7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The Company’s goodwill by reportable segment at December 31, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:

Goodwill activity is summarized as follows:


Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	66,088
Currency translation		136
Impairments		(19,074)
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	47,150
Currency translation		—
Impairments		—
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	47,150

In connection with the sale of the Company’s U.K. Limited segment, the Company performed a goodwill impairment test and recorded a charge of $6,366 in discontinued operations during the year ended December 31, 2018. The impairment was a result of continued market softness in the U.K. operations, resulting in lower sales and margins and an expected sale price below the carrying value of the segment.

The Company completed its goodwill impairment testing as of October 1, 2018, and no other impairments were recognized as a result of this analysis.

The Company completed its goodwill impairment testing as of October 1, 2017, and recorded impairment charges of $19,074, of which $17,181 related to U.S. Debit and Credit resulting from continued market softness in demand for EMV cards, including price erosion and loss of market share in the United States. The other impairment for $1,893 related to Other which resulted from declines in net sales and operating losses incurred in our Canadian business. The Company determined the fair value of the reporting units primarily based on an income approach, using the present value of future discounted cash flows of the reporting unit. This approach includes significant estimates of the reporting unit’s weighted average cost of capital, financial forecasts developed by management, and long-term rate of growth and profitability. The market approach was also considered, with fair value determined by applying pricing multiplies derived from publicly-traded companies that are comparable to the reporting unit.

CPI’s amortizable intangible assets consist of customer relationships, technology and software, trademarks and non-compete agreements. Total intangible assets are being amortized over a weighted-average useful life of 15.7 years. Intangible amortization expense totaled $4,656 and $4,687 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no material impairments of the Company’s amortizable intangible assets from continuing operations. The Company recorded an impairment charge of $1,249 to customer relationship intangible assets related to the U.K. Limited segment in the second quarter of 2018, which is reported in discontinued operations.

Intangible assets consist of the following:


		December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Average			Accumulated		Net Book				Accumulated		Net Book
	Life (Years)	Cost		Amortization		Value		Cost		Amortization		Value
Customer relationships	12 to 20	$	55,454		(25,587)	$	29,867	$	55,454	$	(22,311)	$	33,143
Technology and software	7 to 10		7,101		(4,024)		3,077		7,101		(3,095)		4,006
Trademarks	7.5 to 10		3,330		(877)		2,453		3,330		(487)		2,843
Noncompete agreements	5 to 8		491		(451)		40		491		(390)		101
Intangible assets subject to amortization		$	66,376	$	(30,939)	$	35,437	$	66,376	$	(26,283)	$	40,093

The estimated future aggregate amortization expense for the identified amortizable intangibles noted above as of December 31, 2018 is as follows:


2019	$	4,635
2020		4,595
2021		4,352
2022		3,867
2023		3,867
Thereafter		14,121
	$	35,437

December 31,

U.S. Debit and Credit