funds primarily from interest-bearing deposits, which were used to reinvest in higher-yielding loans, and to also help cover deposit runoff in noninterest-bearing demand deposit balances. The interest rate paid on both the required and excess reserve balances of the Federal Reserve Bank account is based on the targeted federal funds rate established by the Federal Open Market Committee. During the first three months of 2024, the rate associated with the Company’s Federal Reserve Bank clearing account remained at the target federal funds rate range of 5.25% to 5.50%. The interest-bearing deposit balances in the Federal Reserve Bank account are 100% secured by the U.S. Government.
As liquidity levels continuously vary based on consumer activities, amounts of cash and cash equivalents can vary widely at any given point in time. The Company’s focus during periods of heightened liquidity will be to invest excess funds into longer-term, higher-yielding assets, primarily loans, when opportunities arise.
Securities
Total securities of $170,154 at March 31, 2024 were relatively stable when compared to $170,244 at year-end 2023, decreasing just $90, or 0.1%. The Company’s U.S. Government securities portfolio increased $4,583, or 9.1%, from year-end 2023. This increase in U.S. Government securities came primarily from $9,554 in purchases partially offset by $5,000 in maturities. Completely offsetting the increase in U.S. Government securities was a decrease in U.S. Government agency (“Agency”) mortgage-backed securities, which were down $4,595, or 4.3%, from year-end 2023. The Company’s investment securities portfolio is made up mostly of Agency mortgage-backed securities, which represented 59.6% of total investments at March 31, 2024. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company received proceeds from principal repayments of $4,119. The monthly repayment of principal has been the primary advantage of Agency mortgage-backed securities as compared to other types of investment securities, which deliver proceeds upon maturity or call date.
Included in the decreasing factors mentioned above were changes in net unrealized losses associated with available for sale securities. During 2024, long-term reinvestment rates increased, which led to a $600 decrease in the fair value of the Company’s available for sale securities. The fair value of an investment security moves inversely to interest rates, so as rates increased, the unrealized loss in the portfolio was increased causing the fair value to decrease. These changes in rates are typical and do not impact earnings of the Company as long as the securities are held to full maturity.
Loans
The loan portfolio represents the Company’s largest asset category and is its most significant source of interest income. Loan segments have been identified as Commercial Real Estate, Commercial and Industrial, Residential Real Estate, and Consumer.
Commercial real estate consists of owner-occupied, nonowner-occupied and construction loans. Owner-occupied loans consist of nonfarm, nonresidential properties. A commercial owner-occupied loan is a borrower purchased building or space for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon cash flows from the ongoing operations conducted by the party, or an affiliate of the party, who owns the property. Owner-occupied loans of the Company include loans secured by hospitals, churches, and hardware and convenience stores. Nonowner-occupied loans are property loans for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon rental income associated with the property or the subsequent sale of the property, such as apartment buildings, condominiums, hotels, and motels. These loans are primarily impacted by the level of interest rates associated with the debt and to local economic conditions, which dictate occupancy rates and the amount of rent charged. The increase in debt service due to higher interest rates may not be able to be passed on to tenants. As part of the origination process, loan interest rates and occupancy rates are stressed to determine the impact on the borrower’s ability to maintain adequate debt service under different economic conditions. Furthermore, the Company monitors the concentration in any one industry and has established limits relative to capital. In addition, credit quality trends are monitored by industry to determine if a change in the risk exposure to a certain industry may warrant a change in our underwriting standards. Table I has been provided to illustrate the industry composition of the commercial real estate portfolio. Commercial construction loans are extended to individuals as well as corporations for the construction of an individual property or multiple properties and are secured by raw land and the subsequent improvements. Commercial real estate also includes loan participations with other banks outside the Company’s primary market area.
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COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE BY INDUSTRY
As of March 31, 2024
Table I
The following table provides the composition of commercial real estate loans by industry classification (as defined by the North American Industry Classification System).

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Amount |  |  | % of Total |
Real Estate Rental and Leasing |  | $ | 155,693 |  |  |  | 46.35 | %
Accommodation and Food Services |  |  | 56,991 |  |  |  | 16.97 | %
Construction |  |  | 24,553 |  |  |  | 7.31 | %
Health Care and Social Assistance |  |  | 24,401 |  |  |  | 7.26 | %
Manufacturing |  |  | 19,743 |  |  |  | 5.88 | %
Retail Trade |  |  | 18,153 |  |  |  | 5.40 | %
All Other |  |  | 36,363 |  |  |  | 10.83 | %
Total |  | $ | 335,897 |  |  |  | 100.00 | %

Although the Company is not actively seeking to participate in loans originated outside its primary market area, it has taken advantage of the relationships it has with certain lenders in those areas where the Company believes it can profitably participate with an acceptable level of risk.
Commercial and industrial loans consist of loans to corporate borrowers primarily in small to mid-sized industrial and commercial companies that include service, retail, and wholesale merchants. Collateral securing these loans includes equipment, inventory, and stock.
Residential real estate loans consist of loans to individuals for the purchase of 1-4 family primary residences with repayment primarily through wage or other income sources of the individual borrower. The Company’s loss exposure to these loans is dependent on local market conditions for residential properties as loan amounts are determined, in part, by the fair value of the property at origination.
Consumer loans are primarily secured by automobiles, mobile homes, recreational vehicles, and other personal property. Personal loans and unsecured credit card receivables are also included as consumer loans.
The Company’s loan balances increased to $989,862 at March 31, 2024, representing an increase of $17,962, or 1.8%, as compared to $971,900 at December 31, 2023. The increase in loans came primarily from the commercial and residential real estate loan portfolios, partially offset by a decrease in the consumer portfolio from year-end 2023.
The Company’s commercial loan portfolio increased $16,178, or 3.4%, from year-end 2023. Contributing most to this increase were higher loan balances within the commercial real estate portfolio, which increased $13,003, or 4.0%, from year-end 2023. The commercial real estate segment comprised the largest portion of the Company’s total loan portfolio at March 31, 2024, at 33.9%. The increase from year-end 2023 came primarily from new originations within the construction and nonowner-occupied loan segments, which offset the decrease from larger payoffs within owner-occupied loans from year-end 2023.
Commercial loans were also positively impacted by an increase in the commercial and industrial portfolio, which was up $3,175, or 2.0%, from year-end 2023. The growth was impacted by an increase in larger loan originations during the year.
While management believes lending opportunities exist in the Company’s markets, future commercial lending activities will depend upon economic and other related conditions, such as general demand for loans in the Company’s primary markets, interest rates offered by the Company, and the effects of competitive pressure and normal underwriting considerations. Management will continue to place emphasis on its commercial lending, which generally yields a higher return on investment as compared to other types of loans.
Further increases in loans came from the Company’s residential real estate loan portfolio, which increased $5,234, or 1.6%, from year-end 2023. Residential real estate loans represent the second largest segment of the Company’s total loan portfolio at 32.8%. During 2024, mortgage rates continued to increase as a result of an elevated interest rate environment, which provided the Company with less opportunities to sell long-term fixed rate loans to the secondary market. With elevated mortgage rates, mortgage customers were selecting more in-house variable rate mortgage products instead of long-term fixed rate mortgage products. This had a direct impact on lowering loan volume within the long-term fixed rate loan portfolio (down $1,527) and contributed to a shift into more short-term variable rate mortgages (up $8,646) at March 31, 2024.
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The increases in the Company’s loan balances at March 31, 2024 were partially offset by a decrease in the consumer loan portfolio, which decreased $3,450, or 2.0%, from year-end 2023. This change was impacted by a $3,171, or 4.2%, decrease in other consumer loans, impacted by principal repayments and payoffs. Decreases in consumer loans also came from a $2,820, or 4.6%, decrease in automobile loans from year-end 2023. This was directly impacted by management’s strategy to place more emphasis on higher yielding loan portfolios (i.e. commercial, and to a smaller extent, residential real estate). Indirect automobile loans bear additional costs from dealers that partially offset interest revenue and lower the rate of return. Decreases in consumer loans were partially offset by a $2,541, or 7.1%, increase in home equity lines of credit.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) that represents management’s best estimate of the appropriate level of losses and risks inherent in our applicable financial assets under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. The amount of the ACL should not be interpreted as an indication that charge-offs in future periods will necessarily occur in those amounts, or at all. The determination of the ACL involves a high degree of judgement and subjectivity. Please refer to Note 1 of the notes to the financial statements for discussion regarding our ACL methodologies for securities and loans.
For AFS debt securities, the Company evaluates the securities at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized costs basis is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. As of March 31, 2024, the Company determined that all AFS securities that experienced a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis from year-end 2023 were due to non-credit related factors. Furthermore, the Company does not have the intent to sell any of these securities and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. Therefore, no ACL was recorded, and no provision expense was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
For HTM debt securities, the Company evaluates the securities collectively by major security type at each measurement date to determine expected credit losses based on issuer’s bond rating, historical loss, financial condition, and timely principal and interest payments. At March 31, 2024, a $2 ACL was recognized based on a .02% cumulative default rate taken from the S&P and Moody’s bond rating index. The $2 ACL for HTM debt securities was unchanged from December 31, 2023, resulting in no provision expense during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
For loans, the Company’s ACL is management’s estimate of expected lifetime credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers historical loss experience, current conditions, and forecasts of future economic conditions. The ACL on loans is established through a provision for credit losses recognized in earnings. The ACL on loans is reduced by charge-offs on loans and is increased by recoveries of amounts previously charged off. Management employs a process and methodology to estimate the ACL on loans that evaluates both quantitative and qualitative factors within two main components. The first component involves pooling loans into portfolio segments for loans that share similar risk characteristics. The second component involves individually analyzed loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with loans that are pooled into portfolio segments. The ACL for loans with similar risk characteristics are collectively evaluated for expected credit losses based on certain quantitative information that include historical loss rates, prepayment rates, and curtailment rates. Expected credit losses on loans with similar characteristics are also determined by certain qualitative factors that include national unemployment rates, national gross domestic product forecasts, changes in lending policy, quality of loan review, and delinquency status. The ACL for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are individually evaluated for expected credit losses primarily based on foreclosure status and whether a loan is collateral-dependent. Expected credit losses on individually evaluated loans are then determined using the present value of expected future cash flows based upon the loan’s original effective interest rate, at the loan’s observable market price, or if the loan was collateral dependent, at the fair value of the collateral.
As of March 31, 2024, the ACL for loans totaled $9,229, or 0.93%, of total loans. As of December 31, 2023, the ACL for loans totaled $8,767, or 0.90%, of total loans. The increase in the ACL of $462, or 5.3%, was all from loans collectively evaluated. The increase was impacted by additional reserves from a higher historical loss rate within the residential real estate loan segment, and a qualitative risk adjustment that increased reserves within the commercial real estate segment. Higher ACL reserves were also impacted by an $18,037 increase in collectively evaluated loan balances during the first quarter of 2024, primarily from the commercial real estate loan segment.
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The Company experienced higher delinquency levels from year-end 2023. Nonperforming loans to total loans increased to 0.37% at March 31, 2024, compared to 0.26% at December 31, 2023, and nonperforming assets to total assets increased to 0.27% at March 31, 2024, compared to 0.19% at December 31, 2023. The increase in both delinquency calculations resulted from an increase in nonaccrual loans, primarily as a result of one residential real estate loan totaling $927 that was placed into nonaccrual status during the first quarter of 2024.
During the first quarter of 2024, the Company individually evaluated several loans associated with three borrower relationships for expected credit loss. The fair value of the loans’ collateral was measured to the loans’ recorded investment and no expected losses were identified as part of the review. As a result, there were no specific reserves recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Management believes that the ACL at March 31, 2024 was appropriate to absorb expected losses in the loan portfolio. Changes in the circumstances of particular borrowers, as well as adverse developments in the economy, are factors that could change, and management will make adjustments to the ACL as needed. Asset quality will continue to remain a key focus of the Company as management continues to stress not just loan growth, but quality in loan underwriting.
Deposits
Deposits are used as part of the Company’s liquidity management strategy to meet obligations for depositor withdrawals, fund the borrowing needs of loan customers, and fund ongoing operations. Deposits continue to be the most significant source of funds used by the Company to support earning assets. Total deposits at March 31, 2024 increased $21,648, or 1.9%, from year-end 2023. This change in deposits came primarily from interest-bearing deposit balances, which were up by $37,296, or 4.6%, from year-end 2023, while noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $15,648, or 4.9%, from year-end 2023.
The increase in interest-bearing deposits came primarily from time deposit balances, which increased $17,334, or 4.6%, from year-end 2023. The increase came from retail time deposits, which increased $17,831 from year-end 2023. As deposit competition increased in 2023 due to the elevated market rate environment, prices on the Company’s retail CDs adjusted upward and influenced a consumer shift away from both noninterest-bearing deposits and lower-cost savings products, and into a greater number of higher-cost time deposit products, such as CDs. Wholesale time deposit issuances decreased $498, or 0.6%, from year-end 2023.
Also impacting deposit balance growth were higher interest-bearing NOW account balances, which increased $14,049, or 8.2%, from year-end 2023. This increase was largely driven by higher municipal NOW product balances, particularly within the Gallia County, Ohio, and Mason County, West Virginia, market areas.
Further increases in interest-bearing deposits came from savings and money market account balances, which increased $5,913, or 2.3%, from year-end 2023. The increase came from money market accounts, particularly the Company’s tiered money market product (Money Fund) that was introduced in 2023 and offers a higher rate on tiered deposit balances. The Company’s savings account balances were down from year-end 2023.
The decrease in noninterest-bearing demand deposits came primarily from the Company’s business and incentive-based checking account balances.
While facing increased competition for deposits in its market areas, the Company will continue to emphasize growth and retention in its core deposit relationships during the remainder of 2024, reflecting the Company’s efforts to reduce its reliance on higher cost funding and improve net interest income.
Other Borrowed Funds
Other borrowed funds were $43,261 at March 31, 2024, a decrease of $1,332, or 3.0%, from year-end 2023. The decrease was related to the ongoing monthly principal repayments of FHLB advances. While deposits continue to be the primary source of funding for growth in earning assets, management will continue to utilize FHLB advances and promissory notes to help manage interest rate sensitivity and liquidity.
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Shareholders’ Equity
Total shareholders' equity at March 31, 2024 increased $1,775, or 1.2%, to finish at $145,782, as compared to $144,007 at December 31, 2023. This was primarily from quarterly net income, partially offset by cash dividends paid and a decrease in the fair value of available for sale securities. The after-tax change in fair value totaled $468 from year-end 2023, as long-term market rates increased during the first three months of 2024, causing a decrease in the fair value of the Company’s available for sale investment portfolio.
Comparison of Results of Operations
For the Three Months Ended
March 31, 2024 and 2023
The following discussion focuses, in more detail, on the consolidated results of operations of the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the interim consolidated financial statements and the footnotes included in this Form 10‑Q.
Net Interest Income
The most significant portion of the Company's revenue, net interest income, results from properly managing the spread between interest income on earning assets and interest expense incurred on interest-bearing liabilities. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net interest income decreased $532, or 4.5%, compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease was largely related to the negative impact of higher average costs paid on deposits and borrowings completely offsetting higher earning asset yields, which contributed to a 60 basis point decrease in the net interest margin. These negative effects were partially offset by a composition shift into higher-yielding loans.
Total interest and fee income recognized on the Company’s earning assets increased $3,890, or 28.2%, during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. The earnings growth was impacted by interest on loans, which increased $2,912, or 25.2%. This improvement was largely related to average loan yield increases impacted by the aggressive actions taken by the Federal Reserve to increase rates by 425 basis points during 2022 and another 100 basis points during 2023. This has contributed to the repricing of a portion of the Company’s loan portfolio. As a result, the average interest rate yield on loans increased 72 basis points to 6.34% during the first quarter of 2024, compared to 5.62% during the first quarter of 2023. Average loans increased $78,996 during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the first quarter of 2023. The quarter-to-date increase was largely impacted by growth in average commercial and residential real estate loans.
Total interest income from interest-bearing deposits with banks increased $991 during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was largely from a $60,308 increase in average balances associated with the Company’s interest-bearing Federal Reserve Bank clearing account during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the first quarter of 2023. Increases in Federal Reserve Bank clearing balances were impacted by the growth in interest-bearing Bank deposits, influenced by product rate increases during 2023 and 2024. Excess funds also came from the maturities and paydowns on investment securities, as well as new FHLB advances. The Company utilized a portion of these proceeds to fund the growth in loans. Further impacting interest income from interest-bearing deposits with banks were rate increases associated with the Federal Reserve Bank clearing account. As previously mentioned, the Federal Reserve took action during 2022 and 2023 to increase short-term rates due to rising inflationary concerns. Since the end of March 2023, the target federal funds rate increased by another 50 basis points, which had a corresponding effect to the interest rate tied to the Federal Reserve clearing account.
Total interest on securities decreased $81, or 8.1%, during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, impacted mostly by a $16,983 decrease in average security balances. During 2023, the Company placed more emphasis on growing its higher-yielding loan portfolio and utilized proceeds from various maturities and repayments of securities to help fund this growth. The negative impact from lower average balances was partially offset by a 7 basis point increase in the average yield on securities, which grew to 1.98% during the first quarter of 2024 compared to 1.91% during the first quarter of 2023. The average yield increase was positively impacted by the elevated market rate environment during both 2023 and 2024.
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Total interest expense incurred on the Company’s interest-bearing liabilities increased $4,422 during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. Increases in interest expense were impacted by a rise in average costs combined with increases in higher-costing average deposit balances. As market competition continued to increase, rate offerings on CDs continued to adjust up in 2023. The Company increased CD rates during this time to attract and retain deposits, which has led to more of a consumer demand to reinvest from lower-cost NOW, savings and money market account deposit products (down $63,751 at an average cost of 1.33%) into more higher-cost time deposit products (up $174,225 at an average cost of 4.63%). Furthermore, the Company’s average wholesale funding balances increased $49,897, which included the use of brokered CDs (average cost of 4.87%) and FHLB advances (average cost of 4.03%). These higher-cost wholesale deposits were used to fund asset growth, but also contributed to the growth in interest expense over 2023. As a result of the rate repricings on time deposits and the deposit shift into higher-cost funding sources, the Company’s total weighted average costs on interest-bearing liabilities increased by 187 basis points from 1.07% at March 31, 2023, to 2.94% at March 31, 2024.
The Company’s net interest margin is defined as fully tax-equivalent net interest income as a percentage of average earning assets. During 2024, the Company’s first quarter net interest margin decreased to 3.61%, compared to 2023’s first quarter net interest margin of 4.21%. The quarterly margin decrease was impacted by higher average costs associated with the Bank’s interest-bearing liabilities due to customer pricing pressures, deposit competition, and a higher utilization of wholesale funding sources. Furthermore, the Bank continues to experience a deposit composition shift into more higher-cost retail CDs and less lower-cost NOW, savings, money market, and checking account deposits, which put increased pressure on margin growth during the first quarter of 2024. Partially offsetting these negative effects during the first quarter of 2024 were increases in earning asset yields and a higher composition of average loan balances. The Company’s primary focus is to invest its funds into higher yielding assets, particularly loans, as opportunities arise. However, if loan balances do not continue to expand and remain a larger component of overall earning assets, the Company will continue to face pressure within its net interest income and margin improvement.
Provision for Credit Losses
Provision for credit losses is recorded to achieve an ACL that is adequate to absorb estimated losses inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio, unfunded loans, and held to maturity debt securities. Management performs, on a quarterly basis, a detailed analysis of the ACL that encompasses asset portfolio composition, asset quality, loss experience and other relevant economic factors. The Company’s provision for credit losses expense totaled $751 during the three months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $262, or 53.6%, when compared to $489 in provision expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in credit loss expense came primarily from loans, impacted by additional reserves associated with certain qualitative risk factors and historical loan loss factors that contributed to $316 in additional provision expense during the first quarter of 2024. The increasing factors came primarily from the residential real estate and commercial real estate loan segments. Further increases in loan provision came from an increase in net charge-offs, which increased $106, or 37.0%, during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. Higher net charge-offs during 2024 came mostly from the consumer loan portfolio and required corresponding increases to provision expense. Partially offsetting the increasing effects to provision expense mentioned above was a $4,404 decrease in collectively evaluated loan balances at March 31, 2024 compared to March 31, 2023. This resulted in less general reserves and a corresponding decrease to provision expense.
Partially offsetting the increase in credit loss expense on loans was a $130 decrease in credit loss expense on unfunded commitments during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. During the first quarter of 2024, credit loss expense on unfunded commitments was reduced by $106, compared to $24 in credit loss expense during the first quarter of 2023. This was primarily due to the increases in funding of commercial real estate construction loans during the first quarter of 2024 that reduced the unused commitments on those funds.
Future provisions to the allowance for credit losses will continue to be based on management’s quarterly in-depth evaluation that is discussed in further detail under the caption “Critical Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses” within this Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
Noninterest Income
Noninterest income decreased $71, or 1.9%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. Lower noninterest revenue was largely impacted by decreases in other noninterest income, which decreased $161 from 2023. The decrease was largely impacted by the closing of Race Day in December 2023, which resulted in a $231 decrease in mortgage application referral income.
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Partially offsetting the decrease in other noninterest income was a $114, or 18.7%, increase in service charges on deposit accounts during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. This was impacted by a higher volume of overdraft transactions during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
The remaining noninterest income categories decreased $24, or 0.9%, during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the first quarter of 2023. The net decrease came primarily from debit/credit card interchange income (down $28) and tax preparation fees (down $24), partially offset by increases in bank owned life insurance and annuity asset income (up $18) and trust fee income (up $18).
Noninterest Expense
Noninterest expense increased $469, or 4.6%, during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. Contributing most to the increase in noninterest expense were salaries and employee benefits, which increased $283 during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. The expense increase was largely from annual performance- based merit increases and higher health insurance premiums that were recorded in the first quarter of 2024. Furthermore, the Company’s average full-time equivalent employee base was up seven employees from 237 at March 31, 2023 to 244 at March 31, 2024. Partially offsetting the growth in salaries and employee benefit expense was the elimination of staffing for Race Day by April 2023, which resulted in a savings of $192 for the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023.
Higher noninterest expense also came from data processing expense, which increased $87 during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. Higher costs in this category were the direct result of special programming costs associated with enhancing mobile and desktop user platforms, as well as the volume increase in debit card transactions, which increased processing costs.
Also contributing to higher noninterest expense was software costs, which increased $59 during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was largely impacted by various software purchases and enhancements at the Bank to further improve operational efficiencies in 2024.
Higher noninterest expense was also impacted by professional fees, which were up $53 during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. Higher professional fees were largely impacted by an increase in legal expense during 2024 due to a higher volume of collection costs.
The remaining noninterest expense categories decreased $13, or 0.5%, during the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. The net decrease came primarily from other noninterest expense (down $42) impacted by decreases in various overhead expenses associated with the closing of Race Day, partially offset by higher furniture/equipment expense (up $36).
Efficiency
The Company’s efficiency ratio is defined as noninterest expense as a percentage of fully tax-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income. The effects from provision expense are excluded from the efficiency ratio. Management continues to place emphasis on managing its balance sheet mix and interest rate sensitivity as well as developing more innovative ways to generate noninterest revenue. Comparing the three months ended March 31, 2024 to the same period in 2023, the Company has benefited from an increase in earning asset yields due to market rate increases by the Federal Reserve, and a higher composition of higher-yielding loans. However, the continued trend of increasing deposit rates, a deposit composition shift to higher-cost time deposit balances, and the increased use of higher-cost wholesale funding sources led to margin compression during the first quarter of 2024 and had a negative impact to quarterly net interest income. As a result, net interest income during the three months ended March 31, 2024 finished below the net interest income results from the same period in 2023. Contributions from noninterest income fell back by 1.9% during the first quarter of 2024, while overhead expense increased 4.6% due to higher annual merit adjustments and health insurance premiums. The combination of lower net interest and noninterest revenue and higher overhead costs restricted the Company from generating any efficiency improvement. As a result, the Company’s quarterly efficiency number increased (regressed) to 71.5% during the three months ended March 31, 2024, from 65.7% during the same period in 2023.
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Provision for income taxes
The Company’s income tax provision decreased $219 during the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. The change in tax expense corresponded directly to the change in associated taxable income during 2024 and 2023.
Capital Resources
Federal regulators have classified and defined capital into the following components: (i) Tier 1 capital, which includes tangible shareholders’ equity for common stock, qualifying preferred stock and certain qualifying hybrid instruments, and (ii) Tier 2 capital, which includes a portion of the allowance for credit losses, certain qualifying long-term debt, preferred stock and hybrid instruments which do not qualify as Tier 1 capital.
In September 2019, consistent with Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule providing simplified capital requirements for certain community banking organizations (banks and holding companies). Under the rule, a qualifying community banking organization (“QCBO”) is eligible to opt into the Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) framework in lieu of the Basel III capital requirements if it has less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, limited amounts of certain trading assets and liabilities, limited amounts of off-balance sheet exposure and a leverage ratio greater than 9.0%. The new rule took effect January 1, 2020, and QCBOs were allowed to opt into the new CBLR framework in their Call Report beginning the first quarter of 2020.
A QCBO opting into the CBLR framework must maintain a CBLR of 9.0%, subject to a two-quarter grace period to come back into compliance, provided that the QCBO maintains a leverage ratio of more than 8.0% during the grace period. A QCBO failing to satisfy these requirements must comply with the existing Basel III capital requirements as implemented by the banking regulators in July 2013.
The Bank opted into the CBLR, and therefore, is not required to comply with the Basel III capital requirements The numerator of the CBLR is Tier 1 capital, as calculated under present rules. The denominator of the CBLR is the QCBO’s average assets, calculated in accordance with the QCBO’s Call Report instructions and less assets deducted from Tier 1 capital. The current rules and Call Report instructions were impacted by the Company’s adoption of ASC 326 and its election to apply the 3-year CECL transition provision on January 1, 2023. By making this election, the Bank, in accordance with Section 301 of the regulatory capital rules, will increase it retained earnings (Tier 1 Capital) and average assets by 75% of its CECL transition amount during the first year of the transition period, 50% of its CECL transition amount during the second year, and 25% of its CECL transitional amount during the third year of the transition period. The Bank’s transition amount during year two of the transitional period totaled $2,276, which resulted in the add-back of $1,138 to both Tier 1 capital and average assets as part of the CBLR calculation for March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, the Bank’s CBLR was 10.65%.
Cash dividends paid by the Company were $1,050 during the first three months of 2024. The year-to-date dividends paid totaled $0.22 per share.
Liquidity
Liquidity relates to the Company's ability to meet the cash demands and credit needs of its customers and is provided by the ability to readily convert assets to cash and raise funds in the marketplace. The Company manages funding and liquidity based on point-in-time metrics as well as forward-looking projections, which incorporate different sources and uses of funds under base and stress scenarios. Liquidity risk is monitored and managed by the Asset Liability Committee using a series of policy limits and key risk indicators are established to ensure risks are managed within the Company’s risk tolerance. The Company maintains a contingency funding plan that provides for liquidity stress testing, which assesses the liquidity needs under varying market conditions, time horizons and other events. The stress testing provides for ongoing monitoring of unused borrowing capacity and available sources of contingent liquidity to prepare for unexpected liquidity needs and to cover unanticipated events that could affect liquidity.
Total cash and cash equivalents, HTM securities maturing within one year, and AFS securities, which totaled $292,142, represented 21.3% of total assets at March 31, 2024 compared to $290,781 and 21.5% of total assets at December 31, 2023. This growth in liquid funds came primarily from increases in deposits, as well as increases in borrowings and net proceeds from maturities and paydowns of securities. A large portion of these dollars were used to fund the 1.8% growth in loans. Increases in deposits were largely impacted by growth in time deposits, which increased 4.6% from year-end 2023.
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In addition to the on-balance sheet liquidity discussed above, the Bank has established multiple sources of funding to further enhance the Bank’s ability to meet liquidity demands. The Bank has pledged collateral to the FHLB and the FRB to establish committed borrowing lines. At March 31, 2024, the Bank could borrow an additional $81,930 from the FHLB and the borrowing line with the FRB had availability of $61,511. For each of these sources, the Bank has established an internal limit of 85% of our borrowing capacity. In addition to the committed borrowing lines, the Bank has access to several wholesale funding sources, such as, brokered CDs, a $20 million federal funds purchase limit with a correspondent bank, and the ability to bid on available funds from select deposit placement services. The Bank has established limits for each respective funding source and a collective limit on all wholesale funding sources. During 2024, the Bank mostly utilized brokered CDs and the FHLB to assist with funding loan growth. The Bank’s internal limit on brokered CDs is 10% of total assets. At March 31, 2024, the amount of brokered CDs outstanding was 4.78% of total assets, as compared to 4.86% at December 31, 2023. At March 31, 2024, the Bank had utilized 55.35% of our FHLB capacity, an increase from 51.74% at December 31, 2023. The collective internal limit on all wholesale funding sources is 40% of total assets. At March 31, 2024, the Bank’s total wholesale funding sources represented 14.30% of total assets. Based on the collective internal wholesale funding limit, the Bank had the capacity to borrow an additional $349 million in wholesale funds and the available funding from the respective wholesale funding sources exceeded this amount, which provides the flexibility to utilize one source more than another due to pricing or availability.
As part of performing liquidity stress tests, the Bank monitors and evaluates the exposure to uninsured deposits. Of the Company’s $1,148,784 in total deposit balances at March 31, 2024, only 33.9%, or $389,826, were deemed uninsured as per the $250 FDIC threshold. A portion of these deposits are on behalf of public entity customers, which require the Bank to pledge securities or FHLB letters of credit to cover the amount of the deposit balance that is deemed uninsured. To the extent these deposits left the Bank, the level of unpledged securities and the borrowing capacity at the FHLB would increase or could be utilized to fund the deposit outflow. The sum of current on-balance sheet liquidity and available wholesale funding sources exceeded the balance of uninsured deposits at March 31, 2024. Included in on-balance sheet liquidity are AFS securities in an unrealized loss position. Although management does not intend to sell the securities before the recovery of its cost basis, they are a contingent resource from a liquidity perspective.
As our liquidity position dictates, the preceding funding sources may be utilized to supplement our liquidity position. If the utilization of wholesale funding increases to fund asset growth or for liquidity management purposes, the net interest margin may be negatively impacted due to the higher relative cost of these sources as compared to core deposits. For further cash flow information, see the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. Management does not rely on any single source of liquidity and monitors the level of liquidity based on many factors affecting the Company’s financial condition.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As discussed in Note 5 – Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk, the Company engages in certain off-balance sheet credit-related activities, including commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which could require the Company to make cash payments in the event that specified future events occur. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. While these commitments are necessary to meet the financing needs of the Company’s customers, many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total amount of commitments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
Critical Accounting Policies
The Company believes the determination of the ACL involves a higher degree of judgment and complexity than its other significant accounting policies. The ACL is calculated with the objective of maintaining a reserve level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated credit losses over the life of an asset or off-balance sheet credit exposure. Management’s determination of the adequacy of the ACL is based on periodic evaluations of past events, including historical credit loss experience on financial assets with similar risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets. However, this evaluation has subjective components requiring material estimates, including expected default probabilities, the expected loss given default, the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans, and estimated losses based on historical loss experience and forecasted economic conditions. All of these factors may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent that actual results differ from management estimates, additional provisions for credit losses may be required that would adversely impact earnings in future periods. Refer to “Allowance for Credit Losses” and “Provision for Credit Losses” sections within this Management’s Discussion and Analysis for additional discussion.
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Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company maintains a diversified credit portfolio, with residential real estate loans currently comprising the most significant portion. Credit risk is primarily subject to loans made to businesses and individuals in southeastern Ohio and western West Virginia. Management believes this risk to be general in nature, as there are no material concentrations of loans to any industry or consumer group. To the extent possible, the Company diversifies its loan portfolio to limit credit risk by avoiding industry concentrations.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Not applicable.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
With the participation of the President and Chief Executive Officer (the principal executive officer) and the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (the principal financial officer) of Ohio Valley, Ohio Valley’s management has evaluated the effectiveness of Ohio Valley’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2024. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by Ohio Valley in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to Ohio Valley’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, Ohio Valley’s Chief Executive Officer and Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that Ohio Valley’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024 to ensure that information required to be disclosed by Ohio Valley in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in Ohio Valley’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a‑15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during Ohio Valley’s fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Ohio Valley’s internal control over financial reporting.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, the Company may be involved in various claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not currently involved in any material legal proceedings outside the ordinary course of the Company’s business.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
There are no material changes from the risk factors set forth under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the 2023 Form 10-K.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Ohio Valley did not sell any unregistered equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Ohio Valley did not purchase any of its shares during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not applicable.
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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
(a) Exhibits:

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description
3.1 |  | Amended Articles of Incorporation of Ohio Valley (reflects amendments through April 7, 1999) [for SEC reporting compliance only - - not filed with the Ohio Secretary of State]: Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3(a) to Ohio Valley’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2007 (File No. 000-20914).
3.2 |  | Code of Regulations of Ohio Valley: Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3(b) to Ohio Valley’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2010 (File No. 000-20914).
4.1 |  | Agreement to furnish instruments and agreements defining rights of holders of long-term debt: Filed herewith.
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification (Principal Executive Officer): Filed herewith.
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification (Principal Financial Officer): Filed herewith.
32 |  | Section 1350 Certifications (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer): Filed herewith.
101.INS # |  | XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH # |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema: Filed herewith. #
101.CAL # |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase: Filed herewith. #
101.DEF # |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase: Filed herewith. #
101.LAB # |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase: Filed herewith. #
101.PRE # |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase: Filed herewith. #
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) Filed herewith #

# Attached as Exhibit 101 are the following documents formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensive Business Reporting Language): (i) Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income; (iii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (iv) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity; (v) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | OHIO VALLEY BANC CORP.
Date: | May 15, 2024 | By: | /s/Larry E. Miller, II
|  |  | Larry E. Miller, II
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: | May 15, 2024 | By: | /s/Scott W. Shockey
|  |  | Scott W. Shockey
|  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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