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Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

(9) Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements" clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. Under the standard, fair value measurements would be separately disclosed by level within the fair value hierarchy.

ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurement and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The three levels are defined as follows: level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; and level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

Effective January 2018 we have elected to use the fair value method to value our portfolio of finance receivables acquired in January 2018 and thereafter.

Our valuation policies and procedures have been developed by our Accounting department in conjunction with our Risk department and with consultation with outside valuation experts. Our policies and procedures have been approved by our Chief Executive and our Board of Directors and include methodologies for valuation, internal reporting, calibration and back testing. Our periodic review of valuations includes an analysis of changes in fair value measurements and documentation of the reasons for such changes. There is little available third-party information such as broker quotes or pricing services available to assist us in our valuation process.

Our level 3, unobservable inputs reflect our own assumptions about the factors that market participants use in pricing similar receivables and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. They include such inputs as estimates for the magnitude and timing of net charge-offs and the rate of amortization of the portfolio of finance receivable. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation would have a significant effect on our fair value measurement.

For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, the Company evaluated the appropriate fair value and future earnings rate of existing receivables compared to recently acquired receivables and our assessment of potential additional future net losses on the portfolio of finance receivables carried at fair value and did not record a mark down to that portfolio.

The table below presents a reconciliation of the finance receivables measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs:


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
	(In thousands)						(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,618,420		$	2,174,133		$	2,476,617		$	1,749,098
Finance receivables at fair value acquired during period		300,539			407,260			958,587			1,311,735
Payments received on finance receivables at fair value		(203,775	)		(209,627	)		(625,715	)		(635,401	)
Net interest income accretion on fair value receivables		(49,644	)		(36,696	)		(143,949	)		(97,462	)
Mark to fair value		6,000			8,183			6,000			15,283
Balance at end of period	$	2,671,540		$	2,343,253		$	2,671,540		$	2,343,253

The table below compares the fair values of these finance receivables to their contractual balances for the periods shown:


	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Contractual		Fair		Contractual		Fair
	Balance		Value		Balance		Value
	(In thousands)
Finance receivables measured at fair value.	$	2,904,235	$	2,671,540	$	2,701,184	$	2,476,617

The following table provides certain qualitative information about our level 3 fair value measurements:


Financial Instrument	Fair Values as of					Inputs as of
	September 30,		December 31,			September 30,	December 31,
	2023		2022		Unobservable Inputs	2023	2022
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Finance receivables measured at fair value	$	2,671,540	$	2,476,617	Discount rate	11.0% - 11.7%	11.0% - 11.3%
					Cumulative net losses	10.0% - 21.7%	13.4% - 19.4%

The following table summarizes the delinquency status of these finance receivables measured at fair value as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Delinquency Status
Current	$	2,525,830	$	2,375,271
31 - 60 days		192,735		184,968
61 - 90 days		90,847		72,390
91 + days		49,337		29,048
Repo		45,486		39,507
	$	2,904,235	$	2,701,184

Repossessed vehicle inventory, which is included in Other Assets on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet, is measured at fair value using level 2 assumptions based on our actual loss experience on sale of repossessed vehicles. At September 30, 2023 the finance receivables related to the repossessed vehicles in inventory totaled $604,000. We have applied a valuation adjustment, or loss allowance, of $444,000, which is based on a recovery rate of approximately 26%, resulting in an estimated fair value and carrying amount of $160,000. The fair value and carrying amount of the repossessed inventory at December 31, 2022 was $1.9 million after applying a valuation adjustment of $1.3 million.

There were no transfers in or out of level 1, level 2 or level 3 assets and liabilities for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The estimated fair values of financial assets and liabilities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, were as follows:


	As of September 30, 2023
Financial Instrument	(In thousands)
	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	8,306	$	8,306	$	–	$	–	$	8,306
Restricted cash and equivalents		133,787		133,787		–		–		133,787
Finance receivables, net		34,265		–		–		25,171		25,171
Accrued interest receivable		284		–		–		284		284
Liabilities:
Warehouse lines of credit	$	240,384	$	–	$	–	$	240,384	$	240,384
Residual interest financing		49,812						49,812		49,812
Accrued interest payable		7,468		–		–		7,468		7,468
Securitization trust debt		2,243,284		–		–		2,134,496		2,134,496
Subordinated renewable notes		19,163		–		–		19,163		19,163


	As of December 31, 2022
Financial Instrument	(In thousands)
	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,490	$	13,490	$	–	$	–	$	13,490
Restricted cash and equivalents		149,299		149,299		–		–		149,299
Finance receivables, net		70,551		–		–		60,063		60,063
Accrued interest receivable		649		–		–		649		649
Liabilities:
Warehouse lines of credit	$	285,328	$	–	$	–	$	285,328	$	285,328
Accrued interest payable		6,190		–		–		6,190		6,190
Securitization trust debt		2,108,744		–		–		1,957,995		1,957,995
Subordinated renewable notes		25,263		–		–		25,263		25,263