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7. Shareholders' Equity | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Equity [Abstract] |
Shareholders' Equity | (7) Shareholders’ Equity Common Stock Holders of common stock are entitled to such dividends as our board of directors, in its discretion, may declare out of funds available, subject to the terms of any outstanding shares of preferred stock and other restrictions. In the event of liquidation of the Company, holders of common stock are entitled to receive, pro rata, all of the assets of the Company available for distribution, after payment of any liquidation preference to the holders of outstanding shares of preferred stock. Holders of the shares of common stock have no conversion or preemptive or other subscription rights and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. Stock Purchases For the year ending December 31, 2018, we purchased 1,382,401 shares of our common stock at an average price of $3.81. In October 2017 our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $10 million of our common stock. There is approximately $7.5 million of board authorization remaining under such plans, which have no expiration date. The table below describes the purchase of our common stock for the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:
|  | Twelve Months Ended |
|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |
|  | Shares |  |  | Avg. Price |  |  | Shares |  |  | Avg. Price |
Open market purchases |  |  | 1,258,797 |  |  | $ | 3.77 |  |  |  | 2,693,562 |  |  | $ | 4.48 |
Shares redeemed upon net exercise of stock options |  |  | 33,604 |  |  |  | 4.37 |  |  |  | 51,931 |  |  |  | 4.50 |
Other |  |  | 90,000 |  |  |  | 4.13 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total stock purchases |  |  | 1,382,401 |  |  | $ | 3.81 |  |  |  | 2,745,493 |  |  | $ | 4.49 |
Options and Warrants In 2006, the Company adopted and its shareholders approved the CPS 2006 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”) pursuant to which our Board of Directors, or a duly-authorized committee thereof, may grant stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights to our employees or employees of our subsidiaries, to directors of the Company, and to individuals acting as consultants to the Company or its subsidiaries. In June 2008, May 2012, April 2013, May 2015 and again in July 2018, the shareholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2006 Plan to increase the maximum number of shares that may be subject to awards under the 2006 Plan to 5,000,000, 7,200,000, 12,200,000, 17,200,000 and 19,200,000, respectively, in each case plus shares authorized under prior plans and not issued. Options that have been granted under the 2006 Plan and a previous plan approved in 1997 have been granted at an exercise price equal to (or greater than) the stock’s fair value at the date of the grant, with terms generally of 7-10 years and vesting generally over 4-5 years. The per share weighted-average fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $1.06, $1.32 and $1.38, respectively. That fair value was estimated using a binomial option pricing model using the weighted average assumptions noted in the following table. We use historical data to estimate the expected term of each option. The volatility estimate is based on the historical and implied volatility of our stock over the period that equals the expected life of the option. Volatility assumptions ranged from 31% to 34% for 2018, 35% to 37% for 2017, and 44% to 51% for 2016. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield on a U.S. Treasury bond with a maturity comparable to the expected life of the option. The dividend yield is estimated to be zero based on our intention not to issue dividends for the foreseeable future.
|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Expected life (years) |  |  | 3.99 |  |  |  | 4.02 |  |  |  | 4.04 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 2.74 | % |  |  | 1.59 | % |  |  | 1.09 | %
Volatility |  |  | 34 | % |  |  | 36 | % |  |  | 51 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded stock-based compensation costs in the amount of $3.5 million, $5.7 million and $5.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the unrecognized stock-based compensation costs to be recognized over future periods was equal to $3.6 million. This amount will be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, options outstanding had intrinsic values of $4.9 million and $10.4 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, options exercisable had intrinsic values of $4.9 million and $9.5 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $869,000 and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. New shares were issued for all options exercised during the year ended December 2018 and cash of $483,000 million was received. At December 31, 2018, there were a total of 2,873,000 additional shares available for grant under the 2006 Plan. Stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 for stock options under the 2006 and 1997 plans is as follows:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted
|  | Number of |  |  | Weighted |  |  | Average
|  | Shares |  |  | Average |  |  | Remaining
|  | (in thousands) |  |  | Exercise Price |  |  | Contractual Term
Options outstanding at the beginning of period |  |  | 13,135 |  |  | $ | 4.66 |  |  | N/A
Granted |  |  | 1,720 |  |  |  | 3.49 |  |  | N/A
Exercised |  |  | (315 | ) |  |  | 1.53 |  |  | N/A
Forfeited/Expired |  |  | (119 | ) |  |  | 7.20 |  |  | N/A
Options outstanding at the end of period |  |  | 14,421 |  |  | $ | 4.57 |  |  | 3.91 years
Options exercisable at the end of period |  |  | 8,789 |  |  | $ | 4.76 |  |  | 3.42 years
We did not issue any stock options with an exercise price above or below the market price of the stock on the grant date for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. In connection with the amendment to and partial repayment of our residual interest financing in July 2008, we issued warrants exercisable for 2,500,000 common shares, and allocated $4,071,429 of the aggregate consideration received in that transaction to the issuance of the warrants. The warrants represented the right to purchase CPS common shares at a nominal exercise price. In March 2010 we repurchased the warrants for 500,000 of these shares for $1.0 million. Warrants to purchase 2,000,000 shares were exercised on July 10, 2018 and 1,999,995 net shares were issued to the holder, following surrender of five shares in payment of the exercise price.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for shareholders' equity comprised of portions attributable to the parent entity and noncontrolling interest, including other comprehensive income. Includes, but is not limited to, balances of common stock, preferred stock, additional paid-in capital, other capital and retained earnings, accumulated balance for each classification of other comprehensive income and amount of comprehensive income. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2208762 + Details
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